Dissertations / Theses: 'Climate for transfer'

1

Forber, Kirsty Jessica. "The phosphorus transfer continuum under climate change." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2018. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/125606/.

Full text

Abstract:

Phosphorus (P) is a key nutrient in governing crop growth, and its fate and behaviour in the environment is critical to water quality. Climatic changes such as hotter, drier summers and warmer, wetter winters will cause changes to the movement of P across the land-water continuum yielding potentially detrimental impacts to water quality which underpin many ecosystem services. This thesis uses the ‘P transfer continuum’ as a framework to discuss and explore the possible impacts of climate change to P in the environment. I use the three National Demonstration Test Catchment (DTC) platforms (Eden, Cumbria; Wensum, Norfolk; and Avon, Hampshire) which are representative of typical catchment typologies and agricultural activities in the UK to frame this work. Potential changes to the P transfer continuum are essential to consider and react to if we are to improve water quality in order to preserve ecosystem services into an ever uncertain future. Estimations of dry period characteristics (duration and temperature) under current and predicted climate (determined using data from the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) Weather Generator tool) were used to design a laboratory experiment to examine whether changes in the future patterns of drying/re-wetting will affect the amount of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) solubilised from soil. This study is focused on the second tier of the P transfer continuum: mobilisation via solubilisation. For three UK soils critical breakpoints (6.9-14.5 d) of drying duration have been identified; before the breakpoint an increase in SRP loss with the number of dry days was observed; after this point the amount of SRP lost decreased or stayed fairly constant. It is likely that longer periods of dry days followed by rapid re-wetting events will not yield more SRP via solubilisation than at the breakpoint. However, because the frequency of longer dry periods will increase under climate change, the solubilisation of SRP from soil (-1 to +13%) will also change. Using the Hydrological Predictions in the Environment (HYPE) model for three distinct UK DTC catchments, and Extended End-Member Mixing Analysis (EEMMA), I explore how climate change (UKCP09 scenarios) might impinge on catchment total phosphorus (TP) retention and sensitivity, which is determined by catchment characteristics to P input pressures. This study encompasses the all tiers of the P transfer continuum: source, mobilisation, transfer (or delivery), and impact. Under a high emissions scenario (2080s), an increase of catchment TP retention was predicted in three UK catchments. I conclude that catchment sensitivity to climate change should be accounted for in determining appropriate water quality targets that can be effectively delivered via catchment stakeholders and government. I use the Newby Beck (Eden DTC) sub-catchment as a critical example of how anthropogenic point sources of P can alter the retention of P even at the headwater scale where agricultural diffuse sources dominate. I use bi-weekly sampling of P, chloride (Cl- ) and flow (Q), load apportionment modelling (LAM) and mass balance, alongside sediment sampling to investigate retention at the headwater scale. I found that although diffuse sources contributed to more of the TP load, point sources dominate more frequently and are therefore proportionally perhaps more important in terms of continuous downstream water quality. Under climate change the transfer of diffuse sources is likely to increase, therefore it might be hypothesised that climate change will yield extremes between nutrient quality in summer (high concentrations, low flows) and winter (high loads, high flows). This calls for policy and regulation to reflect the urgency of the impacts of climate change on the riparian health in rural headwater communities. I conclude by discussing the implications of climate change on the P transfer continuum. I highlight the possible risks of climate change exacerbating, rather than changing, the processes described in the P transfer continuum for the Newby Beck catchment. My findings, in addition to those from the NUTCAT team, call for climate change to be taken seriously in forming new effective policies which preserve the health of UK water bodies, the sustainability and profitability of UK agriculture, the enjoyment and amenity value of our water courses, and avoid large financial costs into the future. I therefore provide a new framework which can be used to aid the challenges which surround the preservation of water quality into the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Wittneben, Bettina Beata Friederike. "Institutional change in the transfer of climate-friendly technology." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615151.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Uddin, Mahatab. "Climate Change and Requirement of Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160461.

Full text

Abstract:

Technology and policy play a twofold role in international environmental laws. Stronger environmental policies encourage new green technologies and likewise, better technologies make it easier to regulate. “Technology transfer” refers to the transfer from one party, an association or institution that developed the technology, to another that adopts, adapts, and uses it. As different kinds of threats posed by climate change are continuously increasing all over the world the issue of “technology transfer” especially the transfer of environmentally sound technologies has become one of the key topics of international environmental debates. This thesis addresses, firstly, the possible methods of technology transfer and secondly, how current international environmental laws play its role to facilitate the transfer. Accordingly, I have focused on the concerned provisions of Kyoto Protocol and its subsequent implementation measures. I have also taken in to account the decisions of the annual meetings of the Conference of the parties (COPs) of the UNFCCC. The thesis has also made a brief comparative discussion between the provisions of international environmental laws and the provisions of intellectual property rights in terms of technology transfer. However, at the last stage of the thesis, some potential recommendations are mentioned and briefly discussed in view to come up with a sustainable solution. In addition to the international environmental law, I have also tried to figure out some other international or multinational instruments which concern the transfer of environmentally sound technologies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Yousaf, Rehan. "Modelling heat transfer and respiration of occupants in indoor climate." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25472.

Full text

Abstract:

Although the terms "Human Thermal Comfort" and "Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)" can be highly subjective, they still dictate the indoor climate design (HVAC design) of a building. In order to evaluate human thermal comfort and IAQ, one of three main tools are used, a) direct questioning the subjects about their thermal and air quality sensation (voting, sampling etc.), b) measuring the human thermal comfort by recording the physical parameters such as relative humidity, air and radiation temperature, air velocities and concentration gradients of pollutants or c) by using numerical simulations either including or excluding detailed thermo-physiological models. The application of the first two approaches can only take place in post commissioning and/or testing phases of the building. Use of numerical techniques can however be employed at any stage of the building design. With the rapid development in computational hard- and software technology, the costs involved in numerical studies has reduced compared to detailed tests. Employing numerical modelling to investigate human thermal comfort and IAQ however demand thorough verification and validation studies. Such studies are used to understand the limitations and application of numerical modelling of human thermal comfort and IAQ in indoor climates. This PhD research is an endeavour to verify, validate and apply, numerical simulation for modelling heat transfer and respiration of occupants in indoor climates. Along with the investigations concerning convective and radiation heat transfer between the occupants and their surroundings, the work focuses on detailed respiration modelling of sedentary human occupants. The objectives of the work have been to: verify the convective and radiation numerical models; validate them for buoyancy-driven flows due to human occupants in indoor climates; and apply these validated models for investigating human thermal comfort and IAQ in a real classroom for which field study data was available. On the basis of the detailed verification, validation and application studies, the findings are summarized as a set of guidelines for simulating human thermal comfort and IAQ in indoor climates. This PhD research involves the use of detailed human body geometries and postures. Modelling radiation and investigating the effect of geometrical posture has shown that the effective radiation area varies significantly with posture. The simulation results have shown that by using an effective radiation area factor of 0.725, estimated previously (Fanger, 1972) for a standing person, can lead to an underestimation of effective radiation area by 13% for the postures considered. Numerical modelling of convective heat transfer and respiration processes for sedentary manikins have shown that the SST turbulence model (Menter, 1994) with appropriate resolution of near wall region can simulate the local air velocity, temperature and heat transfer coefficients to a level of detail required for prediction of thermal comfort and IAQ. The present PhD work has shown that in a convection dominated environment, the detailed seated manikins give rise to an asymmetrical thermal plume as compared to the thermal plumes generated by simplified manikins or point sources. Validated simulation results obtained during the present PhD work have shown that simplified manikins can be used without significant limitations while investigating IAQ of complete indoor spaces. The use of simplified manikins however does not seem appropriate when simulating detailed respiration effects in the immediate vicinity of seated humans because of the underestimation in the amount of re-inhaled CO2 and pollutants from the surroundings. Furthermore, the results have shown that due to the simplification in geometrical form of the nostrils, the CO2 concentration is much higher near the face region (direct jet along the nostrils) as compared to a detailed geometry (sideways jet). Simulating the complete respiration cycle has shown that a pause between exhalation and inhalation has a significant effect on the amount of re-inhaled CO2. Previous results have shown the amount of re-inhaled CO2 to range between 10 - 19%. The present study has shown that by considering the pause, this amount of re-inhaled CO2 falls down to values lower than 1%. A comparison between the simplified and detailed geometry has shown that a simplified geometry can cause an underestimation in the amount of re-inhaled CO2 by more than 37% as compared to a detailed geometry. The major contribution to knowledge delivered by this PhD work is the provision of a validated seated computational thermal manikin. This PhD work follows a structured verification and validation approach for conducting CFD simulations to predict human thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The work demonstrates the application of the validated model to a classroom case with multiple occupancy and compares the measured results with the simulation results. The comparison of CFD results with measured data advocates the use of CFD and visualizes the importance of modelling thermal manikins in indoor HVAC design rather than designing the HVAC by considering empty spaces as the occupancy has a strong influence on the indoor air flow. This PhD work enables the indoor climate researchers and building designers to employ simplified thermal manikin to correctly predict the mean flow characteristics in indoor surroundings. The present work clearly demonstrates the limitation of the PIV measurement technique, the importance of using detailed CFD manikin geometry when investigating the phenomena of respiration in detail and the effect of thermal plume around the seated manikin. This computational thermal manikin used in this work is valid for a seated adult female geometry.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Zhang, Xi. "Climate-change-related technology transfer to China in the TRIPS era." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2018. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/climatechangerelated-technology-transfer-to-china-in-the-trips-era(80a6480f-83cc-4645-9345-7f6cd595fa18).html.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis attempts to look at the practical impacts that the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights has on the international transfer of technology,especially to China, and in relation to climate change technology, which is provided for by international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. The author takes the perspective of a developing country,China, focusing on both international and national regulations in order to study the operational situation of the “pull” side of technology transfer. On the one hand, the research addresses the positive and negative effect of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights by looking into the interpretation of its provisions; and on the other hand it examines how individual transactions, or potential transactions, of climate change technology have been affected by intellectual rights and surrounding issues, especially in projects coordinated by the Clean Development Mechanism. The transactions examined are focused upon China, which is a large and rapidly growing developing country, because it possesses certain features that make the transfer of technology both desirable (major climate change and related problems, e.g. severe air pollution) and at times problematic (e.g. its capacity to become a major manufacturer of climate change technology, putting at risk the IP rights of the transferor). This thesis attempts to look at the outlined subject by employing a social-legal methodology to acquire information through an interview survey and to examine empirical data while discussing literatures and laws. It provides a specific and original angle from which to look at the dynamic of renewable energy technology being transferred to China. This has enabled this research to provide a relatively up-to-date insight into whether intellectual property laws hinder, or are not conductive to, technology transfer as well as the efficiency of mechanisms available under the Kyoto Protocol. The results of the research show that although the patent data indicates a positive technology growth in China, there are still considerable difficulties in the climate change technology-transfer process. Nevertheless, importing and absorbing such technologies could be crucial to the objective of protecting the global environment. Recognizing this, the Chinese government has played a critical role in promoting technology transfer in a much more effective manner than intellectual property law amendments required by the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. In the future, governments in both the developed and developing world should put effort into establishing a financially practical framework to facilitate technology beyond expediency. The establishment of such should enable developing countries like China to address their need for environmental technologies and to play an active role as a transferor. Given the significant differences in circumstances, and the various needs of nations, reforms towards a more environmental-enabling intellectual property legal system should be conducted in several stages, before any substantial amendments are made to the current international agreements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Machin, M. Anthony. "Understanding the process of transfer of training in the workplace." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 1999. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00003234/.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis aimed to describe the conditions under which transfer of training would occur and the processes that are involved in the transfer of training to the workplace. Two studies were conducted that assessed the individual, situational, and training design factors that impacted on the transfer of training to the workplace. Study 1 examined the influence of individual and situational factors on the achievement of trainees’ transfer goals. Trainees’ goals for transfer and their commitment to those transfer goals were found to act as mediators of the influence of self-efficacy, motivation, and situational constraints on transfer goal achievement. This result supported previous research that has shown that the impact of personal and situational factors on performance is mediated by the personal goal level and level of goal commitment (Wofford, Goodwin & Premack, 1992). Study 2 was based on a model of the determinants of training transfer proposed by Thayer and Teachout (1995). The model was modified to focus on the determinants of trainees’ transfer implementation intentions and implementation activities. Climate for transfer was assessed prior to training commencing and was found to influence pre-training levels of self-efficacy. However, positive and negative affect also influenced pre-training levels of both self-efficacy and motivation, and the two climate for transfer factors (Positive and Negative Work Climate) were found to influence positive and negative affectivity, respectively. It was concluded that climate for transfer does impact direct and indirectly on pre-training levels of self-efficacy and motivation. A second structural model found that pre-training self-efficacy is a strong determinant of the learning that occurs during training, and the level of post-training self-efficacy. Post-training self-efficacy is a strong determinant of transfer implementation intentions, which in turn were a strong determinant of implementation activities. Implementation activities were positively related to transfer success. Separate structural models were developed to assess the impact of in-training transfer enhancing activities on learning, post-training self-efficacy, transfer implementation intentions, and implementation activities. Self-control cues, relapse prevention activities, and goal setting (when assessed separately) were found to positively influence post-training self-efficacy and implementation intentions. Relapse prevention activities and goal setting (when assessed separately) were also found to positively influence implementation activities. The results strongly supported the modified model of training transfer that was presented. It was also concluded that situational factors do exert an indirect influence on the transfer process, apart from simply influencing what trainees are able to do after training has completed (Mathieu & Martineau, 1997, Quiñones, 1997).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Dodson, Gayle J. "A Comparison of Trainee and Supervisor Perceptions of Transfer Climate in a Union-Based Training Program." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4711/.

