Relevant bibliographies by topics / Climate- Analysis- West Bengal

Academic literature on the topic 'Climate- Analysis- West Bengal'

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Published: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Climate- Analysis- West Bengal"

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Sarkar, Uttam Kumar, Koushik Roy, Gunjan Karnatak, and Saurav Kumar Nandy. "Adaptive climate change resilient indigenous fisheries strategies in the floodplain wetlands of West Bengal, India." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.271.

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Abstract Floodplain wetlands are considered as biologically sensitive habitats and predicted to be the most impacted through climate change. They form an important fishery resource in West Bengal, India. Analysis of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) derived climatic data has revealed a unanimous warming trend (0.18–0.28 °C) and decreasing rainfall (135.6–257 mm) among the studied districts (North 24 Parganas, Nadia and Kolkata) of West Bengal over the last three decades. Four floodplain wetlands under cooperative fisheries management were studied during February 2015 and December 2015. Data were collected through a structured communication process involving multiple interviews through multiple rounds of surveys and also from secondary sources. Six climate smart fishery strategies could be identified, namely Temporary pre-summer enclosure, Submerged branch pile (Kata) refuge, Autumn stocking, Torch light fishing, Deep pool (Komor) refuge and Floating aquatic macrophyte refuge fishery (Pana chapa). Few of them are capable of serving as conservation tools by providing refuge during summer or water stress and maintaining base stocks in the wetlands for recruitment in the following monsoon season. The present paper discusses the climate smart nature of these pre-existing indigenous fishery strategies. These strategies need to be optimized and may be used for adoption of sustainable climate smart fisheries management in floodplain wetlands.
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Barman, Jonmenjoy, Subhom Narjinary, and Sankar Biswas. "Elephant Habitat Suitability Analysis of Alipurduar District, West Bengal Using Geospatial Technology." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 1705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i04.024.

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In India’s Tarai-Dooars region, elephants are the most common wildlife species. The man-wildlife conflict has arisen as a result of forest scarcity, forest fragmentation, global climate change, land use land cover change in the Dooars region, and encroachment into forest life. Although the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 addressed the conservation of wild animals, the number of wild elephants in West Bengal was constantly changing. The goal of this project is to use geospatial technologies to determine wild elephant habitat suitability zones in West Bengal’s Alipurduar area. The first stage in the conservation and management of wild elephants is to determine their habitat suitability. To assess the result, the various habitat suitability factors/parameters of wild elephants were integrated through weighted overlay analysis in the ArcGIS environment. The result shows that the central part of the district - the Buxa forest area, holds the largest suitable environment for elephant habitat. The rest of the study area can be categorized as a medium habitat suitable area excluding some settlements and built-up areas. The authors hope the result will help the proper management and conservation of wild elephants.
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DATTA, DEBARATI, SAON BANERJEE, GOURANGA KAR, SOURAV GHOSH, and SARATHI SAHA. "Spatio-temporal dynamics of temperature and rainfall across jute growing districts of India." MAUSAM 73, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v73i2.569.

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Climate variations in relation to meteorological variables has received global attention and thus study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of temperature, rainfall is the central process to assess climate-induced changes and advocate feasible adaptation strategies. The present study examines changes in rainfall and temperature over 5 important jute growing districts of West Bengal, India. Both rainfall and temperature trend for period of 1980-2019 were analysed using Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. Analysis of the data for 39 years revealed that while Howrah and Hooghly district had decreasing rainfall trend, Burdwan and Nadia districts showed increasing trend of rainfall during jute growing period. North-24 Parganas recorded negative rainfall trend. Compared with rainfall, lesser variability of temperature was recorded for all the districts except Burdwan. The positive Sen’s Slope exhibited by Nadia and North-24 Parganas showed an increasing temperature trend. The results herein suggests that jute sowing should be done by March end-April to take advantage of the optimum temperature (25-35 °C) and rainfall due to Norwesters. Thus, studying spatio- temporal dynamics of temperature and rainfall across jute growing states of West Bengal will be helpful for climate change adaptation and successful cropping.
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ASIS MUKHERJEE and SAON BANERJEE. "Rainfall and temperature trend analysis in the red and lateritic zone of West Bengal." Journal of Agrometeorology 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v11i2.1254.

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Due to inherent problems of water holding capacity of soil in the red and lateritic zone, the trend of climate change was assessed. Twenty rain gauge stations covering three districts (namely Bankura, Birbhum and Purulia) in the zone were considered to study the rainfall pattern. An increasing trend of yearly rainfall and shifting pattern of rainfall were observed in the said zone as a whole. The rainfall during May decreased in most of the selected stations, where as in October the rainfall amount increased in 75 % cases and in November it increased in 95 % cases. Analysis of maximum temperature data shows that average monthly temperature of summer months (April – May) of 1990-2000 decreased marginally compared to that of 1970-80 .The minimum temperature of the zone, as a whole shows an increasing trend.
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Barinova, Sophia, Jai Prakash Keshri, Subhabrata Ghosh, and Jayanta Sikdar. "The influence of the monsoon climate on phytoplankton in the Shibpukur pool of Shiva temple in Burdwan, West Bengal, India." Limnological Review 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10194-011-0044-y.

