Journal articles on the topic 'Climate change adaptation measures (excl. ecosystem)'
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Yashkina, Viktoriia. "TOOLS FOR FINANCING ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 10(29) (2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689.2021.10(29).10.
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The article aims to determine the "portfolio" of financing ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change based on the analysis of traditional market instruments used to preserve, maintain and restore ecosystem services and biodiversity. The definition of ecosystem-based adaptation, its qualification criteria and elements of their application in contrast to traditional economic measures for biodiversity and nature conservation are revealed. The relevance of using ecosystem and nature-based approaches to adapt to climate change and reduce the risk of natural disasters given the increasing frequency of extreme weather events associated with climate change – severe droughts, floods, heatwaves, storms and other hazards are explored. Accordingly, the urgency of adaptation to climate-related risks and hazards in different economic sectors, e.g. agriculture, land use, fisheries, and natural components with a focus on the climate impacts prognosis for the European region, using effective and affordable measures with additional long term social and environmental benefits are explained. Trends and specific gaps in the international experience in financing climate adaptation measures are considered. The most common instruments for financing nature-based solutions and ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change, which are already used in world practice or have the potential of their practical implementation in various sectors, including environmental and carbon taxes, subsidies, tradable environmental permits, risk insurance, obligations, debt and equity instruments, as well as innovative forms of green loans, green bonds, and climate-related insurance types are systematized and represented. The specifics of financing such measures through international funds, development banks and European Union funds are considered. Possibilities of integrating financing of ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change to the current processes of climate change adaptation policy development of Ukraine, particularly in the context of performance of obligations under the Paris climate agreement, are considered.
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Xavier, Luciana Yokoyama, Maila Guilhon, Leandra Regina Gonçalves, Marina Ribeiro Corrêa, and Alexander Turra. "Waves of Change: Towards Ecosystem-Based Management to Climate Change Adaptation." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031317.
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Coastal climate change impacts challenge policy and decision makers to adopt more effective adaptation measures. The ecosystem-based management approach can shift adaptation towards a more holistic, integrated and sustainable path. However, as countries work on strategies to adapt to climate change, the questions of if and how such agendas consider and operationalise ecosystem-based management remains. As one of the world’s largest coastal countries, Brazil can have a prominent role in advancing the implementation of ecosystem-based management to coastal zones. By analysing two national Brazilian climate change adaptation institutions, this article evaluates and discusses the country’s advances in promoting climate change adaptations based on ecosystem-based management principles. Our findings show that, although Brazil has incorporated many ecosystem-based management principles to climate change adaptation at the national level, greater attention should be given to operationalizing principles related to acknowledging uncertainties, sustainability, democracy and knowledge production and application. The challenges to implement these principles mirror historical challenges of Brazilian coastal management policies, such as balancing development and conservation, promoting social participation and implementing effective social-ecological assessments and monitoring programs. Policy makers, scientists and communities should be aware of the need to strengthen ecosystem-based management principles in the current adaptation agenda in order to enhance its capacity to foster adaptation and just coastal sustainability.
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Karki, Gyanendra, Balram Bhatta, Naba R. Devkota, Ram P. Acharya, and Ripu M. Kunwar. "Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) Interventions and Indicators in Nepal: Implications for Sustainable Adaptation." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 13195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313195.
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We reviewed 76 climate change adaptation projects that were operational between 2010 and 2020. The review was followed by office and field visits for verification. The office visit helped crosscheck the findings, and the field observations carried out between December 2020 and April 2021 asked 24 key informants and collected supplementary information appraisal and indicator development. Of the CCA projects studied, the most (n = 48, 32%) were community-based initiatives, while the least (n = 12, 8%) were ecosystem-based interventions. The main environment-centered projects were Ecosystem-based Adaptations and Ecosystems Protecting Infrastructure and Communities (EPIC) while Enhanced Action of Inclusive CSOs for Participation in Climate Resilient Economic Growth (UTHAN), Initiative for CCA (ICCA), Support to Rural Livelihoods and Climate Change Adaptation in the Himalayas (HIMALICA), etc., adaptation projects were community-based. Capacity building and awareness-raising were the major thrust of the CbA projects, while the abatement of climate vulnerabilities and risks through nature-based solutions were priorities of EbA. Payment for Ecosystem services is a nature-based solution that can play a role in enhancing adaptation to climate change at a local scale by adopting community-based and culturally appropriate methods and enhancing and incentivizing adaptation measures and capacities. A set of 11 criteria and 40 indicators comprised the institutional and behavioral responses and the use of technologies, and the design of climate-resilient plans and climate-smart practices were proposed as appraisal measures to evaluate the success of CCA interventions. The importance of criteria and indicators lies in the fact that such a comprehensive assessment would lead to effective and efficient adaptation projects, which could help benefit beyond the borders. It also furthers ongoing adaptation interventions and is set to be an integral part of associated studies and monitoring and review of new adaptation interventions.
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Zawude Bakure, Berhanu, Kitessa Hundera, and Magarsa Abara. "Review on the effect of climate change on ecosystem services." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1016, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1016/1/012055.
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Abstract Currently, ecosystem services (the benefits society drive from the ecosystem) are under pressure from climate change. With increasing climate change over time, the influence that it can cause ecosystem service attracted the attention of the world more than ever. In our daily life, directly or indirectly we rely on benefits gained from the ecosystem. This review paper was aimed to address the effects of climate change on ecosystem services with its possible mitigation and adaptation measures by analyzing articles, books, and reports collected from trusted journals and websites. The range and extents of ecosystem service can be affected in quality and quantity both directly and indirectly due to climate change over time. Supporting services of the ecosystem like biomass production, nutrient cycling, soil formation, atmospheric oxygen, production, and the water cycle were affected. Similarly, provisioning services such as food, drinking water, timber, wood fuel, fodder, wood, fibers, plants, and animal species are affected. Regulating services like cross-pollination, seed dispersal, decomposition, water regulation, flood control, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation are affected. Furthermore, cultural services like tourism and recreation, aesthetic values, cultural heritage, spiritual and religious values, educational values, social relations, and ecotourism are going to decline. Generally, understanding the effects of climate changes on ecosystem services became fundamentally important adaptation and mitigation of effect. Hence, conservation, protection, restoration, and appropriate management ecosystem are required for adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect.
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Vizinho, André, David Avelar, Cristina Branquinho, Tiago Capela Lourenço, Silvia Carvalho, Alice Nunes, Leonor Sucena-Paiva, et al. "Framework for Climate Change Adaptation of Agriculture and Forestry in Mediterranean Climate Regions." Land 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020161.
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Planning the adaptation of agriculture and forestry landscapes to climate change remains challenging due to the need for integrating substantial amounts of information. This information ranges from climate scenarios, geographical site information, socio-economic data and several possible adaptation measures. Thus, there is an urgent need to have a framework that is capable of organizing adaptation strategies and measures in the agriculture and forestry sectors in Mediterranean climatic regions. Additionally, this framework should provide a cause effect relation with climate vulnerability to adequately support the development of adaptation planning at municipal and local (farm) level. In this context, we propose to test and evaluate a framework for climate adaptation of the agriculture and forestry sectors, based on the local causal-effect relation between adaptation strategies and measures and the level of vulnerability reduction achieved for Mediterranean areas. The framework was developed based on the combination of the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses) and Vulnerability frameworks and reviewed 162 practical adaptation measures, further organized into strategies, complemented by a set of efficacy indicators. The framework was tested with 70 stakeholders in six stakeholder workshops for the planning of two farms and one municipal climate adaptation study, that are now in actual implementation and monitoring. The framework is composed by a set of eight adaptation strategies in which adaptation measures are clustered and assessed using efficacy indicators. In the evaluation of the adaptation framework, 96% of stakeholders considered its content as good or very good and 89% considered the final outcomes as good or very good. Finally, the framework was also used to assess and compare the adaptation strategies and measures presented in the climate adaptation plans of the three case studies. On average, 52.2% of the adaptation measures selected by the three case studies are dedicated to Ecosystem Resilience, 30.9% to Adaptive Capacity, 9.1% to Microclimates, 7.4% to Protection, and 0.3% to Mitigation strategies. This framework was considered effective in supporting adaptation planning at farm and municipal levels and useful to assess and compare adaptation plans in the frame of vulnerability reduction. Future studies can further contribute to support adaptation planning in these sectors by using, developing and streamlining this framework to additional and different socio-ecological contexts.
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Singh, Pramod K., Konstantinos Papageorgiou, Harpalsinh Chudasama, and Elpiniki I. Papageorgiou. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Climate Change Adaptations in the World’s Largest Mangrove Ecosystem." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 6655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236655.
