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Abbas, Nahlah, Saleh Wasimi, Nadhir Al-Ansari, and Sultana Nasrin Baby. "Recent Trends and Long-Range Forecasts of Water Resources of Northeast Iraq and Climate Change Adaptation Measures." Water 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2018): 1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111562.
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Iraq has been experiencing water resources scarcity, and is vulnerable to climate change. Analysis of historical data revealed that the region is experiencing climate change to a degree higher than generally reported elsewhere. The relationship between climate change and its effect on water resources of a region has been sparsely addressed in published literature. To fill that gap this research work first investigates if there has been a significant change in climate in the region, which has been found to be true. In the next stage, the research projects future climatic scenarios of the region based on six oft-used General Circulation Model (GCM) ensembles, namely CCSM4, CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, GFDL-ESM2M, MEROC5, HadGEM2-ES, and IPSL-CM5A-LR. The relationship between climate change and its impact on water resources is explored through the application of the popular, widely used SWAT model. The model depicts the availability of water resources, classified separately as blue and green waters, for near and distant futures for the region. Some of the findings are foreboding and warrants urgent attention of planners and decision makers. According to model outputs, the region may experience precipitation reduction of about 12.6% and 21% in near (2049–2069) and distant (2080–2099) futures, respectively under RCP8.5. Those figures under RCP4.5 are 15% and 23.4%, respectively and under RCP2.6 are 12.2% and 18.4%, respectively. As a consequence, the blue water may experience decreases of about 22.6% and 40% under RCP8.5, 25.8% and 46% under RCP4.5, and 34.4% and 31% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. Green water, by contrast, may reduce by about 10.6% and 19.6% under RCP8.5, by about 14.8% and 19.4% under RCP4.5, and by about 15.8% and 14.2% under RCP2.6 during the periods 2049–2069 and 2080–2099, respectively. The research further investigates how the population are adapting to already changed climates and how they are expected to cope in the future when the shift in climate is expected to be much greater.
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Van Bogaert, Rik, Sylvie Gauthier, Frédéric Raulier, Jean-Pierre Saucier, Dominique Boucher, André Robitaille, and Yves Bergeron. "Exploring forest productivity at an early age after fire: a case study at the northern limit of commercial forests in Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 5 (May 2015): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0273.
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Interest in northern forests is increasing worldwide for both timber production and climate change mitigation. Studies exploring forest productivity at an early age after fire and its determining factors are greatly needed. We studied forest productivity, defined as the combined quality of stocking and growth, of 116 10- to 30-year-old postfire sites. The sites were spread over a 90 000 km2 area north of the Quebec commercial forestry limit and were dominated by Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. and Pinus banksiana Lamb. Seventy-two percent of our sites were classified as unproductive, mainly because of poor growth. Because growth was mostly determined by climatic factors, afforestation alone may not be sufficient to increase stand productivity in our study area. In addition, our results suggest that P. banksiana on dry sites may be less resilient to fire than previously thought, presumably because of poor site quality and climate. Overall, this is one of the first studies to explore productivity issues at an early age in natural northern forests, and the analysis scheme that defines forest productivity as the result of growth and stocking could provide a useful tool to identify similar issues elsewhere.
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Baharlouii, M., D. Mafi Gholami, and M. Abbasi. "INVESTIGATING MANGROVE FRAGMENTATION CHANGES USING LANDSCAPE METRICS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W18 (October 18, 2019): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w18-159-2019.
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Abstract. Generally, investigation of long-term mangroves fragmentation changes can be used as an important tool in assessing sensitivity and vulnerability of these ecosystems to the multiple environmental hazards. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the trend of mangroves fragmentation changes in Khamir habitat using satellite imagery and Fragstats software during a 30-year period (1986–2016). To this end, Landsat images of 1986, 1998, and 2016 were used and after computing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to distinguish mangroves from surrounding water and land areas, images were further processed and classified into two types of land cover (i.e., mangrove and non-mangrove areas) using the maximum likelihood classification method. By determining the extent of mangroves in the Khamir habitat in the years of 1986, 1998 and 2017, the trend of fragmentation changes was quantified using CA, NP, PD and LPI landscape metrics. The results showed that the extent of mangroves in Khamir habitat (CA) decreased in the period post-1998 (1998–2016). The results also showed that, the NP and PD increased in the period of post-1998 and in contrast, the LPI decrease in this period. These results revealed the high degree of vulnerability of mangroves in Khamir habitat to the drought occurrence and are thus threatened by climate change. We hope that the results of this study stimulate further climate change adaptation planning efforts and help decision-makers prioritize and implement conservative measures in the mangrove ecosystems on the northern coasts of the PG and the GO and elsewhere.
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Joshi K. and Sethy K.M. "Forest Cover Change Detection using Geospatial Technologies in Chandaka National Park, Odisha, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, Spl 1 (2022): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i0s1.004.
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Forest plays a vital role in carbon sequestration and climate regulation. A crucial tool for managing forest, particularly in protected regions, is keeping track of how the land cover changes in natural places. Using geospatial approaches, such as remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS), the present study has revealed spatio-temporal changes in land use categories and forest cover in the Chandaka National Park of Odisha, India, throughout the period of 1980-2020. The Landsat, LISS III and Sentinel satellite images of the year 1980, 2000 and 2020 were utilized respectively to map five land use land cover categories i.e. deciduous broadleaf forest, crop land, mixed forest, scrub land and water bodies in this preserved area. The satellite images were classified using a Supervised Classification method using Maximum Likelihood algorithm and ground control points (GCPs) were used for the spatial statistical analyses. The overall accuracies of the classification method in land cover categories in year 1980, 2000 and 2020 were 90.45%, 92.76% and 94.68%, respectively. Elsewhere, in order to study land use land cover (LULC) change and loss in forest of the Chandaka National Park, LULC classification, per-pixel scales post classification and self-knowledge on the LULC change process were used. The LULC change detection results showed that deciduous broadleaf forest decreased from 179.01 sq. km (76.66%) in 1980 to 132.75 sq. km (56.85%) in 2020, while mixed forest cover increased by 8.17 sq. km (3.50%) in 1980 to 38.84 sq. km (16.63%) in 2020. Crop land, Scrub land and Water bodies were also increased by 3.34%, 3.27% and 0.07%, respectively. Two significant change processes in the area are the logging activities in several places for timber and the conversion of natural forests with plantation. Agriculture expansion in the forest’s periphery is linked to the dramatic decline in forest cover change. The decline in forest cover is also a result of the production of charcoal and lumber exploitation. Overall, our findings indicated that more public awareness and participatory forest management are necessary to preserve Chandaka National Park. This study highlights the use of geospatial technologies in understanding the changes in LULC in the Chandaka National Park.
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Kao, S. J., B. Y. Wang, L. W. Zheng, K. Selvaraj, S. C. Hsu, X. H. Sean Wan, M. Xu, and C. T. Arthur Chen. "Spatiotemporal variations of nitrogen isotopic records in the Arabian Sea." Biogeosciences 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1-2015.
