Journal articles on the topic 'Climate Change Adaptation Measures'
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Schoetter, Robert, David Grawe, Peter Hoffmann, Peter Kirschner, Angelika Grätz, and K. Heinke Schlünzen. "Impact of local adaptation measures and regional climate change on perceived temperature." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0381.
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Stagrum, Anna Eknes, Erlend Andenæs, Tore Kvande, and Jardar Lohne. "Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Buildings—A Scoping Review." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051721.
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As the climate changes globally and locally, the built environment will be subject to different climatic exposure than in the past. Adaptation measures are required to ensure the long-term integrity and successful operation of the built environment. This study examines literature on climate adaptation measures for buildings through a scoping literature review. It is centered around the main journals in the field of climate adaptation of the built environment, then expanded to map the extent of scientific publications about climate adaptation in general. Studies that regard future climate scenarios have been of particular interest. The majority of the identified literature concerns climate change impacts on buildings in warm climates, with overheating being seen as the greatest challenge. Additionally, few empirical studies are found; most identified research is based on computer simulations or literature reviews. The volume of research on the consequences of climate change on buildings in cold regions is surprisingly small, considering the pecuniary stakes involved. The predictions of climate scenarios suggest regulatory/policy measures on climate adaptation should be taken as quickly as possible to avoid greater costs in the future. However, further research into future scenarios is also essential.
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Saleh, Mohamed, and Leila Hashemian. "Addressing Climate Change Resilience in Pavements: Major Vulnerability Issues and Adaptation Measures." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042410.
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Climate change is the one of the greatest challenges of our time, and it poses a threat to the surrounding built and natural environments. This review paper addresses climate change resilience in pavements by considering major vulnerability issues and adaptation measures. First, a review on foundational information of climate change related to transportation infrastructure is provided to bring all transportation professionals and practitioners to the same knowledge base on climate change terminology. Such information includes sources of climate information, climate scenarios, downscaling climate data, and uncertainty in climate projection information. Relevant climate stressors to pavements are discussed in some depth, including the most significant ones, which are increases in temperature and precipitation intensity. Thus, the proposed different engineering-informed adaptation measures relevant to the climate stressors of interest were evidence-based with reference to published peer-reviewed articles and case studies. Such adaptation solutions are related to monitoring pavement key performance parameters and pavement adaptations in structural design, robust materials and mix design, along with adaptation in maintenance, regulation, and construction. Efforts to adapt pavement systems to climate change are ongoing. In addition to such research works, this study concludes that impacts of adaptation measures on pavement and environment should be incorporated in the decision-making process in planning and design. This makes it important to integrate practical adaptation strategies in design and construction standards and guides, and implement awareness and education of climate change adaptation among engineers and practitioners.
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Khayyam, Umer, Rida Bano, and Shahzad Alvi. "Towards Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation." Comparative Sociology 20, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-bja10028.
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Abstract Global climate change is one of the main threats facing humanity and the impacts on natural systems as well as humans are expected to be severe. People can take action against these threats through two approaches: mitigation and adaptation. However, mitigations and adaptations are contingent on the level of motivation and awareness, as well as socio-economic and environmental conditions. This study examined personal perception and motivation to mitigate and adapt to climate change among the university students in the capital city of Pakistan. We divided the respondents into social sciences, applied sciences and natural sciences, using logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that students who perceive severity, benefits from preparation, and have more information about climate change were 1.57, 4.98 and 1.63 times more likely to take mitigation and 1.47, 1.14 and 1.17 times more likely to take adaptation measures, respectively. Students who perceived self-efficacy, obstacles to protect from the negative consequences of climate change and who belonged to affluent families were more likely to take mitigation measures and less likely to take adaptation strategies. However, mitigation and adaptation were unaffected by age, gender and study discipline.
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Bator, Agata, and Agnieszka Borek. "Adaptation to Climate Change under Climate Change Treaties." International Community Law Review 23, no. 2-3 (June 29, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341467.
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Abstract On the ground that climate change poses a great threat to societies and economies, it became evident for policy makers that attention should be given to the problem of adaptation, i.e. adaptation measures should be undertaken to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. As the debate on the adverse impacts of climate change advanced at international level, states are taking actions at national, regional and local levels. Along with the increase awareness regarding importance of adaptation, regulations designed to prepare states to strengthen their resilience to climate change, has been developed in climate change treaties. Paris Agreement seems to be the first global agreement which addresses adaptation as one of its key goals and links it with mitigation efforts. The purpose of this article is to discuss the most important regulations and programmes within the regime established by the Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement concerning adaptation to climate change.
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Poulsen, Mikkel, Michael Lauring, and Camilla Brunsgaard. "A REVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTIVE MEASURES IN ARCHITECTURE WITHIN TEMPERATE CLIMATE ZONES." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.15.2.113.
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ABSTRACT Since a large portion of greenhouse gases are emitted by the building sector, there has been a push towards sustainable low energy architecture, which could help mitigate the effects of climate change. Although climate change is considered inevitable, adaptive measures must be taken in the field of architecture to alleviate its impact. Creating an overview of the state of the art in the field of architecture as it adapts to climate change will help identify the problems and possibilities of architectural adaptation. The aim must be to create buildings that are as suitable to the current climate as they are to the climate of the future and maintain an ability to resist the impacts of climate change; this ability to resist potential change is defined as adaptive capacity. It is challenging to reconcile the energy requirements for contemporary buildings with rising temperatures and extreme weather in temperate climate zones. The literature on the subject is explored through iterative searches in scientific databases. In discussions about the possible adaptations to climate change, there needs to be a focus on human adaptation facilitated by architecture and the built environment’s utilization and support of ecosystem services in adaptation strategies, since the scope of climate change reaches beyond the singular building. There are plenty of strategies and technologies from which to draw but little focus on how these should support the design of a building and its inhabitants. In the future it will be necessary to look at the adaptive capacity of a building itself and how the building can benefit its surroundings.
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Vizinho, André, David Avelar, Cristina Branquinho, Tiago Capela Lourenço, Silvia Carvalho, Alice Nunes, Leonor Sucena-Paiva, et al. "Framework for Climate Change Adaptation of Agriculture and Forestry in Mediterranean Climate Regions." Land 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020161.
