Relevant bibliographies by topics / Climate change – Economic aspects

Academic literature on the topic 'Climate change – Economic aspects'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Climate change – Economic aspects"

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Tapia Granados, José A., and Óscar Carpintero. "Economic Aspects of Climate Change." Journal of Crop Improvement 27, no. 6 (November 2, 2013): 693–734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2013.845052.

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Batabyal, Amitrajeet A., and Henk Folmer. "Spatial economic aspects of climate change." Spatial Economic Analysis 15, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2020.1788221.

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Karunakaran, N. "Coffee Cultivation in Kerala: Some Economic Aspects." Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 16, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.43.6.

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Coffee production in India is mostly done in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu. It is one of the important commercial crops of Keralaand is the main source of income and employment to the people of three districts in Kerala. Coffee cultivation is not an easy businessandis adversely affected by various factors at present. Small coffee growers fail to acquiretechnological improvement to compensate labour scarcity and climate change and have limited access to technologies promoted by the Coffee Board of India due to high cost and mode of payment of subsidies.This studyreveals that problems like scarcity of labour, pests and diseases, thehigh cost of production, low price for coffee, marketing difficulties and unusual climate changes often hurt coffee cultivators. However,the schemes and programmes ofthe coffee board benefited the growers. Theanalysis of the profitability of the crop shows that coffee cultivation is profitable in Kerala.
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Panasiuk, Bronislav. "Prospects for climate change on Earth." Ekonomika APK 318, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202104108.

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The purpose of the article is to report on our own research results and to generalize the socio-economic aspects of assessing trends in modern climatic processes. Research methods. The research is based on the teachings of Aristotle, Vernadsky, Rudenko, Podolinsky, and other foreign and domestic scientists. The main methods of scientific research were as follows: practical experience and scientific developments; observational facts; philosophical search and worldviews; scientific theory; scientific research; empirical scientific work; intuition and generalization; spiritual and religious reflections and beliefs; real scientific and practical facts; data of selection stations and research fields of Ukraine in the period between the second half of the XIX and the first half of the XX century. Research results. The scientific and methodological generalization of socio-economic aspects was carried out, and the estimation of tendencies for development of modern climatic tendencies was conducted with definition of prospects for their influence on development of the agrarian sector of economy. Scientific novelty. The variability of climate change in the process of evolutionary development of mankind and the socio-economic system of its vital activity was proved. Practical significance. The directions of perspective climate changes on Earth were determined. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 13.
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Lewis, David. "Taxation aspects of climate change management measures." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09015.

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Climate change is undoubtedly one of the greatest economic, social, and environmental challenges now facing the world. The present Australian Government is committed to acting on climate change and Australia’s progress towards its emissions reduction targets is being closely watched internationally. To contribute effectively to global climate change action, Australia must demonstrate its ability to implement robust and sustainable domestic emissions management legislation. The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS), modelled after the cap-and-trade system, continues to be debated by our policymakers, as the Government moves to re-introduce its preferred CPRS legislative package for the third time. The advent of climate change legislation is inevitable and its impact will be far-reaching. This paper reviews the fiscal aspects of the proposed CPRS legislation in the context of the oil and gas industry, and whether it is conducive to creating incentives for appropriate climate change response by the industry. In particular, this paper will consider: the direct and indirect tax features specifically covered in the proposed CPRS legislation and their implications; the areas of taxation that remain uncanvassed in the proposed CPRS legislation and aspects requiring clarification from the tax administration; the interaction between Petroleum Resource Rent Tax (PRRT) and the CPRS measures; the flow-on impacts to taxation outcomes resulting from proposed accounting and financial reporting responses to the CPRS legislation; the income tax and PRRT treatment of selected abatement measures; and, elements of a good CPRS tax strategy and compliance action plan.
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Warner, Koko, Zinta Zommers, and Anita Wreford. "The Real Economic Dimensions of Climate Change." Journal of Extreme Events 07, no. 03 (September 2020): 2131001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737621310011.

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The impacts of COVID-19 and efforts to stimulate recovery from the pandemic have highlighted the need for information about how disasters affect the real economy: temporal and spatial dynamics, cascading risks of disruption to employment, debt, trade, investments, bond markets, and real estate markets, among others. This commentary explores what information on the economic dimensions of climate change is needed to inform decisions about adapting to and effectively averting, minimizing, and addressing climate risks. We review the economic information presented in special reports from the IPCC AR6 cycle (SR1.5, SROCC, and SRCCL). We find that the information presented in these reports expands beyond costs of mitigation options, and potential negative GDP effects of climate impacts to include real economic dimensions in food production and land use (forestry and agriculture), coastal areas and fisheries, among others. This reflects an emerging literature which addresses a wider spectrum of economic and financial aspects relevant to climate change and national and regional priorities. Five emerging areas of work related to climate impacts on the real economy and on financial services provide essential additional information for decisions about efforts at all levels to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement and the overall objective of the UNFCCC Convention. Insights from economic analysis of the coronavirus pandemic—a sustained, complex disaster with global consequences across the real economy and financial services—can help highlight useful areas of research and discussion for policy makers considering climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and risks.
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Driessen, Peter P. J., and Helena F. M. W. van Rijswick. "Normative aspects of climate adaptation policies." Climate Law 2, no. 4 (2011): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/cl-2011-051.