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The Sundarbans is the world’s largest coastal river delta and the largest uninterrupted mangrove ecosystem. A complex socio-ecological setting, coupled with disproportionately high climate-change exposure and severe ecological and social vulnerabilities, has turned it into a climate hotspot requiring well-designed adaptation interventions. We have used the fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM)-based approach to elicit and integrate stakeholders’ perceptions regarding current climate forcing, consequent impacts, and efficacy of the existing adaptation measures. We have also undertaken climate modelling to ascertain long-term future trends of climate forcing. FCM-based simulations reveal that while existing adaptation practices provide resilience to an extent, they are grossly inadequate in the context of providing future resilience. Even well-planned adaptations may not be entirely transformative in such a fragile ecosystem. It was through FCM-based simulations that we realised that a coastal river delta in a developing nation merits special attention for climate-resilient adaptation planning and execution. Measures that are likely to enhance adaptive capabilities of the local communities include those involving gender-responsive and adaptive governance, human resource capacity building, commitments of global communities for adaptation financing, education and awareness programmes, and embedding indigenous and local knowledge into decision making.
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Macháč, Jan, Jan Brabec, and Marie Trantinová. "Climate Change Adaptation Measures Are Economically Justifiable even under No Climate Change: Evidence from the South-Moravian Region." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030007.
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Climate change has a strong influence on agriculture and will continue to do so in the years to come. As a result, significant social costs are generated. These effects may be eliminated by implementing various types of adaptation measures. However, the measures are also associated with costs and it is necessary to evaluate whether generated benefits and prevented climate change costs outweigh them. This contribution studies economic impacts of climate change in agriculture in the South Moravian region in a period of 2017–2040. Four scenarios are analysed based on combinations of the following states of a world (i) climate change worsens the current situation or there is no change; (ii) adaptation measures are implemented or the status quo is maintained. The scenarios are modelled based on an anthropocentric approach using a modified cost-benefit analysis and the concept of ecosystem services. The economic analysis covers investment costs, operating costs, loss of profits due to decreasing production and other costs. The benefits side consists mainly of regulation services prevented loss (thanks to lower soil erosion or better water retention), improved air quality as well as external benefits such as higher biodiversity. Based on measures effectiveness and costs, expected net present social benefits were calculated for each of the scenarios. The results showed that implementing the measures is always profitable regardless of climate change. Under no shift in climate change the estimated social loss until 2040 is 6.6 billion CZK with no measures implemented. If the situation regarding climate change becomes more serious, the net loss rises to 9.5 billion CZK. However, the implementation of adaptation measures leads to positive outcomes and is associated with net social benefits of 2.1 billion CZK if it is necessary to battle climate change and to barely positive outcome when climate change does not accelerate. The analysis confirms that implementation of adaptation measures is profitable either way (especially if climate change becomes more serious) and can serve as an argument in political decision-making as these measures appear to maintain sustainability of agricultural land use.
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Momblanch, Andrea, Lindsay Beevers, Pradeep Srinivasalu, Anil Kulkarni, and Ian P. Holman. "Enhancing production and flow of freshwater ecosystem services in a managed Himalayan river system under uncertain future climate." Climatic Change 162, no. 2 (August 29, 2020): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02795-2.
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Abstract Future climate change will likely impact the multiple freshwater ecosystem services (fES) provided by catchments through their landscapes and river systems. However, there is high spatio-temporal uncertainty on those impacts linked to climate change uncertainty and the natural and anthropogenic interdependencies of water management systems. This study identifies current and future spatial patterns of fES production in a highly managed water resource system in northern India to inform the design and assessment of plausible adaptation measures to enhance fES production in the catchment under uncertain climate change. A water resource systems modelling approach is used to evaluate fES across the full range of plausible future scenarios, to identify the (worst-case) climate change scenarios triggering the greatest impacts and assess the capacity of adaptation to enhance fES. Results indicate that the current and future states of the fES depend on the spatial patterns of climate change and the impacts of infrastructure management on river flows. Natural zones deliver more regulating and cultural services than anthropized areas, although they are more climate-sensitive. The implementation of a plausible adaptation strategy only manages to slightly enhance fES in the system with respect to no adaptation. These results demonstrate that water resource systems models are powerful tools to capture complex system dependencies and inform the design of robust catchment management measures. They also highlight that mitigation and more ambitious adaptation strategies are needed to offset climate change impacts in highly climate-sensitive catchments.
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Poulsen, Mikkel, Michael Lauring, and Camilla Brunsgaard. "A REVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTIVE MEASURES IN ARCHITECTURE WITHIN TEMPERATE CLIMATE ZONES." Journal of Green Building 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.15.2.113.
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ABSTRACT Since a large portion of greenhouse gases are emitted by the building sector, there has been a push towards sustainable low energy architecture, which could help mitigate the effects of climate change. Although climate change is considered inevitable, adaptive measures must be taken in the field of architecture to alleviate its impact. Creating an overview of the state of the art in the field of architecture as it adapts to climate change will help identify the problems and possibilities of architectural adaptation. The aim must be to create buildings that are as suitable to the current climate as they are to the climate of the future and maintain an ability to resist the impacts of climate change; this ability to resist potential change is defined as adaptive capacity. It is challenging to reconcile the energy requirements for contemporary buildings with rising temperatures and extreme weather in temperate climate zones. The literature on the subject is explored through iterative searches in scientific databases. In discussions about the possible adaptations to climate change, there needs to be a focus on human adaptation facilitated by architecture and the built environment’s utilization and support of ecosystem services in adaptation strategies, since the scope of climate change reaches beyond the singular building. There are plenty of strategies and technologies from which to draw but little focus on how these should support the design of a building and its inhabitants. In the future it will be necessary to look at the adaptive capacity of a building itself and how the building can benefit its surroundings.
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Widayati, Atiek, Bastiaan Louman, Elok Mulyoutami, Edi Purwanto, Koen Kusters, and Roderick Zagt. "Communities’ Adaptation and Vulnerability to Climate Change: Implications for Achieving a Climate-Smart Landscape." Land 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080816.
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Rural landscapes in many parts of Indonesia are rapidly being transformed, due to the expansion of agrocommodity plantations—oil palm in particular. At the same time, communities in those landscapes face declining crop yields and ecosystem degradation as a result of both climate and non-climate factors. We assessed local perceptions on climate stressors, adaptation and vulnerability using focus group discussions in Ketapang, West Kalimantan. We found that the main perceived climatic stressors were extreme and unpredictable seasons, fires, and saltwater intrusion, affecting ecosystem services and agricultural production. Land clearing and forest loss were mentioned as exacerbating non-climatic stressors. Respondents indicated willingness to adapt to these changes by investing in long-term measures, such as tree-planting. To adapt to yield declines, respondents indicated that many farmers shifted from rubber to oil palm. Such adaptation actions benefit households in the short term but may be at odds with long-term adaptation objectives at the landscape level. Finally, we found that perceptions about vulnerability differed between landscapes, and between communities at the landscape level and stakeholders at the district level. This stresses the importance of participatory and inclusive planning and multi-stakeholder processes towards context-based climate action planning to accommodate the differences in contexts and scale, and to reconcile the differences in perceptions.
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MARKANDAY, AMBIKA, IBON GALARRAGA, and ANIL MARKANDYA. "A CRITICAL REVIEW OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN CITIES." Climate Change Economics 10, no. 04 (November 2019): 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007819500143.
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This study systematically reviews the scientific literature ([Formula: see text]) on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of adaptation measures in cities and similar urban environments. The review is conducted to assess existing or proposed actions for dealing with impacts of drought, heat waves, sea-level rise, and pluvial and fluvial flooding. It includes over 30 measures related to structural, services, technological, informational and ecosystem-based approaches. The main findings demonstrate that CBA of adaptation measures across urban environments must contend with numerous long-term socioeconomic and climate change uncertainties. Subsequently, this has led to inconsistencies in valuation frameworks related to, for example, planning horizons, discount rates, non-market considerations and future scenarios. Results also indicate a clear gap in the literature on the economic valuation of adaptation measures in the Global South. Furthermore, few studies integrate equity dimensions while planning for adaptation. Extensions of CBA to account for key uncertainties will help policy makers to allocate (often scarce) resources more efficiently and limit the likelihood of maladaptation. Further inclusion of the magnitude and distributional effects of non-market impacts and greater civil society engagement in policy dialogues will also be vital for promoting just and equitable measures that balance adaptation alongside other policy goals such as mitigation, economic development, health and well-being.
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Pittock, Jamie, and C. Max Finlayson. "Australia's Murray - Darling Basin: freshwater ecosystem conservation options in an era of climate change." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 3 (2011): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09319.
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River flows in the Murray–Darling Basin, as in many regions in the world, are vulnerable to climate change, anticipated to exacerbate current, substantial losses of freshwater biodiversity. Additional declines in water quantity and quality will have an adverse impact on existing freshwater ecosystems. We critique current river-management programs, including the proposed 2011 Basin Plan for Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin, focusing primarily on implementing environmental flows. River management programs generally ignore other important conservation and adaptation measures, such as strategically located freshwater-protected areas. Whereas most river-basin restoration techniques help build resilience of freshwater ecosystems to climate change impacts, different measures to enhance resilience and reoperate water infrastructure are also required, depending on the degree of disturbance of particular rivers on a spectrum from free-flowing to highly regulated. A crucial step is the conservation of free-flowing river ecosystems where maintenance of ecological processes enhances their capacity to resist climate change impacts, and where adaptation may be maximised. Systematic alteration of the operation of existing water infrastructure may also counter major climate impacts on regulated rivers.