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Abstract. Available reports of dissolved oxygen, δ15N of nitrate (δ 15NNO3) and δ15N of total nitrogen (δ15Nbulk) for trap material and surface/downcore sediments from the Arabian Sea (AS) were synthesized to explore the AS' past nitrogen dynamics. Based on 25 μmol kg−1 dissolved oxygen isopleth at a depth of 150 m, we classified all reported data into northern and southern groups. By using δ15Nbulk of the sediments, we obtained geographically distinctive bottom-depth effects for the northern and southern AS at different climate stages. After eliminating the bias caused by bottom depth, the modern-day sedimentary δ15Nbulk values largely reflect the δ15NNO3 supply from the bottom of the euphotic zone. Additionally to the data set, nitrogen and carbon contents vs. their isotopic compositions of a sediment core (SK177/11) collected from the most southeastern part of the AS were measured for comparison. We found a one-step increase in δ15Nbulk starting at the deglaciation with a corresponding decrease in δ13CTOC similar to reports elsewhere revealing a global coherence. By synthesizing and reanalyzing all reported down core δ15Nbulk, we derived bottom-depth correction factors at different climate stages, respectively, for the northern and southern AS. The diffusive sedimentary δ15Nbulk values in compiled cores became confined after bias correction revealing a more consistent pattern except recent 6 ka. Such high similarity to the global temporal pattern indicates that the nitrogen cycle in the entire AS had responded to open-ocean changes until 6 ka BP. Since 6 ka BP, further enhanced denitrification (i.e., increase in δ15Nbulk) in the northern AS had occurred and was likely driven by monsoon, while, in the southern AS, we observed a synchronous reduction in δ15Nbulk, implying that nitrogen fixation was promoted correspondingly as the intensification of local denitrification at the northern AS basin.
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Kao, S. J., B. Wang, L. Zheng, K. Selvaraj, S. C. Hsu, X. Wan, M. Xu, and C. T. A. Chen. "Spatio-temporal variations of nitrogen isotopic records in the Arabian Sea." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2014): 8713–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-8713-2014.
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Abstract. Nitrogen and carbon contents vs. their isotopic compositions for past 35 ka for a sediment core (SK177/11) collected from the most southeastern part of the Arabian Sea (AS) were presented. A one-step increase in δ15Nbulk starting at the deglaciation with a corresponding decrease in δ13CTOC was found similar to documentation elsewhere which showed a global coherence in general. We synthesized available reports including dissolved oxygen, δ15N of nitrate (δ15NNO3), as well as δ15N of total nitrogen (δ15Nbulk) for trap material and surface/downcore sediments in the AS in order to explore the past nitrogen dynamics in the Arabian Sea. According to 25 μmol kg−1 dissolved oxygen isopleth at 150 m deep, we classified all reported data into northern and southern groups. We obtained geographically distinctive bottom-depth effects for northern and southern AS at different climate stages. By eliminating the bias caused by bottom depth, the modern day sedimentary δ15Nbulk values largely reflect the δ15NNO3 supply from the bottom of the euphotic zone; meanwhile, the diffusive sedimentary δ15Nbulk in long cores became confined revealing a more consistent pattern except recent 6 ka. The nitrogen cycle in entire AS apparently responded to open-ocean changes until 6 ka, during which further enhanced denitrification in the northern AS was likely local and driven by monsoon; while in the southern AS either nitrogen fixation was enhanced correspondingly to the continuously reduced δ15Nbulk for a compensation or the decreasing trend just followed the global pattern dominated by a longer term coupling of N2 fixation and denitrification.
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Bushesha, Magreth S. "Climate Change-Induced Migration:." Journal of Science and Sustainable Development 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jssd.v7i1.2.
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This paper examines processes that make migration possible among climate change affected communities in Shinyanga Rural District of Shinyanga region, Tanzania. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to gather data. Whereas qualitative data was analyzed thematically, numerical data was analyzed descriptively. Findings show that short term migration, plays an important role in soliciting resources necessary for permanent migration. Further, climate change-induced migration in the study area involves the realization that the eco-system is no longer livelihood supportive. The migration process also involves identification of opportunities in destination prior to moving out from the original home. Finally, migrants need to solicit resources to cater for en route costs and for investing in destination. The study concludes that climate change impacts ignite the desire to migrate. However, for migration to happen there are multiple facets that need to be addressed. The study recommends improved access to information about opportunities available elsewhere for people in climate change affected areas.
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Tschumi, Elisabeth, and Jakob Zscheischler. "Countrywide climate features during recorded climate-related disasters." Climatic Change 158, no. 3-4 (December 4, 2019): 593–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02556-w.
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AbstractClimate-related disasters cause substantial disruptions to human societies. With climate change, many extreme weather and climate events are expected to become more severe and more frequent. The International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) records climate-related disasters associated with observed impacts such as affected people and economic damage on a country basis. Although disasters are classified into different meteorological categories, they are usually not linked to observed climate anomalies. Here, we investigate countrywide climate features associated with disasters that have occurred between 1950 and 2015 and have been classified as droughts, floods, heat waves, and cold waves using superposed epoch analysis. We find that disasters classified as heat waves are associated with significant countrywide increases in annual mean temperature of on average 0.13 ∘C and a significant decrease in annual precipitation of 3.2%. Drought disasters show positive temperature anomalies of 0.08 ∘C and a 4.8 % precipitation decrease. Disasters classified as droughts and heat waves are thus associated with significant annual countrywide anomalies in both temperature and precipitation. During years of flood disasters, precipitation is increased by 2.8 %. Cold wave disasters show no significant signal for either temperature or precipitation. We further find that climate anomalies tend to be larger in smaller countries, an expected behavior when computing countrywide averages. In addition, our results suggest that extreme weather disasters in developed countries are typically associated with larger climate anomalies compared to developing countries. This effect could be due to different levels of vulnerability, as a climate anomaly needs to be larger in a developed country to cause a societal disruption. Our analysis provides a first link between recorded climate-related disasters and observed climate data, which is an important step towards linking climate and impact communities and ultimately better constraining future disaster risk.
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Cirikonda, Himatesh, and Vishnu Kethan Nath Gopu. "The Economic Impacts of Climate Change." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 08 (August 11, 2021): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/08393.
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Quantifiability of the pecuniary change regarding the climatic change is foreseen yet the ignorable fact of the century. This did not lead to a catastrophic change; however, it paved the path to the change in the governance of the conditions which led to moderate methodologies. This research contrasts directly with the immediate public discussion and greenhouse gas reduction expenditures. These forecasts demonstrate that climate change initially improves economic stability. But these advantages are declining. In the later century, the effects will be more negative. The global average effects will be equivalent in poorer economies to the health loss of a few percent of income. The marginal cost of carbon dioxide pollution is estimated at over two hundred. The social costs of carbon are quite elusive. The estimated price of $50/tc is somewhat lower than in the EU but far higher than the price for carbon elsewhere for a normal discount rate. Current forecasts are incomplete, with optimistic and negative prejudices on harm costs from climate change. The indirect consequences of climate change on economic growth, large-scale destruction of habitats, low chance, the effects of global change on violence and war are among the most important of the lost impacts. The effect of climate change is troublesome from the welfare point of view because it has an endogenous population, and because policy assessments can divide impatience, risk aversion, and inequality within and within nations.
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Kerr, Don. "Energy, resource consumption, and climate change." Canadian Studies in Population 45, no. 1-2 (May 3, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/csp29368.
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Population growth, at both the national and global level, will most certainly impact Canada’s climate, and, more broadly, its environment. While Canada’s population has been projected to continue to grow for many decades, what happens elsewhere in terms of population growth will be particularly important to Canada. Although greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) in Canada have levelled off somewhat over the last decade and a half, global emissions have continued to climb. As a direct result, with increased GHGs in the atmosphere, Canada’s northern climate has already been impacted in a major way with considerable warming, particularly in its most northern forests and Arctic ecosystems.L’accroissement de la population, autant à l’échelle nationale que mondiale, aura certainement un effet sur le climat au Canada et, plus largement, sur son environnement. Selon les projections, la population canadienne devrait continuer à augmenter pendant encore plusieurs décennies. Or, ce qui se passe ailleurs en termes d’accroissement de la population sera particulièrement important pour le Canada. Bien que les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) au Canada se soient nivelées au cours de la dernière décennie et demie, les émissions globales ont cependant continué à grimper. En conséquence directe de cette augmentation de GES dans l’atmosphère, le climat dans le nord du Canada a déjà subi un impact majeur par un réchauffement important, surtout dans les forêts les plus au nord et les écosystèmes arctiques.Mots-clés : population et environnement; climat; utilisation d’énergie; pointe de population
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Boykoff, Maxwell. "Consensus and contrarianism on climate change: How the USA case informs dynamics elsewhere." Mètode Revista de difusió de la investigació, no. 6 (April 15, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/metode.6.4182.