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Adaptation to climate change is a complex process of societal change and should be studied as such. Attention to issues of climate adaptation has increased considerably over the past few years. Until now, less attention has been paid to questions concerning normative issues of societal change. In this paper we will address three important questions on the normative level: (a) What kind of legal and policy principles should public and private actors take to heart when formulating and implementing adaptation measures? (b) Which societal interests should be protected by a climate-adaptation policy and in what order? (c) To what extent are governments responsible for adaptation to climate change and what are the responsibilities to be borne by private parties and citizens? We will treat these questions from a mix of legal, administrative, and economic perspectives. We conclude with some recommendations on how to deal with these normative aspects in policy-making processes.
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Rahman, Mohd Nayyer, Muganda M. Manini, and Zeenat Fatima. "Economic Indicators and Climate Change for BRICS Economies in the Post-COVID-19 World: Neural Network Approach." Management and Economics Research Journal 7, no. 4 (December 29, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2021.9900058.

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Climate change has emerged as one of the challenges of the global economy. Climate change economics has focused on the economic aspects of climate tradeoff. Studies have been conducted on the causal association of economic indicators and climate change indicators. However, for the sample of BRICS countries, that are important participants of global climate change, no study has attempted to identify whether causal connections apply to them. The study is an endeavor to identify the underlying causal connections between economic indicators and carbon emissions for BRICS economies. Six economic indicators, current account balance, inflation, foreign direct investment inflows, gross domestic product, real effective exchange rate, and trade openness, are selected for the sample period 2005-2019. Neural network analysis as a method of computational economics is applied for the superior methodology over standard statistical techniques. The outcome suggests that for BRICS economies, economic indicators have a significant relationship with carbon emissions, differing in intensity as per node strength of the neural network.
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Ghanem, Azza. "Assessment Knowledge, Perception, and Behaviors towards Climate Change among Universities Youth in Egypt." Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 9, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.9-1-4.

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Climate change is one of the greatest economic, social, and geopolitical challenges for humans in the coming years. Thus, besides international efforts, youth engagement is vital to environmental conservation and climate action support. Awareness of climate change impacts on human health and all economic activities would help youth to develop positive attitudes towards their environment. This paper assessed university young people’s awareness in Egypt by focusing on two aspects. The first aspect is assessing participants' knowledge about climate change which is an obstacle to achieving sustainable development. The second aspect is their behaviors toward climate action. The results can be summarized by the following: the majority are aware of the climate change problem, but it may be necessary to take more steps for building their capacities for facing this future challenge because a deep understanding of the problem is a significant factor for taking shape environmental responsibility. Keywords: climate change, awareness
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Navrátilová, Miroslava, Markéta Beranová, and Lucie Severová. "Economic and institutional aspects of wine consumption in the context of globalization and climate change in Europe and Russia." Terra Economicus 19, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-127-140.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Climate change – Economic aspects"

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Roux, Louis Johannes. "Climate change mitigation strategies and its effect on economic change." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020816.