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Seidl, Rupert, Werner Rammer, and Manfred J. Lexer. "Adaptation options to reduce climate change vulnerability of sustainable forest management in the Austrian Alps." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 4 (April 2011): 694–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-235.
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Sustaining forest ecosystem functions and services under climate change is a major challenge for forest management. While conceptual advances of adapting coupled social–ecological systems to environmental changes have been made recently, good practice examples at the operational level still remain rare. The current study presents the development of adaptation options for 164 550 ha of commercial forests under the stewardship of the Austrian Federal Forests (AFF). We used a comprehensive vulnerability assessment as analysis framework, employing ecosystem modeling and multicriteria decision analysis in a participatory approach with forest planers of the AFF. An assessment of the vulnerability of multiple ecosystem goods and services under current management served as the starting point for the development of adaptation options. Measures found to successfully reduce vulnerability include the promotion of mixed stands of species well adapted to emerging environmental conditions, silvicultural techniques fostering complexity, and increased management intensity. Assessment results for a wide range of site and stand conditions, stand treatment programs, and future climate scenarios were used to condense robust recommendations for adapting the management guidelines currently used by AFF practitioners. Overall, our results highlight the importance of timely adaptation to sustain forest goods and services and document the respective potential of silvicultural measures.
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Trivedi, Shantanu, and Raju Ganesh Sunder. "Creating Sustainable Agriculture Supply Chain Ecosystem for Remunerative Markets Under Changing Climate in Uttarakhand." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2021100105.
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Major issues in the sustainable development agenda include how to ensure the involvement of producers. Little research has been done of the agricultural supply chain to identify what adaptive measures are being considered or have already been taken for creating remunerative markets. Based on discussions with producers, processors, and retailers from Uttarakhand and nearby regions, this study examines to what extent the Uttarakhand agricultural supply chain ecosystem can sustain and transform with climate change. Perhaps farmers are implicitly taking initiatives to adapt to climate change. These include changing sowing and harvesting timing, cultivation of crops of short duration varieties, inter-cropping, organic farming, agritourism, contract farming, and food processing. These changes may be considered as passive responses or adaptation strategies to climate change. Currently, agricultural practices and policies are perceived as a greater adaptation challenge than climate change, and extra efforts are required to create a remunerative agricultural supply chain ecosystem.
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Ledermann, Thomas, Martin Braun, Georg Kindermann, Robert Jandl, Alice Ludvig, Klemens Schadauer, Peter Schwarzbauer, and Peter Weiss. "Effects of Silvicultural Adaptation Measures on Carbon Stock of Austrian Forests." Forests 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13040565.
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We present the results of a simulation experiment that evaluated three scenarios of forest management in the context of climate change mitigation. Two scenarios refer to climate change adaptation measures. The third scenario was a business-as-usual scenario representing the continuation of current forest management. We wanted to know whether a change in tree species composition or the implementation of shorter rotation cycles is in accordance with the objectives of climate change mitigation. Our simulation experiment was based on data of the Austrian National Forest Inventory. A forest sector simulation model was used to derive timber demand and potential harvesting rates. Forest dynamics were simulated with an individual-tree growth model. We compared carbon stocks, harvesting rates, current annual increment, salvage logging, and forest structure. Compared to the business-as-usual scenario, a change in tree species composition and shorter rotation cycles reduce salvage logging by 14% and 32%, respectively. However, shorter rotation cycles reduce the carbon stock by 27%, but increase the harvesting rate by 4.8% within the simulation period of 140 years. For changes in the tree species composition, the results were the opposite. Here, the carbon stock is increased by 47%, but the harvesting rate is reduced by 15%. Thus, there are clear tradeoffs between the different ecosystem services depending on the climate change adaptation scenario. We also show that a fundamental change in forest management must be accompanied by a transformation in wood processing technology and innovation in wood utilization.
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Chitale, V. S., H. L. Shrestha, N. K. Agarwal, D. Choudhurya, H. Gilani, H. K. Dhonju, and M. S. R. Murthy. "Forest climate change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment in Himalayas." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1291-2014.
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Forests offer an important basis for creating and safeguarding more climate-resilient communities over Hindu Kush Himalayan region. The forest ecosystem vulnerability assessment to climate change and developing knowledge base to identify and support relevant adaptation strategies is realized as an urgent need. The multi scale adaptation strategies portray increasing complexity with the increasing levels in terms of data requirements, vulnerability understanding and decision making to choose a particular adaptation strategy. We present here how such complexities could be addressed and adaptation decisions could be either directly supported by open source remote sensing based forestry products or geospatial analysis and modelled products. The forest vulnerability assessment under climate change scenario coupled with increasing forest social dependence was studied using IPCC Landscape scale Vulnerability framework in Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) situated in Nepal. Around twenty layers of geospatial information on climate, forest biophysical and forest social dependence data was used to assess forest vulnerability and associated adaptation needs using self-learning decision tree based approaches. The increase in forest fires, evapotranspiration and reduction in productivity over changing climate scenario was observed. The adaptation measures on enhancing productivity, improving resilience, reducing or avoiding pressure with spatial specificity are identified to support suitable decision making. The study provides spatial analytical framework to evaluate multitude of parameters to understand vulnerabilities and assess scope for alternative adaptation strategies with spatial explicitness.
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Barausse, Alberto, Cécil Meulenberg, Irene Occhipinti, Marco Abordi, Lara Endrizzi, Giovanna Guadagnin, Mirco Piron, Francesca Visintin, Liliana Vižintin, and Alessandro Manzardo. "A Methodological Proposal for the Climate Change Risk Assessment of Coastal Habitats Based on the Evaluation of Ecosystem Services: Lessons Learnt from the INTERREG Project ECO-SMART." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 7567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137567.
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Climate change is seriously impacting coastal biodiversity and the benefits it provides to humans. This issue is particularly relevant in the case of the European Union’s Natura 2000 network of areas for nature protection, where the sensitivity of local ecosystems calls for intervention to increase resistance and resilience to climate-related risks. Given the complex ways in which climate can influence conservation hotspot areas, there is a need to develop effective strategic approaches and general operational models to identify priorities for management and inform adaptation and mitigation measures. Here, a novel methodological proposal to perform climate risk assessment in Natura 2000 sites is presented that implements the systematic approach of ISO 14090 in combination with the theoretical framework of ecosystem services assessment and local stakeholder participation to identify climate-related issues for local protected habitats and improve the knowledge base needed to plan sustainable conservation and restoration measures. The methodology was applied to five Natura 2000 sites located along the Adriatic coast of Italy and Slovenia. Results show that each of the assessed sites, despite being along the coast of the same sea, is affected by different climate-related issues, impacting different habitats and corresponding ecosystem services. This novel methodology enables a simple and rapid screening for the prioritization of conservation actions and of the possible further investigations needed to support decision making, and was found to be robust and of general applicability. These findings highlight the importance of designing site-specific adaptation measures, tailored to address the peculiar response to climate change of each site in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Morecroft, Michael D., Simon Duffield, Mike Harley, James W. Pearce-Higgins, Nicola Stevens, Olly Watts, and Jeanette Whitaker. "Measuring the success of climate change adaptation and mitigation in terrestrial ecosystems." Science 366, no. 6471 (December 12, 2019): eaaw9256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw9256.
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Natural and seminatural ecosystems must be at the forefront of efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. In the urgency of current circumstances, ecosystem restoration represents a range of available, efficient, and effective solutions to cut net greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. Although mitigation success can be measured by monitoring changing fluxes of greenhouse gases, adaptation is more complicated to measure, and reductions in a wide range of risks for biodiversity and people must be evaluated. Progress has been made in the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation and mitigation measures, but more emphasis on testing the effectiveness of proposed strategies is necessary. It is essential to take an integrated view of mitigation, adaptation, biodiversity, and the needs of people, to realize potential synergies and avoid conflict between different objectives.
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Shrestha, Pratima, and Dev Raj Gautam. "Improving Forest-Based Livelihoods through Integrated Climate Change Adaptation Planning." Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (July 28, 2014): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v2i1.10819.
