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Laohawiriyanon, Chonlada. "From climate change to deforestation a genre of popularised science /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/22696.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of English, Linguistics and Media, 1999.Bibliography: p. 299-305.
Introduction -- Theoretical background -- The structure of popular scientific writing on 'climate change' -- Findings of analysis of texts on population growth and deforestation -- Interaction between verbal and visuals representations -- Conclusion.
The topics of climate change, population growth, and deforestation, as discussed in publications such as New Scientist, Discover, Time, and Our Planet, exemplify contemporary writing on science for the general community. As such, it is assumed that they are presented in an objective, scientific, informative way. Furthermore, these topics illustrate what it means to write complex issues in a popular manner. Consequently, they provide an opportunity for examining at least one area of popular science as a generic phenomenon.-- Through an investigation of thirty texts (ten on each of the three topics mentioned), the consistencies and distinctive features of writing on these environmental issues are investigated, in particular using discourse tools drawn from Systemic Functional linguistics. The foremost tools are the proposals concerning GSP (Generic Structure Potential) put forward by Hasan, which provide an outline of the syntagmatic unfolding of a text ("logogenetic perspective") and the four stratal perspective that is illustrated in the work by Halliday and Hasan, in particular as such work relates wording to culture. By assessing the degree to which the thirty texts constitute a genre, and the degree to which they exhibit their own internal variations, it is also possible to clarify Halliday's notion of the 'cline of instantiation' between, at one end, the 'potential/system' and, at the other end, the instance of 'text as process'.-- The investigation reveals that the assumption of an informative, objective style in popular science journal articles actually obscures a deeper underlying activism about the future, but an activism strongly based on only Western perceptions of environmental crisis.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
ix, 305, 217 p. ill. (some col.)
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Macy, Dylan V. "Climate Translators: Broadcast New's Contribution to the Political Divide over Climate Change in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2020. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/94.
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In many instances, television news is the primary outlet through which people gain knowledge on climate change. Both the perceived threat of climate change and American news media have grown politically divided since the 1980s. I make the argument that American news media influences the partisan divide over climate change. In addition to the political landscape of news media, focus on political events and figures in climate coverage further contributes to a partisan divide. Supporting these claims are research displaying how climate change news is processed in a partisan manner and a selection of three case study periods in which climate change coverage spiked among MSNBC, CNN, and Fox News in the last twenty years (2000-2019). I collected news footage from all three case studies using the online database archive.org. Using this footage, an accompanying documentary short was produced that focused on the Paris Climate Accord Withdrawal in 2017. Presented in the documentary and the three case study periods, Fox News held a consistently hands-off and dismissive tone towards climate change, while MSNBC and CNN implemented climate science into coverage while advocating for collective climate action. I report that media is selected and processed via partisanship among viewers; these case studies illustrate the ways in which news media drives the political divide on climate change. I conclude by offering some future ways climate coverage can be more unifying, such as more emphasis on the economic benefits of “a green economy” in news coverage.
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Netz, Veronica. "Living with climate change : A critical examination of global news agencies and their representations of women in the context of climate change." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183211.
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This study strives to provide an insight as to how gender is dealt with by global news agencies within the context of climate change. The capacity to adapt to change is shaped by power relations related to social identities of people and group. Gender is a key element of these identities. Global news agencies are to a large extent responsible for what we see and understand of that world. However, in the media research field, few media studies has examined how global news agencies discusses gender in the context of climate change. Through a critical discourse analysis combined with a postcolonial feminist perspective, this study has closely examined articles about climate change from the world’s three largest news agencies - Reuters, Associate Press and Agence France-Presse. Through the analysis four main categories have emerged: Poor women in need of help; Women getting help; Women within familial systems; and Women as experts. The result showed that the concepts of women was narrow and existed within imperialistic, mainstream discourses on women. Through these discursive constructions of women, news agencies risk reinforce a North-South bias and stereotypes of the ‘third world woman’.
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Xie, Lei. "Climate Change in the Changing Climate of News Media: A Comparative Analysis of Mainstream Media and Blog Coverage of Climate Change in the United States and the People's Republic of China, 2005-2008." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1967890391&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lee, Eugenia. "Stories in the data: An analysis of climate change visualisations in online news." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20298.
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This thesis explores the way journalists are using and adapting visualisations in climate change news, in order to investigate the meaning-making potential of an emerging form of digital journalism where methods of information visualisation are used to translate specialist knowledge and often complex, multivariate datasetsinto images that are more easily understood by, and of social value to, the general public. Applying a dual methodological framework of heuristic evaluation and social semiotic analysis, this thesis presents a novel method of exploring both the abstraction and translation of climate change data into multimodal visual displays of quantitative information. By conducting a content and textual analyses of 547 climate change visualisation stories collected in the year of 2015 from seven Western generalist news publications that have made a commitment to excellence in data journalism, this thesis found that despite the steady rise in the popularity of data journalism, journalists are not widely adopting scientific methods of data analysis and representation. Over half of the visualisations examined were sourced from science communicators and government bodies, reinforcing traditional news power relations. Further, the textual analyses found that visualisations operate discursively. Rather than present data in systemised, interactive ways, journalists are retaining a large degree of narrative control over the way meaning is construed with and through the use of visualisations. These stories thus illustrate a continuation of, rather than a digital break with, traditional journalism. Such findings pose a challenge to the normative assumptions that data journalism adds value to news by improving its openness, transparency, accountability, and accuracy.
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Kalla, Hanna. "A Changing Climate : How Climate is Communicated in Swedish and North American News Media." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160727.
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This study analyses the frames and discourses in different news media reporting on the same events in news outlets in Canada, the US, and Sweden. This was done by analysing both digital-born media and legacy media. The theoretical framework consists of theories about discourse, framing, media logics, the economic prerequisites for journalism, and environmental journalism. The aim is to find what frames, discourses, tone and what voices are being heard in the news coverage of Greta Thunberg’s climate protest, the migrant caravan, and the UN report on climate change released in 2018. Also, differences in the different media are analysed. This is done through discourse analysis by using Fairclough’s CDA and the three-dimensional model, combined with tools from critical linguistics. The analysis of the news texts found that the discourses in the coverage of the three events followed previous research on journalistic values, production and the way that climate change events were reported (or not reported) on. The study also found some themes, frames, that were producing new discourses in climate change journalism. Among these was the way that Greta Thunberg and other young voices were heard on a subject that previously has been heavily focused on politicians, scientists and NGO’s. Thunberg and the migrant caravan were also covered more extensively by the news media included than the UN report, not framing climate in the articles, even though they are about climate change events.
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Kuban, Adam Jeremy. "The U.S. broadcast news media as a social arena in the global climate change debate." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Kapiri, Francis. "Producing journalism about climate change for news and agricultural radio: a case study of Malawi's public broadcaster." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/6375.