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Scientists started to study the relationship between changing weather patterns and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful gasses. They soon discovered compelling evidence that CO2 concentration and other gases have been increasing and it was causing temperatures to increase in certain areas on the earth, which disturb historic weather patterns. Climate change has become a very popular field of study in the modern science. Europe first introduced measures to reduce carbon emissions but it was the Kyoto in 1997 where global leaders were asked to participate in a joint protocol to reduce greenhouse gases. South Africa responded to climate change challenges in 2008 with the Long term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS). The Integrated Resource Plan for electricity to 2030 was developed from the LTMS scenarios and after some major amendments it was accepted and promulgated by Government and has recently been included in the National Development Plan to 2030 (NDP). There are concerns about the achievability of some of the objectives listed in the NDP and this study explored the IRP2010 as the proposed strategy to meet energy demand and reduce emissions. The purpose for this study was to answer this question: Is there an optimum climate change mitigation strategy for South Africa and how can the effect thereof be simulated on economic growth? Through primary and secondary research during the study it was possible to define some 32 categories of energy producing assets that are commercially active or nearly market-ready. The characteristics of the various assets and the relevant fuel are defined in mathematical equations. It was found that the three portfolios that matched the 450TWh electricity requirement would perform substantially better than the NDP portfolio in terms of cost and similar on emissions with marginally fewer employment opportunities created. The proposed electricity strategy in this study was 390TWh and 33.5 Million tonnes of oil consumption by 2030. This strategy was substantially more affordable than the 450TWh strategy. Trends in the Supply and Use tables since 1993 were studied and then forecasted to 2030 to determine consumption levels on electricity and liquid fuel into the future. It was found that electricity demand is seriously overestimated and South Africa would end up with large excess capacity in electricity infrastructures if the NDP energy strategy (IRP2010) is implemented. It is concluded that the NDP energy strategy to 2030 is based on an incorrect electricity demand forecast. It would lead to excessive investment in an electricity infrastructure. Government has confirmed that part of the new infrastructure would be nuclear. It is also found that NDP has not clearly supported nuclear as part of the strategy. Nuclear is partly the reason why the capital requirement of the NDP portfolio is so much higher than the other portfolios. It is the conclusion of this study that South Africa do not need to invest in a nuclear build programme as the electricity demand would be adequately covered by adding the new Medupi and Kusile power stations, Ingula pump storage scheme, some wind and solar renewables, electricity from cogeneration, biogas, biomass, small hydro and imported hydro from neighbour countries. To invest in electricity capacity to generate 450TWh annually by 2030 would result in excessive energy cost, GDP growth could be up to 1% lower due to underperforming capital investments in the electricity infrastructure and higher energy cost would lead to a decline in global competitiveness.
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Slechten, Aurelie. "Policies for climate change." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209493.

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In my thesis, I address two important issues: (i) the creation of a price signal through the use of carbon markets (or cap-and-trade schemes) and (ii) the necessity to reach a global agreement on greenhouse gas emission reduction policies. It consists of three separate papers. Chapters 2 and 3 of this thesis emphasize theoretically and empirically the fact that achieving international cooperation on climate change is very difficult. Chapter 3 suggests that the global nature of the climate change problem and the design of climate agreements (i.e. the means available to reduce CO2 emissions) may explain this failure. Chapter 2 shows theoretically that asymmetric information between countries may exacerbate the free-rider problem. These two chapters also provide some possible solutions to the lack of international cooperation. To address the issue of information asymmetry, chapter 2 proposes the creation of institutions in charge of gathering and certifying countries' private information before environmental negotiations. If achieving international cooperation is still not possible, chapter 3 suggests that regional cooperation may supplement global treaties. Chapter 1 presents an example of such a regional agreement to reduce CO2 emissions. The EU emissions trading system is a cornerstone of the European Union's policy to combat climate change. However, as it is highlighted in chapter 1, the design of such regional carbon markets really matters for their success in reducing carbon emissions. This chapter shows the interactions between intertemporal permit trading and the incentives of firms to undertake long-term investments in abatement technologies.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Дядечко, Алла Миколаївна, Алла Николаевна Дядечко, Alla Mykolaivna Diadechko, Дарина Володимирівна Боронос, Дарина Владимировна Боронос, and Daryna Volodymyrivna Boronos. "Environmental, social and economic aspects of global climate change." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16882.

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Боронос, Дарина Володимирівна, Дарина Владимировна Боронос, Daryna Volodymyrivna Boronos, Вікторія Георгіївна Боронос, Виктория Георгиевна Боронос, and Viktoriia Heorhiivna Boronos. "Environmental, social and economic aspects of global climate change." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8127.

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Meng, Sisi. "Economic Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Hazard Risk Mitigation." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2630.

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According to Munich Re (2013), economic losses related to natural disasters have increased from an average of $50 billion in the 1980s to $200 billion over the last decade. The cost of natural disasters is accumulating rapidly and some claim that climate change is responsible. Others believe that human behaviors like population growth or land use should be blamed for these rising costs. The process of climate change has already taken place, and it is expected to continue to impact the future. As a result, people are more vulnerable today. Therefore, understanding the economic aspects of climate change and natural hazard risks should be considered as a major issue and addressed in greater detail. This dissertation aimed to explore household preferences of climate change adaptation and the economic impacts of natural hazards at both micro- and macro- levels. The dissertation consisted of three related empirical studies based on the two main changes that will occur with climate change predicted by scientific climate models: stronger hurricanes and rising sea levels. The first chapter examined the impact of a recent hurricane on household activities. The objective was to find out whether a more intensified hurricane caused greater damages, and whether such damages had a long-lasting impact on household recovery. If the impact of natural hazards is worse than before, people should avoid putting themselves in harm's way. However, evidence indicates that the population in coastal cities is still growing fast, as people tend to reside near the beaches and attractive landscapes. Concerns are thus prompted by the possible lack of perceptions for future risks caused by natural hazards. Therefore, the second chapter focused on household perceptions and preferences for adapting to sea level rise in Florida. Lastly, although a disaster strikes rich or poor nations indifferently, some small island nations are among the most vulnerable. In the third chapter, the macroeconomic implications of natural hazards in Central America and the Caribbean were investigated. A careful examination of the economic factors that can lead to smaller losses and higher abilities to cope with disasters is crucial in such countries.
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Mayom, Chol Permina. "Impact of Climate Change and Weather Variability on North Dakota Agriculture." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29717.