Full text

Abstract:

A supportive work climate is critical for successful transfer of learning. Influences in the work environment affect the trainee's ability to apply new skills to the job. The supervisor can be a significant figure in the trainee's perception of a supportive transfer climate. Little is known of the effect of supervisor participation in the training on transfer climate. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in trainee and supervisor self-perceptions of the factors affecting transfer climate. Additionally, this study examined the effects of supervisor participation in the training program on perceptions of transfer climate. The participants in this study were trainees in a union-sponsored instructor training program and their supervisors. The study found perception gaps between the overall perception of transfer climate and supervisor support. The level of supervisor participation in the training program was not to be a factor in the differences between the trainee and supervisor perceptions. No statistically significant difference exists in the perception of other transfer climate factors: supervisor sanctions, peer support, resistance/openness to change, and feedback/performance coaching. In addition, the study found that supervisor participation in the training made little difference in the perceptions of transfer climate by supervisors and trainees. Studies comparing trainee and supervisor perceptions of transfer climate and the effect of supervisor participation in the training on these perceptions are needed from other organizations before extensive generalizations can be made.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Washington, Christopher L. "The relationships among learning transfer climate, transfer self-efficacy, goal commitment, and sales performance in an organization undergoing planned change /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402544592042.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

McLean, Bronwyn. "Implementing Sustainability Locally : A Case Study of Policy Mobilities and Transfer." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-91922.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Hodson, Andrew. "Climate, hydrology and sediment transfer process interactions in a sub-polar glacier basin, Svalbard." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Lamy, Kévin. "Projection Climatique du Rayonnement Ultraviolet au cours du 21ème siècle : impact de différents scénarios climatiques." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0018/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Suite à la signature du Protocole de Montréal en 1987, la concentration atmosphérique des substances destructrices d’ozone (ODS) est en baisse. La couche d’ozone montre des signes de récupération (Morgenstern et al. 2008a). Toutefois, l’émission des gaz à effet de serre (GHG) est en augmentation et devrait affecter au cours du 21ème siècle la distribution et les niveaux d’ozone dans l’atmosphère terrestre. En particulier, la modélisation du climat futur montre des signes d’accélération de la circulation de Brewer-Dobson transportant l’ozone de l’équateur vers les pôles. L’ozone est un constituant chimique important de l’atmosphère. Bien que nocif dans la troposphère, il est essentiel à la vie sur Terre grâce à sa capacité d’absorption d’une grande partie du rayonnement ultraviolet (UV) provenant du Soleil. Des modifications dans sa variabilité temporelle ou géographique impliqueraient des changements d’intensité du rayonnement UV à la surface de la Terre (Hegglin et al. (2009), Bais et al. (2011)). Le rayonnement UV à la surface affecte toute la biosphère. Les interactions entre rayonnement UV et écosystèmes terrestres et aquatiques sont nombreuses. Ces interactions ont des effets sur les cycles biogéochimiques et engendrent des rétroactions positives et négatives sur le climat (Erickson III et al., 2015a). La capture du CO2 atmosphérique par photosynthèse des plantes terrestres en est un exemple (Zepp et al., 2007a). Dans l’océan la pompe biologique du CO2 par la photosynthèse du phytoplancton est aussi directement affecté par la variabilité du rayonnement UV (Hader et al., 2007a). Pour l’homme le rayonnement UV est nécessaire car il participe à la photosynthèse de la vitamine D (Holick et al., 1980), mais une surexposition à des niveaux d’intensité élevés du rayonnement UV est la cause principale du développement de cancer de la peau (Matsumura and Ananthaswamy, 2004). L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’analyser l’évolution possible du rayonnement UV au cours du 21ème siècle, en particulier aux tropiques sud, dans le cadre des modifications climatiques attendues. Une première partie de ce travail consiste à modéliser le rayonnement UV en ciel clair dans les tropiques grâce au modèle TUV (Madronich et al., 1998) et à comparer les résultats aux mesures sols réalisées à la Réunion. Cette première partie permet l’utilisation future du modèle aux tropiques avec un bon niveau de confiance. La sensibilité du modèle de transfert radiatif en fonction de différents paramètres d’entrée est analysée (section efficace d’absorption de l’ozone,spectre extraterrestriel du soleil, ...). Les sorties du modèle sont ensuite validées à partir de mesures UV spectral au sol obtenues grâce à un spectromètre BENTHAM DM300n. Un filtrage ciel-clair des données au sol est opéré à partir de mesures de flux et de l’algorithme de Long and Ackerman (2000). Les projections climatiques des indices UV (Mc Kinlay and Diffey, 1987) sont réalisées par la suite. Pour cela, on utilise les sorties de plusieurs modèles de Chimie-Climat participant à l’exercice d’inter-comparaison CCMI (Chemistry Climate Model Initiative), couplées aux modèle TUV, validé en première partie dans les tropiques. L’exercice CCMI consiste à projeter le climat et la chimie Terrestre jusqu’en 2100 selon différents scénarios. Ces sorties décrivant la chimie et physique de l’atmosphère servent d’entrée au modèle de transfert radiatif, on obtient alors le rayonnement UV jusqu’en 2100 pour différents scénarios. Une première analyse comparative de l’UV obtenue pour quatre scénarios d’émissions (RCP2.6/4./6.0/8.5, Meinshausen et al., 2011) est effectuée. La fin du travail consiste à étudier l’impact des ODS, GHG et aérosols sur l’évolution du rayonnement UV au cours du 21ème siècle, avec un focus particulier sur les tropiques de l’hémisphère sud
Following the 1987 Montreal Protocol, atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting substances are decreasing. The ozone layer shows signs of recovery. Nonetheless, greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) are rising et should affect the ozone distribution in the atmosphere. Ozone is an important due to his ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The goal of this work is to analyse the possible evolution of UV radiation through the 21st century, particularly in the tropics, for possible climate modification. The first part of this work is to UV in clear-sky in the tropics with the TUV (Madronich et al., 1998) model and to compare against ground-based observations made on Reunion Island. This validation allows the utilisation of TUV in the tropics with a good confidence level. The sensitivity of the model is analysed for multiple parameters. Modelling output is validated against spectral ground-based measurement. Climate Projection of UVI (Mc Kinlay and Diffey, 1987) are then realized with the use of output from model participating in the CCMI ( Model Initiative) exercise and the TUV model. CCMI output describes the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere through the 21st century for four climate scenarios (RCP2.6/4.5/6.0/8.5), they are used as input for the TUV model in order to obtain UV radiation. ODS, GHG and aerosols impact on UVI evolution is analysed

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Amundsen, David S. "Climate simulations of hot Jupiters : developing and applying an accurate radiation scheme." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17176.

Full text

Abstract:

To date more than 1500 exoplanets have been discovered. A large number of these are hot Jupiters, Jupiter-sized planets orbiting < 0.1 au from their parent stars, due to limitations in observational techniques making them easier to detect than smaller planets in wider orbits. This is also, for the same reasons, the class of exoplanets with the most observational constraints. Due to the very large interaction between these planets and their parent stars they are believed to be tidally locked, causing a large temperature contrast between the permanently hot day side and colder night side. There are still many open questions about these planets. Many are observed to have inflated radii, i.e. the observed radius is larger for a given mass than evolutionary models predict. A mechanism that can transport some of the stellar heating into the interior of the planet may be able to explain this. The presence of hazes or clouds has been inferred on some planets, but their composition and distribution remain unknown. According to chemical equilibrium models TiO and VO should be present on the day side of the hottest of these planets, but these molecules have not yet been detected. Cold traps, where these molecules condense out on the night side, have been suggested to explain this. The efficiency of the heat redistribution from the day side to the night side has been found to vary significantly between different planets; the mechanism behind this is still unknown. To begin to answer many of these questions we need models capturing the three-dimensional nature of the atmospheres of these planets. General circulation models (GCMs) do this by solving the equations of fluid dynamics for the atmosphere coupled to a radiative transfer scheme. GCMs have previously been applied to several exoplanets, but many solve simplified fluid equations (shallow water or primitive equations) or highly parametrised radiation schemes (temperature-forcing, gray or band-averaged opacities). We here present an adaptation of the Met Office Unified Model (UM), a GCM used for weather predictions and climate studies for the Earth, to hot Jupiters. The UM solves the full 3D Euler equations for the fluid, and the radiation scheme uses the two-stream approximation and correlated-k method, which are state of the art for both Earth and exoplanet GCMs. This makes it ideally suited for the study of hot Jupiters. An important part of this work is devoted to the adaptation of the radiation scheme of the UM to hot Jupiters. This includes calculation of opacities for the main absorbers in these atmospheres from state-of-the-art high temperature line lists, the calculation of k-coefficients from these opacities, and making sure all aspects of the scheme perform satisfactorily at high temperatures and pressures. We have tested approximations made in previous works such as the two-stream approximation, use of band-averaged opacities and different treatments of gaseous overlap. Uncertainties in current models, such as the lack of high temperature line broadening parameters for these atmospheres, are discussed. We couple the adapted radiation scheme to the UM dynamical core, which has been tested independently. Our first application is devoted to one of the most well-observed hot Jupiters, HD 209458b. Differences between previous modelling works and our model are discussed, and we compare results from the full coupled model with results obtained using a temperature-forcing scheme. We have also developed a tool to calculate synthetic phase curves, and emission and transmission spectra from the output of our 3D model. This enables us to directly compare our model results to observations and test the effect of various parameters and model choices on observable quantities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Smart, Martin James. "Deglaciation dynamics of the Feegletscher Nord, Switzerland : implications for glacio-fluvial sediment transfer." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17094.