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Against a contrasting backdrop of consensus on key issues on climate science, a heterogeneous group dubbed climate «skeptics», «contrarians», «deniers» have significantly shaped contemporary discussions of climate science, politics and policy in the public sphere. This essay focuses on the USA context, and explores some of the intertwined social, political and economic factors, as well as cultural and psychological characteristics that have together influenced public attitudes, intentions, beliefs, perspective and behaviors in regards to climate change science and governance over time. This article makes the case that the USA example can inform developments elsewhere; as such it is important to consider these contextual elements to more capably appraise «contrarian», «skeptic», «denier» reverberations through the current public discussions on climate change.
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Tol, Richard S. J. "The Economic Effects of Climate Change." Journal of Economic Perspectives 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.2.29.
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I review the literature on the economic impacts of climate change, an externality that is unprecedentedly large, complex, and uncertain. Only 14 estimates of the total damage cost of climate change have been published, a research effort that is in sharp contrast to the urgency of the public debate and the proposed expenditure on greenhouse gas emission reduction. These estimates show that climate change initially improves economic welfare. However, these benefits are sunk. Impacts would be predominantly negative later in the century. Global average impacts would be comparable to the welfare loss of a few percent of income, but substantially higher in poor countries. Still, the impact of climate change over a century is comparable to economic growth over a few years. There are over 200 estimates of the marginal damage cost of carbon dioxide emissions. The uncertainty about the social cost of carbon is large and right-skewed. For a standard discount rate, the expected value is $50/tC, which is much lower than the price of carbon in the European Union but much higher than the price of carbon elsewhere. Current estimates of the damage costs of climate change are incomplete, with positive and negative biases. Most important among the missing impacts are the indirect effects of climate change on economic development; large-scale biodiversity loss; low-probability, high-impact scenarios; the impact of climate change on violent conflict; and the impacts of climate change beyond 2100. From a welfare perspective, the impact of climate change is problematic because population is endogenous, and because policy analyses should separate impatience, risk aversion, and inequity aversion between and within countries.
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Balsari, Satchit, Caleb Dresser, and Jennifer Leaning. "Climate Change, Migration, and Civil Strife." Current Environmental Health Reports 7, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00291-4.
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Abstract Purpose of Review In this article, we examine the intersection of human migration and climate change. Growing evidence that changing environmental and climate conditions are triggers for displacement, whether voluntary or forced, adds a powerful argument for profound anticipatory engagement. Recent Findings Climate change is expected to displace vast populations from rural to urban areas, and when life in the urban centers becomes untenable, many will continue their onward migration elsewhere (Wennersten and Robbins 2017; Rigaud et al. 2018). It is now accepted that the changing climate will be a threat multiplier, will exacerbate the need or decision to migrate, and will disproportionately affect large already vulnerable sections of humanity. Worst-case scenario models that assume business-as-usual approaches to climate change predict that nearly one-third of the global population will live in extremely hot (uninhabitable) climates, currently found in less than 1% of the earth’s surface mainly in the Sahara. Summary We find that the post–World War II regime designed to receive European migrants has failed to address population movement in the latter half of the twentieth century fueled by economic want, globalization, opening (and then closing) borders, civil strife, and war. Key stakeholders are in favor of using existing instruments to support a series of local, regional, and international arrangements to protect environmental migrants, most of whom will not cross international borders. The proposal for a dedicated UN agency and a new Convention has largely come from academia and NGOs. Migration is now recognized not only as a consequence of instability but as an adaptation strategy to the changing climate. Migration must be anticipated as a certainty, and thereby planned for and supported.
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Popoola, Oluwabunmi Oluwaseun, Shehu Folaranmi Gbolahan Yusuf, and Nomakhaya Monde. "Information Sources and Constraints to Climate Change Adaptation amongst Smallholder Farmers in Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145846.
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With current global climate change conditions, the urgency to provide agricultural knowledge on adaptation has risen. The dearth of climate change information is one amongst many agricultural production challenges faced by the majority of rural farming communities. This study aimed to identify smallholder farmers’ sources of climate change information and constraints to their coping and adaptation. Descriptive statistical tools, mean scores and the ‘problem confrontation index’ (PCI) were used to assess and describe the study’s findings. Analysis revealed that public extension services play a minute role in rural farmers’ climate change knowledge; they get their information elsewhere. The most critical constraint to climate change coping and adaptation in the study area was lack of access to agricultural extension services.
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WÜNDISCH, JOACHIM. "Green Votes not Green Virtues: Effective Utilitarian Responses to Climate Change." Utilitas 26, no. 2 (December 19, 2013): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820813000307.
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Implementing strategies to address climate change confronts us with an enormous collective action problem. Dale Jamieson argues that in order to avoid large-scale defection and, therefore, the collapse of any cooperative effort to curb climate change, utilitarians should become virtue theorists. As a tool to combat climate change, virtue change faces severe obstacles. First, the non-contingent green virtues envisioned by Jamieson are highly implausible. Second, even if such virtues could function, their inculcation would take too long to make the approach viable. Third, given its inherent inflexibility, virtue change is ill equipped to deal with the great scientific uncertainty created by climate change. To combat climate change utilitarians are well advised to look elsewhere: green votes and state sanctions.
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Wyman, Katrina M. "Are We Morally Obligated to Assist Climate Change Migrants?" Law & Ethics of Human Rights 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2013-0007.
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Abstract There is considerable concern that climate change will displace many people in developing countries from their homes. This article examines whether developed countries are morally obligated to assist people displaced by climate change in developing countries. The article argues that there may not be a moral duty to assist climate change migrants as a category. Nonetheless, developed countries may have duties to assist vulnerable people elsewhere and may be obligated to assist climate change migrants along with other vulnerable people. In addition, there likely is a duty to assist a particular subset of climate change migrants, specifically the citizens of small island countries existentially threatened by climate change. The article concludes by assessing the implications of its moral analysis for the focus of law and policy. Instead of developing new treaties to assist climate change migrants as a number of academics and practitioners have recently proposed, law and policy should be concerned with assisting migrants at risk generally, and/or the citizens of small island countries existentially threatened by climate change.
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Mutolib, A., and C. Nuraini. "Adaptation capacity of corn farmer’s to climate change: a case study in Pringsewu District, Lampung Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1133, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1133/1/012015.
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Abstract Climate change has become a global phenomenon and impacts the sustainability of farming. Farmers are required to have the knowledge and capacity to deal with climate change. This study aims to analyze the level of adaptation capacity of farmers to climate change and the factors that affect the level of adaptation capacity of farmers to climate change. The research was conducted on corn farming in Pringsewu Regency, Lampung, from April to May 2022. The respondents were 30 farmers, and the data were analyzed using a qualitative approach. The results showed that farmers’ knowledge level in the research location on climate change is still low. Only 40% of farmers know about predicting climate change, and 46.67% are aware of accessible sources related to climate change. Farmers’ knowledge of other aspects of climate change (Forms of climate change, adaptation, and impact of climate change) was 53.33%, 63.33%, and 66.67%, respectively. Of the eight adaptation indicators, two are classified as high: the use of improved varieties and adjustment of planting time. Two indicators are categorized as medium, namely soil cultivation, and organic fertilizers, and four indicators are classified in the low category.
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Surminski, Swenja, Manuela Di Mauro, J. Alastair R. Baglee, Richenda K. Connell, Joel Hankinson, Anna R. Haworth, Bingunath Ingirige, and David Proverbs. "Assessing climate risks across different business sectors and industries: an investigation of methodological challenges at national scale for the UK." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2121 (April 30, 2018): 20170307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0307.