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This study used county-level yields and panel data (1950-2006) to explain the Impact of climate change and weather variability on North Dakota agriculture by estimating the effect of variation in temperature and precipitation on the yields of four major crops: com, durum, soybeans and wheat. In addition to yields, the study examined Impacts of climate change on crop gross revenues per acre for all 53 counties in North Dakota. An econometric model was developed to infer statistical relationships between weather variability and crop yields. Fixed and random effects models were employed to estimate the impacts of climate variables (temperature and precipitation) on crop yields. The Hausman test statistics was applied to test the preferred panel estimation approach: fixed versus random effects. Using mean values of precipitation and degree days for all counties, we calculated percentage changes in estimated crop yields for six climate change scenarios. The historical price data for the four crops (com, soybeans, spring wheat and durum) were used to generate per acre gross returns under the six weather-change scenarios in order to provide preliminary evidence about the effects of precipitation and temperature changes on farmer returns for the four crops.
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Kent, Avidan. "International trade, investment, and climate change : a tale of legal and institutional fragmentation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648583.

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Marais, Frans. "Considerations for implementating market based mechanisms in combating climate change in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012952.

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Since the first period of the Kyoto Protocol, there has been a growing concern that the burden of reducing greenhouse gas emissions should not only be borne by developed countries, but developing countries as well. South Africa, as the 18th highest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world and highest in Africa, has a significant responsibility to reduce its emissions levels. The South African government is currently in the process of implementing a carbon tax for its short term response to climate change and considering the implementation of a carbon market as a medium to long term response to climate change. Both of these market based mechanisms are widely deemed effective in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by economists, however are also known to have negative social and economic implications upon an economy. This study identifies these implications and attempts to provide considerations on how to alleviate the implications through the most appropriate process of revenue recycling. The negative effects of Implementing a carbon tax or carbon market could be severe as and not limited to: a significant decline in GDP, a reduction in the standard of living for certain households, a fall in a country's exports and even an increase in poverty. South Africa's environmental and development policies place a strict precedence on the protection of the poor and the prevention of economic hardship induced by such policies. This places significant importance on the prevention of these externalities from occurring. A primary means of doing so is through the process of revenue recycling, however, certain channels of revenue recycling are by no means helpful, hence the most appropriate channel needs to be identified. The study carried out a multiple case study analysis on Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Norway, to determine what effects a carbon tax had on their economies and how these effects were mitigated through carbon tax revenue recycling. An additional analysis of the EU ETS was carried out to determine how the EU ETS was implemented and the controversies and concerns that arose during its implementation. The findings of this analysis were then compared to a number of South African economist’s case studies, and the most appropriate method of revenue recycling identified and possible solutions to the EU ETS controversies found. The study concludes that a food subsidy has the potential to provide positive effects on welfare employment and GDP; therefore could be considered to be the most appropriate method of revenue recycling. However, these effects are limited to be experienced only at low levels of a carbon tax, hence, short term in nature. The study therefore provides a further consideration that the use of multiple channels for revenue recycling needs to be explored that could provide stable longer term effects. In addition, in the implementation of a carbon market, the study concludes that government should consider using an auction approach in the initial allocation phase of an ETS and the use of a centralized registry for monitoring and controlling of information and transactions.
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Ou, Po-Hsiang. "Climate change v Eurozone crisis : social and economic views of risk in inter-expert risk communication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f3619fc5-fd2a-483b-92b5-94aa90ce13d1.