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AbstractA total of 44 taxa were observed in monthly sampled phytoplankton of the Shibpukur pool in Burdwan, West Bengal between March, 2010 and February, 2011. The most abundant taxa belong to Charophyta, followed by cyanobacteria, diatoms and euglenoids. Bio-indication shows that the pool community preferred low alkaline, low mineralized and low organically polluted water. The total phytoplankton density showed its maximum values in May, 2010. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index and the Pielou evenness value were found to be highest during the post-monsoon season. The Simpson dominance index and the Margalef index of richness were highest in the pre-monsoon season. The total phytoplankton density showed a highly significant positive correlation with pH and salinity and significant positive correlation with air temperature, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and total suspended solids. Among the reported 44 phytoplankton taxa only 3 showed a random distributional pattern. The Bray-Curtis Cluster analysis and the comparative statistics reveal two groups of phytoplankton assemblages in respect to the monsoon seasons. The successive communities form a continuum corresponding to Colwell’s Constancy (C) category. The calculated indices, CCA, and bio-indication analysis exhibit a low pollution level in the Shibpukur pool that can be used as a model of aquatic community dynamics under seasonal fluctuation in the monsoon climate, applicable for monitoring of water bodies in the West Bengal Province
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Prasad, M., A. K. Kannaujia, Alok, and Sanjai Kumar Singh. "Plant megaflora from the Siwalik (Upper Miocene) of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India and its palaeoclimatic and phytogeographic significance." Journal of Palaeosciences 64, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2015): 13–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2015.103.

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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of fossil assemblage so far collected from the Middle Siwalik sediments of Darjeeling District, West Bengal revealed the occurrence of 35 new taxa belonging to 18 angiospermous families. On the basis of present data as well as already known data from there, the reconstruction of vegetation scenarios of Himalayan foothills during Siwalik time has been done. We also discussed problems related to plant diversity, endemism, and migratory pathways of mainly phytogeographically important taxa. The analysis of present day distribution of all the recovered taxa from the region shows that they are mostly known to occur in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar and the Malayan region where the climatic conditions are favourable. About 1/3 taxa of total assemblage are found to grow presently in the Himalayan foothills of the eastern region and the remaining 2/3 taxa are locally extinct. This indicates that the climatic changes must have taken place after Mio–Pliocene. The dominance of evergreen elements in present fossil assemblage indicates the prevalence of tropical warm humid climate with plenty of rainfall during the deposition of sediments. Foliar physiognomic approach for reconstruction of palaeoclimate further suggests that the Oodlabari area in the Himalayan foothills of West Bengal enjoyed a tropical climate (with MAT 28.9º C and MAP 448 mm) during the Miocene Period. This is, however, contrary to the present day climate of the area with reduced precipitation. On the basis of the present fossil assemblage, the coexistence intervals of different climatic parameters, i.e. Mean Annual Temperature (MAT), Warmest Month Temperature (WMT), Coldest Month Temperature (CMT), and Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) have been estimated as 22º C–26.5º C, 17.8º C–20º C, 25º C–30º C, and 2650–3200 mm, respectively. However, Leaf Margin Analysis (LMA) suggests the MAT value as 28.9º C for the area during Upper Miocene.
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Banerjee, Saon, Asis Mukherj, Apurba Mukhopadhayal, B. Saikia, S. Bandyaopadhaya, and Sudeep Chatterjee. "Agro-Climatic Characterization of Two Selected Stations in the Southern West Bengal, India." Journal of Science Foundation 8, no. 1-2 (April 16, 2013): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14619.

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Maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall data of Bankura (1992-2007) and Canning (1960-2006) were analyzed for assessing climatic trend and agro-climatic characterization of red-lateritic and coastal Zones of West Bengal respectively. These two zones are the most vulnerable regions to climate change in West Bengal, hence selected for the present study. While average values of annual maximum temperature and annual minimum temperature were used for climatic trend analysis, no definite trend was observed. So, maximum temperature of the hottest month and minimum temperature of the coldest month were used for detecting climatic trend. The maximum temperature shows positive trend for both the stations. An increasing trend of annual rainfall was also observed. In case of agro-climatic characterization the agricultural draught, meteorological draught, seasonal rainfall and rainfall probability using Markov-chain model were analyzed for the said two stations. Kharif crops of Bankura encountered two years (2000 & 2005) agricultural draught within 2000 -2007, whereas kharif crops of Canning encountered agricultural draught in 2006 within the said period. Likewise, the deviation of seasonal rainfall and probability of two consecutive wet weeks with different levels (10, 20,30,40,50 and 60 mm) of weekly total rainfall was worked out. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v8i1-2.14619 J. Sci. Foundation, 8(1&2): 49-54, June-December 2010
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Dastidar, Baidyanath Ghosh. "The Incidence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Amongst Cyclone Survivors in a Rural Hamlet of West Bengal." BJPsych Open 9, S1 (July 2023): S48—S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.186.