Full text

Abstract:

Understanding of the processes of sediment transfer within, and from, glaciated catchments is of fundamental importance in order to establish rates of sediment transfer and resultant landscape evolution. Rates of glacio-fluvial sediment transfer are strongly controlled by glacier meltwater runoff and the availability of sediments for entrainment. However, it is becoming apparent that recently deglaciated forefields can modify the patterns of suspended sediment transfer. Glacier shrinkage exposes areas of unstable glacigenic sediments that can be subject to reworking and redistribution, and, as these environments become ice-free, heightened levels of geomorphological activity (so-called 'paraglacial' activity) are also likely to have a significant impact on both sediment and water yields from deglaciating catchments. Consequently, questions are raised as to the impacts of deglaciation upon contemporary and future rates of suspended sediment transfer, and the resultant fluvial sediments loads and rates of landscape adjustment. Therefore, the aim of this research was to present an integrated study of how sediment transfer in a glaciated catchment functions during, and is responding to, deglaciation. A variety of techniques were employed to examine the hydrological functioning of an Alpine glacier, the Feegletscher Nord, Switzerland, and the resultant temporal and spatial patterns of sediment transfer in light of catchment hydrology, ablation processes and forefield geomorphology. Data was collected over two field campaigns in 2010 and 2012 to capture the inputs, throughputs and outputs of meltwater and sediment. This research found that patterns of sediment transfer were modified within the proglacial zone, reinforcing previous findings that the location of proglacial monitoring is important in determining the observed patterns of sediment transfer. These patterns of sediment transfer were attributed to variations in forefield sediment availability, which appeared to demonstrate marked spatial variability. This variability was hypothesised to be influenced by the geomorphological characteristics of the forefield, including rock fall debris that appeared to limit sediment availability, and glacigenic sediment deposits that enhanced the availability of in-channel and channel-marginal sediments. These findings suggest that the investigation of rates of sediment transfer and paraglacial sedimentation may be complicated in catchments that have experienced complex geomorphological responses to deglaciation. In addition, the investigation of sediment transfer processes and the development of a glacier runoff model enabled the exploration of future suspended sediment loads with progressive deglaciation and a changing climate. Suspended sediment loads were predicted to experience rapid declines until the end of the 21st Century due to reductions in meltwater runoff as glacier extent is reduced. However, it is suggested that uncertainties in future sediment availability limit the usefulness of such forecasts. Consequently, this research highlights how the understanding of both sedimentary and hydrological processes in glaciated catchments may be enhanced by consideration of the changes that can occur in these environments associated with glacier shrinkage and a changing climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Antonsson, Karin. "Holocene Climate in Central and Southern Sweden : Quantitative Reconstructions from Fossil Data." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6805.

Full text

Abstract:

In quantitative palaeoecology modern species-environmental relationships can be statistically modelled, and recent development has made the calibration models more statistically robust. These models are used to transform fossil assemblages to quantitative estimates of past environmental conditions. The aim of this thesis is to infer Holocene temperatures from fossil pollen data sampled from lakes in central and southern Sweden. This reconstruction is done by using a north-European pollen-climate calibration model, which was extended with 37 modern pollen samples from the southern deciduous vegetation zone in Sweden within this project. A statistical method is used for deriving the pollen-climate calibration model, weighted averaging partial least square (WA-PLS) method. The long term trends in pollen inferred temperatures from this study reflect low, but rapidly rising temperatures in the early-Holocene, a trend that was temporarily interrupted by a cool period about 8500 cal yr BP, but continued after 8000 cal yr BP. A Holocene thermal maximum (HTM) with temperatures roughly 2°C higher than at present was recorded about 7000 cal yr BP and by 4000 cal yr BP pollen inferred temperatures starts to decline. In order to create a more comprehensive picture of past climate patterns in the investigated area inferred temperatures from this study are compared with independent palaeorecords, a stable oxygen isotope record for moisture variability (paper I) and chironomids for summer temperature (paper II). Taken all together, these records reflect a coherent Holocene climate pattern which also is supported by several studies from Scandinavia and the north Atlantic region. Pollen inferred temperatures and the moisture record are indicating markedly dry, continental climate conditions in southern Sweden during the HTM possibly as a result of reorganisations in regional atmosphere circulations. The local observations in this study of regional climate events, such as the cold period at about 8200 cal yr BP and the dry period at about 7000 to 4000 cal yr BP are of particular interest because they suggest that vegetation in the study region has responded sensitively both to long-term climatic trends and more transient climate events.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Knutsen, Christopher. "Thermal analysis of the internal climate condition of a house using a computational model." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32740.

Full text

Abstract:

The internal thermal climatic condition of a house is directly affected by how the building envelope (walls, windows and roof) is designed to suit the environment it is exposed to. The way in which the building envelope is constructed has a great affect on the energy required for heating and cooling to maintain human thermal comfort. Understanding how the internal climatic conditions react to the building envelope construction is therefore of great value. This study investigates how the thermal behaviour inside of a simple house reacts to changes made to the building envelope with the objective to predict how these changes will affect human thermal comfort when optimising the design of the house. A three-dimensional numerical model was created using computational fluid dynamic code (Ansys Fluent) to solve the governing equations that describe the thermal properties inside of a simple house. The geometries and thermophysical properties of the model were altered to simulate changes in the building envelope design to determine how these changes affect the internal thermal climate for both summer and winter environmental conditions. Changes that were made to the building envelope geometry and thermophysical properties include: thickness of the exterior walls, size of the window, and the walls and window glazing constant of emissivity. Results showed that there is a substantial difference in indoor temperatures, and heating and cooling patterns, between summer and winter environmental conditions. The thickness of the walls and size of the windows had a minimal effect on internal climate. It was found that the emissivity of the walls and window glazing had a significant effect on the internal climate conditions, where lowering the constant of emissivity allowed for more stable thermal conditions within the human comfort range.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Sajid, Osama. "Three Essays on the Impact of Flooding on Human Welfare in South Asia." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619010192079971.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Turner, Emma Catherine. "Evaluating spectral radiances simulated by the HadGEM2 global climate model using longwave satellite measurements." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10047.

Full text

Abstract:

A 'model-to-radiance' comparison of simulated brightness temperatures and radiances from the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model 2 (HadGEM2-A) with longwave measurements from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/4 (HIRS/4) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interfermeter (IASI) onboard the MetOp-A satellite is presented for all-sky and clear-sky global means. The fast Radiative Transfer model for TOVS 10 (RTTOV-10) is applied to HadGEM2 output to simulate observational-equivalent data. The results are compared with corresponding broadband analyses. A method is developed to extend hyperspectral IASI radiances to cover the whole outgoing terrestrial spectrum, in order to identify any compensating biases, and explore wavebands in the unobserved Far Infrared (FIR) region. For the all-sky HIRS analysis, the model overestimates brightness temperatures in the atmospheric window region with the greatest biases over areas associated with deep convective cloud. In contrast to many global climate models, much smaller clear-sky biases are found indicating that model clouds are the dominating source of error. Simulated values in upper atmospheric CO2 channels approximate observations better as a result of compensating cold biases at the poles and warm biases at lower latitudes, due to a poor representation of the Brewer Dobson circulation in the 38 level 'low-top' configuration of the model. Simulated all and clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation evaluated against the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and HIRS OLR products reveal good agreement, in part due to cancellation of positive and negative biases. Through physical arguments relating to the spectral energy balance within a cloud, it is suggested that broadband agreement could be the result of a balance between positive window biases and unseen negative biases originating from the water vapour rotational band in the FIR (not sampled by HIRS). Simple sensitivity tests show that dramatically altering existing cloud properties has little effect on the prominent window biases, however raising clouds a maximum of 5 atmospheric levels minimises the error in cloud contaminated channels, due to the introduction of spatially compensating errors. Sensitivities to the way ice clouds are parameterised in RTTOV-10 display a range of up to 2.5 K in window channels but absolute biases still exceed 3 K for all choices. Because of the lack of satellite based FIR observations due to a technological gap in the spectral region, an algorithm is created to 'fill in' the available data. Correlations between selected IASI channels and simulated unobserved wavelengths in the far infrared are used to estimate radiances between 25.25 - 644.75 cm-1 at 0.5 cm-1 intervals. The same method is used in the 2760 - 3000 cm-1 region. The spectrum is validated by comparing the Integrated Nadir Longwave Radiance (INLR) product (spanning the whole 25.25 - 3000 cm-1 range) with the corresponding broadband measurements from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument on the Terra and Aqua satellites at simultaneous nadir overpasses, revealing mean differences of 0.3 Wm-2sr-1 (0.5% relative difference) lower for IASI relative to CERES and significantly lower biases in nighttime only scenes. Averaged global data over a single month produces mean differences of about 1 Wm-2sr-1 in both the all and the clear-sky (1.2% relative difference). The new high resolution spectrum is presented for global mean clear and total skies where the far infrared is shown to contribute 44% and 47% to the total OLR respectively, which is consistent with previous estimates. In terms of spectral cloud radiative forcing, the FIR contributes 19% and in some subtropical instances appears to be negative, results that would go un-observed with a traditional broadband analysis. The equivalent complete IASI OLR model product is simulated from GCM data using RTTOV-10. The same process of applying predictors to the satellite measurements is applied to the model simulated radiances, with appropriate modifications, to produce a directly comparable model product. Annual mean all-sky radiances are still greatly overestimated at all wavenumbers with a total radiance bias of 4.52 Wm-2 across the whole range. Compensating negative biases outside of the HIRS coverage that were hypothesised are absent, with the far infrared contributing to the overall bias rather than cancelling it. Equivalent clear-sky biases are much lower overall at 0.39 Wm-2, in part due to spectral and spatial cancellation of errors. A flux-to-flux comparison is enabled by estimating the spatial distribution of anisotropic factors, using collated HIRS OLR fluxes and IASI OLR radiances, which yields global mean model fluxes in excess of 12 Wm-2 higher than observations in the all-sky. The difference between this and the fluxes calculated using the climate model's broadband radiation code (Edward-Slingo) are around 10 Wm-2 which is outside the range of uncertainty in the method used to estimate the flux. However, it is discussed that tuning of the climate model's broadband code to known flux values is a required practice to ensure global energy budgets balance but can produce inaccurate parameterised variables. An equivalent analysis adjusting the ice cloud parametrisation to reflect the radiances that have the biggest differences to the original configuration selected showed a bias reduction of 4.5 Wm-2, which is still not enough to completely explain its size, suggesting the existence of residual cloud problems. Finally, it is suggested that the way forward in separating and constraining cloud errors, in both radiative transfer codes, is a rigorous process of testing them with observation cloud properties and reanalysis data as inputs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Schölzel, Christian. "Palaeoenvironmental transfer functions in a Bayesian framework with application to holocene climate variability in the Near East /." Sankt Augustin : Asgard, 2006. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9783537878625.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Cusack, Stephen. "Development of a radiative transfer parameterisation based on correlated k-distribution theory for use in climate studies." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320069.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Lora, Juan Manuel. "Radiation And Dynamics In Titan's Atmosphere: Investigations Of Titan's Present And Past Climate." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/332763.