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This DPhil thesis discusses how two divergent risk conceptions, a 'social view' and an 'economic view' of risk, are constructed through inter-expert risk communication. Different and sometimes contradictory concepts of risk are mobilised in regulatory practice, but the origins of these divergent risk conceptions are not extensively studied. This thesis seeks to unpack this divergence. Empirically, I analyse risk communication among experts in the European Union (EU) during the creation of two risk regulation standards. The two case studies, one related to the development of the two-degree target of EU climate policies (the climate case) and the other about the negotiation of the excessive deficit criteria of the Maastricht Treaty (the euro case), can shed light on the relations between risk conceptions and inter-expert risk communication. I argue that through risk communication, an initial 'view' of risk can be entrenched and developed into a paradigmatic 'risk conception'. My analysis uses historical and sociological institutionalism, by focusing on path dependence of risk communication and social construction risk conceptions among EU experts. Through the two case studies, I identify four analytical dimensions of inter-expert risk communication: networks (the institutional setting and relationships between different experts), cultures (the mentalities of experts in relation to discussing risks), dynamics (the actual processes of transmitting and receiving risk messages) and strategies (the rationales supporting the decisions of risk regulation standards). My thematic analysis reveals four key distinct 'features' of social/economic views of risk: expertise (the types of knowledge mobilised), normality (characterising risk as either 'special' or 'routine'), probability (considering risk as either uncertain or calculable) and impact (seeing risk as either negative or positive). I argue that these four features can help explain the construction of risk conceptions, and more broadly, provide an analytical framework for studying how views of risk evolve and interact over time.
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Maréchal, Kevin. "The economics of climate change and the change of climate in economics: the implications for climate policy of adopting an evolutionary perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210278.

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1. Contextual outline of the PhD Research

Climate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition.

The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today’s world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society.

The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change.

In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called “mechanistic reductionism”. The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics.

Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent.

2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy

Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics “share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising.

The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies.

The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of ‘multi-level selection’. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties.

More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past “lock-in” stories.

Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through “habits” and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of ‘technological lock-in’ in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the ‘behavioural’ part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective.

As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the ‘no-regret’ emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy.

An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments ,it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as “barriers” and partly relate to the ‘bounded rationality’ of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents.

Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become “counter-intentional”, it then follows that people may often display “locked-in” practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed.

In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits).

Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive.

Mentioned references:

David, P. A. (1985), Clio and the economics of QWERTY, American Economic Review 75/2: 332–337.

IPCC, 2007, ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis’, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S. D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp.

Stern, N. 2006, ‘Stern Review: The economics of Climate Change’, Report to the UK Prime Minister and Chancellor, London, 575 p. (www.sternreview.org.uk)

van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. 2007, ‘Evolutionary thinking in environmental economics’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17(5): 521-549.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Books on the topic "Climate change – Economic aspects"

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South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, ed. Discounting climate change. Kathmandu: South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics, 2008.

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The economics of climate change. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2010.

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The economics of climate change and the change of climate in economics. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012.

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Richard, Baron, Godard Olivier, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Committee., eds. International economic instruments and climate change. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1993.

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Scott, Barrett. Convention on climate change: Economic aspects of negotiations. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.

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author, Stanton Elizabeth A., ed. Climate change and global equity. London: Anthem Press, 2014.

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Kane, Sally. Climate change: Economic implications for world agriculture. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1991.

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Kane, Sally. Climate change: Economic implications for world agriculture. Washington, DC (1301 New York Ave., N.W., Washington 20005-4788): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1991.

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Climate change mitigation, technological innovation and adaptation: A new perspective on climate policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2014.

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Nick, Hanley, ed. The economics of climate change. New York: Routledge, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Climate change – Economic aspects"

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Burg, Tsjalle. "Economic Aspects." In Joint Implementation to Curb Climate Change, 71–126. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8370-1_3.

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Sharan, Anandi. "Social, Economic, and Political Aspects of Climate Change." In Climate Change Management, 779–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14776-0_46.

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Metz, Bert. "Climate Policy in the European Community and Its Economic Aspects." In Global Climate Change, 391–414. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2914-5_24.

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Welfens, Paul J. J. "Perspectives on the Climate Debate and International Economic Aspects." In Global Climate Change Policy, 161–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94594-7_5.

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Hohmeyer, Olav, and Klaus Rennings. "Introduction: Economic Aspects of and Policy Options for Climate Protection." In Man-Made Climate Change, 1–4. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47035-6_1.

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Shahrood, Abolfazl Jalali, Moonisa Aslam Dervash, Akhlaq Amin Wani, and Mohammad Amin Bhat. "Impact of Climate Change on Economic and Sociopolitical Aspects." In Climate Change Alleviation for Sustainable Progression, 70–77. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003106982-5.

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Guimarães, Patricia Borba Villar, and Anderson Lanzillo. "Preventing Climate Disasters: Legal and Economic Aspects of the Implementation of the National Fund on Climate Change in Brazil." In Climate Change Management, 475–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31110-9_31.