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Planning the adaptation of agriculture and forestry landscapes to climate change remains challenging due to the need for integrating substantial amounts of information. This information ranges from climate scenarios, geographical site information, socio-economic data and several possible adaptation measures. Thus, there is an urgent need to have a framework that is capable of organizing adaptation strategies and measures in the agriculture and forestry sectors in Mediterranean climatic regions. Additionally, this framework should provide a cause effect relation with climate vulnerability to adequately support the development of adaptation planning at municipal and local (farm) level. In this context, we propose to test and evaluate a framework for climate adaptation of the agriculture and forestry sectors, based on the local causal-effect relation between adaptation strategies and measures and the level of vulnerability reduction achieved for Mediterranean areas. The framework was developed based on the combination of the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses) and Vulnerability frameworks and reviewed 162 practical adaptation measures, further organized into strategies, complemented by a set of efficacy indicators. The framework was tested with 70 stakeholders in six stakeholder workshops for the planning of two farms and one municipal climate adaptation study, that are now in actual implementation and monitoring. The framework is composed by a set of eight adaptation strategies in which adaptation measures are clustered and assessed using efficacy indicators. In the evaluation of the adaptation framework, 96% of stakeholders considered its content as good or very good and 89% considered the final outcomes as good or very good. Finally, the framework was also used to assess and compare the adaptation strategies and measures presented in the climate adaptation plans of the three case studies. On average, 52.2% of the adaptation measures selected by the three case studies are dedicated to Ecosystem Resilience, 30.9% to Adaptive Capacity, 9.1% to Microclimates, 7.4% to Protection, and 0.3% to Mitigation strategies. This framework was considered effective in supporting adaptation planning at farm and municipal levels and useful to assess and compare adaptation plans in the frame of vulnerability reduction. Future studies can further contribute to support adaptation planning in these sectors by using, developing and streamlining this framework to additional and different socio-ecological contexts.
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Muchuru, Shepherd, and Godwell Nhamo. "Climate change and the African livestock sector." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 9, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2016-0093.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate and review adaptation measures in the livestock sector from 21 African countries through literature survey and grounded theory approaches. The adaptation themes that emerged captured essence of measures and experience drawn from varied country submissions and contexts instituted to make the livestock sector climate compatible in as far as adaptation is concerned. Design/methodology/approach Literature survey approach was used on the impacts of climate change on livestock and a review of the submitted adaptation measures. The study used grounded theory approach to derive meaning from the retrieved information. The grounded theory was derived inductively through systematic collection and analysis of data pertaining to the submitted National Communications reports. The retrieved themes were then examined and interpreted to give meaning and draw conclusions through coding, conceptualizing, categorizing and theorizing. Findings Results identify eight adaptation themes: carrying capacity and policies; integrated pasture management; capacity building, extension, training, awareness and information sharing; livestock breeding, diversification and intensification; disease, vectors and parasites management; technology, innovation, research and development; alternative livelihood; and water supply. The findings show that African Governments have been implementing effective adaptation measures for food security through building a climate resilient livestock production system. Originality/value This study is one of the first to lead to recommendations that decision- and policymakers, private sectors, relevant stakeholders and government officials and scientists should play a key role in ensuring that adaptation measures reach farmers, herders at grassroots level. In addition, governments should create an enabling environment (policies) in climate change adaptation to improve food security. These recommendations might be helpful in many communities where adaptation to climate change is a pressing issue.
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Kim, Na yoon, and Chang Sug Park. "Analysis of Adaptation Measure Networks for Climate Disaster Management." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.1.45.
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This study analyzed the interconnectivity of climate change adaptation measures in the water management, health, and disaster sectors. A survey encompassing inputs from 94 experts was conducted for the analysis. Then a social network analysis was performed, based on the results of the survey, using Netminer 4.0. The findings confirmed that climate change adaptation measures in the water management, health and disaster sectors are interconnected. In addition, the results demonstrated that adaptation measures across these sectors are effective at addressing interconnected risks of climate change. Findings from this study have value as they can be used to prepare climate change adaptation measures that reflect climate risk. It is also significant that clusters of climate change adaptation measures have been derived from the results of this study.
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Markou, Marinos, Cleopatra A. Moraiti, Andreas Stylianou, and George Papadavid. "Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture: Adaptation Measures For Six Crops in Cyprus." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050483.
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The agricultural sector of Cyprus is seriously affected by climate change impacts. In the framework of the ADAPT2CLIMA project, the available techniques and methods implemented worldwide for the adaptation of six crops (wheat, barley, potatoes, tomatoes, grapes, and olives) to climate change impacts were thoroughly assessed. The identified adaptation options were categorized according to the climate change impact they address as follows: measures against drought stress, heat stress, decreasing plant health, extreme weather events and reduced crop productivity. Another category that refers to measures that address more than one category of climate change was also added. The evaluation of the identified adaptation options was based on a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. The identified adaptation measures were graded according to the following criteria: efficiency of the measure, urgency of implementing the measure, usefulness of implementation irrespective of climate change, technical difficulty, contribution to climate change adaptation, economic viability and social acceptance. Fifty-six respondents (experts and stakeholders) filled the questionnaire, suggesting twelve recommended adaptation measures (with high score ≥ 60%), which mainly refer to irrigation adaptation measures, cultural practices, and methods for upgrading external services to farmers. The recommended adaptation measures for Cyprus are thoroughly presented and discussed.
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Hodakova, D., A. Zuzulova, and S. Capayova. "Climate change adaptation in pavement design." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1252, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1252/1/012017.
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Abstract Since 2011, the change in climatic characteristics has emerged as one of the three most common environmental risks today. Global warming forecasts warn that by 2100, our planet could warm by an average of 3.5 to 7.5 °C. In Europe, over the last 140 years, the average annual air temperature has risen by about 1.5 °C. In Slovakia, it was an increase of 1.7 - 1.8 °C on average. The consequences of these changes in road construction are immediate and intense and require adequate adaptation measures. Long-term measurements of climatic conditions in Slovakia were the basis for assessing changes in average daily air temperatures in individual seasons. With the design of road pavements and calculations of pavement structure models, we have also tested road construction materials - especially asphalt mixtures. The results were used to correct the values of input data, design criteria, as well as in measures to reduce the impact of changes in climatic conditions. The paper focuses on the characterization of the climatic conditions in Slovakia and the changes reflected in the design of the road constructions; also provides some insights into the solution of partial problems in the field of asphalt pavement and cement concrete pavement.
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채여라 and Hyun-ju Jo. "Analysis of Methodologies for Prioritizing Climate Change Adaptation Measures." Journal of Environmental Policy 12, no. 4 (December 2013): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17330/joep.12.4.201312.23.