Full text

Abstract:

This dissertation explores the coupling between radiative and three-dimensional dynamical processes in the atmosphere of Titan, and their impact on the seasonal climate and recent paleoclimate. First, a simple calculation is used to demonstrate the atmospheric attenuation on the distribution of insolation. The maximum diurnal-mean surface insolation does not reach the polar regions in summertime, and this impacts both surface temperatures and their destabilizing effect on the atmosphere. Second, a detailed two-stream, fully non-gray radiative transfer model, written specifically for Titan but with high flexibility, is used to calculate radiative fluxes and the associated heating rates. This model reproduces Titan's temperature structure from the surface through the stratopause, over nearly six decades of pressure. Additionally, a physics parameterizations package is developed for Titan, in part based on similar methods from Earth atmospheric models, for use in a Titan general circulation model (GCM). Simulations with this model, including Titan's methane cycle, reproduce two important observational constraints---Titan's temperature profile and atmospheric superrotation---that have proven difficult to satisfy simultaneously for previous models. Simulations with the observed distribution of seas are used to examine the resulting distribution of cloud activity, atmospheric humidity, and temperatures, and show that these are consistent with dry mid- and low-latitudes, while the observed polar temperatures are reproduced as a consequence of evaporative cooling. Analysis of the surface energy budget shows that turbulent fluxes react to the surface insolation, confirming the importance of its distribution. Finally, the GCM is used to simulate Titan's climate during snapshots over the past 42 kyr that capture the amplitude range of variations in eccentricity and longitude of perihelion. The results show that the atmosphere is largely insensitive to orbital forcing, and that it invariably transports methane poleward, suggesting Titan's low-latitudes have been deserts for at least hundreds of thousands of years. In detail, seasonal asymmetries do affect the distribution of methane, moving methane to the pole with the weaker summer, though orbital variations do not imply a long-period asymmetry. If the timescale for the atmosphere to transport the surface liquid reservoir is sufficiently short, this explains the observed north-south dichotomy of lakes and seas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Alkhado, Luqman, and Youcef Boussaa. "Heat transfer tests on EPS material and massive timber wall component." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28673.

Full text

Abstract:

Timber walls are known to be an energy efficient component in the building envelope. These building elements are essential in the passive design and have been pointed out to their ability to regulate the indoor climate and reduce energy demand. Heat transfer measurements of thermal transmittance value of Iso-timber wall component have been performed with the climate chamber at three temperature differences. The influence of temperature variations on the thermal conduction of the wall were investigated. The temperature on the warm side was kept at room temperature 20 °C while the cold side temperature was decreased from 0 C to -20 C during the tests. As the temperature difference is increased, the thermal transmittance value of the timber wall component decreased slightly due to decrease in the thermal conductivity value. The effect of density and porosity on the thermal conductivity may be related to the presence of air voids and cell boundaries inside the timber wall. Results have showed that the U-value of the timber wall component decreases at higher temperature differences which indicates the higher degree of insulation of the timber wall component.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Gowreesan, Vamadevan. "Process-Structure-Property Relationship of Micro-channel tube for CO2 Climate Control Systems." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1107891543.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Arias, Diego Alejandro Guzman. "Hydrological risk transfer planning under the drought \"severity-duration-frequency\" approach as a climate change impact mitigation strategy." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-21062018-104407/.

Full text

Abstract:

Climate change and increasing water demands prioritize the need to implement planning strategies for urban water security in the long and medium term. However, risk planning requires robust and timely financial support during and after the disaster. Therefore, risk transfer tools, such as insurance, have emerged as an effective strategy to ensure financial resilience and as an element that could encourage the implementation of hydrological risk reduction mechanisms. Among the main insurance design problems are the lack of information on the real drought impacts and climate uncertainty, which may incur adverse selection and/or moral hazards among the most common drawbacks in insurance practice. Currently, most of the income from water utility companies is based on water resources management, therefore during prolonged drought periods these economies can be strongly affected, despite having robust storage schemes as support. Thus, this thesis proposes an insurance plan for the water utility company of the State of Sao Paulo (SABESP) to deal with revenue reductions during long drought periods. The methodology is implemented on the MTRH-SHS model, developed under ex-ante damage cost calculation through the risk-based approach. The synthetic (\'what-if\') approach uses a \"set of change drivers\" to estimate the optimal premium through a multiyear insurance contract (MYI). The methodology integrates the hydrological simulation procedures under radiative climate forcing scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5, from the regional climate model outputs Eta-HadGEM and Eta-MIROC5, with time horizons of 2007-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2099, linked to the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) hydrologic model and under stationary and non-stationary water supply demand assumptions. The model framework is applied to the Cantareira Water Supply System for the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil, with severe vulnerability to droughts. As a result, the evaluated indexes showed that multi-year contracts with drought coverage higher than 240 days offer better financial performance than contracts with wider coverages. Moreover, this MYI adopted in the installed storage residual risk generates both a higher level of solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and annual average premiums closer to the expected revenue reductions by scenario. Finally, the approach can help the systematic evaluation of moral hazards and adverse selection. In the first case, the progressive evaluation must generate useful information to change or maintain the behavior of both the insured and insurers considering future risks related to climate change. In the second case, the multi-scenario valuation can help the insurer to set price thresholds, offering risk differential cover options in the premium value.
As mudanças climáticas e o incremento na demanda de água priorizam a necessidade de implementar estratégias de planejamento para a segurança hídrica urbana no longo e mediano prazo. No entanto, o planejamento dos riscos exige um suporte financeiro robusto e oportuno durante e após do desastre. Portanto, as ferramentas de transferência de risco, como os seguros, emergem como uma estratégia efetiva para garantir a resiliência financeira e como um elemento que poderia incentivar a implementação de mecanismos de redução do risco hidrológico. Entre os principais problemas no planejamento de seguros, estão a falta de informações sobre os impactos reais das secas e a incerteza climática, que podem levar a seleção adversa e/ou perigo moral como as problemáticas mais comuns na prática dos seguros. Atualmente, a maior parte da renda das empresas de serviços de água é baseada na gestão do recurso hídrico; portanto, durante períodos prolongados de seca, essas economias podem ser fortemente afetadas, apesar de ter sistemas de armazenamento robustos como suporte. Assim, esta tese propõe um plano de seguro para a empresa de serviços de água do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), para enfrentar as reduções de receita durante longos períodos de seca. A metodologia é implementada no modelo MTRH-SHS, desenvolvido no cálculo \"ex-ante\" de custos de dano, através da abordagem baseada em risco. A abordagem sintética (\"what-if\"), usa um \"conjunto de drivers de mudança\" para estimar o prêmio ótimo através de um contrato de seguro plurianual (SPA). A metodologia integra os procedimentos de simulação hidrológica, sob cenários de forçamento climático radiativo RCP 4.5 e 8.5, do modelo de clima regional Eta-HadGEM e Eta-MIROC5, com horizontes temporais de 2007-2040, 2041-2070 e 2071-2099, vinculados ao modelo hidrológico do sistema de avaliação e planejamento da água (WEAP) e sob pressupostos de demanda como abastecimento de água estacionária e não estacionária. A estrutura do modelo é aplicada ao Sistema de Abastecimento de Água de Cantareira na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, região com alta vulnerabilidade às secas. Como resultado, os índices de rendimento do seguro avaliados mostraram que os contratos plurianuais com cobertura para secas superiores a 240 dias, oferecem melhor desempenho financeiro do que os contratos com coberturas mais amplas. Além, o SPA adotado para o risco residual do armazenamento instalado, gera um nível mais alto de solvência para o fundo de seguros no longo prazo com prêmios médios anuais mais próximos das reduções de receita esperadas por cenário. Finalmente, a abordagem pode ajudar na avaliação sistemática do risco moral e na seleção adversa. No primeiro caso, a avaliação progressiva deve gerar informações úteis para mudar ou manter o comportamento de segurados e seguradoras considerando riscos futuros relacionados à mudança climática. No segundo caso, a valoração de múltiplos cenários pode ajudar a estabelecer limiares de preços, oferecendo opções de cobertura diferencial de risco no valor prêmio de seguro.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Mizuno, Emi Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Cross-border transfer of climate change mitigation technologies : the case of wind energy from Denmark and Germany to India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39947.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 380-407).
This research investigated the causal factors and processes of international development and diffusion of wind energy technology by examining private sector cross-border technology transfer from Denmark and Germany to India between 1990 and 2005. The motivation stemmed from the lack of active private sector participation in transfer of climate change mitigation technologies. Special attentions were paid to the role and effects of: government policy and institutional settings; co-evolution of policy, market, industry, and technology; and industrial competitiveness management. The research found that the centrality of government policy, in particular market value creation/rewarding policy, in successful wind energy technology development and diffusion at the technology frontier of Denmark and Germany. Sources of technological change were complex, but it was the policy-induced substantial market size and performance-oriented demand characteristics that determined the speed and direction of technology development and diffusion. Yet, the change was only materialized by the successful establishment of co-evolving mechanism of policy, market, industry, and technology; again, policy was central in the creation and timely adjustment of such virtuous cycle.
(cont.) The research also found strong connections between technological characteristics/specificity and industrial competitiveness management, and their intertwined transformations. On the Indian side, the increasing technology gaps in both product and capability with the frontier and the transformed structural relationship between market development and the number of new technology introduction were evident from the mid 1990s. Non-performance-oriented market mechanism, policy inconsistency, institutional problems of power sector, persistent infrastructure deficiency, along with the intertwined competitiveness management and technology transformations at the frontier, all contributed to the structural transformation; the failed virtuous cycle creation was due to strong technology- and industry-related external factors and weak demand-pull and supply push internal policy. India lost the potentials for replicable technology transfer and the larger development benefits.
by Emi Mizuno.
Ph.D.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Zapata-Rios, Xavier, Paul D. Brooks, Peter A. Troch, Jennifer McIntosh, and Craig Rasmussen. "Influence of climate variability on water partitioning and effective energy and mass transfer in a semi-arid critical zone." COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617370.

Full text

Abstract:

The critical zone (CZ) is the heterogeneous, near-surface layer of the planet that regulates life-sustaining resources. Previous research has demonstrated that a quantification of the influxes of effective energy and mass transfer (EEMT) to the CZ can predict its structure and function. In this study, we quantify how climate variability in the last 3 decades (1984–2012) has affected water availability and the temporal trends in EEMT. This study takes place in the 1200 km² upper Jemez River basin in northern New Mexico. The analysis of climate, water availability, and EEMT was based on records from two high-elevation SNOTEL stations, PRISM data, catchment-scale discharge, and satellite-derived net primary productivity (MODIS). Results from this study indicated a decreasing trend in water availability, a reduction in forest productivity (4 g C m⁻² per 10 mm of reduction in precipitation), and decreasing EEMT (1.2–1.3 MJ m² decade⁻¹). Although we do not know the timescales of CZ change, these results suggest an upward migration of CZ/ecosystem structure on the order of 100 m decade⁻¹, and that decadal-scale differences in EEMT are similar to the differences between convergent/hydrologically subsidized and planar/divergent landscapes, which have been shown to be very different in vegetation and CZ structure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Kangah, Kouadio Guy Yannick. "Mesure du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) depuis l'espace." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30323/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Cette thèse porte sur la mesure du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) à partir de capteurs spatiaux. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les processus d'émissions et de transport de N2O depuis l'Asie jusqu'au bassin méditerranéen. Pour cette étude, nous avons utilisé des sorties du modèle de chimie-transport LMDz-Or-INCA ansi que des profils de N2O estimés à partir d'observations du capteur spatial TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer) de la plateforme GOSAT (Greenhouses gases Observing SATellite). Ensuite, nous avons mis en place un système de restitution des profils troposphériques de N2O à partir des mesures du capteur spatial infrarouge IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) des plateformes MetOp. Ce système a ensuite été validé en utilisant les mesures in-situ des campagnes aéroportées HIPPO (High performance Instrumented airborne platform for environmental research Pole-to-Pole Observations). Enfin, nous avons étudié l'apport théorique du capteur IASI-NG (IASI-New Generation) par rapport à IASI pour la mesure du N2O troposphérique
This thesis focuses on the measurement of nitrous oxide (N2O) from space sensors. Firstly, we studied the transport and emission processes of N2O from Asia to the Mediterranean Basin (MB). For this study, we used N2O profiles over the period 2010-2013 retrieved from TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer) observations onboard the platform GOSAT (Greenhouses gases Observing SATellite) . We also used outputs of the chemistry-transport model LMDz-Or-INCA over the same period. Secondly, we built an algorithm to retrieve N2O profiles using observations from IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) onboard the MetOp platforms. This algorithm was validated by comparing the retrieved profiles with in-situ measurements from HIPPO (High performance Instrumented airborne platform for environmental research Pole-to-Pole Observations) airborne campaigns. Finally, we performed a theoretical intercomparison between IASI-NG (IASI-New Generation) and IASI concerning the tropospheric N2O measurements

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Orr, Elizabeth N. "''Deciphering tectonic and climatic controls on erosion and sediment transfer in the NW Himalaya''." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1560866634385041.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Bäuml, Georg. "Influence of the sub-grid scale variability of clouds on the solar radiative transfer computations in the ECHAM5 climate model." Hamburg : Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorologie, 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967804655.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Vargel, Céline. "Caractérisation du manteau neigeux arctique, suivi climatique et télédétection micro-onde." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU029.