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This study investigates how radio journalists at the Malawian public broadcaster (MBC) experience the task of producing content that can help their audiences to engage with the local relevance of climate change. This study establishes terms of reference for this research by mapping out international histories of public engagement with the concept of climate change in the domains of science, politics and the media. It describes how contestations around climate change have evolved within these spheres and concludes that such contestation is shaped by relations of power that inform the international economic domain. The study then examines scholarly evaluations of journalism about climate change, concluding that such evaluation is grounded in distinct normative understandings of the social purpose of such journalism. It is argued that research about Malawian journalists’ experience of reporting on climate change should draw on knowledge of the role that norms play within this local environment. With this goal in mind, the study reviews tools for the analysis of the normative foundations of journalism within specific socio-historic contexts. It demonstrates the relevance of these tools for the identification of norms and their influence on journalism about climate change in the Malawian context. The empirical component of the study draws on this framework by means of a case study of the experiences of journalists working at the MBC. It examines how these journalists experience the task of producing content that enables their audiences to engage with the local relevance of climate change. It compares such experience as articulated by journalists working for agricultural and news programming. It is concluded that the participants have access to credible knowledge about climate change and its relevance to the Malawian context. Based on such knowledge, they articulate a shared understanding of climate change and its relevance to the Malawian context. However, the study identifies differences in the way that the two groups make sense of the practice of producing journalism about climate change that is of relevance to their audience. In particular, the agricultural journalists incorporate a more inclusive and diverse set of norms into their conceptualisation of such practice. At the same time, the two groups nevertheless respond similarly when commenting on institutional factors at MBC that constrain or enable them to produce journalism about climate change that is guided by such norms. They place emphasis on the need for MBC to provide opportunities for journalists to have access to training, facilitated by organisations that have expertise in climate change journalism. It is concluded that the participants recognise that, despite the entrenched culture of authoritarianism at MBC, such workshops can contribute fundamentally to the shaping of journalistic practice within this broadcaster.
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Raposas, Marites. "Civic Advocacy Journalism in Practice: Reports on the Copenhagen Climate Change Summit." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-136970.
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With the changing political, economic, cultural and environmental landscape of global societies, journalistic writings on social development issues and concerns have become more relevant in recent times. Through civic advocacy journalism (CAJ), the agenda and programs of social development movements, civil society groups, international development organizations and non-government organizations are promoted and advanced. It is essential to understand the forms and representations of CAJ in practice, concepts and theories in the light of its relevance to media practice and to society at large. However, there is very little literature on the scope and extent of CAJ knowledge and practice. A researcher needs to look into actual practice and connect this with available literature to establish the application of CAJ. For this study, a qualitative content analysis method was used to assess CAJ practice in online print media reports at the Copenhagen Climate Change Summit.
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Vredenberg, Nikki. "Fighting climate change starts with journalists : An analysis of the news coverage of the annual United Nations climate summits by the BBC online between 2008 and 2018." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38555.
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Climate change is one of the biggest threats the world is currently facing and it seems that people are able to significantly influence this threat. In order for people to understand the urgency of fighting climate change it is important that they are well informed and that they understand how their actions can matter. In this research, a quantitative content analysis with a discourse analytical approach is used to analyze a selection of articles by the BBC online covering the annual United Nations climate summits between 2008 and 2018 with a focus on their usage of constructive elements. The amount of negative statements in the articles is as big as the positive and hopeful statements together and in most cases the articles lack background information. Although the BBC uses many different perspectives in their articles, there is a lot of room to improve their articles by including more constructive elements. They could provide more background information to issues, quotes, and statements used in their articles and rather than only stating existing and possible problems they could include more solutions and focus more on the future.
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Cai, Lusi. "How do partisan media follow political elites’ lead when an issue is partisan?An attribute agenda-setting study on climate change coverage." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1511822191566494.
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Joubert, Leonie. "Turning up the heat : an analysis of the historic, scientific and socio-political complexities influencing climate change reporting in the modern newsroom." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3385.
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Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Global climate change is the result of the natural greenhouse effect being enhanced or augmented by human activities such as industrial burning of fossil fuels and large-scale agricultural practices which have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The result – the first truly globalised consequence of pollution – is arguably one of the most pressing matters facing the future of the human species. Journalists reporting on the subject have considerable responsibility to unravel the science and present it accurately and responsibly to the public, so that the latter can make informed decisions about individual energy consumption, informed decisions at the voting poll and go further to put the necessary pressure on policy makers. However climate change is without doubt the most complex story environmental and science reporters have ever encountered, not only because it encompasses so many different fields of natural sciences (oceanography, climatology, biological sciences including flora and fauna, hydrology, horticulture etc.), but because it all too often spills over into the political, economic and social arenas. “Climate change is a difficult story to recreate… (it) is one of the most complicated stories of our time. It involves abstract and probabilistic science, labyrinthine laws, grandstanding politicians, speculative economics and the complex interplay of individuals and societies” (Wilson, 2000: 206). Specialist environmental and science news reporters only have three and a half decades of experience and history, since this is one of the more recent journalistic beats to be assigned to modern newsrooms. Such writers face a particularly challenging job of reporting the complex and growing science of global climate change. Furthermore they must do so in an environment where politicians and environmental activists feed journalists sometimes conflicting information, each with its own agenda. Increasing consumer demand for entertainment in place of information may also complicate the telling of these stories, given the financial imperative to sell newspapers. Furthermore, the “global warming story is also affected by a number of journalistic constraints, such as deadlines, space, one-source stories, complexity and reporter education” (Wilson, 2000: 206). The complexities of news values also shape the stories which finally are released to the news consuming public.
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Johansson, Daniel, and Jacob Florhed. "Behemoth of the High North : Framing of the Arctic Challenges in Russian News Media." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157291.
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Klimatförändringarnasägs vara den viktigaste drivkraften för de geostrategiska förändringarna som äger rum i Arktis. Uppvärmningen av regionen medför ett antal betydande geopolitiska effekter. När det gäller dessa nya omständigheter betraktas Ryssland som en nyckelaktör. Det föreslås också av flera forskare att Ryssland använder statliga nyhetsmedier för att förmedla en Kreml-godkänd världsuppfattning tillen internationell publik. Vårt syfte med denna studie är att analysera hur den ryska tidningen RT (tidigare RussiaToday) inramar klimatförändringarnai Arktis. För att identifiera kategorier inom materialet har vi använt en kvantitativ innehållsanalys,och för att analysera inramningen harvianvänt en framinganalysbaserad på Robert Entmansprinciper. Vi fann att de största kategorierna var "klimat", "energi" och "konflikt". Inramningenbestår av en fientlig och konfliktorienterad vy över väst (främst USA) i kategorierna "energi" och "konflikt", medan en mer samarbetsorienteradram visas inom kategorin "klimat". Vi fann också att det finns en del intressen iatt utveckla Nordostpassagen, vilket kan vara ett mer realistiskt mål för Ryssland än energiutvinning i Arktis. Det finns behov av mer forskning om ämnet för att kunna diskutera Arktis framtid.Climate change is often presented as amain driver of the geostrategic changes that are taking place in the Arctic.Russia is regarded as a key actorin this changing geopolitical landscape. Several scholarssuggests thatRussiausesstatenewsmedia to mediate a Kremlin-approved idea of the worldtowards an international audience.Thepurpose ofthis study is to analyze how the Russian newspaper RT (former Russia Today) is framing climate change in the Arctic.To identifycategories within the material,we have used a quantitative content analysis, and to analyze the framing we have used a framing analysis based on Robert Entman’s principles. We found that the largest categorieswere ‘climate’, ‘energy’and ‘conflict’. The framing consists of a hostile and conflict-oriented view of the west(mainly America)in the ‘energy’ and ‘conflict’-categories, while a more cooperative framing appears within the ‘climate’category. We also found that there aresomeinterestsin developing the Northern Sea Route, which may be a more realistic goal for Russia than energy extraction in the Arctic. There is a need for more research on this subject, to be able to discuss the future of the Arctic
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Weber, Hannah Lena. "The human-nature relationship in news reporting on environmental issues : A qualitative framing analysis of three news programmes for children." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-54698.
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Humans depend on nature to survive and are simultaneously crossing planetary boundaries (Raworth, 2017). Humans’ relationship to nature is, according to constructionist theory, connected with natures’ framing in the public discourse, and therefore also through the media (Hansen,2019). This thesis focuses on the human-nature relationship on children’s news programmes. Through a qualitative framing analysis material of three news programmes was examined and four overarching frames were found, suggesting an ambiguous relationship of humans and nature.
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Amadu, Abubakari, and Samarai Alexandre Al. "Swedish Sustainability Trend : Empirical analysis on the volatility effect of sustainable news on Swedish oil companies using GARCH 1.1." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142083.