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Okure, Mackay A. E., Yonah K. Turinayo, and Samuel B. Kucel. "Techno-Economic Viability of Husk Powered Systems for Rural Electrification in Uganda: Part II: Economic and Policy Aspects." In The Nexus: Energy, Environment and Climate Change, 53–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63612-2_4.

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Paterson, Shona K., and Kristen Guida. "Bridging Gaps: Connecting Climate Change Risk Assessments with Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Agendas." In Creating Resilient Futures, 65–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80791-7_4.

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AbstractChanging climates and increasing variability, in combination with maladaptive societal responses, present many threats and risks to both social and biophysical systems. The outcomes of such changes will progressively affect all aspects of ecosystem functioning including social, political, and economic landscapes. Coordination between the three frameworks that govern risk at national and subnational scales, climate change risk assessments, climate adaptation planning and disaster risk reduction (DRR), is often lacking or limited. This has resulted in a siloed and fragmented approach to climate action. By examining risk as a dynamic social construction that is reimagined and reinvented by society over time, this chapter explores how a greater degree of cohesion between these three frameworks might be achieved.
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Şafak, Şükrü, and Taha Altıparmak. "Evaluation of Alternative Source of Rare Earth Elements Current Situation (Technological and Economic Aspects)." In Climate Change, Natural Resources and Sustainable Environmental Management, 204–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04375-8_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Climate change – Economic aspects"

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Granovskii, Mikhail, Ibrahim Dincer, and Marc Rosen. "Economic Aspects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction by Utilisation of Wind and Solar Energies to Produce Electricity and hydrogen." In 2006 IEEE EIC Climate Change Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eicccc.2006.277263.

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ATKOČIŪNIENĖ, Vilma, and Shaik Ilyas MOHAMMED. "PARTICULARITIES OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE BLACK FOREST: CLIMATE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.239.

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The current European Union’s and state agricultural support is more focused on the modernization of farms in technological terms, coupled with the intensification of production, and weakly focused on the farm exclusivity and diversification. This creates a minor motivation for farmers to address the issues related to climate change mitigation. The main attention in the article is concentrated on two themes: climate change and forest management. The main research methods were used: analysis and generalization of scientific literature, interview, logical and systematically reasoning, comparison, abstracts and other methods. The farms in the lower mountain ranges of Germany will change different climate conditions analyzed in the 2017 summer. Sustainable framing wide term in black forest, forest lands, organic farms, are depending or considering the climate cycles. In economic social conditions of Germany, black forest farming is so sensitive towards ancient methods of farming and their equations with the current environment. In simple terms, black forest sustainable framing is farming ecological by promoting methods and practices that are economically viable. It does not only particular about economic aspects of farming perhaps on the use of non-renewable factors in the process of thoughtful and effective farming. Agriculture land of Black Forest contributes to the nutrient and healthy food to reach high standard of living of the black forest society.
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Vargek Stilinović, Ana. "THE RISE OF CLIMATE CHANGE LITIGATION: IS THERE A (REAL) LEGAL RISK FOR EU BANKING SECTOR?" In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22417.

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Banks had a crucial role in both major crises that hit the globe in the last fifteen years. While they were held responsible for onset of the global financial crisis in 2007, banks, oppositely, greatly contributed in mitigating the negative effects of recent health crisis caused by COVID- 19. The latter calamity showed us that certain natural events can represent significant threat not only to human lives and health but also to financial markets. Apart from pandemic, there is another nature related threat on the financial market horizon – the climate change. Recent actions on EU and international level show that role of the banks in tackling climate change crisis would not be negligible. For decades there were multiple attempts to encourage governments to take bolder measures to combat climate change by signing various international agreements. Nonetheless, only the Paris Agreement, that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emission to achieve a climate neutral world by 2050, proved to be a real game changer. Ever since the Agreement entered into force in 2015, there is a continuous and significant rise in climate change litigations. Such litigations are initiated primarily against governments for not reaching the Paris Agreements goals, but also against private sector – notably the emitters of CO2. However, not only are CO2 emitters held personally responsible for environmental damage in legal proceedings conducted, but also other parties that could influence CO2 emissions. Banks can indirectly influence CO2 emission, for example by providing credit lines to carbonintensive sectors. However, this indirect influence of banks to climate change is still not specifically recognized and regulated. Analysis of the climate change litigation landmark cases shows that national jurisdictions do not contain the legal basis for climate change responsibility stricto sensu. This legislative shortcoming is, however, overcome by interpreting legal principles and human rights obligations that arise from various international documents. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to ascertain is there a real climate change litigation risk for EU banks? Could banks, as private entities, be held responsible for contribution to climate change by invoking human rights? If the answer is affirmative, what can banks do in order to mitigate this risk? And finally, according to existing legal framework, are Croatian banks exposed to climate change litigation risk?
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Muszyński, Robert, and Katarzyna Kocur-Bera. "Climate Change – Analysis of Indicators." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.605.