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AimsToo assess the incidence of PTSD among the survivors of natural disaster Yash cyclone.MethodsData were collected from adolescent population between the ages of 10 and 15 years who resided in the sunderban region of South 24 Parganas district of West BengalResearch design adopted for the present study was descriptive, explorative of non experimental study.Setting of the study was the relief camp operated for victims of climate change and natural disasters ie cyclone yash 2021.Sampling technique adopted for the present study was simple random sampling.Instruments used -PCL 5 questionnairessocio demographic pro forma.The data were collected and analysed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsAnalysis shows that there is statistical correlation between post traumatic stress disorder and subjects exposed to climate change events such as cyclone Yash.Initial research suggests that a PCL-5 cut-off score between 31 and 33 is indicative of probable PTSD across samples.In our study the mean pcl 5 value from the data assessment is 70.67 with standard deviation of 4.61. The mean age of the group was 13 years and the family income was Rs 50,804 .The mean education level of the subjects is class 7.Further assessment by linear regression analyses shows that female subjects are more prone to post traumatic stress disorder and higher income groups are more susceptible to ptsd.As shown by higher values as per the pcl 5 scale.It is evident that events linked to climate change and natural disasters such as cyclone Yash contribute to the development of PTSD as the values are above the cut of score of 33 and are increased across all 20 parameters of the PTSD Scale PCL-5.ConclusionOur study clearly demonstrates the impact of climate change and natural disasters on the mental health status of people living in disaster prone areas especially the child and adolescent population.Our study group was child and adolescent population between 10 and 15 years.The study was done in very difficult settings as our relief team with volunteers and psychologists had to travel to gosaba and sunderban region of West Bengal which had been devastated by cyclone Yash .The psychologist and volunteers had to collect data in disasters affected zone , yet they collected data which gave a clear cut findings and a very clear statement on climate change and mental health.The Royal College of Psychiatry was an observer in the recent international Congress on Climate change and had expressed concern over the impact of climate change on mental health.Our study shows the profound impact natural disasters have on mental health similar to post-traumatic stress disorder.Our study vindicates the position of the Royal College of Psychiatry on climate change and natural disasters.The values are very high and consistent in most subjects across all twenty domains.Our study group was child and adolescent, the most vulnerable group amongst the affected population.It is our opinion that Mental health support should be provided for all victims of climate change and natural disasters and government should invest in resources for protection of vulnerable communities from the ravages of natural disasters.
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UTTAM KUMAR MANDAL, DIBYENDU BIKAS NAYAK, SOURAV MULLICK, ARPAN SAMUI, AMIT KUMAR JANA, K.K. MAHANTA, SHISHIR RAUT, SHIVAJI ROY, and D. BURMAN. "Trend analysis of weather parameters over Indian Sundarbans." Journal of Agrometeorology 21, no. 3 (November 10, 2021): 307–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i3.253.

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Sundarbans in West Bengal of India by virtue of its strategic location in the Eastern coast on the Bay of Bengal falls in one of the most vulnerable zones of abrupt climate change. Temporal trends of weather parameters of Canning Town (22o18'10.8'' N Latitude, 88o39'58.4'' E Longitude, elevation 3.52 m msl) representing Indian Sundarbans were analysed by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope approaches. Analysis of long term rainfall data (1966-2015) indicated that Canning receives a mean annual rainfall of 1821 mm (±341.8 mm) with a considerable variation (CV = 18.8%). The results revealed that total annual rainfall trend decreased non-signicantly at the rate of 0.94 mm yr-1. On an average 84.4 rainy days in a year was recorded in the region, whereas during last ten years (2006-2015), the number of rainy days was reduced to 79.7 days yr-1. There was no signicant change in maximum, minimum and mean temperature of the region. Bright sunshine hours declined signicantly at an annual rate of 0.055 hr yr-1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET ) calculated using FAO Penman-Monteith method revealed that annual ET signicantly decreased at the rate of 5.98 mm yr-1. There was 2.7 times surplus rainfall than crop evapotranspiration during monsoon months indicating very high scope of water harvesting to tackle water logging during the monsoon season and unavailability of fresh water for irrigation during lean season.
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Antal, J. S., and N. Awasthi. "Fossil flora from the Himalayan foot-hills of Darjeeling District, West Bengal and its palaeoecological and phytogeographical significance." Journal of Palaeosciences 42, no. 1-3 (December 31, 1993): 14–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1993.1129.

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An assemblage of plant megafossils comprising leaf-impressions, fruits and culm-impression recovered from the Lower-Middle Siwalik sediments near Oodlabari, Darjeeling District, West Bengal (India) has been described. It consists of 32 species of dicots and one species of monocots (Bamboo) belonging to 32 genera of 22 families. Out of them 11 genera viz., Mitrephora, Casearia, Alsodeia, Pterospermum, Grewia, Nothopagia, Combretum, Vernonia, Alstonia, Callicarpa and Macaranga are new to the Siwalik flora. An analysis of the floral assemblage with respect to the distribution pattern of modern equivalent taxa reveals the presence of three types of elements, viz., (i) evergreen (60.61%). (ii) evergreen to deciduous (18.18%) and (iii) moist-deciduous (21.21%), which indicate the prevalence of warm and humid climate in the region during the deposition of Siwalik sediments. It is also interesting to mention that the assemblage is dominated by 19 Indo-Malayan elements revealing a fair exchange of floral elements between the two subcontinents during Miocene.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Climate- Analysis- West Bengal"

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Dasgupta, Shruti. "Experiences of Violence and Sex Work among Women Sex Workers in West Bengal, India: A Narrative Analysis." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1524159000871492.