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Purpose The main purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the investment attractiveness of oil and gas stocks (registered on Nasdaq Stockholm) in face of the increasing campaigns for the adoption of clean energy. The findings can help in the formulation of relevant policy implications on the campaign for a cleaner environment Design/Methodology/Approach The authors assume positivism and objectivity as the philosophical aspects for the purpose of this study. Following these initial considerations, the nature of the study was adopted as quantitative. This follows a longitudinal design and a deductive approach, basing the paper on previous literature in the areas of environmental sustainability, market efficiency, financial news items and their effect on stock volatility in order to test own hypothesis. Theory Following the methodological assumptions and the adoption of a deductive approach, relevant theory was selected to address the focus of previous research on which the research gaps and purpose are based. It also plays a role in introducing the reader to the relevant theories which will aid comprehension of further sections of this paper. Theories surrounding market efficiency, risk and return, the oil and gas industry and sustainability have all been mentioned. Findings In order to fulfil the purpose of the study, the authors studied whether the volatility of oil and gas stocks are affected by clean energy related news. The empirical results suggest that the volatility of oil and gas stocks decline whenever news of clean energy is introduced, implying clean energy news cause lower volatility. To this end, oil and gas stocks are better off whenever clean energy/sustainability news are introduced into the market. Analysis The empirical results seem to point to the fact that oil and gas firms may be benefiting from the investment they have made within the last two decades towards the issue of doing business in a more sustainable and socially responsible manner. It is therefore possible that investors get to reward them whenever news relating to sustainability and clean energy are announced. Conclusions This thesis confirms the attractiveness of oil and gas stocks notwithstanding the increasing campaigns and initiatives aimed at promoting the adoption of clean energy. Research limitations The research was limited in terms of setting since it only covered Sweden and therefore cannot answer questions regarding the overall attractiveness of oil and gas stocks across the globe.
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Lück, Julia [Verfasser], and Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessler. "Journalistic Narrations for Deliberative Ends : A Country Comparison of Narrative News and Its Contribution to the Deliberative Quality of Mediated Debates on Climate Change / Julia Lück ; Betreuer: Hartmut Wessler." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160876371/34.
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Herman, Tess P. "Investigating Potential Strategies Used by Climate Change Contrarians to Gain Legitimacy in Two Prominent U.S. and Two Prominent U.K. Newspapers from 1988 to 2006." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1617893211661352.
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Tidwell, Amy C. "Assessing the impacts of climate change on river basin management a new method with application to the Nile river/." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19830.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.Committee Chair: Georgakakos, Aris; Committee Member: Fu, Rong; Committee Member: Peters-Lidard, Christa; Committee Member: Roberts, Phil; Committee Member: Sturm, Terry; Committee Member: Webster, Don.
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Deines, Tina. "Global warming coverage in the media : trends in a Mexico City newspaper." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/497.
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Lins-Peliz, Ana Carolina. "Le changement climatique dans la presse : une analyse comparative des représentations du phénomène en France et au Brésil." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040144.
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Ce travail de recherche vise à étudier la représentation du changement climatique dans les presses française et brésilienne. Cette représentation passe forcément par la construction du phénomène en tant que sujet d’information. Nous constatons, au travers de l’analyse de discours des journaux quotidiens de deux pays (Le Monde, Le Figaro, O Estado de São Paulo et O Globo) que le changement climatique ne correspond pas à une valeur d’actualité, malgré sa présence constante dans la presse. Son émergence se fait au travers de différentes stratégies discursives, où le caractère intertextuel du discours des journaux joue un rôle prépondérant. Dans ce sens, le sujet entretient une relation de dépendance avec d’autres faits d’actualité pour émerger dans les pages des journaux. Les événements politiques et scientifiques tiennent une place majeure dans ce sens, non seulement du fait qu’ils constituent des nouveaux éléments factuels, mais également car ils font circuler l’information et participent à la construction d’une mémoire discursive du sujet. Le discours construit sur le changement climatique dans la presse analysée se développe parmi des idées qui semblent s’opposer entre utopies et dystopies. Les représentations utopiques apparaissent à différents moments de l’analyse tantôt du côté de l’idéal du consensus, soit politique et inachevé, soit scientifique, construit dans la presse, tantôt dans la représentation idéalisée des espaces naturels. Mais la dystopie est toujours présente dans la représentation de l’échec, de la déception, du manque d’accord politique, comme dans les allégories d’un futur sombre, représentées dans les articles qui évoquent les conséquences des changements climatiquesThis research examines climate change public representation in Brazilian and French newspapers. This representation includes the construction of climate change such as news. Through the analyses of newspaper articles reported in these two countries (Le Monde, Le Figaro, O Estado de São Paulo et O Globo), we found that climate change, per se, did not represents a news story’s value. Reports on climate change in newspapers are often the byproduct of the press’ discursive strategies, where intertextuality becomes a journalistic device. In this sense, the issue of climate change is intertwined with other subject matters and, by default, it establishes a relationship of dependence with other news stories. We found that political events related to climate change, essentially COPs, or the publication of new scientific findings, become crucial to the production of news, not only for divulging new facts but for promoting the circulation of information while constructing a discursive memory about the subject matter. The discourse built around climate change in the newspapers analyzed lays between antagonistic ideas of utopia and dystopia. The utopian ideals are portrayed by the notion of consensus - which in this case has not been reached, through scientific merit and by the depiction of nature. Contrary to this, dystopia is invariably represented as failure and disappointment, by the lack of political accord and allegorized as a bleak future to come
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Dunn, Katherine Margaret. "Prototyping Models of Climate Change: New Approaches to Modelling Climate Change Data. 3D printed models of Climate Change research created in collaboration with Climate Scientists." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17623.
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Prototyping Models of Climate Change: New Approaches to Modelling Climate Change Data, identifies a gap in existing knowledge on the topic of 3D Printed, three dimensional creative visualisations of data on the impact of climate change. Communication, visualisation and dissemination of scientific research data to the general-public is a priority of science organisations. Creative visualisation projects that encourage meaningful cross-disciplinary collaboration are urgently needed, from a communication standpoint and, to act as models for agile responsive means of addressing climate change. Three-dimensional creative visualisations can give audiences alternate and more direct means of understanding information by engaging visual and haptic experience. This project contributes new knowledge in the field by way of an innovative framework and praxis for the communication and dissemination of climate change information across the disciplines of contemporary art, design and science. The focus is on projects that can effectively and affectively, communicate climate science research between the disciplines and the general-public. The research generates artefacts using 3D printing techniques. A contribution to new knowledge is the development of systems and materials for 3D printing that embody principles of sustainable fabrication. The artefacts or visualisations produced as part of the research project are made from sustainable materials that have been rigorously developed and tested. Through a series of collaborations with climate scientists, the research investigates methodologies and techniques for modelling and fabricating three-dimensional artefacts that represent climate change data. The collaborations and the research outputs are evaluated using boundary object theory. Expanding on existing boundary object categories, the research introduces new categories with parameters specifically designed to evaluate creative practice- science collaborations and their outputs.
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Shi, Linda Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A new climate for regionalism : metropolitan experiments in climate change adaptation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111370.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 161-175).