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Progressing climate change poses a major threat to the Earth. According to a UN report, reducing global warming to below 1.5 °C offers hope for maintaining the current quality of human lives and for protecting the environment. The report also points out that there is a prescription for curbing the catastrophic effects of climate change. In order to achieve the aim of stopping the increase in temperature, both adequate knowledge of the hazard and measures based on proven technologies are required. The first step that will enable the commencement of activities is to identify the hazard characteristics and their effect on the environment. In this regard, various types of indicators that cover the local, regional and global scale in various aspects, both environmental and anthropogenic, are very helpful. The main purpose of the analysis is to examine indicators/indices that synthetically express/define various aspects which reflect climate change. The study applied the method of research of the available literature. The analysis showed that the economies of countries use indicators that describe the different scale of impact and a different objective and subjective range. This is mainly determined by the needs and accessibility of data.
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Ciconkov, Risto. "Climate Change and HVACR Systems." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.245.

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Indicators at a global level are presented: population in the world today and forecasts for developed and developing countries. The following diagrams are presented: world total primary energy consumption, global CO2 emissions from combustion since 1971, as well as cumulative CO2 emissions by regions since 1750. Facts for climate change are included (according to WMO and IPCC): increase in GHG concentrations, increase in air temperature, rise in sea level, etc. The consequences of global warming are listed: extreme rainfall and floods; high temperatures – heat waves, droughts, wildfires; huge damage to agriculture; harmful impacts on the environment, etc. The IPCC provides several scenarios for a global rise of air temperature up to 2100, for a global rise of sea level etc. The activities of the international community on climate change are organized through: IPCC, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement and continuous negotiations. The European Union (EU) is probably the most advanced in the battle against climate change. Some important strategies are outlined: by 2020, by 2030, and by 2050. Heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems (HVACR) are connected with energy consumption, which means they are a source of GHG emissions. The situation with HVACR systems is such that even in EU countries, the fossil fuels are dominant in the heating systems. Future solutions for HVACR systems are described. The first step is to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and HVACR equipment. The concept of "nearly zero-energy buildings" should be worked on. HVACR systems should be based on renewable energy sources (RES). The considered solutions include heat pumps, solar panels, thermal storage, district heating, combined heat and power, condensing boilers, reversible air conditioners, the concept of "smart" buildings, automation of HVACR systems with digital technology, etc. The political, economic and social aspects of climate change are analyzed. Capitalism society, market economy, profit, is the main reason for today's climate change situation. On the end, there is a discussion highlighting the need for urgent and major investment in RES and energy efficiency. For rich countries, this is really achievable. But developing countries, representing 83% of the world's population, need financial assistance, and this needs to be regulated through the Paris Agreement. Obstacles of a political nature are also possible (US and Paris Agreement).
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Andre, Martin, Zsolt Lavicza, and Theodosia Prodromou. "Integrating ‘education for sustainable development’ in statistics classes: visual analysis of social and economic data with gapminder." In New Skills in the change World of Statistics Education. International association for Statistical Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.20103.

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Sustainable development goals (SDGs) address various aspects of future human development such as poverty, pollution, or climate change. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) seeks to encourage students to actively participate and consider these issues in sustainable development. Following design-based research approaches, our study aims to identify opportunities for integrating ESD into statistics education. We describe the main features of an ESD-integrated learning trajectory for middle school students exploring sets of ESD related data visually with the software Gapminder. The outcomes of our study suggest that (1) Students’ engagement in forming statistical models of various countries’ sustainable development developed their abilities to generate statistical questions (2) Their intuitive knowledge of statistical concepts was further formalized during their subsequent analyses.
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Yereshko, Julia, Viktor Koval, Pavlo Nesenenko, Sergii Kovbasenko, Huazhi Gui, and Rima Tamošiūnienė. "THEORY MEETS REALITY: INVESTIGATING THE FINANCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.908.

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In the last few decades, the topic of sustainability has become more and more widespread, which is logically explained by its relevance, given the environmental conditions and challenges posed by climate change. However, there are many contradictions and controversies regarding sustainable development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to try to understand the true essence of sustainability as a concept. As a subject of research, no less relevant, one might say, even a “fashionable” industry today, the renewable energy was chosen. It is on the example of the latter that we try to explore the “reality” and the “possibility” of sustainable development.
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Rakhmindyarto, Rakhmindyarto. "Climate Policies in Indonesia’s Development Agenda: Why a Carbon Tax is Marginalised." In LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.83.