Full text

Abstract:

Les régions de hautes latitudes nord se réchauffent de façon plus intense que sur le reste du globe. Ce phénomène, appelé amplification arctique, est dû en partie à la diminution de l'étendue de glace de mer et de la couverture de neige. Par ses changements de pouvoirs réfléchissant et isolant, la neige, présente 9 mois de l'année, pourrait avoir un effet important sur l'augmentation des températures du sol. Le dégel du pergélisol à travers le carbone ainsi libéré serait susceptible d'avoir un impact important sur le climat futur de l'Arctique. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif d'améliorer le suivi du couvert nival arctique et des températures du sol. À l'heure actuelle, les modèles détaillés d'évolution du manteau neigeux tels que le modèle Crocus ne parviennent pas à reproduire la physique particulière de la neige arctique ce qui conduit à des incertitudes importantes dans la modélisation des températures du sol. De nouvelles paramétrisations physiques ont été implémentées au sein du modèle Crocus pour améliorer la stratification verticale du manteau neigeux en introduisant les effets de la végétation (neige moins dense en profondeur) et les effets du vent (neige plus dense en surface), ainsi que pour modifier la conductivité thermique de la neige. Ces nouvelles paramétrisations permettent une meilleure représentation des températures du sol sous la neige, validée avec un large jeu de données en Alaska, dans l'Arctique canadien et en Sibérie. Les simulations ainsi réalisées à l'aide du modèle Crocus modifié, piloté par la réanalyse météorologique ERA-Interim sur les 39 dernières années (1979-2018), à l'échelle panarctique, montrent une augmentation significative de la densité de la neige au printemps ainsi que de l'humidité de la neige principalement au printemps et en automne, accompagnée d'une diminution significative de la durée d'enneigement. Ces effets cumulés à l'augmentation des températures de l'air entraînent une augmentation des températures du sol allant jusqu'à +0.89 K par décade pour le mois de juin. De façon à pouvoir améliorer le suivi de l'évolution spatiale et temporelle du couvert nival, l'utilisation de données d'observations satellitaires micro-onde est proposée. À partir de l'analyse d'un jeu de données unique de mesures radiométriques en surface associées à la caractérisation in-situ du manteau neigeux (119 snowpits avec des observations simultanées) en zone arctique et subarctique, une paramétrisation optimale du modèle de transfert radiatif SMRT a été définie. En utilisant une longueur de corrélation exponentielle ajustée comme paramètre de microstructure de la neige dans le modèle électromagnétique Improved Born Approximation (IBA), l'étude montre, par rapport aux autres configurations de modèles testées, de meilleurs résultats avec une erreur moyenne (RMSE) inférieure à 30% des observations pour la neige subarctique et 24% pour la neige arctique. Couplées à Crocus, les températures de brillance simulées sur l'ensemble de l'Arctique sont significativement meilleures avec Crocus modifié qu'avec Crocus standard (38 K d'amélioration de l'erreur en moyenne). Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à l'utilisation de l'assimilation des observations micro-onde satellitaires dans le modèle Crocus à grande échelle afin d'améliorer les simulations de densité de la neige arctique, paramètre clef du manteau neigeux influant sur l'évolution des températures du sol sous la neige
Northern high-latitude regions are warming more intensely than the rest of the world. This phenomenon, called Arctic amplification, is due in part to the decrease in sea ice extent and snow cover. Snow, which is present 9 months of the year, could have a significant effect on the increase in land surface temperatures by changing its reflective and insulating properties. Thawing of permafrost which could release important amount of soil carbone into the atmosphere could have a significant positive feedback on the future climate of the Arctic. The objective of this research project is to improve the monitoring of Arctic snow cover and ground temperatures. Detailed models of snow cover evolution such as the Crocus multi-layered model are unable to reproduce the particular physics of Arctic snow, which leads to significant uncertainties in the modeling of ground temperatures. New physical parameterizations have been implemented within the Crocus model to improve the vertical stratification of the snowpack by introducing vegetation effects (less dense snow at the bottom) and wind effects (denser snow at the surface), as well as to modify the thermal conductivity of snow. These new parameterizations allow a better representation of ground temperatures under the snowpack, validated with a large dataset in Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Siberia. The simulations thus carried out using the modified Crocus model, driven by the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis over the last 39 years (1979-2018), at the pan-Arctic scale, show a significant increase in snow density in spring as well as in snow moisture, mainly in spring and fall, accompanied by a significant decrease in the duration of the snow cover. These effects, combined with the increase in air temperature, lead to an increase in ground temperature of up to +0.89 K per decade for the month of June. In order to improve monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the snow cover, the use of microwave satellite observation data is proposed. Based on the analysis of a unique dataset of surface radiometric measurements, associated with the in-situ characterization of the snowpit (119 snowpits with simultaneous observations) in the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones, an optimal parameterization of the SMRT model has been defined. The results show that using a fitted exponential correlation length as a snow microstructure parameter in the Improved Born Approximation (IBA) electromagnetic model gives the best results compared to the other model configurations tested, with a mean error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the observations for subarctic snow and 24% for Arctic snow. Coupled with Crocus, the simulated brightness temperatures over the entire Arctic are significantly better with modified Crocus than with standard Crocus (38 K improvement in mean bias). These results pave the way for using the assimilation of satellite microwave observations into the Crocus model to improve simulations of Arctic snow density, a key snowpack parameter influencing the evolution of ground temperatures under the snow

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Hobbi, Alireza. "Design of solar water heating systems for cold climate and study of heat transfer enhancement devices in flat-plate solar collectors." Thesis, Connect to online version, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1394676661&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=10306&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Bigler, Christian. "Diatoms as indicators of Holocene climate and environmental change in northern Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Ecology and Environmental Science, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-144.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of the thesis was to explore the potential of diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) as indicators of Holocene climate and environmental change in northern Sweden (Abisko region, 68°21'N, 18°49'E). A modern surface-sediment calibration set including 100 lakes was developed and lake-water pH, sedimentary organic content (assessed by loss-on-ignition) and temperature were identified as most powerful environmental variables explaining the variance within the diatom assemblages. Transfer functions based on unimodal species response models (WA-PLS) were developed for lake-water pH and mean July air temperature (July T), yielding coefficients of determination of 0.77 and 0.70, and prediction errors based on leave-one-out cross-validation of 0.19 pH units and 0.96 °C for lake-water pH and July T, respectively. The transfer functions were validated with monitoring data covering two open-water seasons (lake-water pH) and meteorological records covering the 20th century (July T). The good agreement between diatom-based inferences and measured monitoring data confirmed the prediction ability of the developed transfer functions.

Analysing a Holocene sediment core from a lake nearby Abisko (Vuoskkujávri), diatoms infer a linearly decreasing July T trend (1.5 °C) since 6,000 cal. BP, which compares well with inferences based on chironomids and pollen from the same sediment core. The lake-water pH inference shows a pattern of moderate natural acidification (c. 0.5 pH units) since the early Holocene, reaching present-day pH values at c. 5,000 cal. BP. By fitting fossil diatom samples to the modern calibration set by means of residual distance assessment within canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), the early Holocene (between 10,600 and 6,000 cal. BP) was identified as a problematic time-period for diatom-based inferences and, consequently, reconstructions during this period are tentative. Pollen-based inferences also show 'poor' fit between 10,600 and 7,500 cal. BP and chironomids probably provide the most reliable July T reconstruction at Vuoskkujávri, with 'poor' fit only during the initial part of the Holocene (between 10,600 and 10,250 cal. BP).

Possible factors confounding diatom-based July T inferences were investigated. Using detrended CCA (DCCA), Holocene sediment sequences from five lakes indicate that during the early Holocene, mainly physical factors such as high minerogenic erosion rates, high temperature and low light availability may have regulated diatom assemblages, favouring Fragilaria species. In all five lakes, diatom assemblages developed in a directional manner, but timing and scale of development differed substantially between lakes. The differences are attributed primarily to the geological properties of the lake catchments (with strong effects on lake-water pH), but other factors such as climatic change, vegetation, hydrologic setting and in-lake processes appear to regulate diatom communities in each lake differently. The influence of long-term natural acidification on diatom assemblages progressively declined during the Holocene with corresponding increase of the influence of climatic factors.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Schallock, Jennifer [Verfasser]. "Stratospheric Aerosol: Budgets, Chemistry and radiative Transfer based on a complex Chemistry Climate Model and Satellite and Field Campaign Data / Jennifer Schallock." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233426559/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Solórzano, Sánchez Ana Evanisi. "Linking social protection and resilience to climate change : a case study of the conditional cash transfer programme 'Oportunidades' in rural Yucatan, Mexico." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/58080/.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis examines the linkages between social protection and resilience to climate change among poor rural households. To date there is a very limited understanding of the potential role of social protection programmes in contributing to an increase in resilience of the rural poor with respect to climate change. An improved understanding of these links can help to build the knowledge base that is needed to help the poorest members of the society to adapt to the impacts of climate change. This gap in understanding is addressed in this thesis through a case study of the conditional cash transfer programme Oportunidades in two rural communities in Yucatan, Mexico, a region highly exposed to hurricanes and droughts. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected by means of household surveys, life-history interviews, key informant interviews, group discussions and participant observation. A social protection-resilience analytical framework was developed in order to guide the data collection and analysis. This framework is informed by a dynamic understanding of resilience, which integrates two resilience dimensions: the absorptive capacity (the ability to resist and recover from a shock) and the adaptive capacity (the ability to adapt to the effects of a shock). This framework is based on the proposition that social protection reduces vulnerability and, by doing so, this can also help to increase poor households resilience to climate change. The thesis found that the main role of Oportunidades is to provide a regular and predictable safety net that protects households from short-term risk, thus increasing households' absorptive capacity. The impact on the adaptive capacity of households is indirect and differentiated according to their respective poverty profiles. Furthermore, the research shows that certain features of the theory of change of Oportunidades, and its design, reduce the potential impact of the programme, creating trade-offs between the different resilience dimensions. This is the case because resilience to climate change and social protection literatures are derived from distinctive approaches, which frame vulnerability differently. The thesis concludes by making a case for social protection to be complemented by other interventions in a systemic approach that should explicitly consider climate change, in order to increase resilience and achieve sustainable poverty reduction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Yang, Yifan. "Vacuum Desiccant Cooling for Personal Heat Stress Management." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34944.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this PhD project is to develop novel membranes and desiccants that would help develop a second generation vacuum desiccant cooling (VDC) garment that is efficient, robust, durable and wearer-friendly. It was found that properly chosen support material could improve both mechanical strength and vapor flux for flat sheet polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), due to improved membrane structure and structure integrity that enhanced vapour mass transfer. Super solid desiccants were developed using a super absorbent polymer (SAP), which are sodium polyacrylate granules, as the host matrices to harbour LiCl. Furthermore, a novel desiccant based on loading LiCl in to hydrophobic hollow fibre membranes and therefore called membrane based desiccant fiber (MDF), was developed and demonstrated to be suitable for VDC. Heat and mass transfer for vapor absorption in MDF were analyzed. These membranes and desiccants, although developed for application in VDC, may also found applications in other fields such as water treatment, air conditioning, and natural gas dehumidification. Finally, based on the newly developed membranes and desiccants, three conceptual designs of second generation VDC garments are proposed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Yerro, Pascal. "Etude expérimentale des champs de température et de vitesse d'un bardage thermique." Antilles-Guyane, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AGUY0022.