Climate change threatens the function and even existence of coastal cities, requiring them to adapt by preparing for near-term risks and reorienting long-term development. Most policy and academic interest in the governance of climate adaptation has focused on global, national, and local scales. Their efforts increasingly revealed the need to plan for adaptation at the scale of metropolitan regions. This dissertation is the first academic comparative analysis of U.S. regional adaptation initiatives. Drawing on multi-method qualitative research of five coastal regions, I ask: are collaboratives to coordinate adaptation at the regional scale a new form of regionalism? What roles do state policies on climate change and regional governance play? I argue that adaptation collaboratives are an ecological variant of new regionalism that recenters the role of public agencies in advancing adaptation efforts. Adaptation champions have helped overcome limited local adaptation, even where states are antagonistic to climate action, by sharing knowledge, providing technical assistance, and fostering political support. However, most have yet to tackle the limitations of local adaptation. Instead, they have deployed narratives of climate change as predictable and manageable, and of regional adaptation as localized and ecological in ways that mask the need for more transformative developmental and governance paradigms. Only places with regional agencies or county governments that have land use authority, fiscal leverage, or state mandated targets have advanced region-wide zoning and long-term developmental changes. This indicates that state policies towards regional planning institutions are more influential in shaping regional adaptation than those focused on adaptation. Scholarship has shifted away from debates around forms of regional government, but these findings highlight the need to strengthen regional government in order to overcome difficulties in coordinating, implementing, and enforcing multi-sector and multi-jurisdictional responses to climate change. I conclude by calling for a renewed ecological regionalism that articulates a vision of regions functioning as an ecological whole, rather than as the sum of individual parts. I offer recommendations for how collaboratives and other advocates could build awareness and open dialogue about regional interdependence, conflicts, responsibility, and accountability. These processes become pathways to envisioning local preferences for regional governance, build buy-in and coalitions, and advocate for state enabling legislation.
by Linda Shi.
Ph. D.
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Nordhagen, Stella. "Cultivating change : crop choices and climate in Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709283.
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Hemingway, Jessica. "U.S. Local Government Adaptation to Climate Change:." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232723.
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The desire for local governments to adapt to climate change seems logically relevant as weather extremes inhibit the ability of local governments to protect public health and safety and to ensure delivery of public services. By conducting planned adaptation to climate change local governments enable themselves to minimize risk and increase adaptive capacity to deal with climate change impacts. In the midst of a federal government, minus the Obama administration, that has tended to downplay the importance of climate change, action by local level governments - cities in particular - in the U.S. have been at the forefront of action on climate change. Little attention has been given to local government adaptation in rural areas by both researchers and policy makers alike. Rural areas are at risk to changes in climate because they tend to be reliant on climate sensitive industries, comprised of vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and very young and to possess few resources to conduct land-use and other planning. This dissertation expands upon previous research by examining the decision to conduct planned adaptation by both urban and rural local government adaptation to climate change (RQ1) and by identifying the influences on the decision of local governments in both urban and rural areas to conduct planned adaptation to climate change (RQ2).
New York State was selected as an appropriate case study to answer research questions because of the drastic contrast between urban and rural areas of the state. On the one hand, it has been one of the most progressive states in terms of climate change policy including its largest local government New York City; on the other hand, it is comprised of many rural local governments suffering from population and economic decline. An online survey was distributed to all New York State local governments in November/December 2011 and supplemented by informant discussions conducted before and after the survey. While a considerable amount of time has passed since the survey was conducted, it took place during what appears to be a particular timeframe in political history where the U.S. president supported action on climate change. Results of this study show strong differences in resource availability and the likelihood of urban vs. rural elected officials to conduct planned adaptation.
One hundred and forty-two responses were received from large and small cities, towns, villages and counties. A traditional deductive research design was deployed to answer research questions. To examine the influences on the decision of local elected officials to conduct planned adaptation hypotheses were developed based on previous empirical studies and Mohr’s 1969 hypothesis that “Innovation is related to the motivation to innovate, inversely related to the strength of obstacles to innovation, and directly related to the availability of resources for overcoming such obstacles” (Mohr, 1969, p. 111). Two dependent variables were measured (1) planned adaptation or conscious decisions to adapt to climate change and an alternate dependent variable (2) formal and informal discussion of climate change within the local government. Independent variables measured related to local elected official motivation to conduct planned adaptation in the form of climate weather related concerns in New York State (i.e. extreme weather, water quality, and ecological changes), resource availability within the local government (i.e. budget, staff, climate change expertise) and the existence of obstacles toward planned adaptation external to local governments (i.e. public support, federal and state informational and financial support).
The results of the survey showed that a small minority of local governments in New York State had decided to conduct planned adaptation to climate change. Over half of the sample was identified as conducting some form of spontaneous or reactive adaptation which consisted mostly of actions to minimize flood risk (i.e. update storm-water infrastructure, manage flood plains, promote open space). However, no local government surveyed had been identified as having successfully implemented an adaptation plan. Informal discussions were found to be occurring among half of the sample surveyed with a small number of local governments discussing climate change formally. According to informant discussions, the low level of planned adaptation among New York State local governments can be explained by a number of factors including a non-requirement to conduct planned adaptation, varying policy, resource and incentive conditions throughout the state, a lack of urgency to adapt to climate change and, finally, the absence of a support system to conduct planned adaptation.
Results of hypothesis testing indicate that local governments are more likely to conduct planned adaptation to climate change where: A) climate change concerns are water related, B) budget, staff and climate change expertise are available and C) public support to address climate change impacts as well as state and federal informational support are available. Financial support from state and federal governments did not appear to influence the decision to conduct planned adaptation. Rural local governments were found less likely than urban local governments to be discussing climate change and to be conducting planned adaptation which is likely to be related to organizational size and the availability of resources to conduct planned adaptation measures.
This dissertation contributes to understanding how local governments are adapting to climate change in New York State, what influences the decision of elected officials to conduct planned adaptation to climate change and how experiences may differ from municipality type — especially related to urban vs. rural local governments.
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Schofield, Simon anthony. "The law of climate change mitigation in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Law, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10347.
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As the world strives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change, the law has a crucial role to play in supporting mitigation solutions. Starting with the common law's potential for the development of a climate change tort in New Zealand, this thesis analyses the applicability of New Zealand's environmental land use planning law before turning to how an New Zealand emissions unit under the Climate Change Response Act 2002 will work in theory and practice to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis argues that the operation of corporations to drive these reductions as well as the development of renewable electricity from water, geothermal, wind and marine resources will require an integrated approach to sustainability. It explains that the transition from fossil fuels which can be owned to fugacious renewable resources which are incapable of ownership until capture requires reconsideration of the nature of property. Energy efficiency and conservation in addition to sequestration which reduce greenhouse gas emissions expose opportunities and problems associated with disaggregating property law rights. It concludes that New Zealand law must keep sight of the purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through all levels of society, namely, climate change mitigation.
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O'Donnell, Hoare Nicholas. "Disruptive Futuring : a new design approach to addressing climate change." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/86428669-6bf5-498d-a47c-ae3f85788b2b.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis outlines the notion of 'Disruptive Futuring' as a new design methodology to addressing climate change. It is founded on making a connection between our behaviour as individuals and the environment. Since the publishing of 'Our Common Future' (Brundtland Commission.1987) major bodies have been publicly documenting the damage that climate change is having on the planet. This has been followed by the creation of United Nations Climate Change Conference international incentives including the Kyoto Protocol and national attempts including government departments and NGO projects. All have been directed to address the issue of climate change but have seen minimal success. Psychology plays a significant role in understanding and promoting human behavioural change and how we prioritise particular decisions or actions. However, until recently it has carried less weight in a design approach to solving behavioural problems in climate change. The primary issue is that climate change isn't a normal behavioural problem, and numerous psychologists including Stoknes (2015) highlight its incompatibility with innate human motivation. Newly explored areas within psychology and behavioural economics expose some of the reasons we may react to climate change with lower importance then other less damaging problems. Disruptive Futuring provides a new methodology based on thinkers such as Fogg (2002), Gilbert (2015), Dubner and Levitt. (2009), Marshall(2014), Pink(2009) and Stoknes (2015) to improve quantitative and qualitative adoption of designed interventions aimed at changing behaviours in order to accelerate human actions affecting climate change. This thesis takes a research through design approach that incorporates reflective practice. The research builds upon a literature review evaluating our connection with climate change, resulting in combining behavioural psychology with mapping and lens methods. Disruptive Futuring is presented as anew design methodology that develops new types of behavioural change using what Thaler & Sunstein (2009) describe as "Nudge" as a process to reroute people to new actions and flows in their everyday lives. These behavioural changes are achieved through framing climate change in ways humans are motivated by. Three practice-based projects pilot the methodology of Disruptive Futuring by exploring the topics of energy, water and food. These areas were selected because of their significance to our physiological requirements as highlighted by Maslow (1943). The projects result in three systems-based interventions aimed at changing behaviours that negatively impact climate change. It is observed through reflection that this methodology provides a context for designers to work in an oblique way; it has a preference to influence thinking and designing in systems; and that complex psychological concepts can be applied through designed interventions that reduce the conflict between our psychological composition and the human perception of climate change. This research explores the capability and capacity for Disruptive Futuring to bring climate change psychology into a unified way for designers to use during the conception and research stages of designing interventions, technology or services that target behavioural change, decisions making and create new ways of living to have less impact on climate change.