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Climate change poses severe risks for businesses, which companies as well as governments need to understand in order to take appropriate steps to manage those. This, however, represents a significant challenge as climate change risk assessment is itself a complex, dynamic and geographically diverse process. A wide range of factors including the nature of production processes and value chains, the location of business sites as well as relationships and interdependencies with customers and suppliers play a role in determining if and how companies are impacted by climate risks. This research explores the methodological challenges for a national-scale assessment of climate risks through the lens of the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (UKCCRA) process and compares the approaches adopted in the first and second UKCCRA (2011, 2016), while also reflecting on international experiences elsewhere. A review of these issues is presented, drawing on a wide body of contemporary evidence from a range of sources including the research disciplines, grey literature and government policy. The study reveals the methodological challenges and highlights six broad themes, namely scale, evidence base, adaptation responses, scope, interdependencies and public policy. The paper concludes by identifying suitable lessons for future national climate risk assessments, which should guide the next phase of research in preparation for UKCCRA3 and those of national-level risk assessments elsewhere. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy’.
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P.R., Sharon, and S. Seethalakshmi. "Challenges of Climate Change on Human Health." International Review of Business and Economics 1, no. 3 (2018): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.45.
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Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. Climate change is adversely affecting the human health. Maximum impact of global warming and climate change will be seen on underdeveloped and developing countries like India. In Indian context the implications of climate change are broadly classified into rising sea levels, increasing CO2 levels, rising temperatures and extreme weather conditions. Climate change affects the human health in various ways. In developing countries like India, the health sector and the infrastructural facilities are very weak. The impact of the human activity on climate system is the most serious environmental challenge nowadays. The impacts of climate change on human health will be difficult to reverse in a few years or decades. Yet, these possible impacts can be avoided or controlled. This paper analyses the challenges of climate change on health.
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MAYER, Benoit. "Climate Change Reparations and the Law and Practice of State Responsibility." Asian Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251315000351.
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AbstractIt has been argued elsewhere that industrial states were legally responsible for interfering with the climate system by failing to prevent excessive greenhouse gas emissions. This paper determines the international legal principles relevant to the remedial obligations of industrial states. It assumes that climate change reparations should aim first at providing a signal for the cessation of the wrongful act (i.e. incentivizing climate change mitigation) rather than addressing the injury. A review of state practice in different fields suggests the existence of relevant exceptions to the principle of full reparation. These exceptions relate to the financial capacity of responsible states, the indirect nature of the injury, considerations of “culpability”, and the limitations of collective responsibility as “rough” justice. Accordingly, it is suggested that climate change reparations should be limited to partial compensation and symbolic measures of satisfaction prone to incentivize climate change mitigation.
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de Lima, Rafael Fausto, Lucas Eduardo de Oliveira Aparecido, João Antonio Lorençone, Pedro Antonio Lorençone, Kamila Cunha de Meneses, José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes, and Glauco de Souza Rolim. "Climate change in Brazil: future scenarios classified by Thornthwaite (1948)." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 146, no. 3-4 (October 5, 2021): 1367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03803-w.
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Mayer, Benoit. "Construing International Climate Change Law as a Compliance Regime." Transnational Environmental Law 7, no. 1 (July 3, 2017): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102517000127.
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AbstractUnder the no-harm principle, states must prevent activities within their jurisdiction from causing extraterritorial environmental harm. It has been argued elsewhere that excessive greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from industrial states constitute a breach of this principle and instigate state responsibility. Yet, the relevance of general international law for climate change does not obviate a need for more specific international climate change agreements. This article argues that the climate regime is broadly compatible with general norms. It can, furthermore, address a gap in compliance with general international law – namely, the systematic failure of industrial states to cease excessive GHG emissions and to provide adequate reparations. As a compliance regime, the international climate change law regime defines global ambition and national commitments and initiates multiple processes to raise awareness, set political agendas, and progressively build momentum for states to comply with their obligations under general international law.
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Bryndum-Buchholz, A., K. Boerder, R. R. E. Stanley, I. Hurley, D. G. Boyce, K. M. Dunmall, K. L. Hunter, et al. "A climate-resilient marine conservation network for Canada." FACETS 7 (January 1, 2022): 571–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0122.
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Climate change and biodiversity loss are twin crises that are driving global marine conservation efforts. However, if unaccounted for, climate change can undermine the efficacy of such efforts. Despite this, integration of climate change adaptation and resilience into spatial marine conservation and management has been limited in Canada and elsewhere. With climate change impacts becoming increasingly severe, now is the time to anticipate and reduce impacts wherever possible. We provide five recommendations for an inclusive, proactive, climate-ready approach for Canada’s growing marine conservation network: (1) integrating climate-resilience as a universal objective of the Canadian Marine Conservation Network, creating and implementing (2) national transdisciplinary working groups with representation from all knowledge holders and (3) necessary tools that integrate climate change into conservation design, (4) defining operational and climate-relevant monitoring and management objectives, and (5) strengthening communication and increasing knowledge exchange around the roles and benefits of protected areas within government and towards the public. Canada’s extensive marine and coastal areas reflect national and international responsibility to engage on this issue. Canada is well positioned to assume a leading role in climate change adaptation for marine conservation and help accelerate progress towards international commitments around mitigating ongoing biodiversity loss and climate change.
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Waitt, Gordon, Carol Farbotko, and Barbara Criddle. "Scalar Politics of Climate Change: Regions, Emissions and Responsibility." Media International Australia 143, no. 1 (May 2012): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214300106.
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The print media have facilitated multiple types of claim-making and an oppositional climate change politics. Drawing on arguments about the social construction of geographical scale as a category for understanding media practice, this article examines such politics. We focus on the Illawarra Mercury, the only daily newspaper in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, to showcase exactly how this tabloid newspaper engages readers in a scalar politics of climate change. We argue that a regional scalar politics shapes the framing of emissions in the Illawarra Mercury. A key question organising this article concerns the way in which geographical scale is invoked, and reproduced, in this newspaper to structure a certain rationale in reporting on emissions from one of Australia's largest greenhouse gas emitters, the Port Kembla Steelworks. The argument is that the regional scale is evoked as a pre-given, natural and contained entity to justify why the steelworks need not shoulder greenhouse gas emissions reductions. We argue that a better understanding of scalar politics is integral to explain how responsibility for emissions is shifted elsewhere.
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Jamali, Azadeh, Maryam Robati, Hanieh Nikoomaram, Forough Farsad, and Hossein Aghamohammadi. "Urban Resilience and Climate Change: Developing a Multidimensional Index to Adapt against Climate Change in the Iranian Capital City of Tehran." Urban Science 7, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7010007.
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Urban resilience studies have increased during recent years due to the significance of climate change as an alarming issue in centralized and highly populated cities where urban functionalities are disintegrated. Towards this aim, an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was enrolled to streamline the urban resilience to climate change over the 22 districts in Tehran after assessing the resilience objectivity. Based on the results, the city coverage was classified into best (41%), moderate (15%), low (14%), and least resilient (30%). In addition, the urban municipal districts were classified into five functional zones including Wellbeing-wealth (WWZ), Ecological Conservation (ECZ), Core (CZ), Downtown (DZ), and Neutral Zone (NZ) after evaluating the concept of urban functionality in the resilience framework. The results indicated that the socio-cultural component is considered as the fundamental necessity, along with eco-environmental and economic components in capacity building to urban climate resilience. In fact, more than half of the Tehran coverage is regarded as resilient. Thus, the rest should be prioritized, despite the need to inspire from top-ranked districts, especially D4. However, downtown and neutral zones, especially D9 and D21, which account for up to 12% of the least resilient areas, should be evaluated seriously. Finally, the robustness of the proposed methodology was compared to the studies addressing the same concept, and we offer some preparatory and adaptive measures for urban planners and policymakers.