Full text

Abstract:

La convection naturelle dans un bardage thermique aménage en façade ou en toiture est une alternative intéressante pour la protection solaire de l'habitat en climat tropical humide. Dans ce travail, le dispositif expérimental simulant le bardage thermique est à échelle réduite (dimensions inferieures au mètre). Il est constitué d'une lame d'air formée entre deux plaques verticales et parallèles dont l'une est chauffée à flux constant. Des mesures de température sont effectuées aux parois avec des thermocouples et dans la lame d'air par interférométrie holographique en temps réel (ihtr). Les vitesses d'écoulement sont mesurées par anémométrie laser a effet doppler (lda). L'échauffement des plaques est analysé en fonction du flux impose, de l'épaisseur de la lame d'air et de l'émissivité des plaques. L'étude des interferogrammes et des champs de vitesse met en évidence le caractère instable de l'écoulement à partir de la moitié de la hauteur du canal. Concernant l'une des configurations étudiées, nos résultats expérimentaux sont comparés à ceux de deux modelés numériques traitant les cas d'écoulements laminaires stables et bidimensionnels. Les champs de vitesse numériques et expérimentaux concordent bien dans la première moitié du canal lorsque le profil de vitesse de l'air a l'entrée du conduit est supposé uniforme. Les écarts entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques s'accentuent avec l'altitude et résultent probablement de la tridimensionnalité et des instabilités de l'écoulement. Nos résultats expérimentaux permettent aussi une évaluation des flux convectifs à l'aide de trois méthodes différentes : 1) le bilan énergétique pariétal, 2) le gradient thermique a l'interface paroi-fluide, 3) le bilan de puissance dans un volume d'air adjacent à la plaque chauffée.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Ringo, Frederick S. "The creation of an enabling legal climate for the transfer of technology in the preferential trade area for eastern and southern Africa (PTA) /." Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre, 1994. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/275543900.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Sommers, A. N. "Insights into Processes Affecting Greenland Ice Sheet Dynamics in a Changing Climate| Firn Permeability, Interior Thermal State, Subglacial Hydrology, and Heat Transfer Coefficients." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10846976.

Full text

Abstract:

Accurate projections of future sea level rise require detailed modeling of the relevant processes affecting glacier and ice sheet dynamics. Although sophisticated high-resolution ice sheet models have been developed in recent years, some processes are still not well understood. Through a combination of field experiments, numerical modeling, and theoretical analyses, this research explores several processes affecting dynamics of the Greenland ice sheet, particularly in a changing climate as melt increases further inland: a) A novel, low-cost in-situ method of inferring firn permeability is presented, which is especially useful in regions of the ice sheet experiencing increased melt and refrozen solid ice layers in the firn. b) Thermo-mechanically coupled flow line modeling of the Greenland ice sheet interior reveals insights about the distribution of temperate ice and sensitivity to different modeling parameters. c) A subglacial hydrology model is introduced (SHAKTI: Subglacial Hydrology and Kinetic, Transient Interactions) that allows for the coexistence of laminar and turbulent flow regimes and flexible geometry configurations that include both sheetlike and channelized drainage systems, while including melt from viscous dissipation. Application of the SHAKTI model to marine-terminating Store Glacier in west Greenland suggests a channelized system develops near the terminus with high meltwater input and collapses to a sheetlike system with low input, with some residual channel structure extending inland from the front. d) Heat transfer coefficients are obtained through modeling of internal viscous and turbulent dissipation (appropriate for subglacial and englacial hydrology) compared to the case of heated walls (the classical experimental case upon which most heat transfer coefficients are based). A difference of about a factor of two is found between the heat transfer coefficients for heated walls and the internal dissipation case.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Hennerdal, Ida. "Mellan det globala och det lokala : Örebro kommuns klimatstrategi ur ett policymobilitetsperspektiv." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-143797.

Full text

Abstract:

Local authorities increased interest in climate mitigation policy has in recent years attracted interest from researchers. Compared to local authorities in most other countries, Swedish municipalities enjoy a larger portion of autonomy. This makes them particularly interesting to study from a policy mobility perspective. The aim of this study is to explore how local authorities develop climate policy, the case chosen for this inquiry is Örebro municipality and its climate strategy approved in 2016. By applying the theoretical framework of policy transfer, to some extent, but especially policy mobility the thesis discovers how local authorities develop their climate policy. It also uncovers from where they gather knowledge and inspiration, faced with the global scope of climate issues. The result show that policy mobility provides great explanatory value in understanding the assemblage that is Örebro municipality’s climate strategy. The result, however, also challenges the notion forwarded within the field of policy mobility that the national scale is not very important for local policy development. The study also show that some policy areas are more easily influenced by the global scale, while other areas are more depended on similarities in context between the ‘sending’ and the ‘receiving’ actor, that is Örebro municipality.
Lokala myndigheter har tagit allt större plats i klimatpolitken och även tilldragit sig allt mer uppmärksamhet från forskare. Tidigare har bekämpning av klimatförändringar endast funnits på den globala och nationella nivåns agendor. När fler aktörer kliver in öppnas nya områden upp för studier av olika slag. Inom policymobilitetsfältet har forskare intresserat sig för hur lokala myndigheter formar sin politik, hur policyer färdas från en kontext till en annan och vad den processen gör med policyerna. Jämfört med motsvarande myndighetsnivå i de flesta andra länder har svenska kommuner ett betydligt större mått av självbestämmande. Denna långtgående rådighet gör dem särskilt intress- anta att studera ur ett policymobilitetsperspektiv. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur lokala myndigheter utformar sin klimatpolitik, som fall används Örebro kommuns klimatarbete och då särskilt den klimatstrategi som kommunfullmäktige antog 2016. Genom användningen av teoribildningen kring dels policytransferering men främst policymobilitet studerar uppsatsen hur dessa lokala myndigheter agerar och var de hämtar kunskap och inspiration ifrån när de ställs inför den globalt omfattande frågan om klimat- förändringar. Policymobilitetslitteraturen visar sig bidra med viktiga förklaringsvärden för att förstå den assemblage som Örebro kommuns klimatstrategi utgör. I resultatet fram- går dock att den nationella skalnivån inte förlorat sin betydelse för lokala myndigheters policyutveckling till den grad som tidigare studier inom policymobilitetslitteraturen pekat ut. Den visar också på att policyer inom vissa områden lättare hämtas hem från en global kontext medan det i andra sammanhang ligger närmare till hands att inspireras av andra lokala myndigheter i samma situation och med en liknande kontext som den egna.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Holmgren, Annie, and Simon Karlsson. "The process of technology commercialization : A case study of project CHRISGAS." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-893.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis investigates, describes and understands the extensive process of technology commercialization. What stages there are, important aspects and implications. It is structured as a case analysis of project CHRISGAS development. CHRISGAS is a Swedish project, based in Värnamo, developing the technique of direct gasification of biomass to fuels.

The work has its origin in the debate of the imminent climate changes, where society needs to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. The automotive sector (particularly transport) is significantly reliant. However, current attempts to transition to biofuels have not completely succeeded. New, efficient technologies must be commercialized, and the technology of wood gasification is said to be particularly promising for launching the next generation of biofuels.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Woodward, Craig Allan. "Development of chironomid-based transfer functions for surface water quality parameters and temperature, and their application to Quaternary sediment records from the South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1380.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis resulted in the development of robust chironomid-based transfer-functions for February mean air temperature and the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in lake-water. The New Zealand transfer-functions for both variables compare favourably with chironomid-based transfer-functions for equivalent variables from elsewhere in the world, and diatom-based transfer-functions for nutrients and lake production from New Zealand. The application of the temperature and TN transfer-functions provided insight into New Zealand climate conditions during the last glacial and served as validation for the reconstructions. Chironomid-based Temperature reconstructions from lake silts preserved in the banks of Lyndon Stream indicate a maximum cooling of ca 4 ℃ between 26.6 and 24.5 ka BP, which is consistent with estimates based on beetles and plant macrofossils. A cooling of 4 ℃ is insufficient to explain the lack of canopy tree pollen in many New Zealand pollen records at this time. Other environmental parameters additional to temperature may have limited the expansion forest cover. The chironomid-based TN reconstructions infer a trend of rapidly deteriorating water-quality in a small doline in north-west Nelson, in the South Island of New Zealand following deforestation immediately surrounding the lake ca. 1970 AD. The overall trend and timing of eutrophication inferred from the chironomids was consistent with other biological proxies and actual observations of changes in lake water quality. The chironomid-based transfer-functions provide a valuable new tool for the study of longterm climate variability and improving our understanding of the response of aquatic ecosystems to long-term natural and human induced environmental change in New Zealand lakes. I have identified some possibilities for future research which should improve the performance of these transfer-functions. The improvement of the chironomid taxonomy and the expansion of the training set should be the highest priorities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Bruno, Aina. "The transfer of knowledge for renewable energy policy-making between Europe and Peru in the period 2006-2009 : Impacts in the Peruvian Solar Photovoltaic innovation system." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228866.

Full text

Abstract:

Energy generation and use is one of the main contributors to climate change, as it is responsible for two thirds of the global greenhouse gas emissions (IEA 2015). In this context, renewable energies (RE) are increasingly gaining momentum as a key driver for the transition towards a low-carbon society (REN21 2016) and a source of technological and social innovation. The deployment of RE and its integration in large-scale power generation systems has been progressively driven by supportive policy frameworks adopted by pioneering countries such as Germany, Spain and France. This has subsequently fostered a process of learning and spreading of policies between leading countries and other governments willing to implement RE support schemes. Within the field of comparative public policy, different but interrelated approaches of the phenomenon of policy spreading have been developed, among which the most rehearsed are policy diffusion, policy transfer, policy convergence and lesson-drawing. The present study addresses a specific case of policy transfer between Germany-Spain and Peru for the implementation in the latter of a policy framework to foster the development of RE technologies (Legislative Decree 1002) in 2008, and the subsequent adoption of a support policy mechanism, Renewable Auctions (RA) in 2009. The assessment of the policy transfer process has been carried out by applying the Dolowitz and Marsh Model (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996, 2000). Furthermore, an exploratory analysis of the impacts of the policy transfer process in the development of the Peruvian Solar PV technology innovation system has been conducted in order to assess the outcomes of the policy transfer process in terms of RE technological deployment in the country, tackling Solar PV as the RE technology in focus. For this purpose, a simplified adaptation of the technology innovation system framework (TIS) developed by Hekkert et al. 2007 and Bergek et al 2008 has been employed. The results of the study show that the transfer of knowledge related to RE policy-making involved both voluntary and coercive causes. The drivers for the occurrence of policy transfer were the pressure exerted by a foreigner actor (US) for the enforcement of the RE policy framework (LD 1002) in Peru and the institutional support provided by a “convinced bureaucrat” (the former Vice Minister of Energy). The choice of adopting RA instead of other instruments such as Feed-in-tariffs or Feed-in-premiums is related to the know-how of the country in terms of infrastructure investments and its traditional “modus-operandi”, the availability of natural and financial resources within the country, the perception of technical and financial risks, the negative lessons drawn from the experiences of Spain and Germany regarding the implementation of FITs, and the current state of development of the global RE sector. The policy transfer process has contributed to the development of some components of the Peruvian Solar PV innovation system. From a structural point of view, it has triggered a diversification of the actors involved, mainly driven by the incorporation of large foreign companies specialized in RE, as well as conventional energy companies that have diversified their core activities towards RE. From a dynamic perspective, the implementation of RA has promoted the increase in Solar PV installed capacity and its contribution to the electricity mix, promoting chiefly the function of market formation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Zapata-Rios, Xavier. "The Influence of Climate and Landscape on Hydrological Processes, Vegetation Dynamics, Biogeochemistry and the Transfer of Effective Energy and Mass to the Critical Zone." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555944.