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Mullen, Patrick Orion. "The effects of climate change on Paleoindian demography." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663116431&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Florack, Alyssa. "Local Governments Taking on Climate Change: Situating City Actions in the Global Climate Regime:." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108629.
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Thesis advisor: David DeeseGiven the current political environment in the US, there is great doubt about the future of American policy on climate change. Still, the optimistic future of American climate policy relies on the new group of leaders that have emerged from municipal government. Although local government is traditionally ignored in favor of the publicity of international negotiations between countries, cities have established a role at the forefront of climate policy over the past ten years. These local governments serve half of the world’s population and often are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, making their contributions more important than ever. Although they face a unique set of difficulties, cities are able to take a range of actions impossible at higher levels of government, reaching communities in unprecedented ways and innovating new policies. This project aims to analyze how local governments fit into the global political regime on climate change, testing the theoretical framework of multilevel governance against reallife examples in Boston and New York City. Further, this paper finds that cities compensate for their relatively small size and limited jurisdiction through a unique set of actions and collaborative relationships, enabling these local actors to become international leaders on this complex global issue
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline:
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Environmental Studies
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Sturman, Anna. "Capital, the State and Climate Change in Aotearoa New Zealand." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26881.
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For in excess of 30 years climate change mitigation in New Zealand has stalled over the country’s chief source of emissions: biogenic methane emissions from livestock. This thesis argues that this stasis, and the international condemnation it has provoked, is a key for unlocking a critique of New Zealand’s political economy which extends New Zealand’s scholarship by situating the climate crisis as a crisis of capitalism. This form of crisis derives from the contradiction between capital’s requirement for ongoing expansion, and the ability of its conditions of production (and humanity’s conditions of reproduction) to absorb the corresponding increasing demands on regenerative capabilities. An associated theory of change for achieving meaningful action on climate change can thus be oriented around uniting labour, social and environmental movements in the struggle for democratic, collective control over the conditions of (re)production. The analysis presented here advances ecosocialist scholarship by centring a theorisation of the state as a, if not the, key terrain of struggle over the conditions of (re)production in this conjuncture. The thesis anchors this theoretical exploration in concrete historical analysis of New Zealand’s political economic development since colonisation to the contemporary moment, providing what Cindi Katz terms a ‘countertopography’ oriented around class struggle for socio-ecological reproduction in-against-and beyond the capital relation, as crystallised in the state form over time. In doing so, the thesis aims to fortify and extend a theoretical framework which is of use to the labour, environmental and social movements it considers. Meaningful action on climate change is here unable to be divorced from meaningful action addressing the root cause of social and environmental crisis tendencies in capitalism.
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Guerra, Elisa <1982>. "New water use efficiency strategies to cope with climate change." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5947/1/Guerra_Elisa_Tesi.pdf.
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Crop water requirements are important elements for food production, especially in arid and semiarid regions. These regions are experience increasing population growth and less water for agriculture, which amplifies the need for more efficient irrigation. Improved water use efficiency is needed to produce more food while conserving water as a limited natural resource.
Evaporation (E) from bare soil and Transpiration (T) from plants is considered a critical part of the global water cycle and, in recent decades, climate change could lead to increased E and T. Because energy is required to break hydrogen bonds and vaporize water, water and energy balances are closely connected. The soil water balance is also linked with water vapour losses to evapotranspiration (ET) that are dependent mainly on energy balance at the Earth’s surface.
This work addresses the role of evapotranspiration for water use efficiency by developing a mathematical model that improves the accuracy of crop evapotranspiration calculation; accounting for the effects of weather conditions, e.g., wind speed and humidity, on crop coefficients, which relates crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration.
The ability to partition ET into Evaporation and Transpiration components will help irrigation managers to find ways to improve water use efficiency by decreasing the ratio of evaporation to transpiration. The developed crop coefficient model will improve both irrigation scheduling and water resources planning in response to future climate change, which can improve world food production and water use efficiency in agriculture.
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Guerra, Elisa <1982>. "New water use efficiency strategies to cope with climate change." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5947/.
Full textAbstract:
Crop water requirements are important elements for food production, especially in arid and semiarid regions. These regions are experience increasing population growth and less water for agriculture, which amplifies the need for more efficient irrigation. Improved water use efficiency is needed to produce more food while conserving water as a limited natural resource.
Evaporation (E) from bare soil and Transpiration (T) from plants is considered a critical part of the global water cycle and, in recent decades, climate change could lead to increased E and T. Because energy is required to break hydrogen bonds and vaporize water, water and energy balances are closely connected. The soil water balance is also linked with water vapour losses to evapotranspiration (ET) that are dependent mainly on energy balance at the Earth’s surface.
This work addresses the role of evapotranspiration for water use efficiency by developing a mathematical model that improves the accuracy of crop evapotranspiration calculation; accounting for the effects of weather conditions, e.g., wind speed and humidity, on crop coefficients, which relates crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration.
The ability to partition ET into Evaporation and Transpiration components will help irrigation managers to find ways to improve water use efficiency by decreasing the ratio of evaporation to transpiration. The developed crop coefficient model will improve both irrigation scheduling and water resources planning in response to future climate change, which can improve world food production and water use efficiency in agriculture.
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Murray, Thomas. "New techniques for estimating household climate preferences (and the benefits and costs of climate change)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4272/.
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In order to make an informed decision on the optimal reduction in greenhouse gas emissions it is necessary to understand fully the damage costs of climate change. However, current modelling techniques fail to provide adequate emphasis on important components of the costs and benefits of avoided climate change. This approach risks over or underestimating true damage costs. Disregard for the amenity value that climate may hold and assumptions that restrict geographic mobility and determine the rate of social discounting may all contribute to significant error. Using spatial variations as an analogue for future climate change, this thesis finds that climate is important in determining the desirability of migration destinations and holds substantial amenity value. It also concludes that more work is required to be confident in assuming an elasticity of marginal utility equal to unity. Alternative techniques, including subjective wellbeing and hypothetical equivalence scales, are utilised to avoid having to make potentially restrictive assumptions on preferences for climate. Finally, this thesis stresses the importance of accounting for measurement error in cross-sectional survey data on household income. It seeks to inform how an econometrician can seek to implement appropriate instrumental variables to overcome this error.
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Loza-Balbuena, Isabel. "Potential of the New Zealand Forest Sector to Mitigate Climate Change." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Forestry, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2019.