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Forest-based livelihoods are ruthlessly affected by climate change and other non-climatic stressors. Forests as one of the precious natural assets available in the Chitwan Annapurna area is an appropriate sector to address community and ecosystem vulnerability through adaptation works like plantation, protecting biophysical environment against hazards like landslide, floods, and water scarcity. In Nepal, Community Forest Users Groups with legal entity serves as grassroot organizations in preparation of community based adaptation plan of action (CAPA). Hariyo Ban Program, have facilitated in preparation of community based adaptation plans in remote, vulnerable and marginalized communities of different places of Gandaki river basin. The result shows community perception towards climatic and non climatic stresses and its impacts in forest based livelihoods. Climate change, its variability and extreme events have mystified people’s livelihood and forced them to further suffering. Preparation and implementation of adaptation plans has provided a ray of hope towards addressing adverse impact of climate change. Till date, 142 community adaptation plans are prepared following a methodology on integrated community adaptation planning. Adaptation planning has let community know about the prevailing threats and vulnerabilities in their communities and helped to identify adaptation measures to reduce those threats and vulnerabilities, resulting in improved livelihoods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ctbijis.v2i1.10819 Crossing the Border: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Vol.2(1) 2014: 135-146
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MOHD SHARIFF, Nurhazani. "ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN MALAYSIA." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 45, no. 4 supplement (December 30, 2022): 1735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.454spl23-994.
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Climate change is a critical issue today which significantly affected not just the ecosystem of the community but also the sustainability of tourism industry. Climate change consequences on sustainable tourism are crucial because it increases the danger of species extinction, decreases freshwater, increases wildfire accidents, heat waves, and illnesses, all of which cause visitors to avoid certain places. This study surveyed the community awareness toward climate change and also their perceptions regarding the adaptation strategies for impacts of climate change on sustainable tourism in Malaysia. A number of 400 respondents living in the area of sustainable tourism in Malaysia which are directly and indirectly affected by climate change was selected to fulfill the objectives of the study. An online survey was implemented for the purpose of distributing questionnaire during the pandemic. The findings indicated that two domains derived as adaptation strategies and were named as enhancing awareness and capacity development and also diversification of sustainable tourism activities. This study significantly provides the policymakers a comprehensive adaptation plan to overcome the impacts of climate change on sustainable tourism in Malaysia through the community perspectives. It also assists the policymakers to strongly understand the consequences of adaptation measures of climate change for the future sustainability of tourism industry in Malaysia.
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Hlásny, Tomáš, Csaba Mátyás, Rupert Seidl, Ladislav Kulla, Katarína Merganičová, Jiří Trombik, Laura Dobor, Zoltán Barcza, and Bohdan Konôpka. "Climate change increases the drought risk in Central European forests: What are the options for adaptation?" Forestry Journal 60, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forj-2014-0001.
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Abstract The paper presents information on the projected drought exposure of Central Europe, describes the anticipated dynamics of the regional forests, and identifies measures facilitating the adaptation of forests to climate change-induced drought risk. On the basis of an ensemble of climate change scenarios we expect substantial drying in southern Slovakia and Hungary, while such trends were found to be less pronounced for the Czech Republic and Austria. In response to these climate trajectories, a change in species composition towards a higher share of drought tolerant species as well as the use of drought resistant provenances are identified as paramount actions in forest adaptation in the region. Adaptation to aggravating climate change may need to use artificial regeneration to enrich local gene pools and increase the drought tolerance of stands. Increasing risks from pests, pathogens and other disturbances are expected as a result of more frequent and severe droughts, underlining the need to put a stronger focus on risk management principles rather than on indicators of productivity in silviculture and forest planning. A consolidation of disturbance monitoring systems and a broader use of pest dynamics and hazard rating models are paramount tools to facilitate this adaptation process in forest management. The effectiveness of all the suggested measures needs to be controlled by efficient forest monitoring systems, the consolidation of which seems to be a timely task. Systematic and long-term implementation of the presented measures should increase forest stability and resilience, and further secure the sustainable provision of ecosystem services under climate change.
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Liu, Wan-Yu, Chien-Chen Wu, and Shih-Yu Simon Wang. "Forest Management and Adaptation Strategies in Response to Climate Change by the Taiwanese Public." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081056.
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Forests account for 60% of lands in Taiwan. Climate change impacts forests in many aspects and is increasingly likely to undermine the ability of forests to provide basic ecosystem services. To help reduce the impact of climate change on Taiwan’s forests, people must be made aware of the relationship between climate change and forests. Based on questionnaires collected from 17 cities in Taiwan, this study applied spatial analysis to assess the respondents’ understanding of climate change and adaptation strategies for forest management. A total of 650 questionnaires were distributed and 488 valid ones were collected. The results show that (1) Most respondents believe that climate change is true and more than half of the respondents have experienced extreme weather events, especially extreme rainfall; (2) Most respondents believe that climate change will affect Taiwan’s forests with the majority recognizing the increasing impact of extreme events being the primary cause, followed by changes in the composition of tree species and the deterioration of forest adaptability due to climate change; (3) Most respondents expressed that forest management should be adjusted for climate change and called for measures being taken to establish mixed forests as well as monitoring forest damage; (4) In order to address the difficulties faced by forest owners on the impact of climate change, the majority of respondents felt that the government should raise forest owners’ understanding on climate change and adaptation policies, while the subsidy incentives must also be adjusted. The results of this study show that the respondents do realize the importance of climate change and forest management so much so their awareness in this matter led to their support for forest adaptation measures and policies.
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Salata, Konstantina-Dimitra, and Athena Yiannakou. "The Quest for Adaptation through Spatial Planning and Ecosystem-Based Tools in Resilience Strategies." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145548.
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As climate change and other interdependent challenges are expected to become increasingly acute and unpredictable, so the need for policies and measures to reduce risks and uncertainties in order to adapt to these changes becomes more imperative. Cities can influence their adaptation, resilience, and eventually their sustainability through spatial planning with the use of more ecosystem-based planning tools, such as Green Infrastructure (GI). The present paper is an attempt to assess whether and how city strategies address the objective of an adaptation which interconnects the criteria of vulnerability, adaptability, and resilience through spatial planning. For this purpose, the paper examines the Resilience Strategies of seven European cities of the 100 Resilient Cities initiative (100RC). Based on a thematic analysis, the paper investigates whether these strategies incorporate a spatial planning approach which contributes to adaptation to climate change, focusing on GI as a spatial planning tool. The paper argues that there is room for improvement in all the examined strategies, as none of them fully incorporate the concept of GI, and, furthermore, that some critical planning principles which contribute to adaptation are missing.
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Leal Filho, Walter, G. M. Monirul Alam, Gustavo J. Nagy, Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman, Sajal Roy, Franziska Wolf, Marina Kovaleva, Mustafa Saroar, and Chunlan Li. "Climate change adaptation responses among riparian settlements: A case study from Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): e0278605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278605.
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As transition areas between aquatic ecosystems and the adjacent terrestrial ones, riparian regions are highly exposed to coastal climate hazards. This article describes how climate change and extreme weather impact vulnerable riparian communities and settlements. The analysis is done by reviewing past research and empirical case studies from riparian rural communities of the impact zone of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh, the world’s most extensive mangrove forest. The article discusses the climate-related impacts on households through a Severity Index of Vulnerability and assesses the adaptation responses they may pursue. The principal climate-related vulnerabilities and impacts due to increases in temperature, storm surges, sea flooding, and sea-level rise are seawater intrusion and riverbank erosion. Many households have adopted several autonomous reactive adaptation strategies rather than planned ones, to cope with these impacts. However, government organisations and NGOs provide less than optimal technical and financial support to households for planned and anticipatory adaptive responses. The main barriers to adaptation were the high cost of improved crop varieties, inadequate agricultural extension services, and a lack of knowledge on effective climate adaptation. The restoration of the mangrove ecosystem may increase its resilience and, among other things, make local communities less exposed. The article also presents some adaptation measures proper to reduce the climate-related vulnerability of riparian settlements.
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Tiwari, Ananya, Luís Campos Rodrigues, Frances E. Lucy, and Salem Gharbia. "Building Climate Resilience in Coastal City Living Labs Using Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 10863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710863.
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Climate change leads to an unequivocal rise in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters. This necessitates mainstreaming of climate adaptation strategies in the global movement on climate action. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) has become popular as an effective means of climate adaptation, which can be resilient and flexible compared to hard engineering-based measures. However, ecosystem-based approaches in disaster risk reduction still remain under-researched despite their growing popularity. This study delves into the utility of EBA in the context of the living lab, using a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) based Systematic Literature Review. A living lab (LL) is a participatory tool invented to foster innovation through real-life testing environments, such as individual cities. This study focuses on European coastal regions, as these are both highly populated and vulnerable to climate change impacts such as sea-level rise, storms, flooding and erosion. This study identified multiple synergies between the EBA concepts, living lab and disaster-risk reduction and concludes that EBA schemes can be highly effective in the living lab set-up. It also demonstrates that increased stakeholder engagement and the consideration of socio-economic co-benefits as part of the EBA-LL model can lead to successful disaster risk reduction.
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Khadka, Chiranjeewee, Anju Upadhyaya, Magda Edwards-Jonášová, Nabin Dhungana, Sony Baral, and Pavel Cudlin. "Differential Impact Analysis for Climate Change Adaptation: A Case Study from Nepal." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 9825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169825.