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BACCI, MAURIZIO. "Multi-hazard Risk Analysis under Climate Change: West Africa Case Studies." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2872349.

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Etmannski, Tamara R. "Accounting for sustainability in Bengal : examining arsenic mitigation technologies using Process Analysis Method." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:349d4c46-1259-49c1-be2b-46f2cb394894.

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This thesis shows how the Process Analysis Method (PAM) can be applied to assess technologies used to mitigate arsenic from drinking water in rural India, using a set of sustainability indicators. Stakeholder perspectives, gathered from a fieldwork survey of 933 households in West Bengal in 2012, played a significant role in this assessment. This research found that the ‘Most Important’ issues as specified by the technology users are cost, trust, distance from their home to the clean water source (an indicator of convenience), and understanding the health effects of arsenic. It was also found that none of the ten technologies evaluated are economically viable, as many do not charge user-fees, which creates reliance upon donations to meet recurring costs. Utilisation of a technology is strongly related to sociocultural capital, but in many cases, features that contribute to sociocultural value, like regular testing of the treated water, are not included in the financial budget. It is suggested that increased awareness might change attitudes to arsenic-rich waste and its disposal protocols. This waste is often currently discarded in an uncontrolled manner in the local environment, giving rise to the possibility of point-source recontamination. All technologies proved to have difficulties in dealing with waste, except the Tipot and Dug wells which produce no waste. Of the methods considered, the BESU technology scored highest, but still only with 47-62% of the maximum scores achievable within each domain. This explains the widespread failure of mitigation projects across the region. The indicators and metrics show where improvements can be made. A model scheme based on these findings is outlined which could be applied with the objective of increasing utilisation and improving sustainability. It can be concluded that a product stewardship approach should be taken in regard to design, implementation and operation of the technologies, including the creation of a regulated toxic waste collection and disposal industry.
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Karnik, Isabelle. "Arctic Loess as an Environmental Archive : Identifying Weathering with XRF Analysis in West Greenland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394290.

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Loess from west Greenland was studied to evaluate Holocene paleoclimate in the Arctic region. Deposits of loess are formed over long time scales through deposition of fine aeolian sediment and they exist in several places in the world. The main aeolian dust source in the study area is glaciofluvial material derived from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Studying and understanding paleoclimate can help to make better predictions about the future in this sensitive region. Apart from sea level rise, melting of the GrIS also leads to an increase of aeolian dust as it gets released from the ice, which influences atmospheric and metrological phenomenon as well as the ice sheet’s albedo. This creates negative feedback mechanisms through increasing melting rates of glaciers and warming of the Arctic. Loess samples from two sites in the Kangerlussuaq area were analyzed and the mineral composition was measured with X-Ray Florescence Spectroscopy (XRF). With the measured mineral content, weathering indices were calculated to identify rates of weathering during the Holocene. Increased weathering intensities indicate warmer and more humid climate. The deposits in Greenland are relatively thin. Radiocarbon dating of the sediment suggests that the oldest parts of the profiles are about 4000 cal. yr B.P. (calibrated years before present). Arctic loess has not been studied very extensively. Weathering indices and ratios developed for classical loess, that had not been tested on Arctic loess, was used. The results were plotted by depth and age to visually identify changes over time. By considering the geology, climate and local conditions of the study area, some weathering indices seemed to be suitable, generating matching trends between the two sites. Compared with results from previous studies, the results also seemed credible.
Löss från västra Grönland studerades för att utvärdera holocent paleoklimat i Arktis. Lössjordar bildas över långa tidsskalor genom avsättning av fint vindburet sediment och de finns på flera platser i världen. Den huvudsakliga källan till det vindburna sedimentet i studieområdet är glaciofluvialt material härstammande från Grönlandsisen (GrIS). Att studera och förstå paleoklimat kan underlätta skapandet av bättre prognoser om framtiden i denna känsliga region. Bortsett från höjning av de globala havsnivåerna leder smältningen av GrIS också till en ökning av vindburet sediment då det frigörs från isen, vilket påverkar atmosfäriska och metrologiska fenomen samt isens albedo. Detta skapar negativa återkopplingsmekanismer genom ökande smälthastighet av glaciärer och uppvärmning av Arktis. Lössprover från två ställen i Kangerlussuaq-området analyserades och mineralsammansättningen mättes med röntgenstrålningsspektroskopi (XRF). Med det uppmätta mineralinnehållet beräknades vittringssindex för att identifiera vittringshastigheter under Holocen. Ökad vittringsintesitet indikerar varmare och fuktigare klimat. Avlagringarna på Grönland är relativt tunna. Kol-14-datering av sedimentet antyder att de äldsta delarna är cirka 4000 cal. yr B.P. (kalibrerade år före nutid). Arktisk löss är relativt ostuderad. Vittringsindex som har utvecklats för klassisk löss i tempererade regioner, och tidigare inte testats på arktisk löss, användes. Resultaten ritades i grafer efter djup och ålder för att visuellt identifiera förändringar över tid. Genom att ta hänsyn till geologin, klimatet och lokala förhållanden i studieområdet, verkade några av vittringsindexen ge trovärdiga resultat då matchande trender mellan bägge profiler kunde utläsas. I jämförelse med resultat från tidigare studier verkade resultaten också trovärdiga.
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Higgins, Lindsey. "Construction and Analysis of an Ice Core-Derived Melt History from West Central Greenland (1765-2006)." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338303023.