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New Zealand is both an Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, and an Annex B country of the
Kyoto Protocol. By ratifying the latter, NZ has committed to reduce greenhouse gas
emission to 1990 levels. The country should take domestic actions and can also use any of
the Kyoto Protocol flexible mechanisms. Afforestation and reforestation on low carbon
density land has been recognised as a carbon sink and hence a possible mitigation option
for climate change. The current situation for New Zealand is that at least over the first
commitment period (2008-2012) the country is in deficit, because emissions have
continued to grow over the 1990 level, there is an increase in the deforestation rate and
lower rates of new planting.
The objective of this study is to analyse the potential of the New Zealand forest sector as an
integrated system to mitigate climate change. It also analyses the impact of different
mechanisms on potential area of new land planting, management of stands, and the supply,
allocation, and demand of wood, and wood products.
The New Zealand forest industry carbon balance (i.e net atmospheric exchange minus
emissions) is modelled for different national estate scenarios, log allocation of harvested
volume and residues used for bioenergy. The net present value of these scenarios is
estimated and the economic viability assessed. The level of incentives needed to increase
the returns to an economically viable level is estimated in term of carbon unit value ($/tC).
Moreover the land use economics at a project level (land market value vs land expectation
value) is assessed. Incentives needed in monetary terms and carbon value are also
estimated. The implications of discounting carbon benefits are discussed.
It was found that the carbon balance of the whole industry should be analysed for policy
development on climate change mitigation options. New planting, longer rotation ages,
avoiding deforestation, and allocating additional harvested volume to sawmills showed
positive impact to the atmosphere. New planting appeared to be not economically viable,
thus incentives are needed. It is acknowledged that, there are emissions from the sector that
were not included, and that data and models used need further research to improve the accuracy of the results. Moreover, assumptions on the economic issues and an analysis of
simultaneous implementation of more than one mitigation option would also improve the
results.
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Buffen, Aron Maurice. "Abrupt Holocene climate change: Evidence from a new suite of ice cores from Nevado Coropuna, southwestern Peru and recently exposed vegetation from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, southeastern Peru." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1218568566.
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Allan, Jen Iris. "Activists across issues : forum multiplying and the new climate change activism." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61189.
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To a growing class of climate change activists, climate change is not only an environmental issue – it is a labour, gender, justice, indigenous rights, and faith (to name a few) issue. All starting at roughly the same time, an influx of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) made social claims on an environmental issue and changed the politics of climate governance. Their participation to advance these social claims is costly: staff retrained; information researched, analyzed, and disseminated; and relationship building undertaken. All these costs served a new frame, linking the NGOs’ social issue to climate change. This sustained mobilization of a network of NGOs in a regime that is not their own is called forum multiplying. NGOs are surprisingly mobile, as environmentalists campaign on free trade and development issues, and unions and children’s advocates work in the context of human rights.
Drawing on 72 interviews, seven social network analyses, and three years of participant observation, this research investigates the politics of forum multiplying as NGOs seek recognition within a new area of global governance. NGO networks engage in forum multiplying to contribute to solutions, recruit new allies to their cause, and avoid becoming mired in stalemates that characterize other areas of global governance. Motivation is insufficient to mobilize a network toward a collective end. I posit that two mechanisms help explain why some NGO networks undertake forum multiplying strategies and others do not. First, the ability of NGOs to capitalize on the authority that they hold in their traditional forum, and to bring that authority into the new forum helps them secure recognition for their claims. Second, NGOs’ identification of strategic entry points in the rules and norms of the new regime facilitates forum multiplying. The rules and norms of a regime can provide a discursive “hook” for the NGOs’ claims that their issue is linked to the issues of their targeted regime, showing that they belong. Forum multiplying pollinates new ideas into old regimes, potentially bringing the “all hands on deck” approach necessary to mobilize a sufficient response to global climate change.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Campbell, Katharine M. "New Territories of Equality: Conceptualizations of Climate Justice in International Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1366731277.
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Schiebel, Hayley Nicole. "Dissolved organic carbon fluxes from a New England salt marsh." Thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10118488.
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Blue carbon systems (mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds) sequester large amounts of carbon via primary productivity and sedimentation. Sequestered carbon can be respired back to the atmosphere, buried for long time periods, or exported (“outwelled”) to adjacent ecosystems. This study estimates the total outwelling of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Neponset Salt Marsh (Boston, Massachusetts) as well as the major plant and sediment processes contributing to the overall flux. The total export was quantified via high-resolution in situ chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) measurements as a proxy for DOC using 12 years of transect data. Seasonal trends, alternate sources of fresh water, and long-term trends in DOC export will be discussed. To characterize the percentage of this flux attributable to marsh vegetation, the effects of sunlight, anoxia, plant species, biomass type, and microbes on plant leaching were studied using incubations of above- and belowground biomass over four seasons. Seasonal comparisons led to the “Fall Dump” hypothesis in which higher DOC concentrations are leached during the fall when marsh plants senesce for winter. In summing seasonal fluxes from vegetation, approximately 46% of the total DOC export from the marsh may be attributed to leaching from the three dominant plant species in the Neponset Salt Marsh. The influence of seasonality and climate change (e.g., drought) on both overland flow and deep sediment pore water leaching were also investigated. Depending on season and marsh condition, overland flow and sediment pore water leaching combined could contribute 8–16% of the total export from the marsh. Finally, the influence of natural sunlight irradiation and microbes on the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from resuspended surface sediments was studied and approximately 11–22% of the total export could be attributable to this flux. Approximately 49 mol C m−2 yr−1 are outwelled from the Neponset Salt Marsh and, using net primary productivity estimates from the literature, 16 ± 12 mol C m −2 yr−1 are buried in the Neponset Salt Marsh.
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Sweller, Susan School of Biological Science UNSW. "Vegetational and climatic changes during the last 40,000 years at Burraga Swamp, Barrington Tops, NSW." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological Science, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17882.
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Burraga Swamp is a small enclosed basin at 985 m altitude in Barrington Tops, in the Eastern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia. It lies in the midst of a Nothofagus moorei cool temperate rainforest, which is at its southern limits here. The swamp is close to the boundaries between temperate rainforest, subtropical rainforest, sclerophyll forest and sub-alpine formations and may be a sensitive recorder of past changes in the vegetation. The palynology and the sediments have been studied to a depth of 6.5 metres and were dated with eleven 14C dates. The base of the sediment is about 40,000 years old. The results showed the following: From 40,000-30,000 years BP, Burraga was a lake with a very slow rate of deposition of fine grained sediments and flourishing aquatic/swamp vegetation. The dryland vegetation was an open or sparsely treed grassland/herbfield. From 30,000-21,000 years BP, the dryland vegetation remained much the same, but the aquatic vegetation disappeared. From 21,000-17,000 years BP, sandy sediments were deposited at an accelerated rate in a relatively shallow lake, culminating in a layer of gravelly sand. The vegetation was a treeless grassland between about 21,000 and 15,000 years BP. After 17,000 years BP, the rate of sediment accumulation slowed and after 15,000 years, some mesic elements appeared. Dicksonia antarctica became prominent between about 13,000 and 12,000 years BP and Nothofagus was consistently present after about 11,500 years BP. Peat deposition started about 6,500 years BP. By 6,000 years BP the cool temperate rainforest was fully developed, remaining on the site until the present. These changes suggest that the climate at 40,000 years BP was drier than the present, becoming drier and reaching maximum aridity about 17,000 years BP, when temperatures were also at their lowest. Subsequently, the temperature increased and around 15,000 years BP the climate became wetter. Maximum moistures and temperatures were reached between about 9,000 and 5,000 years BP. The climate then varied until it reached the present. Burraga extends the record of treeless vegetation over most of southeastern Australia, during the last glacial maximum, to more northerly localities than previously known.
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Knaepen, Hanne Louise. "Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Vietnamese Development as a New Policy Arrangement." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175210.
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Wichnevetski, Etoile. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM: MONEY LAUNDERING FOR THE NEW MILLENIUM." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193532.