Full text

Abstract:

The Critical Zone (CZ) is the surficial layer of the planet that sustains life on Earth and extends from the base of the weathered bedrock to the top of the vegetation canopy. Its structure influences water fluxes, biogeochemistry and vegetation. In this dissertation, I explore the relationships between climate, water fluxes, vegetation dynamics, biogeochemistry, and effective energy and mass transfer fluxes (EEMT) in a semi-arid critical zone. This research was carried out in the upper Jemez River Basin in northern New Mexico across gradients of climate and elevation. The main research objectives were to (i) quantify relations among inputs of mass and energy (EEMT), hydrological and biogeochemical processes within the CZ, (ii) determine water fluxes and vegetation dynamics in high elevation mountain catchments with different terrain aspect and solar radiation, and (iii) study temporal variability of climate and its influence on the CZ water availability, forest productivity and energy and mass fluxes. The key findings of this study include (i) significant correlations between EEMT, water transit times (WTT) and mineral weathering products around Redondo Peak. Significant correlations were observed between dissolved weathering products (Na⁺ and DIC) and maximum EEMT. Similarly, ³H concentrations measured at the springs were significantly correlated with maximum EEMT; (ii) terrain aspect strongly controls energy, water distribution, and vegetation productivity in high elevation ecosystems in catchments draining different aspects of Redondo Peak. The predominantly north facing catchment, when compared to the other two eastern catchments, receives less solar radiation, exhibits less forest cover and smaller biomass, has more surface runoff and smaller vegetation water consumption. Furthermore, the north facing catchment showed smaller NDVI values and shorter growing season length as a consequence of energy limitation, and (iii) from 1984 to 2012 a decreasing trend in water availability, increased vegetation water use, a reduction in both forest productivity and EEMT was observed at the upper Jemez River Basin. These changes point towards a hotter, drier and less productive ecosystem which may alter critical zone processes in high elevation semi-arid systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Said, Ahmed Hami. "Etude de l’alimentation hydrique du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) dans le contexte pédoclimatique de la zone littorale de la République de Djibouti." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2034/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Le palmier-dattier constitue une des rares cultures à vocation alimentaire adaptées aux conditions climatiques extrêmes (sécheresse, salinité), telles que rencontrées à Djibouti. Dans un contexte de ressources en eau fortement limitées, la connaissance des modalités de l’alimentation hydrique du palmier dattier est essentielle. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est d’acquérir cette connaissance, dans le contexte pédoclimatique de Djibouti, par la réalisation d’un suivi in situ du fonctionnement hydrique du système sol-palmier, à l’échelle d’un individu, et la quantification du puits racinaire du palmier-dattier. Un palmier-dattier, pleinement développé, a été instrumenté à l’échelle de la cuvette d’irrigation, à l’aide de plusieurs tubes d’accès de sonde à neutrons, pour le suivi de la teneur en eau volumique du sol, et de plusieurs tensiomètres, répartis de 10 à 160 cm de profondeur. Trois expériences d’infiltration/redistribution a été réalisées successivement, la première sans altérer le fonctionnement du système sol-palmier, la seconde après avoir coupé le palmier, tout en permettant l’évaporation de la surface du sol, la dernière après avoir couvert la surface du sol afin d’empêcher l’évaporation. Les résultats mettent en évidence une forte hétérogénéité des propriétés hydriques du sol, avec une stratification liée au contexte sédimentaire littoral. L’impact du puits racinaire sur la dynamique hydrique du sol est observé jusqu’à 80 cm de profondeur. Pour la période fraîche, les besoins en eau du palmier dattier sont estimés à 130 L par jour, avec une fréquence d’irrigation d’une fois toutes les 2 semaines. Pour la première fois, le coefficient cultural du palmier dattier (kc = 1,39) a été établi dans les conditions climatiques de Djibouti. Les résultats obtenus contribueront à une meilleure gestion de l’irrigation et à une meilleure maîtrise du risque de salinisation du sol dans le contexte pédoclimatique de la République de Djibouti
Date palm is one of the few food crops adapted to the extreme weather conditions (drought, salinity), such as encountered in Djibouti. In the context of highly limited water resources, knowledge of the date palm water requirements is essential. The objective of this research was to determine the date palm water requirements, in the Djibouti pedoclimatic context, using in situ monitoring of water transport in the soil-plantatmosphere system, at the scale of a single date palm tree, and to quantify the date palm root water uptake. A fully developed date palm tree was instrumented at the irrigation basin scale, using several access tubes for neutron probe for monitoring the soil volumetric water content, and several tensiometers, installed from 10 to 160 cm depth. Three infiltration/redistribution experiments have been performed successively, the first without alteration of the soil-plant system, the second after cutting off a date palm tree while allowing the surface evaporation, the last with covering the soil surface to avoid evaporation. The results show large heterogeneity in soil hydraulic properties, with stratification linked to the coastline sedimentary context. The root water uptake is observed up to 80 cm depth. The date palm water requirements in the fresh period are estimated at 130 liters per day with a frequency of irrigation of one time every two weeks. For the first time, the date palm cultural coefficient has been established in the Djibouti climatic conditions (kc = 1.39). The obtained results will contribute to better management of irrigation and to improve the control of soil salinization in the pedoclimatic context of the Republic of Djibouti

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Rebollar, Guillaume. "Une étude des atmosphères et des changements de l’atmosphère aux abords de la psychose et du traumatisme : construction de la notion d’Atmosphère par une approche clinique et psychopathologique d’inspiration psychanalytique." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2135/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Dans cette thèse, nous investiguons ce que l’on peut entendre, dans le champ de la psychologie clinique d’inspiration psychanalytique, par le terme d’atmosphère, et de ceux d’ambiance ou de climat qui lui sont proches. Cette recherche a été rendue nécessaire afin de parvenir à mieux penser ce que recouvre le phénomène d’atmosphère en séance, notamment lorsque l’on prend en soin des sujets réputés psychotiques ou en situation traumatique. En effet, pour ces patients, c’est souvent à travers une sensation de changement catastrophique d’atmosphère que s’inscrivent en eux les effets des épisodes psychotiques et traumatiques. Au-delà de l’apparence d’un effet pathogène des atmosphères au cours de la rencontre clinique avec ces sujets, nous avons pu observer et analyser que l’atmosphère de la séance pouvait constituer pour les patients une forme représentative de leur vécu de changement subjectif catastrophique. L’atmosphère apparaît alors comme un médium permettant que se reflètent et se répètent les éprouvés traumatiques qui restent en souffrance d’intégration et de symbolisation. Mais la représentation de l’atmosphère n’est pas qu’une formation statique et elle sera également investiguée dans ses fonctions dynamiques, transférentielles et interactionnelles. Par les mouvements des atmosphères, se révèlera une dynamique d’échanges et de contacts relationnels propres aux dimensions originaire et archaïque du psychisme. L’atmosphère implique dans son essence l’effet de présence d’un autre sujet qui ravive d’anciennes traces laissées par les conditions particulières de rencontre avec notre environnement précoce. Dans un cadre thérapeutique, l’atmosphère apparaîtra comme une force d’implication esthésique et affective des différents sujets en présence, qui nous amènera ainsi à ne pas seulement la percevoir comme un cadre-écran statique, mais comme un agent de transformation des expériences traumatiques. En favorisant l’accordage des sujets dans une même tonalité affective et esthesique, elle permettra également que les premières formes du sentiment d’être-avec-l’autre, proches des éprouvés d’être-informe, et que nous qualifions d’identité sensorielle atmosphérique, puissent être modelées et transformées plus harmonieusement
In this thesis, we investigate how the terms “Atmosphere”, but also “Ambience” and “Climate”, which are related, can be understood in the field of psychoanalysis-inspired clinical psychology. This research was crucial in understanding how the effects of atmosphere apply during a session, especially while treating patients suffering from psychotic disorders, or in a traumatic state. Indeed, for these patients, the effects of psychotic or traumatic episodes often manifest through a feeling of catastrophic change in the atmosphere.Beyond studying the pathogenic effect of atmospheres during the clinical encounter with these subjects, we observed and analyzed that the session atmosphere could represent, for patients, a form of their subjective catastrophic change experience. Thus, atmosphere appears to be a medium allowing the reflection and repetition of traumatic feelings that have yet to be integrated and symbolized.But atmosphere representation is not only a static formation, and we will also study its dynamic, transferential and interactional functions.The variation of atmospheres will show a dynamic of dialogue and exchange, specific to the primal and archaic dimensions of psyche. In its essence, atmosphere involves the effect of another subject’s presence, that rekindles old feelings left by the particular conditions in which we met our early environment. In a therapeutic framework, atmosphere will appear to motivate the different subjects’ involvement on an esthesis and affective level. Thus, we will see that atmosphere is not only a static frame-screen, but that it also serves as a transformative agent of traumatic experiences. By helping subjects align on the same esthesis and affective tonalities, atmosphere will allow the first forms of the be-with-the-other feeling, close to the being-formless feelings, and that we call atmospheric sensory identity, to be more harmoniously shaped and transformed

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Hu, Mengyin. "The transfer of renewable energy policy instruments from Europe to Southeast Asia : A case study of Thailand’s feed-in tariff policy." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272199.

Full text

Abstract:

Climate change is one of the most challenging crises in sustainable development agenda. Tackling the problem requires the global transition towards renewable and sustainable energies. The uptake of these new technologies is often supported by policies and technological know-how that is developed by early adopters, and later spread and transferred to other places. Although renewable technology transfer and diffusion have long been studied, the question of how supporting policies flow from one country to another, and how they are adapted to the local contexts are merely investigated. This paper sheds some light on the process, mechanisms, and dynamics of policy transfer, and investigate the influences of national contextual characters on the adoption of policy from other countries, using Thailand's feed-in tariff policy as an example. The study applies an adapted version of ‘Dolowitz and Marsh model (1996, 2000, 2012)’ as the guiding policy transfer framework to analyse the information gathered through literature study and fieldwork, and to present the results and findings. The study discovers that policy transfer is not a straightforward process with a clear transfer timeline and boundary, but rather a dynamic and complex process that involves interactions with many factors, internal and external, and are continuously shaping the process and outcomes of the transfer. Moreover, the case study proves that Dolowitz and Marsh model is a useful and effective framework to understand and depict the process. However, if to treat policy transfer as an independent variable affecting the process outcomes, it would need to combine other frameworks, for instance, Marsh and McConnell Model (2010), to give an in-depth and comprehensive analysis to measure the success of policy transfer and policymaking.
Förnybar energi är en av de viktigaste lösningarna för att ta itu med klimatförändringarna. Utnyttjandet av denna nya teknik stöds alltid av politik, som vanligtvis utvecklas av ett land och överförs till andra länder. Denna avhandling använder ramen för policyöverföring för att analysera hur feed-in tariffpolitik från Europa spred sig och överförs till Thailand. Fallet belyser processen, mekanismerna och dynamiken för att illustrera hur politik som utvecklats av ett land inspirerade andra länder med deras beslutsfattande.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Bäuml, Georg [Verfasser]. "Influence of the sub-grid scale variability of clouds on the solar radiative transfer computations in the ECHAM5 climate model / Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie. Von Georg Bäuml." Hamburg : Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorologie, 2002. http://d-nb.info/967804655/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Haum, Rüdiger H. "Transfer of low-carbon technology under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change : the case of the Global Environment Facility and its market transformation approach in India." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6348/.