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Van, Gordon Mollie M. "Methods for Earth System Analysis in the West African Sahel| Land Cover and Climate through Computational and Applied Sciences." Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13424045.

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Precipitation and land cover in the West African Sahel have changed dramatically over the past 50 years. Region-wide data on land cover change in the Sahel, however, have been sparse or unreliable. I present a new 30 meter 2000–2016 annual resolution land cover dataset for the West African Sahel. The product is built from hand-classified land cover maps using random forest machine learning methods with Landsat, precipitation, and topography features. The resulting maps confirm the widespread extensification of agriculture in the region over this time period. Contrary to the common narrative of desertification, this increase in agriculture has not been accompanied by an increase in bare soil or sandy area. Land cover change volatility is shown to be spatially heterogeneous, both at local and regional scales. In addition to the new land cover dataset, I present spatial and temporal analyses of precipitation during the recent years of increased variability in the West African Sahel. I examine seasonal trends, interannual variability, and differences among datasets representing precipitation in the Sahel. Region-wide spatial organization of precipitation is identified using the self-organizing mapping pattern recognition technique. The number of days spent in the monsoon transition period is strongly negatively correlated with annual precipitation anomaly` indicating a tradeoff with the peak monsoon period, a result that supports the upped-ante hypothesis of precipitation in the Sahel.

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Permana, Donaldi Sukma. "Climate, Precipitation Isotopic Composition and Tropical Ice Core Analysis of Papua, Indonesia." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313480990.

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Miller, Arnold R. "An analysis of the relationships between the perceived organizational climate and professional burnout in libraries and computing centers in West Virginia public higher education institutions." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=356.

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Bridle, Kerry Lynn. "Organic soils on Mt. Sprent, south west Tasmania : an analysis of correlations with local climate, microtopography and vegetation." Thesis, 1992. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/18947/1/whole_BridleKerryLynn1994_thesis.pdf.

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Limited data are available pertaining to the peat soils on south west Tasmanian mountains or on the variability of peat soils over the lowland to alpine environmental gradient. This thesis describes organic soils on Mt. Sprent, a 'typical' mountain, in south west Tasmania and analyses their relationships with climate, vegetation and topography. Climate data were collected using data loggers which recorded maximum and minimum air and surface temperatures, and relative humidity over a 30 month period. Rain gauges were located close to the data loggers. The climatic equipment was at four sites, at different altitudes ranging from 509 m to 1059 m. Vegetation data were collected along altitudinal and topographic gradients, using a cover/abundance measure for 25 m 2 quadrats. The altitudinal data were collected for every 10 m increase in altitude, while the topographic data were collected along a grid system of transects laid out at four sites on the mountain. Soils data were collected along the same topographic transects as the vegetation data. Soil depths were determined in the field, while physical properties were determined in the field and the laboratory. Other environmental data were collected along the altitudinal and the topographic gradients. A total of 34 water table wells were located on the mountain, at each of the four topographic study sites and at the climatic stations. Peat soils in south west Tasmania are shallow, with an average depth of 30 cm. Three types of peat were recognised: fibrous, intermediate and muck. These vary in their moisture content, organic content, degree of humification and depth. Where more than one peat type was found in a profile, shallow fibrous peats overlaid intermediate which in turn overlaid deeper muck peats. Peat depth, moisture content and organic content decrease with altitude inferring climatic influences on the processes of peat formation and decay. Rainfall and relative humidity were found to be more than adequate to support peat accumulation. The temperatures at the base of the mountain were higher than those reported in the literature for optimum peat formation. However, these temperatures were offset by very high rainfall and relative humidity values. By using evaporation data from a nearby village (12 km to the north east) and solar radiation values for the summit, evaporation rates for the mountain during summer were estimated. When compared to rainfall for the same period there was a moisture deficit at each station for February. Vegetation varies with altitude and along topographic gradients. Buttongrass moorland, alpine heathland and alpine sedgeland occur in an altitudinal sequence. The deepest soils are found under the lowland buttongrass moorland vegetation, and the shallowest soils occur under the alpine vegetation. The four vegetation groups coincided with the four soil groups. The amount of organic matter in the surface horizon was significantly related to vegetation type at two of the four sites, while soil depth related to vegetation type at three sites. Slope is an important correlate of peat depth at two of the four sites, while rock cover is important at three sites. The mean and modal water table depths are correlated with plant community distributions and the pH of the surface and lower soil horizons. Factors affecting peat formation viz, depth and physical properties are interrelated to such an extent that it is difficult to determine the affects of a single factor. On the mountain, deeper peats occur at lower altitudes, in waterlogged conditions, and under buttongrass moorland vegetation. Fibrous peats are found under moorland, woody and alpine vegetation types in relatively well-drained areas. Reddish-brown fibrous peats occur under woody vegetation while buttongrass tends to produce black fibrous peats. Muck peats are found in areas of impeded drainage. Higher temperatures experienced at lower altitudes may be offset to some extent by higher rainfall. A decrease in peat depth with altitude infers that climate affects the process of peat formation by affecting peat accumulation rates. A precipitation deficit during the summer months may be responsible for the shallow nature of the peats. Alternatively fire history and the relatively low productivity of the vegetation may also account for the shallow soils.
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Harvey, Jillian E. "Disturbance dynamics in west central British Columbia: multi-century relationships of fire, western spruce budworm outbreaks and climate." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/8027.