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Yong-Jian, Ren, Cui Jiang-Xue, Wan Su-Qin, Liu Min, Chen Zheng-Hong, Liao Yu-Fang, and Wang Ji-Jun. "Climate Change Impacts on Central China and Adaptation Measures." Advances in Climate Change Research 4, no. 4 (December 2013): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1248.2013.215.
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Stamos, Iraklis, Evangelos Mitsakis, and Josep Maria Salanova Grau. "Roadmaps for Adaptation Measures of Transportation to Climate Change." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2532, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2532-01.
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Bhattarai, Utsab. "Tourism and climate change: socioeconomic implications, mitigation and adaptation measures." International Journal of Environment 4, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 355–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12664.
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The relationship between tourism and changing climate has been discussed and studied for a relatively long time in tourism research. Over the past 15 years, more focused studies have begun to appear, and especially recently, the issue of adaptation and mitigation has been emphasized as an urgent research need in tourism and climate change studies. This paper is based on the review of selected articles which discuss the several forms of tourism and climate change and provide recommendations for mitigation and adaptation measures. This review paper assesses the impacts of climate change on the popular forms of tourism such as; mountain tourism, wildlife tourism, adventure tourism, sun/sand tourism; last chance tourism, and describes the extent of tourism vulnerabilities and their implications. The paper concludes that the appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures have to be followed to minimize the risk of climate change while trying to save all forms of tourism. The initiative of this article is to present an overview of the existing literature on the relationship between tourism and climate change in order to establish the current state of corporate and institutional responses within the tourism industry and to set out an agenda for future research. The currency of the review is evident given the recent surge in popular discussion on climate change and its effects on tourism, and the appearance of a broad and disparate array of studies on this topic. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12664 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 355-373
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Xavier, Luciana Yokoyama, Maila Guilhon, Leandra Regina Gonçalves, Marina Ribeiro Corrêa, and Alexander Turra. "Waves of Change: Towards Ecosystem-Based Management to Climate Change Adaptation." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031317.
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Coastal climate change impacts challenge policy and decision makers to adopt more effective adaptation measures. The ecosystem-based management approach can shift adaptation towards a more holistic, integrated and sustainable path. However, as countries work on strategies to adapt to climate change, the questions of if and how such agendas consider and operationalise ecosystem-based management remains. As one of the world’s largest coastal countries, Brazil can have a prominent role in advancing the implementation of ecosystem-based management to coastal zones. By analysing two national Brazilian climate change adaptation institutions, this article evaluates and discusses the country’s advances in promoting climate change adaptations based on ecosystem-based management principles. Our findings show that, although Brazil has incorporated many ecosystem-based management principles to climate change adaptation at the national level, greater attention should be given to operationalizing principles related to acknowledging uncertainties, sustainability, democracy and knowledge production and application. The challenges to implement these principles mirror historical challenges of Brazilian coastal management policies, such as balancing development and conservation, promoting social participation and implementing effective social-ecological assessments and monitoring programs. Policy makers, scientists and communities should be aware of the need to strengthen ecosystem-based management principles in the current adaptation agenda in order to enhance its capacity to foster adaptation and just coastal sustainability.
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Su, Xun, and Minpeng Chen. "Econometric Approaches That Consider Farmers’ Adaptation in Estimating the Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture: A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 13700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113700.
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The question of whether and to what extent farmers can adapt to climate change has recently gained academic interest. This paper reviews contemporary econometric approaches that assess the impacts of climate change on agriculture and consider farmer adaptation, complementing previous methodological reviews with this distinctive adaptation perspective. The value of adaptation can be measured by comparing the differences between the long-term climate change effect and the short-term weather shock effect. However, this theoretical model has not yet been well supported by empirical evidence, as it is difficult to identify true adaptation, incorporating adaptation cost, and estimated adaptation rate. Quasi-natural experiments, cost-benefit analysis, and Bayesian models are effective tools to address these methodological drawbacks. Two methods dominate in the estimation of climate effects, but each has its own advantages. A good estimate provides a trade-off between the incorporation of farmers’ adaptive behavior and the reduction in omitted variables bias. Cross-sectional data models based on climate variability can capture farmers’ long-term adaptations but are prone to bias due to omitted variables. Panel data models are more effective at mitigating omitted variable bias by applying fixed effects, but do not consider farmers’ adaptative behavior to long-term climate change. To address this dilemma, several cutting-edge approaches have been developed, including integration with the weather and climate model, the long differences approach, and the long- and short-term hybrid approach. We found three key challenges, namely: (1) exploring adaptation mechanisms, (2) the CO2 fertilization effect, and (3) estimating the distributional effects of climate impacts. We also recommend future empirical studies to incorporate satellite remote sensing data, examine the relationship between different adaptation measures, model farmers’ future climate expectations, and include adaptation costs.
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Szpak, Agnieszka. "Impact of Climate Change Mitigation Measures on Indigenous Peoples." Reality of Politics 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop2022106.
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The author presents selected ventures in the area of climate change mitigation and adaptation that negatively affect indigenous peoples. Against this factual background, she analyzes relevant international legal regulations. Such an analysis enables the answer to the main research question: can climate change adaptation and mitigation actions be the justification for disrespecting the rights of indigenous peoples? The research method adopted is legal- -institutional analysis which includes an examination of the content of legal and other documents. Combined with critical analysis of literature and media reports this analysis allows representation of the reality – violations of the rights of indigenous peoples as a part of efforts to counteract climate change. Recommendations and main findings include: climate change adaptation and mitigation measures may not justify violations of the rights of indigenous peoples; such measures have to be developed in collaboration with indigenous communities; indigenous peoples’ rights may not be perceived as a factor hindering the State’s economic development or an obstacle to environmental protection; indigenous knowledge should be included in the strategies to combat climate change. Indigenous peoples should be regularly consulted by policy makers so that the their traditional knowledge is incorporated in decisions regarding these matters.
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Lin, Jolene. "Litigating Climate Change in Asia." Climate Law 4, no. 1-2 (July 25, 2014): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00402012.
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There is increasing climate change litigation in jurisdictions such as the United States, Australia and the European Union. Such litigation seeks to, inter alia, promote mitigation and compel governmental authorities to take effective adaptation measures. Climate litigation, however, is almost unknown in Asia. This article explores the potential for climate litigation in Asia and argues that conditions are ripe in jurisdictions like India and the Philippines for advancing climate mitigation and adaptation via the courtroom.