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Hannam, Phillip Matthew. "Contesting authority| China and the new landscape of power sector governance in the developing world." Thesis, Princeton University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10240338.
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Two co-constructed trends threaten to complicate global efforts to manage climate change. Electric power in developing countries is becoming more coal-intensive, while the international institutions capable of assisting lower-carbon growth paths are having their authority challenged by an emergent set of institutions under China’s leadership. In the last decade Chinese firms and state banks have become central players in power sector development across the developing world; China has been involved in over sixty percent of Africa’s hydropower capacity and is the single largest exporter of coal power plants globally. Statistical and qualitative evidence suggests that China’s growing role in these power markets has contributed to re-prioritization of the power sector in U.S. bilateral development assistance, complicated negotiation and implementation of coal power finance rules among OECD export credit agencies, and influenced where the World Bank chooses to build hydropower projects. The thesis establishes a framework for understanding responses to discord in development governance by drawing inductively on these contemporary cases. Competition between established and emerging actors increases with two variables: 1) conflicting ideological, commercial and diplomatic goals (difference in interests); and 2) the degree to which the emerging actor challenges rules and norms upheld by the established actor (contested authority). Competitive policy adjustment – one actor seeking to undermine or diminish the other’s pursuit of its objectives – has been historically commonplace when an emerging actor challenged an established actor in the regime for development assistance. China’s growing authority in global power sector assistance has prompted competitive policy adjustment among established donors while also enabling recipient countries to leverage donors and better direct their own development pathways. The thesis shows that although contested authority increases development sovereignty among recipients, it can cause backsliding on safeguards and rules among established donors with consequences for power sector outcomes, making fragile movement away from carbon-intensive development even more tenuous. By characterizing this new and uncertain landscape of power sector governance, the thesis contributes to theorization on discord in international governance and to policy development for mitigating climate change.
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Clark, Logan Nicholas. "A New Monthly Pressure Dataset Poleward of 60°S since 1957." Ohio University Art and Sciences Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouashonors1524761975172787.
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Naerbout, Nathalie Ehlerts. "China´s "New Normal" in International Climate Change Negotiations: Assessing Chinese leadership and climate politics from Copenhagen to Paris." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21325.
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Being the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitter and second largest economy, China’s role in international climate negotiations has been the topic of much heated debate over the past 10 years. However, few studies have sought to understand China ́s role in the Global Environmental Governance and Chinese leadership therefore remains a lacuna in need of further investigation. This generates one central question: How does leadership theory bring insight into China ́s role in the international climate change negotiations? The research is designed as a qualitative case study, applying an analytical framework by Young (1991). A content analysis in conjunction with the analytical framework is applied to policy documents, speeches and official reports produced by the Chinese Government, UNFCCC and IISD as a way to understand China ́s negotiation strategies and climate change goals. The findings suggest that China has shown weak leadership during the climate summit in 2009, since there was a huge lack of leadership capabilities applied in their negotiation strategies. However, in 2015 China met all leadership indicators to a certain degree and can therefore be seen to have exercised strong leadership capabilities. It can therefore be argued, that China has become a leading actor in the climate change regime due to their shift in negotiation approach from 2009 to 2015, through their influence and position in shaping the global climate change agenda.
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Hashmi, Muhammad Zia ur Rahman. "Watershed scale climate change projections for use in hydrologic studies: exploring new dimensions." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/10876.
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Global Circulation Models (GCMs) are considered the most reliable source to provide the necessary data for climate change studies. At present, there is a wide variety of GCMs, which can be used for future projections of climate change using different emission scenarios. However, for assessing the hydrological impacts of climate change at the watershed and the regional scale, the GCM outputs cannot be used directly due to the mismatch in the spatial resolution between the GCMs and hydrological models. In order to use the output of a GCM for conducting hydrological impact studies, downscaling is used to convert the coarse spatial resolution of the GCM output into a fine resolution. In broad terms, downscaling techniques can be classified as dynamical downscaling and statistical downscaling. Statistical downscaling approaches are further classified into three broad categories, namely: (1) weather typing; (2) weather generators; and (3) multiple regression-based. For the assessment of hydrologic impacts of climate change at the watershed scale, statistical downscaling is usually preferred over dynamical downscaling as station scale information required for such studies may not be directly obtained through dynamical downscaling. Among the variables commonly downscaled, precipitation downscaling is still quite challenging, which has been recognised by many recent studies. Moreover, statistical downscaling methods are usually considered to be not very effective for simulation of precipitation, especially extreme precipitation events. On the other hand, the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are very likely to be impacted by envisaged climate change in most parts of the world, thus posing the risk of increased floods and droughts. In this situation, hydrologists should only rely on those statistical downscaling tools that are equally efficient for simulating mean precipitation as well as extreme precipitation events. There is a wide variety of statistical downscaling methods available under the three categories mentioned above, and each method has its strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, no single method has been developed which is considered universal for all kinds of conditions and all variables. In this situation there is a need for multi-model downscaling studies to produce probabilistic climate change projections rather than a point estimate of a projected change. In order to address some of the key issues in the field of statistical downscaling research, this thesis study includes the evaluation of two well established and popular downscaling models, i.e. the Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) and Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG), in terms of their ability to downscale precipitation, with its mean and extreme characteristics, for the Clutha River watershed in New Zealand. It also presents the development of a novel statistical downscaling tool using Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and compares its performance with the SDSM-a widely used tool of similar nature. The GEP downscaling model proves to be a simpler and more efficient solution for precipitation downscaling than the SDSM model. Also, a major part of this study comprises of an evaluation of all the three downscaling models i.e. the SDSM, the LARS-WG and the GEP, in terms of their ability to simulate and downscale the frequency of extreme precipitation events, by fitting a Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) distribution to the annual maximum data obtained from the three models. Out of the three models, the GEP model appears to be the least efficient in simulating the frequency of extreme precipitation events while the other two models show reasonable capability in this regard. Furthermore, the research conducted for this thesis explores the development of a novel probabilistic multi-model ensemble of the three downscaling models, involved in the thesis study, using a Bayesian statistical framework and presents probabilistic projections of precipitation change for the Clutha watershed. In this way, the thesis endeavoured to contribute in the ongoing research related to statistical downscaling by addressing some of the key modern day issues highlighted by other leading researchers.Whole document restricted until Feb. 2013, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
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Braun, Carola [Verfasser]. "Essays on the economics of new technologies to mitigate climate change / Carola Braun." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1112132163/34.
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Carson, Stephen T. "Planning for climate change an analysis of vulnerability in Suffolk County, New York /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Gadani, Giulia. "Désastres, politique et économie : l'interaction entre les cyclones tropicaux, les opinions politiques et la croissance économique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0030.