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Future climate changes will alter disturbance regimes worldwide with important implications for many ecological and social systems. In west central British Columbia, Canada, fire and insect disturbances have shaped the historic character of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Beissn. Franco) dominated forests. However, since AD 1900 fire suppression and other forest management practices have led to denser forests and conifer encroachment into grasslands. Considering climate changes in interior British Columbia are expected to result in warmer and drier conditions, understanding the influence of climate on forest disturbances is crucial for land managers tasked with both mitigating the effects of disturbance and promoting resilience in forest ecosystems. This research focused on developing multi-century, annually-resolved records of fire and western spruce budworm outbreaks to evaluate: the historic climate conditions related to these disturbances; the influence of grassland proximity on disturbance-climate relationships; and, whether western spruce budworm outbreaks were related to fire activity. At the landscape scale, a detailed study in the Churn Creek Protected Area revealed spatially variable stand structure and fire-climate relationships at a low elevation forest-grassland ecotone over the interval AD 1600 to 1900. This finding suggests the site was characterized by fires of mixed-severity dominated by frequent, low-severity, fires related to positive antecedent moisture conditions punctuated by widespread fires of moderate to high severity related to intervals of persistent drought. At the regional scale, the influence of interannual climate variability and large-scale patterns of climate variability (e.g. El Nino Southern Oscillation) was evaluated using new and existing records of fire history and multiple climate pattern reconstructions. Regional fire activity was shown to be significantly related to interannual climate variability, and no consistent patterns between regional fire years and the individual phases or phase combinations of large-scale patterns of climate variability were detected. The findings suggest that the spatial expression of large-scale climate patterns translates into weak and undetectable terrestrial effects related to fire activity in this region. The influence of grassland proximity on disturbance history was investigated using site-level and regional tree-ring reconstructions of western spruce budworm outbreaks and fire activity based on four sites adjacent to grasslands and four sites not adjacent to grasslands between AD 1600 and 1900 (fire) and AD 1600 and 2009 (western spruce budworm). Fires affecting grassland proximal sites were more frequent than fires occurring in forests not adjacent to grasslands, and the character of western spruce budworm outbreaks was generally consistent among all sites. Fire activity was related to both warm, dry and cool, wet conditions in the fire year and/or year(s) preceding the fire depending on proximity to grasslands, suggesting climate conditions associated with both fine fuel growth and drying are key determinants for fire activity. The initiation of western spruce budworm outbreaks was significantly related to drought and this relationship was enhanced at sites adjacent to grasslands. At the site-level and regional scale, no consistent association was found between the initiation of western spruce budworm outbreaks and fire years indicating the historic interaction between these disturbances is weak or non-existent.
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Books on the topic "Climate- Analysis- West Bengal"

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(India), National Climate Centre, and India. Dept. of Publication., eds. Climate of West Bengal. New Delhi: Controller of Publications, 2008.

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(India), National Climate Centre, and India. Dept. of Publication., eds. Climate of West Bengal. New Delhi: Controller of Publications, 2008.

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(India), National Climate Centre, and India. Dept. of Publication., eds. Climate of West Bengal. New Delhi: Controller of Publications, 2008.

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Mookherjee, Saswati. Sericulture in West Bengal: A geographical analysis. Calcutta: Bhattacharyya & Bros., 1992.

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Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee., ed. Election results of West Bengal: Statistics & analysis, 1952-1991. Calcutta: The Committee, 1995.

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Chaudhury, Sisir K. Cost-benefit analysis of industrial training in West Bengal, India. Islamabad, Pakistan: Asian and Pacific Skill Development Programme, International Labour Office, 1986.

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Chandra, Sharmila. The Patuas of West Bengal and Odisha: An evaluative analysis. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2017.

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Mukherjee, Mukul. A situational analysis of women and girls in West Bengal. New Delhi: National Commission for Women, 2004.

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Chatterjee, S. P. Bengal in maps: A geographical analysis of resoruce distribution in West Bengal and Eastern Pakistan. Kolkata: National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation, 2003.