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Berman, Matthew, and Jennifer I. Schmidt. "Economic Effects of Climate Change in Alaska." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-18-0056.1.
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Abstract We summarize the potential nature and scope of economic effects of climate change in Alaska that have already occurred and are likely to become manifest over the next 30–50 years. We classified potential effects discussed in the literature into categories according to climate driver, type of environmental service affected, certainty and timing of the effects, and potential magnitude of economic consequences. We then described the nature of important economic effects and provided estimates of larger, more certain effects for which data were available. Largest economic effects were associated with costs to prevent damage, relocate, and replace infrastructure threatened by permafrost thaw, sea level rise, and coastal erosion. The costs to infrastructure were offset by a large projected reduction in space heating costs attributable to milder winters. Overall, we estimated that five relatively certain, large effects that could be readily quantified would impose an annual net cost of $340–$700 million, or 0.6%–1.3% of Alaska’s GDP. This significant, but relatively modest, net economic effect for Alaska as a whole obscures large regional disparities, as rural communities face large projected costs while more southerly urban residents experience net gains.
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Olashore, Odunayo O. "Implementation of the international legal framework regarding climate change in developing countries; A review of Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana’s environmental provisions governing climate change." Environmental Law Review 21, no. 3 (September 2019): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452919841001.
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This article examines climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts of three developing countries in different parts of Africa who face a broad range of issues stemming from climate change Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana. While much attention has been focused on the responsibilities and concerns of developed countries as well as the advanced developing countries such as India and China, not so much is known about the rest of the world. All nations are suffering from the effects of climate change; do these African countries also feel the urgency? If they do, what mitigation and adaptation laws have they incorporated in their legal regimes? The article concludes that while these African countries recognise the damaging effects of climate change, which is evident by their ratification of the international treaties regarding the issue, their priorities are focused elsewhere. It is therefore submitted that these countries, regardless of their economic status, must be seen to be actively involved in the mitigation and adaptation of climate change by contributing something commensurate with their development through their domestic legislation.
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UHAN, Jože, and Mišo ANDJELOV. "Assessment of groundwater quantitative vulnerability to climate change in Slovenia." Geologija 64, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2021.005.
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Assessment ofthe potential impact of climate change on groundwater recharge and availability of groundwater resources is as essential in Slovenia as it is elsewhere. Adaptive planning is of immense importance when aiming for reduction of negative impacts, even more so in areas with the highest groundwater exploitation levels and the lowest adaptive capacity. We have assessed quantitative groundwater vulnerability to climate change through potential impact and adaptive capacity indicators for all groundwater bodies in Slovenia. High and moderatly high quantitative groundwater vulnerability can be observed in merely 9 % of Slovenian territory. The highest quantitative vulnerability was accounted to shallow alluvial groundwater bodies in the northeastern part of the country, where the annual change in groundwater recharge due to climate change until the middle of this century is expected to represent more than a quarter of the current average annual groundwater extraction.
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Oladipo, Adenike, Adeneye O. A. Awofala, and Modupe M. Osokoya. "Investigating Pre-service Science, Technology, and Mathematics Teachers’ Attitudes toward Climate Change in Nigeria." Journal of Educational Sciences 4, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jes.4.2.p.220-238.
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The study investigated attitudes toward climate change among 480 pre-service science, technology, and mathematics (STM) teachers from four higher institutions of learning in Southwest, Nigeria using the quantitative research method within the blueprint of the descriptive survey design. Data collected using climate change attitude survey were analysed using the descriptive statistics of percentages, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics of factor analysis and independent samples t-test. Findings revealed that attitudes toward climate change assessed by the climate change attitude survey was a multi-dimensional construct (perceived beliefs component and intentions component). Gender differences in attitudes toward climate change among pre-service STM teachers were not significant even at the subscale level of perceived beliefs and intentions. In addition, the pre-service STM teachers showed a moderate level of attitudes toward climate change. In conclusion, there is need for a concerted effort to protect the earth from increased weather variability and the Nigerian government at all levels has both international and domestic commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to ensuring sustainable human development. Future studies in Nigeria and elsewhere should conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the climate change attitude survey to further generalise the findings of this study.
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Piria, Marina, Tena Radočaj, Lorenzo Vilizzi, and Mihaela Britvec. "Climate change may exacerbate the risk of invasiveness of non-native aquatic plants: the case of the Pannonian and Mediterranean regions of Croatia." NeoBiota 76 (October 3, 2022): 25–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.76.83320.
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Non-native aquatic plants are amongst the major threats to freshwater biodiversity and climate change is expected to facilitate their further spread and invasiveness. To date, in Croatia, no complete list of non-native extant and horizon aquatic plants has been compiled nor has a risk screening been performed. To address this knowledge gap, 10 extant and 14 horizon aquatic plant species were screened for their risk of invasiveness in the Pannonian and Mediterranean regions of Croatia under current and predicted (future) climate conditions. Overall, 90% and 60% of the extant species were classified as high risk for the Pannonian and Mediterranean regions, respectively, under both climate scenarios. Of the horizon species, 42% were classified as high risk under current conditions and, under climate change, this proportion increased to 78%. The ‘top invasive’ species (i.e. scored as very high risk) under both climate conditions and for both regions were extant Elodea nuttallii and horizon Lemna aequinoctialis. The horizon Hygrophila polysperma was very high risk for the Mediterranean Region under current climate conditions and for both regions under projected climate conditions. Azolla filiculoides, Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa and Utricularia gibba were also classified as high risk under current climate conditions and, after accounting for climate change, they became of very high risk in both regions. Further, Gymnocoronis spilanthoides and Lemna minuta were found to pose a very high risk under climate change only for the Pannonian Region. It is anticipated that the outcomes of this study will contribute to knowledge of the invasiveness of aquatic plants in different climatic regions and enable prioritisation measures for their control/eradication.
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Chamberlain, M. A., C. Sun, R. J. Matear, M. Feng, and S. J. Phipps. "Downscaling the climate change for oceans around Australia." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 5 (September 21, 2012): 1177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1177-2012.
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Abstract. At present, global climate models used to project changes in climate poorly resolve mesoscale ocean features such as boundary currents and eddies. These missing features may be important to realistically project the marine impacts of climate change. Here we present a framework for dynamically downscaling coarse climate change projections utilising a near-global ocean model that resolves these features in the Australasian region, with coarser resolution elsewhere. A time-slice projection for a 2060s ocean was obtained by adding climate change anomalies to initial conditions and surface fluxes of a near-global eddy-resolving ocean model. Climate change anomalies are derived from the differences between present and projected climates from a coarse global climate model. These anomalies are added to observed fields, thereby reducing the effect of model bias from the climate model. The downscaling model used here is ocean-only and does not include the effects that changes in the ocean state will have on the atmosphere and air–sea fluxes. We use restoring of the sea surface temperature and salinity to approximate real-ocean feedback on heat flux and to keep the salinity stable. Extra experiments with different feedback parameterisations are run to test the sensitivity of the projection. Consistent spatial differences emerge in sea surface temperature, salinity, stratification and transport between the downscaled projections and those of the climate model. Also, the spatial differences become established rapidly (< 3 yr), indicating the importance of mesoscale resolution. However, the differences in the magnitude of the difference between experiments show that feedback of the ocean onto the air–sea fluxes is still important in determining the state of the ocean in these projections. Until such a time when it is feasible to regularly run a global climate model with eddy resolution, our framework for ocean climate change downscaling provides an attractive way to explore the response of mesoscale ocean features with climate change and their effect on the broader ocean.
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Hannaford, Jamie. "Climate-driven changes in UK river flows." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 1 (February 2015): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133314536755.