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Following a case study, community adaptation plans are a bottom-up approach that focus on increasing climate-vulnerable communities’ engagement in local adaptation planning and policy design, prioritization, and implementation in Nepal. This paper explains how Community-Based Adaptation Action Plan (CAPA) groups are being studied to assess the climate vulnerability of the local socio-ecosystem and to develop community-level adaptation measures. However, there is insufficient research to differentiate local vulnerabilities caused by climate change. This paper, therefore, examines climate change vulnerability with respect to community vulnerability and potential adaptation measures to increase community resilience and adaptive capacity through CAPAs. The study compares differences by gender, caste/ethnicity, and wealth in relation to specific climate-related hazards (exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) of communities. The study draws on secondary sources of information along with field observations, 73 household interviews, 13 key-informant interviews, consultations, and 9 interactive meetings in 3 districts of Nepal. Differential impact analysis refers to the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of local socio-ecological systems. In addition, multivariate analysis was conducted using the Canoco program to analyze the role of actors with respect to climate vulnerability. The results conclude that the degree of vulnerability varies widely at the household level and is strongly influenced by socio-economic characteristics such as gender, caste/ethnicity, and wealth. Immediate and focused attention is needed to improve access to government resources for vulnerable households, requiring positive support from decision makers. Equally important is improving the chain of communication, which includes information, skills, knowledge, capacity, and institutional arrangements. Analysis of the differential vulnerability and the adaptive capacity of a vulnerable community is more appropriate for the design of local adaptation plans. Therefore, the study suggests that engagement of local partners, including local authorities, in addressing vulnerability and adaptation is required to confront the social process, new institutional arrangements, local adaptation, and capacity-building with technical solutions.
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Devkota, D. C. "Regional cooperation: Key to climate change adaptation in HKH region." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 1 (December 9, 2013): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v1i1.36545.
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Hind Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is shared by eight countries namely: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan, and extends nearly east-west direction covering about approximately 3500 km. Since the region has both the fastest growing economy and the poorest countries, regional cooperation has become a necessity to sustain current rate of economic growth, continue with the efforts for poverty reduction, and meeting the challenges of achieving the millennium development goals (MDG) against the backdrop of climate change, to which the region is quite vulnerable. The average temperature in the HKH region is rising with changes in precipitation occurring across the region. The impact of climate change has been felt across the region, beyond national boundaries. Droughts, flash floods, and torrential rains in Afghanistan; glacial lakes outburst floods in Nepal; rapid glacier melting in Bhutan; flooding, and cyclones in Bangladesh; temperature rise and declining ground water table in India; and flooding in Pakistan are in increasing trend. This situation calls for a joint collaborative initiatives at the regional level to make and implement effective adaptation measures in order to protect fragile mountain ecosystem and age-old tradition and practices for sustainable development of region. There are two major barriers related to adaptation and governance issues, which under certain circumstance also need regional cooperation to solve. Since China and India are the fastest growing economic powers, it is high time that they take a collective lead role and the rest of the countries share ...
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Grilli, Eleonora, Elio Coppola, Tommaso La Mantia, Micòl Mastrocicco, Fernando Pulido, Flora Angela Rutigliano, Paola Quatrini, and Simona Castaldi. "Soil Quality Characterization of Mediterranean Areas under Desertification Risk for the Implementation of Management Schemes Aimed at Land Degradation Neutrality." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030054.
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Soil is a key component of ecosystems as it provides fundamental ecosystem functions and services, first of all supporting primary productivity, by physical, chemical and biological interaction with plants. However, soil loss and degradation are at present two of the most critical environmental issues. This phenomenon is particularly critical in Mediterranean areas, where inappropriate land management, in combination with the increasingly harshening of climatic conditions due to Climate Change, is leading to significant land degradation and desertification and is expected to worsen in the future, leading to economic and social crisis. In such areas, it is of fundamental importance to apply sustainable management practices, as conservation/restoration measures, to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality. This approach is at the core of the LIFE project Desert-Adapt “Preparing desertification areas for increased climate change” which is testing a new framework of sustainable land management strategies based on the key concept that the maintenance of ecosystems quality is necessarily connected to economic and social security in these fragile areas. The project will test adaptation strategies and measures in 10 sites of three Mediterranean areas under strong desertification risk, Alentejo in Portugal, Extremadura in Spain and Sicily in Italy. We present the baseline data of soil quality analysis from 32 sites in the 10 study areas of the project. Key drivers of soil quality and quantity were identified and used as basis to select sustainable management strategies focused on the maintenance, improvement and/or recovery of soil-based ecosystem services, with particular attention to climate change adaptation and land productivity. The final objective of the project is to demonstrate, according to the LDN approach, the best adaptation strategies to recover degraded areas from low-productive systems into resource-efficient and low-carbon economies to preserve ecosystem quality and booster economy and social security
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Baliuk, Sviatoslav, Lyudmyla Vorotyntseva, and Maryna Zakharova. "Sustainable management of soil resources for adaptation to climate change." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 51 (December 27, 2017): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8732.
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The questions of sustainable management of soil resources are shown. It is directed to the neutral level of soil degradation and agro-climatic adaptation of agriculture to climate change, promote rational use of resources, conservation and restoration of biodiversity. It is necessary to regulate the load on soils and take into account their ability to self-healing. Unbalanced use leads to a deterioration of the soil quality, water sources, loss of biodiversity, reduced environmental sustainability and ecosystem services which they provide. This question is especially actual with climate changes. Adoption of the three conventions of the United Nations is showing it. Degradation is one of the most important problems in the world. Its causes and unresolved problems of the soil resources management in Ukraine are indicated. In global climate change, the role of adaptive farming systems increases. It contributes to an increase in land productivity and sustainable use. Reducing the soil moisture content reduces mobility and availability of nutrients for plants. It requires the optimization of plant root nutrition through the mineral fertilizers. Measures for adaptation of agriculture should be integrated and cover all possible agricultural practices which can improve the plant growth. It is proposed to grow crops hybrids which resistant to temperature changes and water deficiency, to optimize the fertilizer system (by nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizers, microfertilizers), moisture-saving soil cultivation systems. The use of irrigation and the expansion of irrigated land are essential for maintaining the “climate optimized” agriculture. Key words: adaptation, soil resources, degradation, fertilizers, irrigation, climate.
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Mugari, Ephias, Hillary Masundire, and Maitseo Bolaane. "Adapting to Climate Change in Semi-Arid Rural Areas: A Case of the Limpopo Basin Part of Botswana." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 8292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208292.
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Climate change and anthropogenic pressure are increasingly modifying and interfering with ecosystem functions and limiting the delivery of ecosystem products, livelihoods, and adaptive response capacity in many developing countries. We identify measures by which local people in the semi-arid Limpopo Basin part of Botswana are responding to climate change and fluctuations in ecosystem products and examine socio-economic attributes of households influencing their adoption and discuss their adequacy. Our study used a case study of Bobirwa sub-district and employed key informant and household interviews to collect qualitative and quantitative data. Thematic analysis was used to analyze textural data from key informant interviews while frequencies, proportions, and Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the adoption of different strategies. A multinomial logit (MNL) regression was used to analyze the influence of several social, demographic, and economic attributes of households on household adaptation choices. We attributed the high adoption of on-farm adaptations to the simultaneous influence of more severe droughts and the free input support through the government’s Integrated Support Programme for Arable Agriculture (ISPAAD). Our findings suggest that current adaptations were inadequate and implementation of the ISPAAD programme required fine-tuning to be more effective. Results of the MNL regression provide critical information on the barriers and enablers of adaptation in the sub-district yet offer important entry points for improving current adaptations. Therefore, the government needs to put measures that encourage investments in the processing of ecosystem products in rural areas to broaden the livelihood base and possibly reduce overdependence on rainfed agriculture. However, the extent to which this can be achieved depends on the level of government commitment to supporting local initiatives to addressing the climate change threat.
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Kundu, Shilpi, Mohammad Ehsanul Kabir, Edward A. Morgan, Peter Davey, and Moazzem Hossain. "Building Coastal Agricultural Resilience in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review of Progress, Gaps and Implications." Climate 8, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8090098.
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This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review of climate change adaptation and resilience in coastal agriculture in Bangladesh. It explores the existing adaptation measures against climatic stresses. It investigates the extent of resilience-building by the use of these adaptation measures and identifies major challenges that hinder the adaptation process within the country. The review was conducted by following the systematic methods of the protocol of Preferred Items for Systematic Review Recommendations (PRISMA) to comprehensively synthesize, evaluate and track scientific literature on climate-resilient agriculture in coastal Bangladesh. It considered peer-reviewed English language articles from the databases Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct between the years 2000 and 2018. A total of 54 articles were selected following the four major steps of a systematic review, i.e., identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion. Adaptation measures identified in the review were grouped into different themes: Agricultural adaptation, alternative livelihoods, infrastructure development, technological advancement, ecosystem management and policy development. The review revealed that within the adaptation and resilience literature for coastal Bangladesh, maladaptation, gender imbalance and the notable absence of studies of island communities were gaps that require future research.
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Bhusal, Kiran, Erica Udas, and Laxmi Dutt Bhatta. "Ecosystem-based adaptation for increased agricultural productivity by smallholder farmers in Nepal." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 14, 2022): e0269586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269586.
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The impacts of climate change are evident in the agriculture sector globally. These impacts are more severe and pronounced in a mountainous country like Nepal due to the high reliance on agro-economy and subsistence-based livelihoods by smallholder farmers that increase vulnerability and risks. Several ecosystem-based adaptation measures have proved to build the adaptive capacity of both agro-ecosystems and smallholder farmers by offering simple and affordable technologies however, these are yet to be prioritized by policy and programs for scaling. In this paper, we provide science-based evidence to traditionally used practices, such as jholmal (locally prepared bio-fertilizer and pesticides) and straw mulching by comparing their efficacy in terms of yield and reduction in disease pest infestation. The study was conducted in Kavre district of Nepal during 2017 and 2018 using participatory on-farm field trials for jholmal and straw mulching designed separately with Randomized Complete Block Design for selected vegetable crops like bitter gourd and tomato. The application of jholmal showed significant increase in bitter gourd yield both at the foothill and hilltop sites compared to the farmer’s business usual practice (in 2017 and 2018, bitter gourd yield increased by 30.5% and 31.1% in foothill, while 26.6% and 28.7% in hilltops respectively). Further, a significant reduction on fruit infestation was observed in jholmal treated plots. Similarly, there was increase in tomato yield when straw mulch was used compared to the non-mulched trials (in 2017 and 2018, tomato yield increased by 16.5% and 20.3% respectively). These findings suggest that traditionally used practices have scientific basis and offer simple, affordable and climate friendly practices to improve the health of agro-ecosystem while supporting smallholder farmers to adapt to adverse impacts of climate change and build socio-ecological resilience. These practices can be also customized depending on the local context for wider adoption and scaling across Nepal and elsewhere as ecosystem-based adaptation measures for smallholder farmers.
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Somogyi, Zoltán. "Projected effects of climate change on the carbon stocks of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in Zala County, Hungary." Forestry Journal 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2016-0001.
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Abstract Recent studies suggest that climate change will lead to the local extinction of many tree species from large areas during this century, affecting the functioning and ecosystem services of many forests. This study reports on projected carbon losses due to the assumed local climate change-driven extinction of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from Zala County, South-Western Hungary, where the species grows at the xeric limit of its distribution. The losses were calculated as a difference between carbon stocks in climate change scenarios assuming an exponentially increasing forest decline over time, and those in a baseline scenario assuming no climate change. In the climate change scenarios, three different sets of forest management adaptation measures were studied: (1) only harvesting damaged stands, (2) additionally salvaging dead trees that died due to climate change, and (3) replacing, at an increasing rate over time, beech with sessile oak (Quercus petraea Matt. Lieb.) after final harvest. Projections were made using the open access carbon accounting model CASMOFOR based on modeling or assuming effects of climate change on mortality, tree growth, root-to-shoot ratio and decomposition rates. Results demonstrate that, if beech disappears from the region as projected by the end of the century, over 80% of above-ground biomass carbon, and over 60% of the carbon stocks of all pools (excluding soils) of the forests will be lost by 2100. Such emission rates on large areas may have a discernible positive feedback on climate change, and can only partially be offset by the forest management adaptation measures.
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Hidalgo, Manuel, Valerio Bartolino, Marta Coll, Mary E. Hunsicker, Morgane Travers-Trolet, and Howard I. Browman. "‘Adaptation science’ is needed to inform the sustainable management of the world's oceans in the face of climate change." ICES Journal of Marine Science 79, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsac014.
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Abstract The global response to the challenge of increasingly rapid and severe climate change is shifting from a focus on mitigation and remediation of impacts to a pragmatic adaptation framework. Innovative adaptive solutions that transform the way in which we manage the world's oceans and, particularly, the harvesting of marine resources in a sustainable manner, are urgently needed. In that context, ICES Journal of Marine Science solicited contributions to the themed article set (TS), “Exploring adaptation capacity of the world's oceans and marine resources to climate change”. We summarize the contributions included in this TS that provide examples of emerging climate change impacts, assess system risks at subnational and international scales, prove and evaluate different adaptation options and approaches, and explore societal and stakeholder perceptions. We also provide some “food for thought" on possible future developments in a transdisciplinary “adaptation science” working at the interface between ecology, socio-economics, and policy-governance, and that will have to provide concrete solutions to the challenges represented by climate-change and anthropogenic activity. Success will depend on the extent to which new knowledge and approaches can be integrated into the decision-making process to support evidence-based climate policy and ecosystem-based management. This includes testing their effectiveness in real systems, but also consider how social acceptance of adaptive measures will/will not support their full implementation.
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Karki, G., B. Paudel, and B. K. Uprety. "Integrating forests and biodiversity in Nepal's National Adaptation Plan: A review and synthesis of knowledge stock on opportunities and way forward." Banko Janakari 27, no. 2 (October 3, 2018): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v27i2.21220.
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Climate change brings lasting changes in forests and biodiversity together with the ecosystem services altering its ability to support present and future economic activities. Current forest utilization and preservation is based on how forests developed under past climatic conditions. Policy-makers and forest managers must accept that climate change is inevitable and from which forests and forest communities are significantly impacted globally and in Nepal also, sustainable forest management (SFM) is already based on many measures to adapt to climate change as planned adaptation will reduce vulnerability at intervened sites and will have long term impacts. However, many forest species will be adapting autonomously and society will have to adjust to the result. Adaptation requires planning for change so that a suite of options for the future but based on the present practice and knowledge is to be available whenever needed. On the foundation of concurrent learning, knowledge and experiences of National Adaption Program of Action (NAPA) process, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process for forests and biodiversity will build medium and long-term adaptation strategies and plans with widely accepted objectives of future forests and biodiversity management. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 27, No. 2, 2017, page: 21-31
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Macharia, Denis, Erneus Kaijage, Leif Kindberg, Grace Koech, Lilian Ndungu, Anastasia Wahome, and Robinson Mugo. "Mapping Climate Vulnerability of River Basin Communities in Tanzania to Inform Resilience Interventions." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2020): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104102.
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Increasing climate variability and change coupled with steady population growth is threatening water resources and livelihoods of communities living in the Wami-Ruvu and Rufiji basins in Tanzania. These basins are host to three large urban centers, namely Dar es Salaam, Dodoma and Morogoro, with a combined total of more than 7 million people. Increased demand for ecosystem services from the available surface water resources and a decreasing supply of clean and safe water are exacerbating the vulnerability of communities in these basins. Several studies have analyzed climate projects in the two basins but little attention has been paid to identify locations that have vulnerable communities in a spatially-explicit form. To address this gap, we worked with stakeholders from national and local government agencies, basin water boards and the Water Resources Integration Development Initiative (WARIDI) project funded by USAID to map the vulnerability of communities to climate variability and change in the two basins. A generalized methodology for mapping social vulnerability to climate change was used to integrate biophysical and socioeconomic indicators of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity and produced climate vulnerability index maps. Our analysis identified vulnerability “hotspots” where communities are at a greater risk from climate stressors. The results from this study were used to identify priority sites and adaptation measures for the implementation of resilience building interventions and to train local government agencies and communities on climate change adaptation measures in the two basins.
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Arneth, Almut, Yunne-Jai Shin, Paul Leadley, Carlo Rondinini, Elena Bukvareva, Melanie Kolb, Guy F. Midgley, Thierry Oberdorff, Ignacio Palomo, and Osamu Saito. "Post-2020 biodiversity targets need to embrace climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 49 (December 7, 2020): 30882–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009584117.
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Recent assessment reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) have highlighted the risks to humanity arising from the unsustainable use of natural resources. Thus far, land, freshwater, and ocean exploitation have been the chief causes of biodiversity loss. Climate change is projected to be a rapidly increasing additional driver for biodiversity loss. Since climate change and biodiversity loss impact human societies everywhere, bold solutions are required that integrate environmental and societal objectives. As yet, most existing international biodiversity targets have overlooked climate change impacts. At the same time, climate change mitigation measures themselves may harm biodiversity directly. The Convention on Biological Diversity’s post-2020 framework offers the important opportunity to address the interactions between climate change and biodiversity and revise biodiversity targets accordingly by better aligning these with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals. We identify the considerable number of existing and proposed post-2020 biodiversity targets that risk being severely compromised due to climate change, even if other barriers to their achievement were removed. Our analysis suggests that the next set of biodiversity targets explicitly addresses climate change-related risks since many aspirational goals will not be feasible under even lower-end projections of future warming. Adopting more flexible and dynamic approaches to conservation, rather than static goals, would allow us to respond flexibly to changes in habitats, genetic resources, species composition, and ecosystem functioning and leverage biodiversity’s capacity to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Lacher, Iara, Thomas Akre, William J. McShea, Marissa McBride, Jonathan R. Thompson, and Craig Fergus. "Engaging Regional Stakeholders in Scenario Planning for the Long-Term Preservation of Ecosystem Services in Northwestern Virginia." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001180.
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This case study describes the application of a framework for developing stakeholder-driven scenarios of the future. The purpose of these scenarios is to inform land use planning toward the protection of ecosystems and derivable ecosystem services in Northwestern Virginia. We held two scenario development workshops with regional experts in conservation, agriculture, land use planning, policy, and economic development to create scenarios of land use in the northern Piedmont and northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. We structured the workshops around a framework that guided stakeholders through several steps eventually resulting in four unique scenarios describing the region in 50 years. Scenario narratives were defined by the intersection of highly influential and uncertain drivers of change relevant to land use planning and ecosystem services. Participants from the northern Shenandoah Valley region selected population growth and climate change adaptation as their scenario defining drivers, while participants from the northern Piedmont region selected planning strategy and climate change impact as their scenario defining drivers. Participants fleshed out scenarios into descriptive narratives that incorporated qualitative and quantitative measures of change. Details from the scenario narratives informed land use change models to further quantify tradeoffs between land use planning decisions and ecosystem services. Individuals interested in using scenario planning to guide research efforts, conservation, or land use planning, or even to broaden perspectives on how to view the future, will find value in this case study.
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Rey Mellado, Raquel, María Teresa Franchini Alonso, and Cristina del Pozo Sánchez. "Soluciones basadas en la Naturaleza: estrategias urbanas para la adaptación al cambio climático." Hábitat y Sociedad, no. 14 (2021): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/habitatysociedad.2021.i14.13.
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Cities will suffer the impacts of climate change in the next decades. These impacts will be different according to their geographical features, the distribution and number of green spaces, the characteristics of the exterior surfaces of their floors and the density of population, among other aspects. Given this situation, many cities have begun to adopt adaptation strategies to reduce their vulnerability to the adverse effects of the climate; among which Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) stand out, which respond to ecosystem services and climate challenges, and are classified from the main ecosystems in which they affect: water, vegetation and soil. Within this context, the interest of the SBN in the international field is analyzed and the adaptation measures included in urban strategies developed to respond to this task are reviewed. The review of interventions in cities of the Mediterranean area makes it possible to value the usefulness of the NBS for urban planning and design.
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Prokhorova, N., E. Moiseeva, and Z. Govedar. "Adaptive forest management in the context of climate change (on the example of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the Central Black Earth Region of Russia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 875, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/875/1/012040.
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Abstract The article examines the systems of adaptive forest management in the Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and forest-steppe and steppe regions of the Central Black Earth region of Russia (within the Voronezh region) in the context of climate change, suggests measures for adaptive forest management. The concept of adaptive measures can be useful to rationalize and focus existing views on adaptation and restoration of forests. This area is designed to help reforestation, with particular attention to the ability of ecosystems to self-organize in the future and adapt to changing environmental conditions. adaptive capacity It is imperative to consider new or unparalleled ecosystems to ensure the best mix of ecosystem services in the face of future uncertainties. substantiation of improving models of forestry in the context of climate change and ensuring their practical implementation. Directions for further research in this area should relate to the development of risk-based planning approaches and multi-stakeholder decision-making.
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Rogozhina, Natalia G. "Socio-environmental problems of the Mekong delta in Vietnam." Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6, no. 2 (July 12, 2022): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2022.62-101585.
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The article discusses the features of the socio-environmental situation in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam. The first part analyzes the causes of its degradation under the influence of factors related to the economic development of the river both in Vietnam and abroad and multiplied by the consequences of climate change. The destruction of the Mekong Delta ecosystem calls into question the sustainability of the regions future economic development and threatens the countrys food security. The second part of the article analyzes the policy promoted by the state to minimize the environmental consequences of ongoing development projects and adaptation to climate change. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the existing difficulties in implementing the planned measures, the state is ready to create conditions for the transition to sustainable development in the Mekong Delta.
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Friedrich, Stefan, Torben Hilmers, Claudia Chreptun, Elizabeth Gosling, Isabelle Jarisch, Hans Pretzsch, and Thomas Knoke. "The cost of risk management and multifunctionality in forestry: a simulation approach for a case study area in Southeast Germany." European Journal of Forest Research 140, no. 5 (June 6, 2021): 1127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01391-y.
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AbstractForest management faces growing uncertainty concerning environmental conditions and demand for ecosystem services. To help forest managers consider uncertainty, we applied a robust and multi-criteria approach to select the optimal composition of a forest enterprise from 12 stand types. In our simulation, the forest enterprise strives for either financial return or a multi-criteria forest management considering financial return, carbon storage and forest ecosystem stability. To quantify the influence of climate change on these decision criteria, we used the concept of analogous climate zones. Our results provide recommendations for long-term strategies for tree species selection in a Southeast German forest enterprise. The results show that considering both uncertainty and multifunctionality in forest management led to more diversified forest compositions. However, robust and multi-criteria optimisation required the forest enterprise to pay a premium in terms of lower income. Financial returns decreased when forest composition accounted for uncertainty or multiple objectives. We also found that adaptation measures could only partly financially compensate the effects of climate change. As the study is limited to two tree species, including additional tree species, variants of mixing proportions and further silvicultural strategies in the optimisation appears a promising avenue for future research.
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Fyllas, Nikolaos M., Theano Koufaki, Christodoulos I. Sazeides, Gavriil Spyroglou, and Konstantinos Theodorou. "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Habitat Suitability of the Dominant Tree Species in Greece." Plants 11, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11121616.
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Climate change is affecting species distribution and ecosystem form and function. Forests provide a range of ecosystem services, and understanding their vulnerability to climate change is important for designing effective adaptation strategies. Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) has been extensively used to derive habitat suitability maps under current conditions and project species distribution shifts under climate change. In this study, we model the current and future habitat suitability of the dominant tree species in Greece (Abies cephalonica, Abies borisii-regis, Pinus brutia, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra, Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Quercus frainetto and Fagus sylvatica), based on species-specific presence data from the EU-Forest database, enhanced with data from Greece that is currently under-represented in terms of tree species occurrence points. By including these additional presence data, areas with relatively drier conditions for some of the study species were included in the SDM development, yielding a potentially lower vulnerability under climate change conditions. SDMs were developed for each taxon using climate and soil data at a resolution of ~1 km2. Model performance was assessed under current conditions and was found to adequately simulate potential distributions. Subsequently, the models were used to project the potential distribution of each species under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios for the 2041–2070 and 2071–2100 time periods. Under climate change scenarios, a reduction in habitat-suitable areas was predicted for most study species, with higher elevation taxa experiencing more pronounced potential habitat shrinkages. An exception was the endemic A. cephalonica and its sister species A. borisii-regis, which, although currently found at mid and high elevations, seem able to maintain their potential distribution under most climate change scenarios. Our findings suggest that climate change could significantly affect the distribution and dynamics of forest ecosystems in Greece, with important ecological, economic and social implications, and thus adequate mitigation measures should be implemented.
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Etana, Dula, Denyse J. R. M. Snelder, Cornelia F. A. van Wesenbeeck, and Tjard de Cock Buning. "The Impact of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability on the Livelihood of Smallholder Farmers in Central Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 6790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126790.
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Although most micro-level studies show the positive impact of adaptation on food security and household income, these are only a few of the outcomes adaptation is intended to achieve. Farmers’ livelihoods function in complex ways such that an understanding the multidimensional outcome of adaptation is important. These necessitate the use of multiple indicators in the evaluation of the impact of adaptation. Based on data collected from 810 randomly selected households in central Ethiopia, this study investigates the impacts of adaptation strategies on the sustainability of the livelihoods of farmers. The economic, social, and environmental outcomes were integrated to construct the Livelihood Sustainability Index. The endogenous switching regression model, which accounts for unobserved heterogeneity and possible endogeneity, was used to examine the impact of using adaptation strategies. With a mean score of 41, the farmers had lower levels of livelihood sustainability. Farmers switching crop type, diversifying crops, planting improved seeds, engaging in land management activities, and using irrigation had a higher livelihood sustainability index compared to the counterfactual case in which they did not use them. Non-farm employment and migration significantly increased livelihood sustainability for the using households. However, had these factors been used by the non-users, it would have resulted in reduced livelihood sustainability. Farmers using more than four adaptation strategies had more sustainable livelihoods than using fewer strategies. The findings affirm that adaptation contributes to livelihood improvement. However, since the farmers are far from achieving a higher level of sustainable livelihoods, policies shall focus on maximizing the returns to be obtained from using adaptation strategies. This includes improving access to ecosystem services through environmental protection measures, increasing production efficiency through improved access to and proper utilization of farm inputs, expanding irrigation facilities, creating decent employment opportunities, and enhancing farmers’ skills through entrepreneurial training.