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West African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Climate- Analysis- West Bengal"

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Basu, Jyotish Prakash. "Profile of Study Area and Socio-Economic Analysis of the Sample Households." In Climate Change Vulnerability and Communities in Agro-climatic Regions of West Bengal, India, 31–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50468-7_4.

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Chatterjee, Nilanjana Das, and Soumendu Chatterjee. "Changing Habitat and Elephant Migration from Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand to Panchet Forest Division, Bankura, West Bengal: A Biogeographical Analysis." In Climate Change and Biodiversity, 209–22. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54838-6_17.

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Ghosh, Arnab, Malabika Biswas Roy, and Pankaj Kumar Roy. "Analysing LULC Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in Urbanizing Agricultural Watershed of Monsoonal Climate River Basin in West Bengal, India." In Climate, Environment and Disaster in Developing Countries, 23–38. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6966-8_2.

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Das, Gautam Kumar. "Forest Vegetation Sampling and Analysis." In Forests and Forestry of West Bengal, 141–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80706-1_5.

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Das, Gautam Kumar. "Statistical Analysis of Forest Soil Properties." In Forests and Forestry of West Bengal, 113–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80706-1_4.

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Roy, Abira Dutta, and Santanu Mandal. "Forest Landscape Dynamic and People’s Livelihood Dependency on Forest: A Study on Bankura District, West Bengal." In Springer Climate, 399–420. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15501-7_15.

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Rukhsana. "Crop Diversification: An Adaptive Option for Climate Change Resilience in West Bengal." In Climate Change, Agriculture and Society, 175–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28251-5_10.

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Ghosh, Arnab, Malabika Biswas Roy, and Pankaj Kumar Roy. "Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using the Frequency Ratio (FR) Model in the Mahananda River Basin, West Bengal, India." In Springer Climate, 73–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94395-0_3.

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Senapati, Ujjal, Shrinwantu Raha, Tapan Kumar Das, and Shasanka Kumar Gayen. "Identifying Suitable Sites for Alternative Agriculture in Drought-Prone Akarsa Watershed, West Bengal." In Climate Change, Agriculture and Society, 339–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28251-5_18.

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Poddar, Debapriya, Tapash Mandal, and Jayanta Das. "Spatio-Temporal Changes of Rainfall Pattern Under Changing Climate in West Bengal, India." In Climate Change, Agriculture and Society, 15–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28251-5_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Climate- Analysis- West Bengal"

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Bal, Sourabh, and Ingo Kirchner. "Projection of Thermal Bioclimate Conditions over West Bengal, India in Response to Global Warming Based on Climate Model." In ECAS 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecas2022-12820.

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Roy, Bidisha, Ashoke Kumar Basu, and Subrata Paul. "Analysis of a grid connected PV household system in West Bengal using HOMER." In 2014 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Energy and Communication (CIEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciec.2014.6959095.

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Bramhachari, Rittika, and Sabyasachi Mandal. "A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS OF RURAL MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS IN THE SUNDARBANS, WEST BENGAL." In EPHP 2016, Bangalore, 8–9 July 2016, Third national conference on bringing Evidence into Public Health Policy Equitable India: All for Health and Wellbeing. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-ephpabstracts.55.

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Ghose, Dipanjan, Sudeep Pradhan, and Shabbiruddin. "A Fuzzy-COPRAS Model for Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources in West Bengal, India." In 2019 IEEE 1st International Conference on Energy, Systems and Information Processing (ICESIP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icesip46348.2019.8938344.

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Banerjee, Abhijit. "Radio signal analysis of transient activity of low pressure belt over the Gangetic West Bengal." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY - ITechCET 2021. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0102970.

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Faradiba. "Analysis of Climate Factors on Paddy Production in West Java." In 2nd Annual Conference on blended learning, educational technology and Innovation (ACBLETI 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210615.046.

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Petrov, K. "ANALYSIS OF DESERTIFICATION TRENDS IN THE NORTH-WEST CASPIAN PLAIN." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1678.978-5-317-06490-7/69-73.

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The desertification of the North-Western Caspian plain controlled by the arid and humid rhythms of climate, nature landscapes Sarpinsky lowland and the Black lands, intensity of human activities. Trends in desertification are detected by monitoring the state of vegetation, lands and irrigation systems. It has been established that productivity and species diversity of natural vegetation must be strict regulation of pasture load, agriculture should be carried out with the use of modern farming practices, socio-economic development of the territory should regulate the system of environmental measures.
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Manjunath, K. R., Nitai Kundu, and Sushma Panigrahy. "Analysis of cropping pattern and crop rotation using multidate, multisensor, and multiscale remote sensing data: case study for the state of West Bengal, India." In Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing Symposium, edited by Robert J. Kuligowski, Jai S. Parihar, and Genya Saito. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.693921.

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Singh, B., A. El Fouladi, and K. Ramnath. "Vulnerability assessment survey of oil and gas facilities to climate-driven sea level rises and storm surges on the west coast of Trinidad." In RISK ANALYSIS 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/risk080381.

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Sengupta, Panchali, and Narayan Ghorai. "Analysis of Plant-Insect Pollination Network—A Case Study on the Exotic Plants as Nectar Resource of Butterflies across Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India." In IECPS 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-11970.

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Reports on the topic "Climate- Analysis- West Bengal"

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. West African agriculture and climate change A comprehensive analysis. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292048.

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Sharma, G., N. Pradhan, D. P. Sharma, M. Luitel, Y. Barola, K. K. Luitel, and K. Nyima. Conserving Springs as Climate Change Adaptation Action: Lessons From Chibo-Pashyor Watershed, Teesta River Basin, Kalimpong, West Bengal, India; ICIMOD Working Paper 2019/2. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.751.

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Sharma, G., N. Pradhan, D. P. Sharma, M. Luitel, Y. Barola, K. K. Luitel, and K. Nyima. Conserving Springs as Climate Change Adaptation Action: Lessons From Chibo-Pashyor Watershed, Teesta River Basin, Kalimpong, West Bengal, India; ICIMOD Working Paper 2019/2. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.751.

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Newsham, Andrew, Toendepi Shonhe, and Tsitsidzashe Bvute. Commercial Tobacco Production and Climate Change Adaptation in Mazowe, Zimbabwe. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.023.

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There has been an increasingly well-documented, rapid rise in tobacco production over the last couple of decades in Mazowe, Zimbabwe, despite growing public health concerns about lung cancer and nicotine’s addictive capacities in the wealthier countries of the West – even affecting the South African market. This has been accompanied by a shift away from its production almost completely on large-scale farms towards predominantly small-scale farms. To date, less consideration has been given to the implications of climate change for tobacco production. Given the hopes that it can make a serious contribution to poverty reduction and food security, it is of increasing importance to understand these implications, to identify the most relevant and/or effective adaptation options and to assess the viability of their successful adoption. This paper presents a fine-grained, qualitative bottom-up analysis of the implications for commercial tobacco production of climate change impacts in Zimbabwe.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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Hudgens, Bian, Jene Michaud, Megan Ross, Pamela Scheffler, Anne Brasher, Megan Donahue, Alan Friedlander, et al. Natural resource condition assessment: Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293943.

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Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions of natural resources and resource indicators in national park units (parks). NRCAs are meant to complement—not replace—traditional issue- and threat-based resource assessments. NRCAs employ a multi-disciplinary, hierarchical framework within which reference conditions for natural resource indicators are developed for comparison against current conditions. NRCAs do not set management targets for study indicators, and reference conditions are not necessarily ideal or target conditions. The goal of a NRCA is to deliver science-based information that will assist park managers in their efforts to describe and quantify a park’s desired resource conditions and management targets, and inform management practices related to natural resource stewardship. The resources and indicators emphasized in a given NRCA depend on the park’s resource setting, status of resource stewardship planning and science in identifying high-priority indicators, and availability of data and expertise to assess current conditions for a variety of potential study resources and indicators. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park (hereafter Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP) encompasses 1.7 km2 (0.7 mi2) at the base of the Mauna Loa Volcano on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The Kona coast of Hawaiʻi Island is characterized by calm winds that increase in the late morning to evening hours, especially in the summer when there is also a high frequency of late afternoon or early evening showers. The climate is mild, with mean high temperature of 26.2° C (79.2° F) and a mean low temperature of 16.6° C (61.9° F) and receiving on average 66 cm (26 in) of rainfall per year. The Kona coast is the only region in Hawaiʻi where more precipitation falls in the summer than in the winter. There is limited surface water runoff or stream development at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP due to the relatively recent lava flows (less than 1,500 years old) overlaying much of the park. Kiʻilae Stream is the only watercourse within the park. Kiʻilae Stream is ephemeral, with occasional flows and a poorly characterized channel within the park. A stream gauge was located uphill from the park, but no measurements have been taken since 1982. Floods in Kiʻilae Stream do occur, resulting in transport of fluvial sediment to the ocean, but there are no data documenting this phenomenon. There are a small number of naturally occurring anchialine pools occupying cracks and small depressions in the lava flows, including the Royal Fishponds; an anchialine pool modified for the purpose of holding fish. Although the park’s legal boundaries end at the high tide mark, the sense of place, story, and visitor experience would be completely different without the marine waters adjacent to the park. Six resource elements were chosen for evaluation: air and night sky, water-related processes, terrestrial vegetation, vertebrates, anchialine pools, and marine resources. Resource conditions were determined through reviewing existing literature, meta-analysis, and where appropriate, analysis of unpublished short- and long-term datasets. However, in a number of cases, data were unavailable or insufficient to either establish a quantitative reference condition or conduct a formal statistical comparison of the status of a resource within the park to a quantitative reference condition. In those cases, data gaps are noted, and comparisons were made based on qualitative descriptions. Overall, the condition of natural resources within Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflects the surrounding landscape. The coastal lands immediately surrounding Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP are zoned for conservation, while adjacent lands away from the coast are agricultural. The condition of most natural resources at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflect the overall condition of ecological communities on the west Hawai‘i coast. Although little of the park’s vegetation...
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Saville, Alan, and Caroline Wickham-Jones, eds. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.

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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings:  Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed.  Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role.  Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory.  Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.
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