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Drawing on the results of an exploratory qualitative study based on in-depth interviews involving government executives, politicians, business players, and non-government organisations (NGOs), this paper explores climate policies in Indonesia’s national development agenda, including whether a carbon tax could be one of the national priority policy goals. The results suggest that there is heterogeneity in how Indonesian key stakeholders perceive climate policies in Indonesia’s development agenda. Indonesian stakeholders are cognisant of the adverse impacts of climate change on social, economic, and environmental aspects. They also acknowledge that having clear and sound climate mitigation policies is required to achieve Indonesia’s ambitious GHG emissions reduction target. However, Indonesia’s development policy goals are focusing on economic growth, in particular boosting infrastructure investments, reducing poverty and inequality, and job expansion. This makes climate policies are compromised and has created conflicts between Indonesia’s development agenda and its commitment to deal with climate change issues. Overall, the study finds that climate policies are incompatible with Indonesia’s development agenda, therefore a carbon tax is placed at the bottom of the national policy goals.
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Soldatenko, Sergei, Sergei Soldatenko, Genrikh Alekseev, Genrikh Alekseev, Alexander Danilov, and Alexander Danilov. "A MODELING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND HEDGING IN COASTAL AREAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9398d1adf1.08545898.

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Every aspect of human operations faces a wide range of risks, some of which can cause serious consequences. By the start of 21st century, mankind has recognized a new class of risks posed by climate change. It is obvious, that the global climate is changing, and will continue to change, in ways that affect the planning and day to day operations of businesses, government agencies and other organizations and institutions. The manifestations of climate change include but not limited to rising sea levels, increasing temperature, flooding, melting polar sea ice, adverse weather events (e.g. heatwaves, drought, and storms) and a rise in related problems (e.g. health and environmental). Assessing and managing climate risks represent one of the most challenging issues of today and for the future. The purpose of the risk modeling system discussed in this paper is to provide a framework and methodology to quantify risks caused by climate change, to facilitate estimates of the impact of climate change on various spheres of human activities and to compare eventual adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. The system integrates both physical climate system and economic models together with knowledge-based subsystem, which can help support proactive risk management. System structure and its main components are considered. Special attention is paid to climate risk assessment, management and hedging in the Arctic coastal areas.
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Soldatenko, Sergei, Sergei Soldatenko, Genrikh Alekseev, Genrikh Alekseev, Alexander Danilov, and Alexander Danilov. "A MODELING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND HEDGING IN COASTAL AREAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315ae4ac9.

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Every aspect of human operations faces a wide range of risks, some of which can cause serious consequences. By the start of 21st century, mankind has recognized a new class of risks posed by climate change. It is obvious, that the global climate is changing, and will continue to change, in ways that affect the planning and day to day operations of businesses, government agencies and other organizations and institutions. The manifestations of climate change include but not limited to rising sea levels, increasing temperature, flooding, melting polar sea ice, adverse weather events (e.g. heatwaves, drought, and storms) and a rise in related problems (e.g. health and environmental). Assessing and managing climate risks represent one of the most challenging issues of today and for the future. The purpose of the risk modeling system discussed in this paper is to provide a framework and methodology to quantify risks caused by climate change, to facilitate estimates of the impact of climate change on various spheres of human activities and to compare eventual adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. The system integrates both physical climate system and economic models together with knowledge-based subsystem, which can help support proactive risk management. System structure and its main components are considered. Special attention is paid to climate risk assessment, management and hedging in the Arctic coastal areas.
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Reports on the topic "Climate change – Economic aspects"

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Qafoku, Nikolla P. Overview of different aspects of climate change effects on soils. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1167316.

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Kukla, G., J. Gavin, and T. Karl. Multi-dimensional aspects of recent climate change in North America. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6922754.

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Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.

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This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.
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Anslow, Patricia M. Global Climate Change - U.S. Economic and National Security Opportunity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada500785.

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Placet, Marylynn, Kenneth K. Humphreys, and N. Maha Mahasenan. Climate Change Technology Scenarios: Energy, Emissions, and Economic Implications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/860086.

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Auffhammer, Maximilian, Solomon Hsiang, Wolfram Schlenker, and Adam Sobel. Using Weather Data and Climate Model Output in Economic Analyses of Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19087.

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Kolstad, Charles, and Frances Moore. Estimating the Economic Impacts of Climate Change Using Weather Observations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25537.

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Lemoine, Derek. Expect Above Average Temperatures: Identifying the Economic Impacts of Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23549.

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White, Andrew, and Howard D. Passell. Climate Change Science Review 2018 and Associated Social and Economic Impacts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1614962.

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Dell, Melissa, Benjamin Jones, and Benjamin Olken. Climate Change and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14132.

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