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There is a burgeoning international literature on hydro-climatic trend detection, motivated by the need to detect and interpret any emerging changes in river flows associated with anthropogenic climate change. The UK has a particularly strong evidence base in this area thanks to a well-developed monitoring programme and a wealth of studies published over the last 20 years. This paper reviews this research, with a view to assessing the evidence for climate change influences on UK river flow, including floods and droughts. This assessment is of international relevance given the scale of the research effort in the UK, a densely monitored and data-rich environment, but one with significant human disturbances to river flow regimes, as in many parts of the world. The review finds that changes can be detected in river flow regimes, some of which agree with future change projections, while others are in apparent contradiction. Observed changes generally cannot be attributed to climate change, largely due to the fact that river flow records are limited in length and the identification of short-term trends is confounded by natural variability. A UK ‘Benchmark’ network of near-natural catchments is an internationally significant example of an initiative to enable climate variability to be discerned from direct human disturbances (e.g. abstractions, dam construction). Generally, however, the problem of attribution has been tackled rather indirectly in the UK, as elsewhere, and more efforts are required to attribute change in a more rigorous manner.
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EGBE, OLAWARI D. J. "NATIONAL POLICIES AS IMPEDIMENT TO THE PARIS CLIMATE CHANGE AGREEMENT: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN FOCUS." WILBERFORCE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/wjss/0202.sp.0130.
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This paper, in reliance of the ‘Metaphor of Two-Level Games Theory, examined the policy somersaults of successive administrations of the U.S. on global environmental issues. The paper discovered that domestic interests in the U.S. interfere with its global environmental issues. Climate change in the U.S. is politics intertwined on economic, political and social complexes often handled along party ideological leanings. The Republican Party, leadership, and supporters (e.g. the coal and fossil fuel industries) who are the principal owners/beneficiaries of agricultural and natural resource lands are adamant to accept climate change science; arguing policies and actions on climate change are likely to impact majorly on these interests and so reneges on climate science, not excluding organising backlashes against environmental groups. The paper recommended in making the case that the focus on the U.S. can inform developments elsewhere. Furthermore, it recommended that the average American and indeed the Republican Party followership should have a rethink to consider climate change as a subsisting calamity rather than trivialising climate change science on account of party identification, political ideology, relative concern about environmental conservation vis-à-vis economic growth and party’s affinity with the global oil industry.
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Palacková, Eva. "Saving face and facing climate change: Are border adjustments a viable option to stop carbon leakage?" European View 18, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685819881372.
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This article argues that imposing a carbon tariff on imports from the EU’s trading partners could deliver tangible climate results but would also provoke strong trade repercussions. Ideally, the implementation of the Paris Agreement remains the best solution for the planet. But ambitious domestic climate policy in the absence of an international commitment to reduce carbon emissions puts the EU at a competitive disadvantage. While continuing its leadership on climate action, the EU has addressed the threat of displacing its production and its emissions elsewhere by subsidising European industry with carbon credits, an approach which has had unconvincing results. Carbon border adjustments could be a controversial but better option.
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Cornes, Isabel Clare, and Brian Cook. "Localising climate change: heatwave responses in urban households." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 27, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-11-2017-0276.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical insights into urban household perceptions and (in)action towards the perceived impacts of climate change, based on a case study in Kensington, Victoria, Australia. This case utilises households as sites of active agency, rather than as passive recipients of climate change or associated governance. Design/methodology/approach This research trialled an approach to engaging a community in the context of disaster risk reduction (DRR). It involved a two-stage quantitative door-knocking survey (reported elsewhere), followed by a qualitative interview with interested households. In total, 76 quantitative surveys contextualise 15 qualitative interviews, which are the focus of this analysis. The findings are presented comparatively alongside the current literature. Findings Heatwaves are understood to be the most concerning hazard for the households in this sample who associate their increasing frequency and severity with climate change. However, subsequent (in)action is shown to be situated within the complexities of day-to-day activities and concerns. While respondents did not consider themselves to have “expert” knowledge on climate change, or consider their actions to be a direct response to climate change, most had undertaken actions resulting from experience with heatwaves. These findings suggest there may be an under-representation of DRR, which includes climate change adaptation actions, within the existing research. Research limitations/implications While this sample justifies the arguments and conclusions, it is not a representative sample and therefore requires follow-up. It does however challenge traditional approaches to risk management, which focus on awareness raising and education. The research highlights the unique contexts in which households perceive and act on risk, and the need for risk “experts” to consider such contexts. Originality/value This research provides empirical evidence of urban household responses to perceived climate change-related risk, an often-neglected dimension of heatwave and adaptation studies in Australia. The findings also suggest promise for the methodological approach.
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Fünfgeld, Hartmut. "Framing the challenge of climate change adaptation for Victorian local governments." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 125, no. 1 (2013): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs13016.
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Climate change adaptation, although dependent on our understanding of current and future climatic trends, is predominantly a social and institutional process. This becomes evident when studying how organisations actually respond to and prepare for climate change impacts. This paper explores the notion of framing climate change adaptation as a process of organisational development and change in the local government sector. Local governments, as the tier of government closest to the community, provide a raft of services to residents and businesses, many of which may be affected by the impacts of a changing climate. Local governments in Victoria and elsewhere have been at the forefront of assessing climatic risks and opportunities, as well as devising strategies and response measures to address these risks. The growing evidence of adaptation planning in the local government sector suggests that adaptation can be framed in many different ways, although a risk management perspective is frequently applied. Increasingly, adaptation to climate change is conceptualised as an ongoing, flexible process that needs to be fully embedded in the local and organisational context. This paper discusses the conceptual and organisational framing of climate change adaptation, illustrated by examples of the diversity of adaptation approaches taken by local governments in Victoria.
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Castro-Nunez, Augusto. "Responding to Climate Change in Tropical Countries Emerging from Armed Conflicts: Harnessing Climate Finance, Peacebuilding, and Sustainable Food." Forests 9, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100621.
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Linking climate action with sustainable development goals (SDGs) might incentivize social and political support to forest conservation. However, further examination of the conceptual entry points for linking efforts for reducing forest-based emissions with those for delivering SDGs is required. This review paper aims to contribute to fulfilling this research need. It provides insights into the links between conserving forests for climate change mitigation and peacebuilding. Specifically, the paper examines opportunities to harness climate finance for conserving forests and achieving long-lasting peace and sustainable food. It does so via a literature review and the examination of the Orinoquia region of Colombia. The findings from the literature review suggest that harnessing climate finance for conserving forests and peacebuilding is, in theory, viable if the activities are designed in accordance with social, institutional, and economic factors. Meanwhile, the Orinoquia region provides evidence that these two seemingly intractable problems are proposed to be solved together. At a time when efforts for reducing forest-based emissions are being designed and targeted at (post-) conflict areas in Colombia and elsewhere, the paper’s findings might demonstrate the compatibility of programs aimed at reducing forest-based emissions with efforts relating to peacebuilding and sustainable food to both environmental and non-environmental government agencies.
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Li, Jia, Michael Mullan, and Jennifer Helgeson. "Improving the practice of economic analysis of climate change adaptation." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 5, no. 03 (December 2014): 445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2014-9004.
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Abstract:The development of national and sectoral climate change adaptation strategies is burgeoning in the US and elsewhere in response to damages from extreme events and projected future risks from climate change. Increasingly, decision makers are requesting information on the economic damages of climate change as well as costs, benefits, and tradeoffs of alternative actions to inform climate adaptation decisions. This paper provides a practical view of the applications of economic analysis to aid climate change adaptation decision making, with a focus on benefit-cost analysis (BCA). We review the recent developments and applications of BCA with implications for climate risk management and adaptation decision making, both in the US and other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. We found that BCA is still in early stages of development for evaluating adaptation decisions, and to date is mostly being applied to investment project-based appraisals. Moreover, the best practices of economic analysis are not fully reflected in the BCAs of climate adaptation-relevant decisions. The diversity of adaptation measures and decision-making contexts suggest that evaluation of adaptation measures may require multiple analytical methods. The economic tools and information would need to be transparent, accessible, and match with the decision contexts to be effective in enhancing decision making. Based on the current evidence, a set of analytical considerations is proposed for improving economic analysis of climate adaptation that includes the need to better address uncertainty and to understand the cross-sector and general equilibrium effects of sectoral and national adaptation policy.