Full text

Abstract:

The transfer of low-carbon technology to developing countries is one of the key means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries and therefore a key aspect of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of international low-carbon technology transfer and how it might do justice to the interest of developed and developing countries. The empirical example is the technology transfer approach and its implementation by the Global Environmental Facility, which acts as the financial mechanism of the UNFCCC. My theoretical framework includes two sets of theories. The first includes theories of international technology transfer. This set explains how international technology transfer may lead to economic benefits on the side of the technology recipient. This theory, however, does not explain how international technology transfer will lead to significant environmental benefits. I therefore included a second set of theories in my theoretical framework. Theories of diffusion of environmental technologies explain how technology might achieve environmental benefits such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. A case study was chosen as method. In order to do justice to the research question, the empirical enquiry takes place on three interconnected levels. On the first level, the positions of developed and developing countries on the subject of technology transfer under UNFCCC were established. These serve as additional yardsticks for the discussion of the GEF approach and its outcomes. On the second level, the technology transfer approach of the GEF and the relationship to GEF and UNFCCC on the subject on technology transfer was established. On the third level, the GEF project Photovoltaic Market Transformation Initiative (PVMTI) in India, which follows the GEF approach to technology transfer, was investigated. The thesis concludes, in relation to the research question, that the current GEF approach to technology transfer is unlikely to achieve the goals of both developed and developing countries. It is able to achieve the goals of developed countries as it tends to prioritise the environmental goals through selected demand side measures that are effective in achieving emission reductions. It is less effective in achieving development goals as international technology transfer is left to the private actor.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Tournadre, Benoît. "Heliosat-V ˸ une méthode polyvalente d’estimation du rayonnement solaire au sol par satellite." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM063.

Full text

Abstract:

L'éclairement du Soleil à la surface de la Terre est reconnu comme une variable climatique essentielle par l'Organisation Météorologique Mondiale. Sa connaissance est aussi précieuse pour les sciences du climat que pour le développement d'énergies alternatives aux combustibles fossiles, comme le solaire photovoltaïque. La mesure au sol de ce rayonnement est très clairsemée sur la Terre, d'où l'intérêt de méthodes d'estimation basées sur la télédétection par satellite. Combiner les estimations produites à partir de différents satellites en orbite est une voie pour couvrir au mieux l'information sur tout le globe terrestre. De plus, différentes générations de satellites ont produit une imagerie de la Terre depuis plusieurs décennies, permettant d'estimer de longues séries temporelles du rayonnement solaire, voire d'identifier des variations long terme, un objectif récurrent dans l'étude du changement climatique. Depuis plus de trente ans, les méthodes Heliosat permettent cette estimation, mais elles ont été conçues pour être appliquées à un capteur spécifique en orbite géostationnaire et ont des contraintes limitant leurs champs d'application : la nécessité d'utiliser une longue série temporelle passée (Heliosat, Heliosat-2), ou le besoin de mesures multispectrales (Heliosat-4). Ce travail sur le développement d'une méthode Heliosat-V apporte des éléments de polyvalence à l'estimation satellite par les méthodes dites à "indice d'ennuagement", dans l'objectif de tendre vers une donnée homogène du rayonnement solaire issue de mesures de différents instruments satellites. Deux problèmes sont en particulier considérés pour parvenir à cette estimation : la diversité des capteurs en termes de sensibilités spectrales, et l'influence des géométries de visée et d'éclairement solaire sur les mesures satellites. La méthode s'appuie extensivement sur la modélisation du transfert radiatif dans l'atmosphère dans la gamme spectrale 400-1000 nm pour simuler d'une part les mesures de radiomètres satellites en conditions de ciel clair et d'autre part celles en présence d'un nuage optiquement épais. La méthode est testée sur l'imagerie d'un instrument satellite géostationnaire, Meteosat-9/SEVIRI, et de manière plus exploratoire sur celle d'un non géostationnaire, DSCOVR/EPIC. Les résultats sont comparés à des mesures de référence au sol de l'éclairement, et montrent des performances similaires à celles de produits opérationnels d'éclairement solaire. La qualité des estimations dépend cependant du canal spectral utilisé, en particulier de la présence de diffusion ou d'absorption de l'atmosphère claire dans le signal mesuré par satellite. L'accent est aussi mis sur le besoin d'un étalonnage absolu précis des mesures radiométriques satellites pour produire des séries temporelles d'éclairement de surface avec des biais et une dérive temporelle les plus faibles possibles
Solar irradiance at the surface of the Earth is recognized as an essential climate variable by the World Meteorological Organization. Its knowledge is as much important for climate sciences as for the development of energy alternatives to fossil fuels, like solar photovoltaic. Ground measurements of this radiation are very sparse on Earth, explaining the interest for satellite-based remote sensing to estimate it. Combining estimations from different satellites in orbit is a pathway to cover the information on the whole globe. Different generations of satellites also produced a multidecadal imagery of the Earth, making it conceivable to estimate long time series of solar radiation, or even to identify long-term variations, a recurrent objective in the study of climate change. For more than 30 years, Heliosat methods estimate surface solar irradiance from satellite imagery, but they have been designed to be applied to a specific sensor on a geostationary orbit, and have limitations in their scope : the need for a long archive of satellite imagery (Heliosat, Heliosat-2), or else the need for multispectral measurements (Heliosat-4). This work dedicated to the development of a Heliosat-V method brings elements of versatility to the satellite-based estimation from so-called "cloud-index" methods, with the ultimate goal to reach homogeneous data of solar radiation derived from measurements made by different satellite instruments. Two issues are in particular considered here to reach such an estimation: the diversity of sensors in terms of spectral sensitivities, and the influence of viewing and solar geometries on spaceborne measurements. The method extensively deals with radiative transfer modeling in the spectral range 400-1000 nm to simulate on one hand satellite measurements in clear-sky conditions, and on the other hand satellite measurements in the presence of an optically thick cloud. The method is tested on the imagery of a geostationary satellite instrument, Meteosat-9/SEVIRI, and in a more exploratory way, on the non geostationary sensor DSCOVR/EPIC. Results are compared to high quality ground-based measurements of irradiance, and show performances similar to operational satellite products. However, the quality of estimates depends on the spectral channel used, and especially of the presence of clear-sky atmospheric scattering or absorption in the signal measured by the satellite instrument. The accent is also put on the need for an accurate absolute calibration of satellite radiometric measurements in order to produce time series of surface solar irradiance with the smallest biases and temporal drift possible

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Suteerasan, Sutthi. "Blue-Green Infrastructure on the Move: How Resilience Concepts Travel Between Cities." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292293.

Full text

Abstract:

Over the past decades, the fast-changing global climate poses a significant challenge to many cities around the world to embrace resilience concepts, whereby a safe-to-fail planning approach replaces traditional fail-safe practices. The change in perspectives has seen an increase in climate-adapted infrastructural projects being integrated with the new urban planning agendas across the world. The investigation conducted was designed to understand the process of how resilience concepts travel between different cities, by investigating the actors who move policy knowledge, their roles in it, as well as the knowledge transfer process mechanism that is responsible for the movement of such policies. The investigation took advantage of a scoping study technique to answer the research questions, using mostly secondary data and an interview to verify the secondary sources. The findings and the discussion provided insights on who is involved in resilience policies and how these policies are transferred from one place to another. The investigation uncovered the influence policy mobilizers has on the movement of policy knowledge, as well as how the mobilization of policy knowledge can both be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the way it was moved or implemented.
Under de senaste decennierna utgör det snabba föränderliga globala klimatet en betydande utmaning för många städer runt om i världen med att anamma motståndskraftskoncept, där en planeringsstrategi med säkerhet att misslyckas ersätter traditionella felsäkra metoder. Förändringen i perspektiv har ökat klimatanpassade infrastrukturprojekten som integrerats med nya stadsplaneringsagendorna över hela världen. Studien genomfördes för att få en förståelse av hur motståndskraftskonceptet färdas mellan olika städer och detta genomfördes genom att undersöka de aktörer som förflyttar politisk kunskap och deras roller i den samt den kunskapsöverföringsmekanism som är ansvarig för rörelsen av sådan politik. Studien utnyttjade en scoping-studieteknik för att få svar på forskningsfrågorna, med mestadels sekundär data och en intervju för att verifiera sekundärkällorna. Resultaten och diskussionen gav insikter om vem som är inblandad i motståndskraft och hur policy överförs från en plats till en annan. Studien avslöjade även inflytande av politiskt mobilisering och kunskap som både kan vara fördelaktig eller skadlig beroende på hur den flyttades eller genomfördes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Sahlén, Linda. "Essays on environmental and development economics : Public policy, resource prices and global warming." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1957.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis consists of four self-contained papers, which are all related to important environmental and natural resource issues from a developing country perspective. Paper [I] concerns climate policy and addresses the potential welfare gains of introducing a technology transfer from the North (richer countries) to the South (poorer countries). The results largely depend on the environmental policy in the pre- transfer resource allocation and, in particular, whether or not the South abates its own emissions. Although the technology transfer is desirable from a “global social planners” point of view, it is shown that the incentives to use the transfer might be weak from the perspective of the North; at least if the South takes its own measures to reduce emissions. However, in a situation where the North is committed to emission reductions according to the Kyoto protocol, it is shown that there will clearly be incentives for the North to use the technology transfer in order to reach the Kyoto targets in a more cost efficient way. In paper [II], the likely effects of an environmental fiscal reform in Namibia are examined by means of a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that the introduction of an environmental fiscal reform, where taxes on natural and environmental resources (fish rents, energy and water) are recycled to the economy in different ways might give rise to benefits in terms of GDP, employment and income distribution, in addition to the environmental impacts. While subsidizing unskilled labour would give the most favourable outcome in terms of real GDP and employment impacts, a decrease in food taxes might be a more interesting option if GDP, employment, income distribution and environmental impacts are considered in combination. In paper [III], the value of irrigation water used for different crop alternatives in the Hardap region in Southern Namibia is estimated. The study finds that all crop alternatives that farmers in the region currently choose among, will remain financially viable after the planned increases in user charges. However, if full cost recovery is to be achieved in the future, substantial changes in the agricultural production will most likely be necessary. The method is also extended in order to study the potential effects on total water demand if further increases in user charges are implemented. Paper [IV] studies the likely effects of exogenous international food and oil price shocks on the Namibian economy. This is particularly interesting in a country where the domestic consumption of corn and petroleum products is mainly imported, and where water scarcity represents one of the main constraints to agricultural expansion. The results show that the Namibian economy will be negatively affected from the food and oil price increases, and water scarcity will further limit the ability of the economy to adapt to international oil and food price increases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Climate for transfer'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles