Journal articles: 'Climate change impacts and adaptation'

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Bator, Agata, and Agnieszka Borek. "Adaptation to Climate Change under Climate Change Treaties." International Community Law Review 23, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341467.

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Abstract On the ground that climate change poses a great threat to societies and economies, it became evident for policy makers that attention should be given to the problem of adaptation, i.e. adaptation measures should be undertaken to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. As the debate on the adverse impacts of climate change advanced at international level, states are taking actions at national, regional and local levels. Along with the increase awareness regarding importance of adaptation, regulations designed to prepare states to strengthen their resilience to climate change, has been developed in climate change treaties. Paris Agreement seems to be the first global agreement which addresses adaptation as one of its key goals and links it with mitigation efforts. The purpose of this article is to discuss the most important regulations and programmes within the regime established by the Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement concerning adaptation to climate change.

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Burke, Marshall, and Kyle Emerick. "Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from US Agriculture." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 106–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130025.

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Understanding the potential impacts of climate change on economic outcomes requires knowing how agents might adapt to a changing climate. We exploit large variation in recent temperature and precipitation trends to identify adaptation to climate change in US agriculture, and use this information to generate new estimates of the potential impact of future climate change on agricultural outcomes. Longer run adaptations appear to have mitigated less than half—and more likely none—of the large negative short-run impacts of extreme heat on productivity. Limited recent adaptation implies substantial losses under future climate change in the absence of countervailing investments. (JEL Q11, Q15, Q51, Q54)

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Enríquez-de-Salamanca, Álvaro, Rubén Díaz-Sierra, Rosa M. Martín-Aranda, and Maria J. Santos. "Environmental impacts of climate change adaptation." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 64 (May 2017): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2017.03.005.

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Seme, Sarah N., Narriman Jiddawi, and Oswald Masebo. "Climate Change and Adaptation in Pemba Island, Zanzibar: Environmental History – Pre-colonial Period to 1840." Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzania 41, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jgat.v41i2.2.

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Despite vast research on climate change and adaptation in Pemba Island, and Zanzibar at large, little is still known about past climate changes and community adaptation to the ensuing hazards. Existing scholarship on climate change and community adaptation have generally focused on the most recent changes and adaptations. This paper intends to provide a historical understanding of past climate changes and community adaptation to contribute to the current scholarship. It relied on archival data, archaeological and historical reports, observation of existing sucked sites and existing oral traditions to reconstruct climate change adaptation history in the Island. The study found that climate changes have been happening in the Island since time immemorial. The Island experienced fluctuating rainfalls and temperatures that generated long- and short-term changes from wet to dry climatic conditions. The study further found that, for centuries, local communities in the Island suffered the impacts of climate change and innovated varied adaptations to survive. The strategies ranged from prayers to small-scale irrigation. It is argued that although the mechanism driving global climate change today are different from those in the past, the understanding of past adaptations to climate change offers some valuable insights into dealing with current and anticipated future climate changes.

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Perry, Jim. "Climate Change Adaptation in Natural World Heritage Sites: A Triage Approach." Climate 7, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7090105.

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Climate change is a certainty, but the degree and rate of change, as well as impacts of those changes are highly site-specific. Natural World Heritage sites represent a treasure to be managed and sustained for all humankind. Each World Heritage site is so designated on the basis of one or more Outstanding Universal Values. Because climate change impacts are site-specific, adaptation to sustain Universal Values also must be specific. As such, climate change adaptation is a wicked problem, with no clear action strategies available. Further, adaptation resources are limited at every site. Each site management team must decide which adaptations are appropriate investments. A triage approach guides that evaluation. Some impacts will be so large and/or uncertain that the highest probability of adaptation success comes from a series of uncertain actions that reduce investment risk. Others will be small, certain, comfortable and yet have low probable impact on the Universal Value. A triage approach guides the management team toward highest probable return on investment, involving stakeholders from the surrounding landscape, advancing engagement and communication, and increasing transparency and accountability.

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Whitney, Charlotte K., Tugce Conger, Natalie C. Ban, and Romney McPhie. "Synthesizing and communicating climate change impacts to inform coastal adaptation planning." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 704–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2019-0027.

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Planning for adaptation to climate change requires regionally relevant information on rising air and ocean temperatures, sea levels, increasingly frequent and intense storms, and other climate-related impacts. However, in many regions there are limited focused syntheses of the climate impacts, risks, and potential adaptation strategies for coastal marine areas and sectors. We report on a regional assessment of climate change impacts and recommendations for adaptation strategies in the NE Pacific Coast (British Columbia, Canada), conducted in collaboration with a regional planning and plan implementation partnership (Marine Plan Partnership for the North Pacific Coast), aimed at bridging the gaps between climate science and regional adaptation planning. We incorporated both social and ecological aspects of climate change impacts and adaptations, and the feedback mechanisms which may result in both increased risks and opportunities for the following areas of interest: “Ecosystems”, “Fisheries and Aquaculture”, “Communities”, and “Marine Infrastructure”. As next steps within the region, we propose proactive planning measures including communication of the key impacts and projections and cross-sectoral assessments of climate vulnerability and risk to direct decision-making.

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Janjua, Saleem. "Climate Change Impacts: Adaptation Challenges for Pakistan." International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses 1, no. 4 (2009): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/cgp/v01i04/37284.

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Schuler, Johannes, Roos Adelhart Toorop, Magali Willaume, Anthony Vermue, Nicole Schläfke, Sandra Uthes, Peter Zander, and Walter Rossing. "Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options for Farm Performance Using Bio-Economic Models in Southwestern France." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 7528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187528.

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Regional impact studies are needed to explore possible adaptation options to climate change. We estimated impacts and adaptation options for future scenarios that feature different assumptions regarding climate, cropping pattern and access to irrigation with two bio-economic farm models. Farm profit, soil organic matter balance and labor input are used as indicators of farm performance. The difference between the baseline and the alternative configurations computed by models is referred as adaptation potential, indicative of the adaptation options including the corresponding changes in cropping patterns. Our results show that as long as there is sufficient access to irrigation water, there is little incentive to change current practices, as farming is at the economic optimum, has a positive soil organic matter balance and labor requirements can be met. Conversely, if irrigation is no longer possible, drastic impacts occur, causing a need to sustainably adjust on-going farm practices. Adaptation through changed crop selection reduced losses to some extent. We conclude that the use of bio-economic models can assist in evaluating the qualitative findings of participatory studies by quantitatively assessing possible climate change impacts and adaptation measures. Strong impacts of climate change, however, cannot be offset by changes in cropping patterns and need further adaptation measures.

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Howden, S. M., S. J. Crimp, and C. J. Stokes. "Climate change and Australian livestock systems: impacts, research and policy issues." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 7 (2008): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08033.

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The recent changes in Australia’s climate, the likelihood of further changes over the next decades to centuries, and the likely significant impacts of these changes on the Australian livestock industries, provide increasing urgency to explore adaptation options more effectively. Climate and atmospheric changes are likely to impact on the quantity and reliability of forage production; forage quality; thermal stress on livestock; water demands for both animal needs and for growing forage; pest, disease and weed challenges; land degradation processes; and various social and economic aspects including trade. Potential adaptation options are available for moderate climate changes, with these often being variations of existing climate risk management strategies. However, to date there are few Australian examples where these adaptations have been assessed systematically on any scale (e.g. enterprise, regional, whole of industry or national). Nor have many studies been undertaken in a way that (i) effectively harness industry knowledge, (ii) undertake climate change analyses in the framework of existing operational systems, or (iii) assess climate change in the context of other socioeconomic or technical changes. It is likely that there are limits to the effectiveness of existing adaptations under more severe climate changes. In such cases more systemic changes in resource allocation need considering, such as targeted diversification of production systems and livelihoods. Dealing with the many barriers to effective adaptation will require ‘mainstreaming’ climate change into policies covering a range of scales, responsibilities and issues. This mainstreaming will facilitate the development of comprehensive, dynamic and long lasting policy solutions. The integrative nature of climate change problems requires science to include integrative elements in the search for solutions: a willingness to apply integrated rather than disciplinary science and a strengthening of the interface with decision-makers.

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ABIDOYE, BABATUNDE O., PRADEEP KURUKULASURIYA, and ROBERT MENDELSOHN. "SOUTH-EAST ASIAN FARMER PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE." Climate Change Economics 08, no. 03 (August 2017): 1740006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007817400061.

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A survey of farmers in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam reveals that farmers are keenly aware of even slight changes in their climate. Over 90% of the farmers interviewed perceived small changes in temperature or precipitation patterns where they lived. Over half claimed to have changed their irrigation, timing, or crop choices because of climate change. Although the link between perceived changes and stated adaptations is weak, farmers are aware of the types of changes they need to make in response to climate change in South-East Asia. Adaptation responses must be firmly grounded in not only local conditions, but also the views of participants at the front lines of climate change impacts. The knowledge base of farmers grappling with the challenges of climate change must be taken into account when policy responses to support adaptation are formulated.

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Pei, Xiaodong, Jing Wu, Junbo Xue, Jincai Zhao, Changxin Liu, and Yuan Tian. "Assessment of Cities’ Adaptation to Climate Change and Its Relationship with Urbanization in China." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042184.

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Global climate change has led to more frequent occurrences of extreme, dangerous events; therefore, it is urgent to enhance cities’ adaptation to climate change. Focusing on the impact of high temperature, low temperature, drought, and flooding, we established multi-dimensional assessment systems covering natural, economic, and social elements for cities’ climate change adaptations. Based on the assessment systems, studies on adaptation to climate change were conducted in 248 cities in China using the entropy weight method, coefficient of variation method, and exploratory spatial data analysis; with the help of geographically weighted regression (GWR), the relationships between four types of urbanization and cities’ adaptation to climate events were explored. The results showed the following: (1) High-administrative-level cities had higher adaptation than ordinary prefecture-level cities. (2) The differences in adaptation to the four types of climate events between cities within each of the seven regions in China presented significantly different spatial patterns. (3) Under the four types of climate events, the global spatial correlations of cities’ adaptations in China were positive. The agglomeration characteristics of adaptation were mainly H–H and L–L agglomerations. (4) When analyzing the impacts of four types of urbanization on cities’ adaptation to climate events, the fitting effects of GWR models were far better than those of OLS models. Population urbanization, economic urbanization, land urbanization, and industrial urbanization had different impacts on adaptation. Under the influence of social and economic development, the urbanization regression coefficients of different cities had significant spatial differences.

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Su, Xun, and Minpeng Chen. "Econometric Approaches That Consider Farmers’ Adaptation in Estimating the Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 13700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113700.

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The question of whether and to what extent farmers can adapt to climate change has recently gained academic interest. This paper reviews contemporary econometric approaches that assess the impacts of climate change on agriculture and consider farmer adaptation, complementing previous methodological reviews with this distinctive adaptation perspective. The value of adaptation can be measured by comparing the differences between the long-term climate change effect and the short-term weather shock effect. However, this theoretical model has not yet been well supported by empirical evidence, as it is difficult to identify true adaptation, incorporating adaptation cost, and estimated adaptation rate. Quasi-natural experiments, cost-benefit analysis, and Bayesian models are effective tools to address these methodological drawbacks. Two methods dominate in the estimation of climate effects, but each has its own advantages. A good estimate provides a trade-off between the incorporation of farmers’ adaptive behavior and the reduction in omitted variables bias. Cross-sectional data models based on climate variability can capture farmers’ long-term adaptations but are prone to bias due to omitted variables. Panel data models are more effective at mitigating omitted variable bias by applying fixed effects, but do not consider farmers’ adaptative behavior to long-term climate change. To address this dilemma, several cutting-edge approaches have been developed, including integration with the weather and climate model, the long differences approach, and the long- and short-term hybrid approach. We found three key challenges, namely: (1) exploring adaptation mechanisms, (2) the CO2 fertilization effect, and (3) estimating the distributional effects of climate impacts. We also recommend future empirical studies to incorporate satellite remote sensing data, examine the relationship between different adaptation measures, model farmers’ future climate expectations, and include adaptation costs.

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NORMAN-LÓPEZ, ANA, SEAN PASCOE, and ALISTAIR J. HOBDAY. "POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AUSTRALIAN FISHERIES AND THE NEED FOR ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT." Climate Change Economics 02, no. 03 (August 2011): 209–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007811000279.

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The effects of climate change on marine fisheries can be either mitigated by global action on greenhouse gas emission, or managed by encouraging appropriate adaptation. While fishers will autonomously adjust their activities in response to climate change, fisheries management systems may also need to be changed to facilitate adjustment. Identifying the scope of these management changes require some understanding of the impacts of climate change in the absence of any management changes. In this paper, we estimate the climate-related economic impact on Australian marine fisheries and associated sectors for the year 2030, ceteris paribus, based on expected biophysical changes to the resource and using an Input-Output model to capture impacts on the broader economy. Despite considerable uncertainties surrounding potential changes to the biological productivity of capture fisheries, the results suggest that most Australian fisheries and their related sectors could benefit from climate change. Appropriate adaptations could further enhance the benefits and reduce the losses to the fisheries investigated.

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SAAB, ANNE. "Climate-Resilient Crops and International Climate Change Adaptation Law." Leiden Journal of International Law 29, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 503–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156516000121.

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AbstractThis article explores the role of international climate change adaptation law in promoting the use of genetically engineered crops as an adaptation strategy. The severity of climate change impacts and the realization that, by now, some adverse effects are inevitable, has intensified the urgency to devise effective adaptation strategies. Genetically engineered climate-resilient crops are presented as one possible means to adapt to the predicted adverse impacts of climate change on agriculture and crop yields. Despite increased attention on the research and development of climate-resilient crops, particularly by private sector seed corporations, there are many controversies surrounding this proposed adaptation strategy. The key contentions relate to apprehensions about genetically engineered crops more generally, the effectiveness of climate-resilient crops, and the involvement of the private sector in international climate change adaptation initiatives.The main argument in this article is that the emerging field of international climate change adaptation law contributes to promoting genetically engineered climate-resilient crops as a possible means of adaptation. Moreover, international adaptation law creates an enabling environment for the active engagement of private sector corporations in devising adaptation strategies. Notwithstanding controversies over genetically engineered crops and the role of the private sector, there has been little consideration so far of the influence of the growing international legal regime on climate change on the types of adaptation strategies that are devised and promoted.

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Miles, Edward L., Marketa M. Elsner, Jeremy S. Littell, Lara Whitely Binder, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "Assessing regional impacts and adaptation strategies for climate change: the Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment." Climatic Change 102, no. 1-2 (April 21, 2010): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9853-2.

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Khayyam, Umer, Rida Bano, and Shahzad Alvi. "Towards Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation." Comparative Sociology 20, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10028.

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Abstract Global climate change is one of the main threats facing humanity and the impacts on natural systems as well as humans are expected to be severe. People can take action against these threats through two approaches: mitigation and adaptation. However, mitigations and adaptations are contingent on the level of motivation and awareness, as well as socio-economic and environmental conditions. This study examined personal perception and motivation to mitigate and adapt to climate change among the university students in the capital city of Pakistan. We divided the respondents into social sciences, applied sciences and natural sciences, using logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that students who perceive severity, benefits from preparation, and have more information about climate change were 1.57, 4.98 and 1.63 times more likely to take mitigation and 1.47, 1.14 and 1.17 times more likely to take adaptation measures, respectively. Students who perceived self-efficacy, obstacles to protect from the negative consequences of climate change and who belonged to affluent families were more likely to take mitigation measures and less likely to take adaptation strategies. However, mitigation and adaptation were unaffected by age, gender and study discipline.

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Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. "Towards Applying Climate Change Adaptation." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 67 (June 28, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo2017.67.03.

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Climate change adaptation has been growing in importance since the beginning of the 21st century. Historically adaptation, not to climate change but to extreme events, was deeply rooted in many societies and their land-use structures. With industrialization, and especially the increase in globalization since the 1990’s the importance of appropriate adaptation has slowly decreased, leading to increased exposure and risks of human settlements in areas potentially affected by climate change impacts (e.g. sea level rise) and / or extreme events (natural hazards). In order to implement climate change adaptation sustainably feasible solutions should be identified, i.e. viable and acceptable from socio-economic point of views. The identification of such feasible solutions goes beyond pure scientific analysis but incorporates stakeholders, decision-makers and local knowledge.

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LIU, Jie, Changyi LIU, and Yan WEN. "Reassessing Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in China." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 03, no. 02 (June 2015): 1550011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748115500116.

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Nonlinearity and adaptation effect are rarely taken into consideration in the existing literature of empirical studies on climate change impacts, which may lead to bias estimation of the impacts on agricultural production. This paper aims to reassess the impacts on crop yields (rice, wheat, and maize) by incorporating the terms of nonlinearity and adaptation into a provincial panel data model and further study the impacts of future climate change under the represented concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios. Results reveal that the historical warming temperature benefits rice but harm wheat and maize productions, and decreasing precipitation benefits rice and maize but harm wheat production. Adaptation can significantly mitigate the negative impacts. Under RCP4.5 and RCP8.0, after adaptation, the yield changes attributed to future climate change vary from 0.66% to 0.98% for rice, -0.65% to -0.84% for wheat, and -0.24 to 0.08% for maize. The shifts of means of climatic variables impose no challenge on national food security of China.

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Richards, Gabrielle, Jim Frehs, Erin Myers, and Marilyn Van Bibber. "Commentary - The Climate Change and Health Adaptation Program: Indigenous Climate Leaders’ Championing Adaptation Efforts." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 39, no. 4 (April 2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.39.4.03.

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The Climate Change and Health Adaptation Program (CCHAP) is a program within the First Nations Inuit Health Branch of Indigenous Services Canada (which was previously under the responsibility of Health Canada). The CCHAP supports Inuit and First Nation communities in mitigating and adapting to the health impacts of climate change. The impacts of climate change on Indigenous health can be observed in multiple areas including, but not limited to, food security, cultural medicines, mental health and landbased practices. This program seeks to address the needs of climate change and health in First Nation and Inuit communities to support resiliency and adaptation to a changing climate both now and in the future through its emphasis on youth and capacity building. The commentary is based on the Program’s eleven years of experience working with and for Indigenous communities and provides an overview of the CCHAP model and the work it has and continues to support. This paper demonstrates three examples of community-based projects to mitigate and adapt to the health impacts of climate change to demonstrate climate change resiliency within Indigenous communities.

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Ali, A. "Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh." Climate Research 12 (1999): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr012109.

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Shahid, Zareen, and Awais Piracha. "Climate Change Impacts in Pakistan: Awareness and Adaptation." International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses 2, no. 1 (2010): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/cgp/v02i01/37309.

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KOPPE, Barbara. "Seaports and climate change - Impacts and adaptation options." Revue Paralia 11 (2018): s03.1—s03.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/revue-paralia.2018.s03.

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HERRERO, M., J. ADDISON, C. BEDELIAN, E. CARABINE, P. HAVLIK, B. HENDERSON, STEEG J. VAN DE STEEG, and P. K. THORNTON. "Climate change and pastoralism: impacts, consequences and adaptation." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 35, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 417–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.35.2.2533.

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Casimiro, Elsa. "Adaptation to climate change health impacts in Portugal." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 14 (February 1, 2009): 142011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/14/142011.

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Adger, W. Neil, Jon Barnett, Katrina Brown, Nadine Marshall, and Karen O'Brien. "Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation." Nature Climate Change 3, no. 2 (November 11, 2012): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1666.

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Korstanje, Maximiliano E. "Tourism and climate change: impacts, adaptation and mitigation." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 14, no. 1 (October 2, 2014): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2014.965902.

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Shrestha, Sangam, Linda Anne Stevenson, Rajib Shaw, and Juan Pulhin. "Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation: Asian Perspective." Environmental Research 188 (September 2020): 109826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109826.

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Mwendwa, Patrick, and Richard A. Giliba. "Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in Kenya." Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 10, no. 4 (December 2012): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2012.10685104.

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Rojas-Downing, M. Melissa, A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Timothy Harrigan, and Sean A. Woznicki. "Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation." Climate Risk Management 16 (2017): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001.

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Wang, Xiao-jun, Jian-yun Zhang, Shamsuddin Shahid, En-hong Guan, Yong-xiang Wu, Juan Gao, and Rui-min He. "Adaptation to climate change impacts on water demand." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9571-6.

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Steiger, Robert. "TOURISM AND CLIMATE CHANGE: IMPACTS, ADAPTATION, AND MITIGATION." Annals of Tourism Research 40 (January 2013): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.11.008.

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Ziervogel, Gina, Mark New, Emma Archer van Garderen, Guy Midgley, Anna Taylor, Ralph Hamann, Sabine Stuart-Hill, Jonny Myers, and Michele Warburton. "Climate change impacts and adaptation in South Africa." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 5, no. 5 (July 3, 2014): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.295.

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Aguirre-Liguori, Jonás A., Santiago Ramírez-Barahona, Peter Tiffin, and Luis E. Eguiarte. "Climate change is predicted to disrupt patterns of local adaptation in wild and cultivated maize." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (July 10, 2019): 20190486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0486.

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Climate change is one of the most important threats to biodiversity and crop sustainability. The impact of climate change is often evaluated on the basis of expected changes in species' geographical distributions. Genomic diversity, local adaptation, and migration are seldom integrated into future species projections. Here, we examine how climate change will impact populations of two wild relatives of maize, the teosintes Zea mays ssp. mexicana and Z. mays ssp. parviglumis . Despite high levels of genetic diversity within populations and widespread future habitat suitability, we predict that climate change will alter patterns of local adaptation and decrease migration probabilities in more than two-thirds of present-day teosinte populations. These alterations are geographically heterogeneous and suggest that the possible impacts of climate change will vary considerably among populations. The population-specific effects of climate change are also evident in maize landraces, suggesting that climate change may result in maize landraces becoming maladapted to the climates in which they are currently cultivated. The predicted alterations to habitat distribution, migration potential, and patterns of local adaptation in wild and cultivated maize raise a red flag for the future of populations. The heterogeneous nature of predicted populations’ responses underscores that the selective impact of climate change may vary among populations and that this is affected by different processes, including past adaptation.

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Williams, David Samuel. "Enhancing Autonomy for Climate Change Adaptation Using Participatory Modeling." Weather, Climate, and Society 12, no. 4 (October 2020): 667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0024.1.

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AbstractParticipatory modeling is commonly applied in climate change adaptation research to integrate stakeholder knowledge, beliefs, values, and norms into modeling processes. However, participation is not neutral, and current climate change adaptation research is tailored toward those with sufficient resources to adapt, as opposed to those most in need of adaptation. These are commonly marginalized stakeholder groups who remain on the social, economic, and political periphery, driving their vulnerability to climate change impacts. This paper presents the concept of autonomy in the context of multilevel governance for climate change adaptation before examining past participatory modeling approaches, illustrating the lack of application as an emancipatory tool for increasing the autonomy of marginalized stakeholder groups. Therefore, a list of 10 necessary conditions is presented for conducting participatory modeling for increasing the autonomy of marginalized stakeholder groups, strengthening multilevel governance for climate change adaptation. These theoretical foundations are intended to guide public policy and increase the societal impact of participatory modeling.Significance StatementResponding to climate change impacts requires the strengthening of multilevel governance. An important aspect is that multilevel governance is dependent on local actors having sufficient autonomy to carry out climate change adaptation actions. Participatory climate change adaptation research can contribute to enhancing autonomy for climate change adaptation in applying participatory modeling. This paper explains why this is important, how participatory modelers need to design their research, and in what way this could contribute to strengthening multilevel governance and the wider societal response to climate change impacts.If you’re a scholar who studies the social impacts of climate change and you aren’t somehow an activist what are you really?—Professor Kian Goh, University of California, Los Angeles

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Linder, Julia, and Victoria Campbell-Arvai. "Uncertainty in the “New Normal”: Understanding the Role of Climate Change Beliefs and Risk Perceptions in Michigan Tree Fruit Growers’ Adaptation Behaviors." Weather, Climate, and Society 13, no. 3 (July 2021): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0058.1.

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AbstractIn the midwestern United States, intensifying impacts from climate change necessitate adaptation by the agricultural sector. Tree fruit agriculture is uniquely vulnerable to climate change due to the long-lived nature of perennial systems, yet very few studies have addressed how fruit growers perceive climate change and are responding to climate risks. For this study, 16 semistructured interviews were conducted with Michigan tree fruit growers to understand how their climate change beliefs, beliefs about adaptive actions, and climate-related risk perceptions influence adaptation behaviors. While there was a great deal of uncertainty about the anthropogenic nature of climate change, growers generally agreed that unprecedented changes in climate and weather patterns were occurring. Because of a perception of little control over future climate impacts, most growers reactively adapted to climate risks that negatively impacted their orchards by implementing measures such as frost protection, irrigation, pesticides, and crop insurance. This study highlighted that while proactive adaptations such as crop diversification, planting new varieties, and improving soil health will be necessary to increase farm resilience in the future, growers were unable to justify making these changes due to their uncertainty about future climate changes. The findings from this study highlight the need for future outreach efforts by university extension agents, private agricultural advisors, and federal and state agency advisors to provide educational information on the long-term impacts of climate change in order to help growers increase the resilience of their farm in the face of future climate impacts.

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Shrestha, Suman Kumar, and Gem Prasad Gurung. "Impacts of Climate Change in Nepalese Agriculture." Nepalese Journal of Development and Rural Studies 15 (December 3, 2018): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njdrs.v15i0.31605.

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This paper presents impact of climate change in agriculture and adaptation strategies applying by the farmers. In doing so, secondary data and information as well as document review methods are applied. The study found that climate change has affected the different sectors such as agriculture and non-agriculture. Especially agriculture is the more affected than non- agricultural sector. The major crops production trend is gradually decreasing due to the negative impact of climate change. Comparatively, climate change has more affected in the Himalayas and hilly region than Tarai. Owing to that farmers are applying different adaptation strategies for minimizing the climate change impact on productions. However, federal governments must prepare and implement the attractive affirmative policies that are needed to motivate small farmers living in Mountain, Hill and Tarai region.

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Xavier, Luciana Yokoyama, Maila Guilhon, Leandra Regina Gonçalves, Marina Ribeiro Corrêa, and Alexander Turra. "Waves of Change: Towards Ecosystem-Based Management to Climate Change Adaptation." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031317.

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Coastal climate change impacts challenge policy and decision makers to adopt more effective adaptation measures. The ecosystem-based management approach can shift adaptation towards a more holistic, integrated and sustainable path. However, as countries work on strategies to adapt to climate change, the questions of if and how such agendas consider and operationalise ecosystem-based management remains. As one of the world’s largest coastal countries, Brazil can have a prominent role in advancing the implementation of ecosystem-based management to coastal zones. By analysing two national Brazilian climate change adaptation institutions, this article evaluates and discusses the country’s advances in promoting climate change adaptations based on ecosystem-based management principles. Our findings show that, although Brazil has incorporated many ecosystem-based management principles to climate change adaptation at the national level, greater attention should be given to operationalizing principles related to acknowledging uncertainties, sustainability, democracy and knowledge production and application. The challenges to implement these principles mirror historical challenges of Brazilian coastal management policies, such as balancing development and conservation, promoting social participation and implementing effective social-ecological assessments and monitoring programs. Policy makers, scientists and communities should be aware of the need to strengthen ecosystem-based management principles in the current adaptation agenda in order to enhance its capacity to foster adaptation and just coastal sustainability.

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Greiving, Stefan, Sophie Arens, Dennis Becker, Mark Fleischhauer, and Florian Hurth. "Improving the Assessment of Potential and Actual Impacts of Climate Change and Extreme Events Through a Parallel Modeling of Climatic and Societal Changes at Different Scales." Journal of Extreme Events 04, no. 04 (December 2017): 1850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737618500033.

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Any adaptation activity needs a reliable evidence basis for the climate itself as well as for the exposition and sensitivity of the social, economic or ecological system and its elements. This requires an assessment of recent climate impacts as well as potential future climate change impacts in order to select tailor-made adaptation measures. For a methodologically coherent assessment, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had introduced the requirement of a parallel modeling approach which means that demographic and socioeconomic changes are projected in parallel to the changes of the climatic system. This paper discusses a conceptual framework of a parallel modeling approach and presents its application in four case studies of climate change impact assessments in Germany, covering the national, regional and local scale. The results from the different applications prove the hypothesis that the change in sensitivity (i.e., demographic change, economic change and change in land-use patterns) often determines the magnitude of climate- and weather-related impacts in the near future significantly. The case studies, however, also show that adaptation processes have to be organized in a collaborative way, which takes the knowledge, and also the concerns of the addressees into full account. A broad mandate from all social groups is especially needed when political decisions are based on uncertain knowledge — which is the case whenever climate change impacts are assessed.

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Qiao, Yaning, Andrew R. Dawson, Tony Parry, Gerardo Flintsch, and Wenshun Wang. "Flexible Pavements and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Review and Implications." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2020): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031057.

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Flexible pavements and climate are interactive. Pavements are climate sensitive infrastructure, where climate can impact their deterioration rate, subsequent maintenance, and life-cycle costs. Meanwhile, climate mitigation measures are urgently needed to reduce the environmental impacts of pavements and related transportation on the macroclimate and microclimate. Current pavement design and life cycle management practices may need to be modified to adapt to changing climates and to reduce environmental impacts. This paper reports an extensive literature search on qualitative and quantitative pavement research related to climate change in recent years. The topics cover climate stressors, sensitivity of pavement performance to climatic factors, impacts of climate change on pavement systems, and, most importantly, discussions of climate change adaptation, mitigation, and their interactions. This paper is useful for those who aim to understand or research the climate resilience of flexible pavements.

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Huang, Yee, Robert L. Glicksman, Catherine O’Neill, William L. Andreen, Victor Flatt, William Funk, Robin Kundis Craig, Alice Kaswan, and Robert R. M. Verchick. "Climate change and the Puget Sound: Building the legal framework for adaptation." Climate Law 2, no. 3 (2011): 299–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/cl-2011-039.

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Regardless of the efforts governments may take to mitigate the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions and other human activities on climate change, the need for society to adapt to climate change is unavoidable. Adapting to the myriad impacts of climate change will require actions at all levels of government. This article focuses on the anticipated impacts of climate change on the Puget Sound region in the northwestern United States as an example of the range of problems climate change will present and of the solutions available to governments and others interested in avoiding or minimizing the adverse impacts of climate change. As a guide for policy-makers, the article offers general principles for formulating climate change adaptation policies, suggestions for changes in decision-making processes that make them more suitable for addressing the unpredictable impacts of climate change, and strategies for adapting to three specific categories of climate change effects: impacts on the hydrologic cycle, sea-level rise, and altered meteorological conditions. The strategies and recommendations analysed in the article can provide a model for climate change adaptation policies, both in the Puget Sound region and more broadly, that are both environmentally protective and socially equitable.

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Rey Mellado, Raquel, María Teresa Franchini Alonso, and Cristina del Pozo Sánchez. "Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza: estrategias urbanas para la adaptación al cambio climático." Hábitat y Sociedad, no. 14 (2021): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/habitatysociedad.2021.i14.13.

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Cities will suffer the impacts of climate change in the next decades. These impacts will be different according to their geographical features, the distribution and number of green spaces, the characteristics of the exterior surfaces of their floors and the density of population, among other aspects. Given this situation, many cities have begun to adopt adaptation strategies to reduce their vulnerability to the adverse effects of the climate; among which Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) stand out, which respond to ecosystem services and climate challenges, and are classified from the main ecosystems in which they affect: water, vegetation and soil. Within this context, the interest of the SBN in the international field is analyzed and the adaptation measures included in urban strategies developed to respond to this task are reviewed. The review of interventions in cities of the Mediterranean area makes it possible to value the usefulness of the NBS for urban planning and design.

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Thapa, Pradhan K., and Sony Baral. "Community-based Vulnerability Assessment and Risk Mapping for Adaptation Planning in Terai eco-zone, Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 14 (December 1, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v14i0.19781.

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Communities have already felt the impact of climate change on their livelihoods. Since the risk of increased negative impacts is high, communities need to understand the climate change patterns, the likely impacts and measures to mitigate the negative impacts. This study was undertaken to assess climate change vulnerability, assess the associated risk and map it, and use these information to prepare adaptation plan. It was found that communities can assess the climate change vulnerability, and map the associated risks. They can prepare their adaptation plan to mitigate the likely negative impacts, and access resources from the local government to implement their action plan. This study has recommended that the community based climate change vulnerability assessment and risk mapping for adaptation planning tools and methodologies developed by this piloting study should be used by the local governments in their regular planning process to address the climate change issues at the community level.

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BARNES, A. P., A. WREFORD, M. H. BUTTERWORTH, M. A. SEMENOV, D. MORAN, N. EVANS, and B. D. L. FITT. "Adaptation to increasing severity of phoma stem canker on winter oilseed rape in the UK under climate change." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 6 (August 18, 2010): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961000064x.

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SUMMARYVarious adaptation strategies are available that will minimize or negate predicted climate change-related increases in yield loss from phoma stem canker in UK winter oilseed rape (OSR) production. A number of forecasts for OSR yield, national production and subsequent economic values are presented, providing estimates of impacts on both yield and value for different levels of adaptation. Under future climate change scenarios, there will be increasing pressure to maintain yields at current levels. Losses can be minimized in the short term (up to the 2020s) with a ‘low’-adaptation strategy, which essentially requires some farmer-led changes towards best management practices. However, the predicted impacts of climate change can be negated and, in most cases, improved upon, with ‘high’-adaptation strategies. This requires increased funding from both the public and private sectors and more directed efforts at adaptation from the producer. Most literature on adaptation to climate change has had a conceptual focus with little quantification of impacts. It is argued that quantifying the impacts of adaptation is essential to provide clearer information to guide policy and industry approaches to future climate change risk.

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Alam, M. Khairul. "Climate change, biosystematics and taxonomy." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 28, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v28i1.54223.

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The history of biosystematics research and its impacts on climate goes before political ramifications. Climate change is altering the environments and likely to result in changes in the distribution of species, flowering times; migrate and adapt to the new environmental conditions; or extinction. Adaptive capacity is the ability of the plants to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Adaptation process is going in nature through phenotypic plasticity, natural selection or migration or polyploidization. The options are not mutually exclusive. Phenotypic plasticity may be the most efficient way of adaptation to a new environment. Polyploidization may increase tolerance to diverse ecological conditions and the high incidence of polyploidy in plants indicates its adaptive significance. Population having polyploid pillar complex is a good backup support towards microevolution and speciation, a mode of adaptation. The paper discusses about these biosystematics approaches towards adaptation to new environmental conditions resulting from climate change. It also discusses about the role of taxonomists under the changed circumstances. It is evident from the review that a set of biosystematics data along with other ecological and conservation information needs to be included in Flora and Monographs. It reveals that it was as far as worked out at the Paris Botanical Congress 1954 and put up by Stebbins in a series of proposals, termed as “Stebbins’ Ten Points” that needs further enrichment. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(1): 277-287, 2021 (June)

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Markou, Marinos, Cleopatra A. Moraiti, Andreas Stylianou, and George Papadavid. "Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture: Adaptation Measures For Six Crops in Cyprus." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050483.

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The agricultural sector of Cyprus is seriously affected by climate change impacts. In the framework of the ADAPT2CLIMA project, the available techniques and methods implemented worldwide for the adaptation of six crops (wheat, barley, potatoes, tomatoes, grapes, and olives) to climate change impacts were thoroughly assessed. The identified adaptation options were categorized according to the climate change impact they address as follows: measures against drought stress, heat stress, decreasing plant health, extreme weather events and reduced crop productivity. Another category that refers to measures that address more than one category of climate change was also added. The evaluation of the identified adaptation options was based on a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. The identified adaptation measures were graded according to the following criteria: efficiency of the measure, urgency of implementing the measure, usefulness of implementation irrespective of climate change, technical difficulty, contribution to climate change adaptation, economic viability and social acceptance. Fifty-six respondents (experts and stakeholders) filled the questionnaire, suggesting twelve recommended adaptation measures (with high score ≥ 60%), which mainly refer to irrigation adaptation measures, cultural practices, and methods for upgrading external services to farmers. The recommended adaptation measures for Cyprus are thoroughly presented and discussed.

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Campos, Luiza Cintra, and Geoff Darch. "Adaptation of UK wastewater infrastructure to climate change." Infrastructure Asset Management 2, no. 3 (August 2015): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jinam.14.00037.

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This paper provides a summary of the potential impacts of climate change on UK wastewater infrastructure and published adaptation measures and provides a set of recommendations for further research and action. Climate change is affecting wastewater infrastructure, notably in relation to sewer flooding, and further wet weather impacts are anticipated including combined sewer overflow discharges and related pollution. Dry weather impacts include increased sedimentation of solids in sewerage systems, septicity and associated odour-related issues. Overall, treatment processes are expected to improve due to increased retention times and higher temperatures, although more treatment may be required in summer to meet consents. The consequential impacts on society and the environment are not well quantified. Many of the impacts are already being addressed to some extent by water companies, and a wide variety of future interventions are being considered. Very little information was found on cost-effectiveness of adaptation options, but this could be in part due to commercial sensitivity. Recommendations include the development of indicators; the use of risk-based approaches and, where appropriate, integrated catchment and sewer system models; vulnerability assessments; monitoring programmes; and studies to identify adaptation measures and barriers to uptake, to include a systematic assessment of the benefits of sustainable urban drainage system.

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Akinnagbe, OM, and IJ Irohibe. "Agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change impacts in Africa: a review." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 3 (February 8, 2015): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21984.

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Climate change is expected to intensify existing problems and create new combinations of risks, particularly in Africa. The situation is made worst due to factor such as widespread poverty, over dependence on rain fed agriculture, inequitable land distribution, limited access to capital and technology, inadequate public infrastructure, such as roads, long term weather forecasts and inadequate research and extension. By lessening the severity of key damages to the agricultural sector, adaptation is the key defensive measure. Adaptation to climate change involves changes in agricultural management practices in response to changes in climate conditions. This paper reviews agricultural adaptation strategies employed by farmers in various countries in Africa in cushioning the effects of climate change. The common agricultural adaptation strategies used by farmers were the use of drought resistant varieties of crops, crop diversification, changes in cropping pattern and calendar of planting, conserving soil moisture through appropriate tillage methods, improving irrigation efficiency, and afforestation and agro-forestry. The paper concluded that improving and strengthening human capital through education, outreach programmes, extension services at all levels will improve capacity to adapt to climate change impact. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i3.21984 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 39(3): 407-418, September 2014

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Khanal, Ram Chandra. "Climate Change and Organic Agriculture." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 10 (August 12, 2009): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v10i0.2136.

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This paper attempts to explore some research findings focusing on the climate change impact on (organic) agriculture and agriculture impact on climate change through a literature review. This review reveals that climate change and agriculture are closely linked and interdependent. Compared to conventional agriculture, organic agriculture is reported to be more efficient and effective both in reducing GHGs (CO2, CH4 and N2O) emission mainly due to the less use of chemical fertilizers and fossil fuel. Organic agriculture also reported to be climate change resilience farming systems as it promotes the proper management of soil, water, biodiversity and local knowledge there by acting as a good options for adaptation to climate change. But, due to lack of proper research, the contribution of organic agriculture for climate change adaptation and mitigation is yet to be known in the Nepalese context. It is argued that organic agriculture positively contributes to offset negative impacts of climate change, but there is inadequate systematic data to substantiate this fact.Key words: Adaptation; Climate change; Greenhouse gases mitigation; Organic agriculture; etc.The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 116-127

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Moore, Andrew D., and Afshin Ghahramani. "Climate change and broadacre livestock production across southern Australia. 3. Adaptation options via livestock genetic improvement." Animal Production Science 54, no. 2 (2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13052.

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Climate change is predicted to reduce the productivity of the broadacre livestock industries across southern Australia; to date there has been no formal evaluation of the potential of genetic improvement in cattle or sheep to ameliorate the impacts of changing climates. We used the GRAZPLAN simulation models to assess selection of five traits of sheep and cattle as adaptation options under the SRES A2 global change scenario. Analysis of the breeding strategies was carried out for 25 representative locations, five livestock enterprises and three future years (2030, 2050, 2070). Uncertainty in future climates was taken into account by considering projected climates from four global circulation models. For three sheep enterprises, breeding for greater fleece growth (at constant body size) was predicted to produce the greatest improvements in forage conversion efficiency, and so it was the most effective genetic adaptation option. For beef cow and steer enterprises, breeding for larger body size was most effective; for beef cows, however, this conclusion relied on per-animal costs (including provision of bulls) remaining stable as body size increases. Increased conception rates proved to be less effective but potentially viable as an adaptation in beef cow and crossbred ewe enterprises. In the southern Australian environments that were analysed, our modelling suggests that breeding for tolerance to heat stress is unlikely to improve the performance of livestock production systems even at 2070. Genetic improvement of livestock was able to recover much less of the impact of climate change on profitability at drier locations where the need for adaptation is likely to be greatest. Combinations of feedbase and livestock genetic adaptations are likely to complement one another as the former alter the amount of forage that can be consumed, while the latter affect the efficiency with which consumed forage is converted to animal products. Climate change impacts on pasture production across southern Australia are likely to have only small effects on methane emissions intensity, as are a range of candidate genetic and feedbase adaptations to climate change; methane emissions per hectare in future climates will therefore be driven mainly by changes in livestock numbers due to alterations in pasture productivity.

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K. BOOMIRAJ, SUHAS P. WANI, P. K. AGGARWAL, and K. PALANISAMI. "Climate change adaptation strategies for agro-ecosystem – a review." Journal of Agrometeorology 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v12i2.1297.

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Agriculture the major economic and social activity in the globe. It is understood that agriculture is highly sensitive to climatic variability and likely to be affected most to predicted climate change. The fourth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reconfirmed that the phenomenon of existence of climate change in recent decades is due to anthropogenic activities. It is also revealed the availability of wide array of adaptation options for agro-ecosystem to cope up with the impact of climate change. However, it is important to design more extensive adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability of agriculture and rural poor to impacts of climate change. Climate change impacts and responses are presently observed as autonomous adaptation in the physical and ecological systems as well as in human adjustments to resource availability and risks at different spatial and trophic levels. But these strategies are not enough to reduce the current anthropogenic driven climate change, so there is a need to adopt the planned adaptation. This paper reviews the findings based on the series of studies carried across the globe on the potential adaptation strategies to alleviate the impact of climate change by improving the resilience of the agro-ecosystems. Adaptation strategies have to be in place to reduce vulnerability to climate change through developing consensus between industrialized countries and developing countries at global scale, whereas new public policies in place at national regional and local level is prudent to support adaptation research, insurances, incentives to farmers to adapt new technologies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Climate change impacts and adaptation'

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