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Howard-Williams, Clive. "Climate change as a unifying theme in Antarctic research." Antarctic Science 13, no. 4 (December 2001): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102001000499.
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How many times have you seen statements similar to the following: “Antarctica is a global barometer”, “Antarctica is a warning beacon for global change”, or “Antarctica is a warning beacon for global change”, or “Antarctica is the most sensitive continent to climate change”? The frequency of such statements in this, and other polar journals, is significant. We know that the polar regions are highly sensitive to natural and human induced changes that originate elsewhere on our planet, and the literature is extensive and growing. At the large scale there is increasing evidence of both direct and indirect linkages between climate patterns (e.g. ENSO) in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and Antarctic climate. At a smaller scale are the follow-on linkages to glacier dynamics, including surface melt, glacier stream flows, lake levels, beaches, sea-ice dynamics and ice tongues. All of these have major repercussions on Antarctic ecosystems. The phase change from water (liquid) to ice (solid) occurs over avery small temperature range (depending on salinity, pressure etc). Thus, for a pond ecosystem, a change in temperature of less than one degree Celsius means the difference between a functioning aquatic ecosystem, and a frozen ecosystem. The recent IPCC report (Climate Change 2001 [3 vols], Cambridge University Press) leaves little doubt of the significant changes to world climate now taking place. As Antarctic scientists we surely must therefore consider that the principal issue to be addressed in Antarctica at present is that of “Responses to a changing climate”.
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Muinzer, Thomas L. "Is the Climate Change Act 2008 a Constitutional Statute?" European Public Law 24, Issue 4 (December 1, 2018): 733–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2018041.
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This study poses a question: can the UK’s Climate Change Act 2008 (CCA 2008) be construed as a ‘constitutional statute’ in law? The consequent analysis seeks to provide an answer to this question. It also provides reasons as to why the question is important. It is concluded that it is debatable on the evidence whether the 2008 Act is a ‘constitutional statute’, but that the Act does have the arguable capacity to be construed in legal terms as a constitutional statute. Additionally, and related to this, it is argued (as a value judgment) that it is desirable for the CCA 2008 to be classified as a constitutional statute.
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Tibola da Rocha, Vanessa, Luciana Londero Brandli, and Rosa Maria Locatelli Kalil. "Climate change education in school: knowledge, behavior and attitude." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 21, no. 4 (May 28, 2020): 649–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-11-2019-0341.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an experience of inclusion of the theme “climate change” in a Brazilian public school through training conducted with teachers. Design/methodology/approach The methodology was based on three specific phases: reflection, focusing on the application of a pretest with 45 questions directed to three domains (knowledge, attitude and behavior); climate change education (CCE) training; and application of a post-test and action, regarding the insertion in the school space. Findings The survey results highlight the difficulty teachers have in understanding and applying CCE in the classroom and it underscores the importance of this approach. Research limitations/implications The research approach is related to a specific case in a school located in south of Brazil. Although the school has its own context, the reported experience can be considered elsewhere. Practical implications This case study reinforces that CCE presents broad challenges for the scientific community. For the reason that the understanding of the topic (CCE) is complex, considering the global context and the divergent opinions on the subject. Social implications The paper reinforces that for today’s society, sustainable development is no longer a choice but a necessity, underpinned by global Agenda 2030 discussions. In this context, teachers are essential to the transformation toward a better future. Originality/value The difficulties and facilities encountered during the experience serve to enhance new actions at national or even global level, respecting each new context of study and insertion of research directed to the theme – CCE.
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Melott, Adrian L., Brian C. Thomas, and Brian D. Fields. "Climate change via CO2 drawdown from astrophysically initiated atmospheric ionization?" International Journal of Astrobiology 19, no. 5 (May 28, 2020): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550420000117.
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AbstractMotivated by the occurrence of a moderately nearby supernova near the beginning of the Pleistocene, possibly as part of a long-term series beginning in the Miocene, we investigated whether nitrate rainout resulting from the atmospheric ionization of enhanced cosmic ray flux could have, through its fertilizer effect, initiated carbon dioxide drawdown. Such a drawdown could possibly reduce the greenhouse effect and induce the climate change that led to the Pleistocene glaciations. We estimate that the nitrogen flux enhancement onto the surface from an event at 50 pc would be of order 10%, probably too small for dramatic changes. We estimate deposition of iron (another potential fertilizer) and find it is also too small to be significant. There are also competing effects of opposite sign, including muon irradiation and reduction in photosynthetic yield caused by UV increase from stratospheric ozone layer depletion, leading to an ambiguous result. However, if the atmospheric ionization induces a large increase in the frequency of lightning, as argued elsewhere, the amount of nitrate synthesis should be much larger, dominate over the other effects and induce the climate change. More work needs to be done to clarify the effects on lightning frequency.
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Ramadan, Abdullah Mohammed Hassan, and Ahmed G. Ataallah. "Are climate change and mental health correlated?" General Psychiatry 34, no. 6 (November 2021): e100648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2021-100648.
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Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of our time and is likely to affect human beings in substantial ways. Recently, researchers started paying more attention to the changes in climate and their subsequent impact on the social, environmental and economic determinants of health, and the role they play in causing or exacerbating mental health problems. The effects of climate change-related events on mental well-being could be classified into direct and indirect effects. The direct effects of climate change mostly occur after acute weather events and include post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substance abuse disorder, depression and even suicidal ideation. The indirect effects include economic losses, displacement and forced migration, competition over scarce resources and collective violence. The risk factors for developing those mental health issues include young age, female gender, low socioeconomic status, loss or injury of a loved one, being a member of immigrant groups or indigenous people, pre-existing mental illness and inadequate social support. However, in some individuals, especially those undisturbed by any directly observable effects of climate change, abstract awareness and acknowledgement of the ongoing climate crisis can induce negative emotions that can be intense enough to cause mental health illness. Coping strategies should be provided to the affected communities to protect their mental health from collapse in the face of climate disasters. Awareness of the mental health impacts of climate change should be raised, especially in the high-risk groups. Social and global attention to the climate crisis and its detrimental effects on mental health are crucial.This paper was written with the aim of trying to understand the currently, scientifically proven impact of climate change-related disasters on mental health and understanding the different methods of solving the problem at the corporate level, by trying to decrease greenhouse gas emissions to zero, and at the individual level by learning how to cope with the impacts of those disasters.
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Alves de Lima, Araken, Patricia Carvalho dos Reis, Julio César Moreira Reis Castelo Branco, Rodrigo Danieli, Cibele Cristina Osawa, Eduardo Winter, and Douglas Alves Santos. "Scenario-Patent Protection Compared to Climate Change." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2013070105.