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ORAKWUE, CHIKAODILI A., ADAEZE M. OGUIKE, and GODWIN O. AGBILOKO. "CLIMATE CHANGE, SOCIAL CONFLICT AND ADAPTATION." WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/wjss/9102.40.010210.
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This work examined the relationship between climate change and the key social dimensions of vulnerability that often result in violent conflict. The authors adopted the human needs theory, the frustration-aggression theory of conflict, fragile state as well as the cultural theory of risk for climate change adaptation. The paper found that the government of Nigeria does not have an effective policy for adaptation during flooding, displacement and forceful migration due to climate change. The paper also highlighted other identifiable outcomes. These include loss of life and properties, increasing vulnerability, diminishing opportunities for income generating economic activities, increasing conflicts, the polity is tense and the country is overwhelmed due to increasing cases of victims of climate change and lack of adaptation measures. The paper therefore made appropriate recommendations to deal with the twin challenge of climate change and conflict in Nigeria.
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Michalak, Dorota. "A Comparative Analysis Of Initiatives And Adaptation Measures To Climate Change Undertaken In Poland And Western Europe." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0032.
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Climate change is one of the greatest contemporary threats to our planet's environmental, social and economic well-being, accompanied by major changes in life support systems on Earth, where the far-reaching effects will be felt in the coming decades. The Earth's climate is warming rapidly due to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The Stern Report predicts that in the long term, climate change could cut global gross domestic product (GDP) by 5 to 20% or more each year if it is not brought under control by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this paper is to compare the degree of influence of climate change on the economies of Western Europe and comparing national strategies for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland. The analysis of the main initiatives for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland relate to key issues mentioned in the strategic documents of the European Commission. In the United Kingdom the main emphasis is on the reduction of greenhouse gases as a form of preventive action, rather than adaptation to climate change. All strategies recognize the importance of raising public awareness about the negative effects of climate change and the importance of preparing adaptation measures, and stress the need to support the critical and most sensitive sectors of the European economy – forestry, agriculture and fisheries. The Polish strategy of adaptation to climate change does not deviate from the strategy of these countries of Western Europe, but it must be emphasized that this is only a document listing recommendations on the scope of operations of adaptation to climate change. Its realization is a separate issue.
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Macháč, Jan, Jan Brabec, and Marie Trantinová. "Climate Change Adaptation Measures Are Economically Justifiable even under No Climate Change: Evidence from the South-Moravian Region." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030007.
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Climate change has a strong influence on agriculture and will continue to do so in the years to come. As a result, significant social costs are generated. These effects may be eliminated by implementing various types of adaptation measures. However, the measures are also associated with costs and it is necessary to evaluate whether generated benefits and prevented climate change costs outweigh them. This contribution studies economic impacts of climate change in agriculture in the South Moravian region in a period of 2017–2040. Four scenarios are analysed based on combinations of the following states of a world (i) climate change worsens the current situation or there is no change; (ii) adaptation measures are implemented or the status quo is maintained. The scenarios are modelled based on an anthropocentric approach using a modified cost-benefit analysis and the concept of ecosystem services. The economic analysis covers investment costs, operating costs, loss of profits due to decreasing production and other costs. The benefits side consists mainly of regulation services prevented loss (thanks to lower soil erosion or better water retention), improved air quality as well as external benefits such as higher biodiversity. Based on measures effectiveness and costs, expected net present social benefits were calculated for each of the scenarios. The results showed that implementing the measures is always profitable regardless of climate change. Under no shift in climate change the estimated social loss until 2040 is 6.6 billion CZK with no measures implemented. If the situation regarding climate change becomes more serious, the net loss rises to 9.5 billion CZK. However, the implementation of adaptation measures leads to positive outcomes and is associated with net social benefits of 2.1 billion CZK if it is necessary to battle climate change and to barely positive outcome when climate change does not accelerate. The analysis confirms that implementation of adaptation measures is profitable either way (especially if climate change becomes more serious) and can serve as an argument in political decision-making as these measures appear to maintain sustainability of agricultural land use.
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Douka, Anastasia. "Adaptation Measures to Climate Change within the European Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (September 3, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002038.
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Extreme weather conditions, attributed to climate change, include the increase in floods. The only available and appropriate response to the impacts of climate change already shown is adaptation. Adaptation is defined as the process of adjusting to climate change by taking appropriate action to prevent or minimize the damage it may cause. Within this framework, the EU 2007/60/EC Floods Directive foresees that the member states shall undertake preliminary flood risk assessments, taking into account inter alia the impacts of climate change on the occurrence of floods. The present paper aims at the identification of the existing legislative gaps in the Floods Directive taking into consideration the adaptation need regarding climate change.
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Singh, Pramod K., Konstantinos Papageorgiou, Harpalsinh Chudasama, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Climate Change Adaptations in the World’s Largest Mangrove Ecosystem." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 6655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236655.
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The Sundarbans is the world’s largest coastal river delta and the largest uninterrupted mangrove ecosystem. A complex socio-ecological setting, coupled with disproportionately high climate-change exposure and severe ecological and social vulnerabilities, has turned it into a climate hotspot requiring well-designed adaptation interventions. We have used the fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM)-based approach to elicit and integrate stakeholders’ perceptions regarding current climate forcing, consequent impacts, and efficacy of the existing adaptation measures. We have also undertaken climate modelling to ascertain long-term future trends of climate forcing. FCM-based simulations reveal that while existing adaptation practices provide resilience to an extent, they are grossly inadequate in the context of providing future resilience. Even well-planned adaptations may not be entirely transformative in such a fragile ecosystem. It was through FCM-based simulations that we realised that a coastal river delta in a developing nation merits special attention for climate-resilient adaptation planning and execution. Measures that are likely to enhance adaptive capabilities of the local communities include those involving gender-responsive and adaptive governance, human resource capacity building, commitments of global communities for adaptation financing, education and awareness programmes, and embedding indigenous and local knowledge into decision making.
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Karki, Gyanendra, Balram Bhatta, Naba R. Devkota, Ram P. Acharya, and Ripu M. Kunwar. "Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Interventions and Indicators in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Adaptation." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 13195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313195.
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We reviewed 76 climate change adaptation projects that were operational between 2010 and 2020. The review was followed by office and field visits for verification. The office visit helped crosscheck the findings, and the field observations carried out between December 2020 and April 2021 asked 24 key informants and collected supplementary information appraisal and indicator development. Of the CCA projects studied, the most (n = 48, 32%) were community-based initiatives, while the least (n = 12, 8%) were ecosystem-based interventions. The main environment-centered projects were Ecosystem-based Adaptations and Ecosystems Protecting Infrastructure and Communities (EPIC) while Enhanced Action of Inclusive CSOs for Participation in Climate Resilient Economic Growth (UTHAN), Initiative for CCA (ICCA), Support to Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in the Himalayas (HIMALICA), etc., adaptation projects were community-based. Capacity building and awareness-raising were the major thrust of the CbA projects, while the abatement of climate vulnerabilities and risks through nature-based solutions were priorities of EbA. Payment for Ecosystem services is a nature-based solution that can play a role in enhancing adaptation to climate change at a local scale by adopting community-based and culturally appropriate methods and enhancing and incentivizing adaptation measures and capacities. A set of 11 criteria and 40 indicators comprised the institutional and behavioral responses and the use of technologies, and the design of climate-resilient plans and climate-smart practices were proposed as appraisal measures to evaluate the success of CCA interventions. The importance of criteria and indicators lies in the fact that such a comprehensive assessment would lead to effective and efficient adaptation projects, which could help benefit beyond the borders. It also furthers ongoing adaptation interventions and is set to be an integral part of associated studies and monitoring and review of new adaptation interventions.
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Schuler, Johannes, Roos Adelhart Toorop, Magali Willaume, Anthony Vermue, Nicole Schläfke, Sandra Uthes, Peter Zander, and Walter Rossing. "Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options for Farm Performance Using Bio-Economic Models in Southwestern France." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 7528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187528.
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Regional impact studies are needed to explore possible adaptation options to climate change. We estimated impacts and adaptation options for future scenarios that feature different assumptions regarding climate, cropping pattern and access to irrigation with two bio-economic farm models. Farm profit, soil organic matter balance and labor input are used as indicators of farm performance. The difference between the baseline and the alternative configurations computed by models is referred as adaptation potential, indicative of the adaptation options including the corresponding changes in cropping patterns. Our results show that as long as there is sufficient access to irrigation water, there is little incentive to change current practices, as farming is at the economic optimum, has a positive soil organic matter balance and labor requirements can be met. Conversely, if irrigation is no longer possible, drastic impacts occur, causing a need to sustainably adjust on-going farm practices. Adaptation through changed crop selection reduced losses to some extent. We conclude that the use of bio-economic models can assist in evaluating the qualitative findings of participatory studies by quantitatively assessing possible climate change impacts and adaptation measures. Strong impacts of climate change, however, cannot be offset by changes in cropping patterns and need further adaptation measures.
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Le, Tuan Ngoc, and Hoang Xuan Tran. "Climate change responding measures in Vinh Long province." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, no. 3 (May 23, 2019): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i3.760.
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This work aimed to proposing climate change responding measures in Vinh Long province. Based on analysing vulnerability to climate change in Vinh Long province, via methods of data collection, GIS, SWOT analysis, multi-criteria analysis, consulting stakeholders and experts, 32 key solutions responding to climate change were proposed, divided into 3 main groups: adaptation, mitigation, and supporting measures. After that, 39 priority projects to implement proposed key solutions were established, including finance source and timeline – as an important basis to efficiently carry out the climate change responding program in Vinh Long province.
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Lazányi, János. "Mitigation and adaptation measures in the hungarian rural development programme." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. I (October 5, 2010): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/i/8410.
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In the Hungarian Rural Development Programme (RDP) climate change adaptation is addressed through the measures in Axis 1, 2, 3 and 4. Under Axis 1 farmers can receive support for farm modernisation that will help them adapt to climate change. The processing industry will also be able to use the available resources for capital expenditure on buildings and new equipment. Axis 2 and especially the soil and water package within the agrienvironmentalmeasure aim to support production methods, which protect soil quality and will help adaptation to climate change. Measures of Axis 3, such as basic services for the economy and rural population, village renewal and development will provide local communities the opportunity to identify actions that can be undertaken to deal with the effects of climate change. On the other hand, the extension of forest resources contributes to climate change mitigation and enhances carbon sequestration. New methods have been elaborated to the sustainable regional water management, irrigation, water regulation, defence against internal water, and soil protection established. Water management contributes to the balance of water quantity on one side, but also to mitigating the climate change on the other.
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C.C, Ifeanyi-obi,, and Nnadi, F.N. "Climate Change Adaptation Measures Used By Farmers In Southsouth Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 8, no. 4 (2014): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-08410106.
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E, Osuji, E., Okwara, M. O, Essien, U. A, Agu, C. G, and Oguegbuchulam, M. N. "Sustainability of Climate Change Adaptation Measures in South-South, Nigeria." Agriculture and Food Sciences Research 6, no. 1 (2019): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.512.2019.61.120.126.
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Smith, J. B., S. E. Ragland, and G. J. Pitts. "A process for evaluating anticipatory adaptation measures for climate change." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 92, no. 1-2 (November 1996): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00175568.
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Roders, Martin, Ad Straub, and Henk Visscher. "Evaluation of climate change adaptation measures by Dutch housing associations." Structural Survey 31, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-01-2013-0009.
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Baills, Audrey, Manuel Garcin, and Thomas Bulteau. "Assessment of selected climate change adaptation measures for coastal areas." Ocean & Coastal Management 185 (March 2020): 105059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105059.
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Adeyeye, Joseph, Oluwakemi Akintan, and Olanrewaju Omoju. "Climate Change Effect and Adaptation Measures on Selected Soil Properties." Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2018): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jssem2018.0700.
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Yashkina, Viktoriia. "TOOLS FOR FINANCING ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 10(29) (2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689.2021.10(29).10.
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The article aims to determine the "portfolio" of financing ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change based on the analysis of traditional market instruments used to preserve, maintain and restore ecosystem services and biodiversity. The definition of ecosystem-based adaptation, its qualification criteria and elements of their application in contrast to traditional economic measures for biodiversity and nature conservation are revealed. The relevance of using ecosystem and nature-based approaches to adapt to climate change and reduce the risk of natural disasters given the increasing frequency of extreme weather events associated with climate change – severe droughts, floods, heatwaves, storms and other hazards are explored. Accordingly, the urgency of adaptation to climate-related risks and hazards in different economic sectors, e.g. agriculture, land use, fisheries, and natural components with a focus on the climate impacts prognosis for the European region, using effective and affordable measures with additional long term social and environmental benefits are explained. Trends and specific gaps in the international experience in financing climate adaptation measures are considered. The most common instruments for financing nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change, which are already used in world practice or have the potential of their practical implementation in various sectors, including environmental and carbon taxes, subsidies, tradable environmental permits, risk insurance, obligations, debt and equity instruments, as well as innovative forms of green loans, green bonds, and climate-related insurance types are systematized and represented. The specifics of financing such measures through international funds, development banks and European Union funds are considered. Possibilities of integrating financing of ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change to the current processes of climate change adaptation policy development of Ukraine, particularly in the context of performance of obligations under the Paris climate agreement, are considered.
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Michalak, Dorota. "A Comparative Analysis of Initiatives and Adaptation Measures To Climate Change Undertaken in Poland and Eastern EU Countries." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2017-0022.
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Climate change is one of the greatest contemporary threats to our planet’s environmental, social and economic condition. It is accompanied by massive changes in life support systems on Earth, where its far‑reaching effects will be felt in the upcoming decades. The development of a national adaptation policy (strategy and/or plan) serves as an instrument that provides the necessary framework for adaptation by coordinating the consideration of climate change across relevant sectors, geographical scales, and levels of decision making. The purpose of this paper is to compare the degree of influence of climate change on the economy of the Eastern European Union and compare national strategies for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland. The study shows that countries bearing the brunt of the negative impacts of climate change are Cyprus, Malta, Bulgaria and Poland. These countries recorded the highest climate change index, the greatest losses in terms of estimated GDP, household welfare, land losses, and lower incomes in the agricultural and tourism sectors. With appropriate adaptation measures, countries such as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia can take advantage of the future changes in weather conditions. A shift in the productivity of the agricultural sector and tourism from south to north can be noted.
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Sapkota, Bhaba Datta. "Impact of Climate Change on Livelihoods: Adaptations Measures of Chepang Community." NUTA Journal 5, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2018): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v5i1-2.23453.
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This paper analyzes impacts of climate change on livelihoods of Chepang community and their adaptation measures. The objective of this article is to assess adaptation measures practiced by Chepang community. To accomplish the desire objectives both primary and secondary data are used thoroughly. Primary data is collected via different tools of data collection such as questionnaire, observation, interview and so on. Secondary data are collected through document study. Shortages of raw materials, low agriculture productivity, shortage of spring water etc. are found as the major impacts of climate change in the study area. The data shows that cultivation is highly affected by the pattern of climate change. Series of local adaptation measures are being carried out in the sector of agriculture, water and forests, which are more traditional in approach and based on local level knowledge. The adaptation practices applied by the locals are more traditional approaches whereas some approaches are based on the support of different governmental and non-governmental programs.
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Amundsen, Helene, Frode Berglund, and Hege Westskog. "Overcoming Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation—A Question of Multilevel Governance?" Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0941.
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This paper analyses the results from two surveys which were sent to all Norwegian municipalities in 2007 and gives an overview of adaptation measures undertaken by local governments. Our analyses show that municipalities have more often invested in measures related to extreme precipitation and flooding than in measures for securing buildings and infrastructure against climate change. One key factor explaining their efforts is whether they have experienced extreme events. Hence adaptation efforts are mainly reactive. With a changing climate comes a greater demand for proactive adaptation processes, as well as knowledge of how adaptation policies and measures could be implemented successfully. This paper emphasises the importance of enhancing institutional capacity in order to address the challenges of climate change adaptation at the municipal level; and asserts that a multilevel governance framework is a way of advancing proactive adaptation and overcoming the identified barriers to adaptation.
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Liu, Yingcheng, Tao Zhang, Xiaoli Geng, Liansheng He, and Zhiguo Pang. "Herdsmen’s Adaptation to Climate Changes and Subsequent Impacts in the Ecologically Fragile Zone, China." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/748715.
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The change of land surface can exert significant influence on the future climate change. This study analyzed the effects of herdsmen’s adaptation to climate changes on the livestock breeding, income, and land surface dynamics with a land surface parameterization scheme. The empirical analysis was first carried out on the impacts of the adaptation measures of herdsmen on their income in the context of the climate change with the positive mathematical programming (PMP) model on the basis of the household survey data in the Three-River Source Region, an ecologically fragile area in Qinghai Province, China. Then, the land surface parameterization process is analyzed based on the agent-based model (ABM), which involves the herdsmen’s adaptation measures on climate change, and it also provides reference for the land surface change projection. The result shows that the climate change adaptation measures will have a positive effect on the increasing of the amount of herdsman’s livestock and income as well as future land surface dynamics. Some suggestions on the land use management were finally proposed, which can provide significant reference information for the land use planning.
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Casey-Lee Virgil, Christian, Marcia Nathai-Balkissoon, and Kit Fai Pun. "Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Selected Caribbean Countries: Is Enough Being Done?" West Indian Journal of Engineering 44, no. 2 (January 2022): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/inal2196.
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The climate is changing, and sustainable adaptation measures are required to meet the resulting challenges. Several effects linked to climate change can be highly disruptive, such as rising sea levels and coastal reef destruction. The severity of the impact and capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change is unevenly distributed at various spatial levels. The Caribbean is more vulnerable to climate change than other regions. There is a need to plan strategically in managing the multiple consequences of climate change. This study evaluates the synergies between adaptation plans and policies and guidelines in climate change adaptation. It attempts to audit the national adaptation planning documents in climate change developed by government agencies to cope with the challenges of climate change among respective countries. The study explores the factors underlying observed discrepancies and performance shortcomings and utilises information from a review of research literature to contextualise critical findings in adaptation measures and research. Synthesising the determinants and barriers would aid with closing performance gaps. The study concludes by providing evidence-based recommendations that shed light on the design and planning for sustainable adaptation measures in developing nations of the Caribbean.
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Whitney, Charlotte K., Tugce Conger, Natalie C. Ban, and Romney McPhie. "Synthesizing and communicating climate change impacts to inform coastal adaptation planning." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 704–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2019-0027.