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Cette dissertation vise à combler d'importantes lacunes dans l'étude de l'impact des cyclones tropicaux sur (i) la croissance économique infranationale ; (ii) le lien entre les cyclones tropicaux et la polarisation politique ; et (iii) la relation entre les nouvelles sur le changement climatique et les opinions des individus. Premièrement, les cyclones tropicaux causent des dommages et des préjudices considérables, et la proportion des tempêtes les plus intenses devrait augmenter avec le réchauffement futur. Les analyses précédentes étaient limitées à des régions spécifiques, à des niveaux de pays ou à des dangers uniques liés aux cyclones tropicaux, principalement la vitesse du vent. Chapitre 1 évalue l'effet combiné des trois principaux dangers des cyclones tropicaux—la vitesse du vent, l'onde de tempête et les pluies—sur la croissance macroéconomique infranationale à l'échelle mondiale. À cette fin, nous combinons des données d'intensité des cyclones tropicaux modélisées spatialement avec des données de croissance économique provenant de 1.642 régions infranationales pour les années 1980-2020. Nous mettons en évidence que, bien que la vitesse du vent entraîne les plus grandes pertes macroéconomiques, il est important de tenir compte des deux autres dangers. L'onde de tempête cause d'autres pertes, tandis que l'effet des pluies est bénéfique jusqu'à un certain seuil de précipitations. Deuxièmement, la littérature a examiné l'impact des extrêmes climatiques sur les préférences politiques, mettant en évidence un déplacement positif vers des positions environnementales et démocrates. Cependant, elle n'a pas abordé les effets potentiellement polarisants sur l'opinion publique. Chapitre 2 examine la relation entre les cyclones tropicaux et la polarisation politique aux États-Unis, offrant de nouvelles perspectives sur ce sujet. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la base de données du Cooperative Election Study pour l'idéologie politique et des données modélisées sur la vitesse maximale du vent pour mesurer les dommages causés par les tempêtes pendant la période 2010-2018. Nous constatons que les cyclones tropicaux particulièrement destructeurs sont associés à une augmentation de la polarisation politique au sein de la population. En particulier, les démocrates présentent une augmentation des opinions libérales, tandis que les républicains s'orientent vers des opinions plus conservatrices. Troisièmement, la littérature existante a montré que les actualités sur le changement climatique influencent positivement l'acceptation de sa réalité. Cependant, il n'a pas été examiné si ces actualités contribuent à une plus grande stabilité des opinions, en tenant compte à la fois de l'acceptation et du déni du changement climatique. Chapitre 3 aborde une avenue inexplorée en se concentrant sur la question de savoir si les actualités sur le changement climatique renforcent l'adhésion à l'opinion de l'individu et écartent les perspectives opposées concernant la réalité du changement climatique parmi les résidents américains. J'utilise les données historiques d'enquêtes sur plus de 9.000 individus recueillis durant les années paires de la période 2010-2014. J'ai constaté qu'une plus grande exposition aux actualités sur le climat augmente la probabilité d'avoir (i) une acceptation stable du changement climatique parmi les démocrates ; (ii) un déni stable du changement climatique parmi les républicains ; (iii) un déni instable du changement climatique parmi les démocrates ; et (iv) une acceptation instable du changement climatique parmi les républicainsThis dissertation aims at closing important research gaps in the study of (i) the effect of tropical cyclones on subnational economic growth; (ii) the linkage between tropical cyclones and political polarization; and (iii) the relation between climate change news and individuals' opinions. First, tropical cyclones cause substantial damage and harm, and the proportion of the most intense storms is projected to increase under future warming. Previous analyses are limited to specific regions, country levels, or single tropical cyclone hazards, mainly wind speed. Chapter 1 assesses the compound effect of all three main tropical cyclone hazards—wind speed, storm surge, and rainfall—on subnational macroeconomic growth globally. To this end, we combine spatially modeled tropical cyclone intensity data with economic growth data from 1,642 subnational regions for the years 1980-2020. We find that while wind speed induces the largest macroeconomic losses, accounting for the other two hazards is important. Storm surges cause further losses, whereas the effect of rainfall is beneficial up to a certain rainfall amount. Second, previous literature has examined the impact of extreme events on political preferences, highlighting a positive shift towards environmental and Democratic positions. However, it has not addressed the potential polarizing effect on public opinion. Chapter 2 investigates the relation between tropical cyclones and political polarization in the United States, offering new insights into this topic. To do so, we use the Cooperative Election Study database for political ideology and scientific maximum wind-speed modeled data for measuring storm damage over the 2010-2018 period. We find that extremely damaging tropical cyclones are associated with increased political polarization within the population. Specifically, Democrats exhibit an increase in liberal opinions, while Republicans shift towards more conservative views. Third, existing literature has shown that climate change news positively influences the acceptance of climate change. However, there has been no examination of whether climate change news contributes to greater stability in opinions, taking into account both acceptance and denial of climate change. Chapter 3 addresses an unexplored avenue by focusing on whether climate change news reinforces adherence to the individual's opinion and discards opposing perspectives about the existence of climate change among U.S. residents. I use individuals' historical survey data on over 9,000 individuals collected during the even years of the 2010-2014 period and find that greater exposure to climate news increases the probability of having (i) stable climate change acceptance among Democrats; (ii) stable climate change denial among Republicans; (iii) unstable climate change denial among Democrats; and (iv) unstable climate change acceptance among Republicans
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Higginson, Matthew James. "Chlorin pigment stratigraphy as a new and rapid palaeoceanographic proxy in the quaternary." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310592.
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Shaw, Chester Worth Jr. "Human responses to past climate, environment, and population in two Mogollon areas of New Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186167.
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Climate-sensitive tree ring chronologies and modern climate data are used to produce prehistoric estimates of summer drought for the Mimbres and Pinelawn-Reserve areas in New Mexico. The nature of these estimates are evaluated using tenets of the Anasazi behavioral model. It is concluded that many of the behavioral processes associated with prehistoric populations on the southern Colorado Plateaus can be seen operating within the two Mogollon areas selected for study. As they have on the plateaus, processes in past human behavior can be linked to three factors: prehistoric efforts to intensify agricultural production, fluctuations in population group size, and increases (or decreases) in summer drought.
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Pugh, Jeremy Mark. "The late Quaternary environmental history of the Lake Heron basin, Mid Canterbury, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1766.
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The Lake Heron basin is an intermontane basin located approximately 30 kms west of Mount Hutt. Sediments within the basin are derived from a glacier that passed through the Lake Stream Valley from the upper Rakaia Valley. The lack of major drainage in the south part of the basin has increased the preservation potential of glacial phenomena. The area provides opportunities for detailed glacial geomorphology, sedimentology and micropaleontogical work, from which a very high-resolution study on climate change spanning the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) through to the present was able to be reconstructed. The geomorphology reveals a complex glacial history spanning multiple glaciations. The Pyramid and Dogs Hill Advance are undated but possibly relate to the Waimaungan and Waimean glaciations. The Emily Formation (EM), previously thought to be MIS 4 (Mabin, 1984), was dated using Be10 to c. 25 ka B.P. The EM was largest advance of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Ice during the LGM was at least 150m thicker than previously thought, as indicated by relatively young ages of high elevation moraines. Numerous moraine ridges and kame terraces show a continuous recession from LGM limits, and, supported by decreasing Be10 ages for other LGM moraines, it seems ice retreat was punctuated by minor glacial readvances and still-stands. These may be associated with decadal-scale climate variations, such as the PDO or early ENSO-like systems. There are relatively little sedimentological exposures in the area other than those on the shores of Lake Heron. The sediment at this location demonstrates the nature of glacial and paraglacial sedimentation during the later stages of ice retreat. They show that ice fronts oscillated across several hundred metres before retreating into Lake Heron proper. Vegetation change at Staces Tarn (1200m asl) indicates climate amelioration in the early Holocene. The late glacial vegetation cover of herb and small shrubs was replaced by a low, montane forest about 7,000 yrs B.P, approximately at the time of the regional thermal maxima. From 7,000 and 1,400 yrs B.P, temperatures slowly declined, and grasses slowly moved back onto the site, although the montane forest was still the dominant vegetation. Fires were frequent in the area extending back at least 6,000 years B.P. The largest fire, about 5,300 yrs B.P, caused major forest disruption. But full recovered occurred within about 500 years. Beech forest appears at the site about 3,300 yrs B.P and becomes the dominant forest cover about 1,400 yrs B.P. Cooler, cloudier winters and disturbance by fire promoted the expansion of beech forest at the expense of the previous low, montane forest. Both the increased frequency of fire events and late Holocene beech spread may be linked to ENSO-related variations in rainfall. The youngest zone is characterised by both a dramatic decline in beech forest and an increase in grasses, possibly representing human activity in the area.