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The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took effect as a treaty in 1994 to promote international cooperation in the fight against global warming. Currently, nearly 190 countries are signatories of the UNFCCC, which has had successive additions as the Kyoto Protocol (1997). In 1995, the Climate Technology Initiative was established within the UNFCCC to encourage international cooperation in the accelerated development and diffusion of environmentally Sound Technologies - EST. Such technologies are also capable of protection provided by patents, and this kind of protection is a valuable tool for the industrial production inventions to become a worthwhile investment, contributing to economic development. Many patent applications claim advantages relative to efficiency, waste reduction, or even the costs of operation/manufacturing. However, the difficulty of accurately distinguishing the EST’s technologies among others, which are those that only claim environmental benefits, compared to those who actually have a higher potential to promote a more positive impact on the environment directed. This study aims to report some performance initiatives in relations between technologies, focusing on the so-called “GREEN”, and the effects of climate change. Some initiatives have already been started in countries such as Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, South Korea and Israel. These nations are constituted in the form of their industrial property offices, as entities that have implemented regulations regarding the patentability of requests for green technologies or EST’s such requests are known as “green patents” applications. In this context, it is highlighted that the definition of “green patents” differs from country to country and this leads to greater uncertainty in this designation, with the codes of the International Patent Classification (IPC) should be prioritized. This study observed that, in the case of South Korea, green patents are technologies classified in accordance with the interests of the Government, or, according to designations of environmental laws. Moreover, it still shows that South Korea, Australia, United States, Japan, Israel already have programs to promote accelerated examination of “green patents” applications with different criteria.
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Chambers, Frank M., Michael I. Ogle, and Jeffrey J. Blackford. "Palaeoenvironmental evidence for solar forcing of Holocene climate: linkages to solar science." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 23, no. 2 (June 1999): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300202.
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Current concern over ‘greenhouse’ warming and possible human influence upon global climate has been countered by claims that recent advances in solar theory demonstrate a greater role than previously thought for solar forcing in recent climate change. This is still disputed for this century, but new evidence from a range of palaeoenvironmental indicators lends strong support to the notion that not only the long-term (105 to 103 years) climate changes of the Pleistocene but also short-term (101 to 102 years) climate changes in the Holocene may derive in large or small part from solar variability. Evidence from recent research into proxy climate records is reviewed and set in the context of recent advances elsewhere in studies of late Quaternary palaeoenvironments and in solar science.
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Salzmann, N., C. Huggel, P. Calanca, A. Díaz, T. Jonas, C. Jurt, T. Konzelmann, et al. "Integrated assessment and adaptation to climate change impacts in the Peruvian Andes." Advances in Geosciences 22 (October 13, 2009): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-22-35-2009.
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Abstract. The Andes as mountain regions worldwide, provide fundamental resources, not only for the local population. Due to the topographic characteristics, the potential for natural hazards is higher than elsewhere. In these areas, assessments of climate change impacts and the development of adequate adaptation strategies therefore become particular important. The data basis, however, is often scarce. Moreover, perceptions of changes and needs are often divergent between national and local levels, which make the implementation of adaptation measures a challenge. Taking the Peruvian Andes as an example, this paper aims at initiating a discussion about scientific baseline and integrative concepts needed to deal with the adverse effects of climate change in mountain regions.
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Teng, J., F. H. S. Chiew, J. Vaze, S. Marvanek, and D. G. C. Kirono. "Estimation of Climate Change Impact on Mean Annual Runoff across Continental Australia Using Budyko and Fu Equations and Hydrological Models." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 1094–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-097.1.
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Abstract This paper presents the climate change impact on mean annual runoff across continental Australia estimated using the Budyko and Fu equations informed by projections from 15 global climate models and compares the estimates with those from extensive hydrological modeling. The results show runoff decline in southeast and far southwest Australia, but elsewhere across the continent there is no clear agreement between the global climate models in the direction of future precipitation and runoff change. Averaged across large regions, the estimates from the Budyko and Fu equations are reasonably similar to those from the hydrological models. The simplicity of the Budyko equation, the similarity in the results, and the large uncertainty in global climate model projections of future precipitation suggest that the Budyko equation is suitable for estimating climate change impact on mean annual runoff across large regions. The Budyko equation is particularly useful for data-limited regions, for studies where only estimates of climate change impact on long-term water availability are needed, and for investigative assessments prior to a detailed hydrological modeling study. The Budyko and Fu equations are, however, limited to estimating the change in mean annual runoff for a given change in mean annual precipitation and potential evaporation. The hydrological models, on the other hand, can also take into account potential changes in the subannual and other climate characteristics as well as provide a continuous simulation of daily and monthly runoff, which is important for many water availability studies.
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Tun Oo, Aung, Guido Van Huylenbroeck, and Stijn Speelman. "Measuring the Economic Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production in the Dry Zone of Myanmar: A Ricardian Approach." Climate 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8010009.
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Myanmar is the country with the highest economic vulnerability (EV) to climate change in the Southeast Asian region. The dry zone of Myanmar occupies two-thirds of the agricultural lands and it has higher temperatures than elsewhere in the country. Climate change has severe impacts on agricultural production in this region. Moreover, changes in the precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of crop failures in the short-run and production declines in the long run. Therefore, an assessment of the economic impacts of climate change on crop production in the dry zone of Myanmar is very relevant. This paper examines the interactions between agriculture and climate and assesses the economic impact of climate change while using a Ricardian model. A cross-sectional survey covering three regions in the central dry zone: (Magwe, Mandalay, and Sagaing regions) was conducted, yielding a sample of 425 farmers. A non-linear relationship between climate indicators (temperature and precipitation) and revenue of land was found. The marginal effects were calculated by selecting economic and socio-demographic variables. The estimated marginal impacts suggest that the projected changes in temperature will affect the crop productivity of the region. The results also show that the temperature and rainfall components of global warming are both important. Predictions from three global circulation models all confirm that temperature is predicted to increase in all seasons. A significant marginal impact of increasing temperature on the net revenue of farm households was observed in the region. These findings call for policy makers and development planners to articulate the necessary climate change adaptation measures and mitigation options for reducing the negative impacts of climate change. Improved management and conservation of the available water resources could generate water for irrigation purposes and the dissemination of climate smart agricultural practices could lessen the negative impacts of climate change effects on agriculture in the dry zone of Myanmar.
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Sari, Putri Nilam. "Assessing Health Risk For Community Adaptation In Urban Heat Island Area Of Padang City." Jurnal Keselamatan Kesehatan Kerja dan Lingkungan 1, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jk3l.1.1.12-26.2020.
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Areas classified as Urban Heat Islands (UHI) have a higher health risk due to climate change. High population activity, increasing population density, and low vegetation cover cause this area to become warmer than its surroundings. From the detection of the spatial pattern, Padang City has nine sub-districts belonging to UHI. In this area, environmental problems often occur due to climate calamities and have an impact on health. Therefore, this study was to determine the classification of public health risks and community adaptation to climate change in urban heat island areas. This research was conducted on 141 households in Koto Tangah sub-district as the large UHI area and highly prone to climate problems. Data collected by questionnaires, observation, and literature study. The risk assessment matrix was used to identify health risk status. The results showed that water pollution, respiratory problems, and diarrheal diseases are classified as high risks. The community needs to adapt to climate change, mainly doing routine physical activities, to increase immunity from many diseases.
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Stien, Audun, Rolf A. Ims, Steve D. Albon, Eva Fuglei, R. Justin Irvine, Erik Ropstad, Odd Halvorsen, et al. "Congruent responses to weather variability in high arctic herbivores." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (September 26, 2012): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0764.
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Assessing the role of weather in the dynamics of wildlife populations is a pressing task in the face of rapid environmental change. Rodents and ruminants are abundant herbivore species in most Arctic ecosystems, many of which are experiencing particularly rapid climate change. Their different life-history characteristics, with the exception of their trophic position, suggest that they should show different responses to environmental variation. Here we show that the only mammalian herbivores on the Arctic islands of Svalbard, reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus ) and sibling voles ( Microtus levis ), exhibit strong synchrony in population parameters. This synchrony is due to rain-on-snow events that cause ground ice and demonstrates that climate impacts can be similarly integrated and expressed in species with highly contrasting life histories. The finding suggests that responses of wildlife populations to climate variability and change might be more consistent in Polar regions than elsewhere owing to the strength of the climate impact and the simplicity of the ecosystem.