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Pandey, Chandra Lal, and Ngamindra Dahal. "Rethinking Climate Diplomacy Gains: Strategic Benefits to Nepal." Journal of Foreign Affairs 2, no. 01 (September 5, 2022): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jofa.v2i01.44005.
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Nepal is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world when it comes to climate change, which has become a major threat to development and in building disaster-resilient urban and rural communities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sixth assessment report of 2021 termed the climate crisis as “Code Red”, signifying that climate change is already causing substantial physical, environmental, social, and economic losses, and damages in both developing and developed countries. The impacts of climate change are disproportionate for countries like Nepal, which must bear the brunt of the impacts even though their contribution to making global warming is minimal. However, the politics of developed and the developing countries and changing economic realities of many influential nations complicate multilateral, bilateral, trilateral and regional climate negotiations. Most recent scientific reports suggest that if countries do not take decisive action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions now, the world is going beyond the 2°C rise limit soon and will affect, inter alia, the mountain ecosystem, freshwater system, agriculture, livelihood, and development practices. The impacts of climate change are increasing rapidly in various sectors of Nepali human and natural ecosystems. Therefore, addressing the impacts of it is paramount, and requires mitigation and adaptation measures, which includes efficacious climate diplomacy. Qualitative assessments indicate that Nepal needs to adopt a new approach to climate diplomacy to ethically encourage big economies and the rest of the world to go beyond conventional binary options of relations between the developed and developing countries. Adaptation and mitigation are the best available approaches to addressing climate change vulnerabilities and building resilient communities. Therefore, an interdisciplinary negotiation team would be needed in the diplomatic efforts to articulate priorities and evidence-based impacts and for tapping the international resources – state-of-art-knowledge, finances, and technologies – to assist the country to fight against climate threats.
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Darabant, András, Birgit Habermann, Kibruyesfa Sisay, Christopher Thurnher, Yonas Worku, Selamawit Damtew, Mara Lindtner, Leisa Burrell, and Abrham Abiyu. "Farmers’ perceptions and matching climate records jointly explain adaptation responses in four communities around Lake Tana, Ethiopia." Climatic Change 163, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 481–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02889-x.
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AbstractFarmers’ climate perceptions are responsible for shaping their adaptive responses and are thus essential to consider for the design of strategies to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience. In this study, we collected social data in four communities in the central Ethiopian Highlands on farmers’ climate perceptions and adaptations using group discussions and PRA tools. We related these to climate data spanning 30 years (1981 to 2010), consisting of daily minimum temperature, maximum temperature and precipitation, modelled for the four communities using global databases and regional meteorological data. We found that farmers’ climate perceptions showed considerable spatial and gender differences. Perceptions matched well with records describing climate variability, particularly in terms of the shortening and the increased variability of the rainy season, as well as the occurrence of extreme drought in recent years. Climate change, described by long-term average increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation, was perceived, but with subordinate priority. Perceived climate impacts included reduced crop yield, increased occurrence of pests and diseases and increased crop damage by extreme events and poverty. Adaptations were mainly land based and included agronomic measures, land management and ecosystem restoration. Furthermore, important gender differences in adaptation could be traced back to typical gender roles. Results highlight the risk of broadcast adaptation programs, such as the government-propagated combination of mineral fertilizers and early maturing crop varieties. Most importantly, they point to the need to consider climate variability, site- and gender-specific perceptions and priorities.
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Madrigal-Ballestero, Róger, and María A. Naranjo. "Adaptive capacity, drought and the performance of community-based drinking water organizations in Costa Rica." Journal of Water and Climate Change 6, no. 4 (April 9, 2015): 831–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.154.
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Community-based drinking water organizations (CBDWOs) are the most important providers of water in rural areas of the developing world. They are responsible for coping with future threats due to climate change, besides other non-climatic drivers of change such as demographic growth. The inherent capacities of CBDWOs to adapt to external drivers of change would be greatly conditioned by their capacities to initiate and catalyze collective processes. The rich background of CDBWOs' actual and historical responses to drought phenomena is an essential starting point for understanding both the processes and the limitations of adapting to future adverse climatic events. In this study, we contrast six CBDWOs located in the Costa Rican dry corridor, in order to analyze their ability to self-organize coping with recent annual periodical droughts. We found that CBDWOs implement hard, soft, and ecosystem-based adaptation measures. The decisions in this regard are reactive, tend to follow a sequential order, and are context dependent. One of the main factors that facilitates capital-intensive adaptation measures is the ability of CBDWOs to mobilize internal or external financial resources, which further depends on social capital and the governance structure.
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Carro, Inti, Leonardo Seijo, Gustavo J. Nagy, Ximena Lagos, and Ofelia Gutiérrez. "Building capacity on ecosystem-based adaptation strategy to cope with extreme events and sea-level rise on the Uruguayan coast." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 4 (August 20, 2018): 504–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2017-0149.
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Purpose This study aims to show a case study of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) measures to increase coastal system’s resilience to extreme weather events and sea-level rise (SLR) implemented at Kiyú (Uruguayan coast of the Rio de la Plata river estuary). Design/methodology/approach A participatory process involving the community and institutional stakeholders was carried out to select and prioritise adaptation measures to reduce the erosion of sandy beaches, dunes and bluffs due to extreme wind storm surge and rainfall, SLR and mismanagement practices. The recovery of coastal ecosystems was implemented through soft measures (green infrastructure) such as revegetation with native species, dune regeneration, sustainable drainage systems and the reduction of use pressures. Findings Main achievements of this case study include capacity building of municipal staff and stakeholders, knowledge exchanges with national-level decision makers and scientists and the incorporation of EbA approaches by subnational-level coastal governments. To consolidate EbA, the local government introduced innovations in the coastal management institutional structure. Originality/value The outcomes of the article include, besides the increase in the resilience of social-ecological systems, the strengthening of socio-institutional behaviour, structure and sustainability. This experience provides insights for developing a strategy for both Integrated Coastal Management and climate adaptation at the national scale.
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Wübbelmann, Thea, Steffen Bender, and Benjamin Burkhard. "Modelling flood regulation ecosystem services dynamics based on climate and land use information." Landscape Online 88 (February 6, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3097/lo.202188.
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The concept of ecosystem service (ES) identifies benefits that people obtain from ecosystems with contributions to human well-being. One important ES under external pressure is “flood regulation” that describes an ecosystem’s capacity to reduce flood hazards.
Several related studies estimate current flood regulation ES. However, regional climate projections indicate a shift in precipitation patterns. Therefore, Climate and land use changes make it necessary to assess future supply in order to test functionality and adaptation measures. This study focuses on surface retention ES. We used two methods to show the relevance of different landscape scenarios and climate information for flood regulation ES supply: 1) hydraulic simulations with the model HEC-RAS 2) the flood retention capacity indicator suggested by the German MAES-Working group. We simulated two events: the historic flood of 2013 and future hypothetically 10% higher water levels. Furthermore, three land use change scenarios were evaluated.
The model results indicate water accumulation by vegetation. Higher water levels of future climate scenarios lead to an increase in flooded areas and higher water volumes. To evaluate flood regulation capacities, an approach solely based on 2D retention areas, such as the MAES-indicator, is not sufficient. Modelling approaches deliver the opportunity for future scenario simulations.
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Li, Shuaishuai, Jiahua Zhang, Malak Henchiri, Dan Cao, Sha Zhang, Yun Bai, and Shanshan Yang. "Spatiotemporal Variations of Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystems in Response to Land Use and Future Climate Change." Atmosphere 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071024.
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Terrestrial ecosystems in China are threatened by land use and future climate change. Understanding the effects of these changes on vegetation and the climate-vegetation interactions is critical for vegetation preservation and mitigation. However, land-use impacts on vegetation are neglected in terrestrial ecosystems exploration, and a deep understanding of land-use impacts on vegetation dynamics is lacking. Additionally, few studies have examined the contribution of vegetation succession to changes in vegetation dynamics. To fill the above gaps in the field, the spatiotemporal distribution of terrestrial ecosystems under the current land use and climate baseline (1970–2000) was examined in this study using the Comprehensive Sequential Classification System (CSCS) model. Moreover, the spatiotemporal variations of ecosystems and their succession under future climate scenarios (the 2030s–2080s) were quantitatively projected and compared. The results demonstrated that under the current situation, vegetation without human disturbance was mainly distributed in high elevation regions and less than 10% of the national area. For future vegetation dynamics, more than 58% of tundra and alpine steppe would shrink. Semidesert would respond to climate change with an expansion of 39.49 × 104 km2, including the succession of the steppe to semidesert. Although some advancement of the temperate forest at the expense of substantial dieback of tundra and alpine steppe is expected to occur, this century would witness a considerable shrinkage of them, especially in RCP8.5, at approximately 55.06 × 104 km2. Overall, a warmer and wetter climate would be conducive to the occurrence and development of the CSCS ecosystems. These results offer new insights on the potential ecosystem response to land use and climate change over the Chinese domain, and on creating targeted policies for effective adaptation to these changes and implementation of ecosystem protection measures.