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Planning for adaptation to climate change requires regionally relevant information on rising air and ocean temperatures, sea levels, increasingly frequent and intense storms, and other climate-related impacts. However, in many regions there are limited focused syntheses of the climate impacts, risks, and potential adaptation strategies for coastal marine areas and sectors. We report on a regional assessment of climate change impacts and recommendations for adaptation strategies in the NE Pacific Coast (British Columbia, Canada), conducted in collaboration with a regional planning and plan implementation partnership (Marine Plan Partnership for the North Pacific Coast), aimed at bridging the gaps between climate science and regional adaptation planning. We incorporated both social and ecological aspects of climate change impacts and adaptations, and the feedback mechanisms which may result in both increased risks and opportunities for the following areas of interest: “Ecosystems”, “Fisheries and Aquaculture”, “Communities”, and “Marine Infrastructure”. As next steps within the region, we propose proactive planning measures including communication of the key impacts and projections and cross-sectoral assessments of climate vulnerability and risk to direct decision-making.
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Quan, Shuiping, Yingming Li, Jianxin Song, Tao Zhang, and Mingyue Wang. "Adaptation to Climate Change and its Impacts on Wheat Yield: Perspective of Farmers in Henan of China." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071928.
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This paper explored farm households’ autonomous climate change adaptation strategies and corresponding impacts on wheat yield. Based on a survey of 314 wheat farmers in rural China, results show that Chinese wheat farmers have a high rate of climate change awareness and adoption of climate change adaptation measures. Farmers’ cultivated area, cognition level and information accessibility on climate change significantly affect their adaptation decisions. However, these farmers are given limited adaptation strategies, mainly including increasing irrigation, and using more chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Through employing a simultaneous equations model with endogenous switching, we find farmers’ adaptation to climate change is maladaptive with negative effects on wheat yield. This study, therefore, suggests policymakers be mindful of farmers’ maladaptive responses to climate change and provide effective adaptation measures, to help farmers cope with the risks of climate change and ensure farmer’s livelihood security and sustainable agriculture development.
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Mehta, Jitendra. "Climate Change Scenario in Indian Context." Emerging Trends in Climate Change 1, no. 2 (July 28, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2583-4770.108.
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The Indian economy is mostly agrarian-based and depends on the onset of the monsoon and its further behavior. The livelihood of people is mostly dependent on climate-sensitive natural resources like land, water and forests. The climate change impact on these natural resources affects agriculture, forests, water resources and human health. India is a vast country occupying 2.4% world's geographical area, sharing 16.2% of the global human population and 15% of the global livestock population. It is endowed with varied climates supporting rich biodiversity and highly diverse ecology. More than 60% of its population living in rural areas, where agriculture is the major concern rural economy that is the backbone of the Indian economy. The consistent impact of climate change may threaten livelihood activities, which are mostly based on agriculture providing food security. Climate change and global warming pose a significant threats to agriculture. Pest populations are strongly dependent upon temperature and humidity. It has been predicted that 10-40% losses in crop production in India with an increase in temperature 3 to 5ºC by the end of 21 century. The allied sectors of agriculture have also been affected adversely by climate change e.g., lowering production in dairy cattle, poultry and fishery. Changes in climate variables may alter the distribution of important vector species, especially malarial mosquitoes, and subsequently increase the spread of such diseases to new areas. The loss in net revenue at the farm level is estimated to range between 9% to 25% for a temperature rise of 2ºC to 3.5ºC. To minimize the adverse impact of climate change, adaptation comprises shifting the population living close to the sea side to escape the rising sea level or promote crops that can tolerate higher temperatures. To remedial measures taken to combat the adverse impact of climate change, mitigation comprises a reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases. The government of India's expenditure on adaptation and mitigation to combating climate change impact shares 2.6% of the GDP, with agriculture, water resources, health and sanitation, forests, coastal-zone infrastructure and extreme weather events being specific areas of concern. This paper was attempted to review the climate change scenario with their present and future adaptation and mitigation efforts in India.
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Stupazzini, Riccardo. "Legal Aspects of Urban Climate Change Adaptation." McGill GLSA Research Series 1, no. 1 (November 22, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v1i1.131.
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Much of the climate discourse of today is held the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and reducing humanity’s ecological footprint on Earth. However, as climate change is already impacting our planet, adaptation measures to climate change are also required. Rising temperatures, the multiplication of intense precipitation events and related pluvial and river floods, drought events and water scarcity, the increase of frequency of wildfires represent a few of the multiple climate change impacts that governments and citizens have to deal with.
For ecological reasons, climate change affects areas very differently based on geographic location and urban centers represent climate ‘hotspots’ as areas with high vulnerability. As a consequence of this, cities and towns play a crucial role in tackling climate change effects.
The aim of this essay is to analyze the legal aspects of climate change adaptation set by local governments to prevent and manage damages related to climate-related risks. More in detail, after determining the international, European and national legal framework on adaptation, the purpose of the article is to identify the legal instruments used by local administrations to develop adaptation measures. In particular, the analysis focuses on the legal aspects related to three dimensions of local adaptation: urban greening as a nature-based solution for heat waves risks; the management of water-related risks; the civil protection planning function of municipalities. Considering the impacts of the mainstreaming process on planning tools, special attention is directed towards the integration and coordination issue between the different urban and sectoral planning instruments required by the Italian multi-level governance legal system.
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Brinchuk, M. M. "NATURAL DISASTERS AS A FACTOR IN SOCIETY'S ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE." Law Нerald of Dagestan State Universit 34, no. 2 (2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2020-34-2-14-21.
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The article is written in the aspect of public response to one of the serious modern challenges of nature related to climate change. Climate change disrupts the usual modes of human and social activity. The article explores the problem of society adapting to climate change in response to the needs of disaster prevention. t is stated that taking measures to adapt to climate change is necessary to reduce losses and take advantage of the benefits associated with observed and future climate changes. Negative and possible positive effects of expected climate change are noted. The analysis of scientists ' positions on the nature of climate change is carried out. Attention is drawn to the increase in damage from natural disasters. Based on the conducted research the author proposes measures for the prevention of natural disasters.
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Komatsu, Toshimitsu. "Special Issue on Adaptation Measures for Disasters due to Climate Change." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 403–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0403.
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An increase in natural hazards due to global warming has broadened the gap between natural hazards and disaster prevention. This gap has raised the possibility that unexpected major disasters occur. As chances of a natural hazard grow, appropriate and efficient adaptation is considered as a last resort for lessening disaster. In water-related disasters such as floods and debris flows, individual disaster sites have specific thresholds (limits). When a natural hazard exceeds this threshold, a serious disaster strikes us. On the contrary when it is under the limit, disaster damage is kept to be small. Flood disasters and landslides have the side of gall or nothing.h This is a characteristic of water-related disasters. Climate change is causing natural hazards to exceed this threshold easily. This makes resilient proactive adaptation very important in disaster prevention. Specific adaptation measures developed hereafter must cope with serious water and sediment disasters throughout mountainous regions, rivers, urban areas, and coastal areas that are assumed to be influenced by global warming. The Journal of Disaster Research has planned a special issue on the adaptation measures for disasters due to climate change. Having taken part in field surveys, computer simulations, and laboratory experiments and finding adaptation measures worth studying more deeply, I decided to contribute to this special issue as a Guest Editor. All of its 11 papers have been peer-reviewed. The broad topics covered range from floods, landslides, and storm surges to adaptation to the human being society. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the contributors and reviewers involved in producing these articles, especially to Dr. Hideo Oshikawa, Assistant Professor of the Department of Urban and Environment Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan, for his great support. I look forward with great anticipation to feedback from readers regarding these articles.
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Cvejić, R., M. Černič Istenič, M. Glavan, L. Honzak, K. Klančnik, K. Kompare, and M. Pintar. "Increasing climate change resilience in agriculture: who is responsible?" Water Supply 19, no. 5 (January 18, 2019): 1405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.009.
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Abstract Achieving climate change (CC) resilience in a timely and efficient fashion is becoming a major priority across multiple sectors. Agricultural CC adaptation has become an integrated part of agricultural development policy throughout the EU and further. Without the timely implementation of appropriate measures, the vulnerability of highly exposed and sensitive agricultural landscapes with low adaptive capacity will increase. This paper focuses on the Vipava Valley, a sub-Mediterranean agricultural area highly vulnerable to CC, describing the stakeholder landscape approach undertaken to define stakeholder responsibility level in terms of implementing adaptation measures; and it identifies the key challenges facing stakeholder networks at individual measure levels. The strategy for agricultural CC adaptation follows the structure proposed by the European Commission and clearly defines the necessary stakeholder landscape for implementing agricultural CC adaptation measures and indicators for adaptation strategy monitoring and evaluation. The challenges identified in relation to stakeholder interaction cannot be solved by strategy alone; a facilitated approach to policy implementation is necessary, its success being dependent on the ability of the social landscape to develop a firm implementation of a monitoring programme for adaptation to CC at the local municipality level.
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Yanagihara, Hayata, So Kazama, Tsuyoshi Tada, and Yoshiya Touge. "Estimation of the effect of future changes in precipitation in Japan on pluvial flood damage and the damage reduction effect of mitigation/adaptation measures." PLOS Climate 1, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): e0000039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000039.
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This study estimated the effect of changes in the amount of precipitation associated with climate change on pluvial flood damage and the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation measures throughout Japan. First, the cost of damage caused by pluvial flooding was calculated based on extreme rainfall, assuming a situation in which river levels are high, and rainwater does not drain into the rivers. Additionally, extreme rainfall in future climates was estimated from the output values of five general circulation models. Then, using these figures for extreme rainfall, the cost of pluvial flood damage in future climates was estimated. Improving the maintenance level of inland water drainage facilities and converting buildings to a piloti design were selected as adaptation measures. The results showed that in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, the expected annual damage cost (EADC) in the late 21st-century climate (2081–2100) scenario increases to approximately 2.3 times that of the baseline climate (1981–2000). If climate change is mitigated to RCP 2.6, the EADC in the late 21st-century climate scenario is estimated to be reduced by 28% compared to the EADC in the RCP 8.5 scenario. It is also estimated that the EADC in future climates could be kept lower than in the baseline climate by taking multiple rather than single measures. However, in the RCP 8.5 scenario for the late 21st-century climate, even if multiple adaptation measures are taken, the EADC was estimated to increase by 9% compared to the EADC in the baseline climate.
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Ledermann, Thomas, Martin Braun, Georg Kindermann, Robert Jandl, Alice Ludvig, Klemens Schadauer, Peter Schwarzbauer, and Peter Weiss. "Effects of Silvicultural Adaptation Measures on Carbon Stock of Austrian Forests." Forests 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040565.
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We present the results of a simulation experiment that evaluated three scenarios of forest management in the context of climate change mitigation. Two scenarios refer to climate change adaptation measures. The third scenario was a business-as-usual scenario representing the continuation of current forest management. We wanted to know whether a change in tree species composition or the implementation of shorter rotation cycles is in accordance with the objectives of climate change mitigation. Our simulation experiment was based on data of the Austrian National Forest Inventory. A forest sector simulation model was used to derive timber demand and potential harvesting rates. Forest dynamics were simulated with an individual-tree growth model. We compared carbon stocks, harvesting rates, current annual increment, salvage logging, and forest structure. Compared to the business-as-usual scenario, a change in tree species composition and shorter rotation cycles reduce salvage logging by 14% and 32%, respectively. However, shorter rotation cycles reduce the carbon stock by 27%, but increase the harvesting rate by 4.8% within the simulation period of 140 years. For changes in the tree species composition, the results were the opposite. Here, the carbon stock is increased by 47%, but the harvesting rate is reduced by 15%. Thus, there are clear tradeoffs between the different ecosystem services depending on the climate change adaptation scenario. We also show that a fundamental change in forest management must be accompanied by a transformation in wood processing technology and innovation in wood utilization.
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Narita, Daiju, Ichiro Sato, Daikichi Ogawada, and Akiko Matsumura. "Integrating economic measures of adaptation effectiveness into climate change interventions: A case study of irrigation development in Mwea, Kenya." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): e0243779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243779.
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As climate change adaptation is becoming a recognized policy issue, the need is growing for quantitative economic evaluation of adaptation-related public investment, particularly in the context of climate finance. Funds are meant to be allocated not to any types of beneficial investments with or without climate change but to projects regarded as effective for climate change adaptation based on some metrics. But attempts at such project-specific evaluation of adaptation effects are few, in part because such assessments require an integration of various types of simulation analyses. Against this background, we conduct a case study of a Kenyan irrigation development project using a combination of downscaled climate data, runoff simulations, yield forecasting, and local socioeconomic projections to examine the effects of interventions specifically attributable to climate change adaptation, i.e., how much irrigation development can reduce the negative effects of climate change in the future. The results show that despite the uncertainties in precipitation trends, increased temperatures due to climate change have a general tendency to reduce rice yields, and that irrigation development will mitigate income impacts from the yield loss–for example, for the median scenario, the household income loss of 6% in 2050 due to climate change without irrigation development is flipped to become positive with the project. This means that the irrigation development project will likely be effective as a means for climate change adaptation.