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Academic literature on the topic 'Climat – Observations – Régions polaires'
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Journal articles on the topic "Climat – Observations – Régions polaires"
Masson-Delmotte, Valérie. "Evolution du climat dans les régions polaires." La Houille Blanche, no. 2 (April 2008): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb:2008034.
Full textJallat, Denis. "Le tourisme polaire et sa construction dans l’histoire." Tourisme polaire 28, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024833ar.
Full textVallata, Amandine, Marjorie Cadeville, Charlotte Kanski, and François Alla. "TABADO 2 : une stratégie d’accompagnement au sevrage tabagique des adolescents en milieu scolaire." Global Health Promotion, March 19, 2021, 175797592199772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975921997721.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Climat – Observations – Régions polaires"
Lecouffe, Audrey. "Évolution et persistance des vortex stratosphériques polaires Arctique et Antarctique sur la période 1979 - 2021." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS293.pdf.
Full textThis PhD study focuses on the study of the evolution of the stratospheric polar vortices over the last forty years. The intensity and position of the Southern and Northern stratospheric polar vortex edge are evaluated as a function of equivalent latitude over the 1979 - 2021 period on 3 isentropic levels in the lower and middle stratosphere (675 K, 550 K and 475 K) from ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis. An analysis of the onset and breakup dates of the polar vortices is included. The solar cycle and to a lower extent the quasi-biennal oscillation, El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation modulate the interannual evolution of the strength of the vortex edge and the vortex breakup dates. In the SH, long-term increase of the vortex edge intensity and breakup dates is observed over the 1979 - 1999 period, linked to the increase of the Antarctic ozone hole. After early break-ups between 1981 and 1987, more persistent vortex occured in the NH during the 1990s. For both hemispheres stronger vortex edge and longer vortex duration is observed in solar minimum (minSC) years. For the SH, the vortex edge is stronger and lasts longer for maxSC/wQBO years than for maxSC/eQBO years, and is somewhat stronger during cold ENSO phase (cENSO). For the NH, the stronger vortex edge is more pronounced than in SH during the wQBO phase, and it is stronger during minSC/wQBO years
Rojo, Maxence. "Impacts des événements météorologiques extrêmes et du changement climatique sur les régions arctiques et subarctiques : Perspectives croisées en climatologie et en sciences humaines et sociales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV075.
Full textThe perception of the climate is culturally and socially constructed. For this reason, we have studied some weather events integrating the cultural, political and historical contexts in which they occur.In a first part, we analyzed the impact of Polar Lows, intense mesocyclones that develop over ice-free Arctic seas during winter time, on coastal regions of Norway. The passage of PL can provoke dangerous sea conditions with strong waves, sudden snowfall and blizzard. This phenomenon may represent a risk to maritime and coastal activities in the region, particularly for shipping, fishing and oil and gas offshore platforms.In a second part we studied the impacts of climate change and severe weather events in the Republic of Tuva. Tuva is a very southern subarctic region. Its climate is extremely continental and precipitation tend to be low due to the low moisture content in the cold air. During the twentieth century, the region has experienced major socio-economic changes, sometimes brutal, including the transition from a communist and planned economy to a market economy in the early 1990. Despite these recent changes, pastoralists in western Tuva (horses, cows, yaks, sheep, camels) and reindeer herders in eastern Tuva, still live in close contact with the natural environment. Indigenous peoples of Tuva are facing global changes caused by certain contemporary regional and national policies, including the expansion of the mining industry and the development of mega projects. They offer different points of view, describing environmental changes and their impact on their daily activities
Guzman, Rodrigo. "Contribution à l'étude du rayonnement infrarouge en ciel clair dans les régions inter-tropicales : observations et modèles de climat." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066671.
Full textClear-sky Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLRc) in the inter-tropical belt is a major component of Earth's radiation budget. In order to estimate this radiative field over tropical and subtropical regions, we defined a simple OLRc model depending on two parameters. The parameters of this model are estimated from the METEOSAT satellite measurements for the humidity and from the CERES/AQUA instruments for the temperature and the radiation. The construction of this physical and statistical model is based on a classical analytical approach of OLRc we enriched with spectral sensitivities studies of this radiative magnitude to the Surface Temperature (TS) and to Relative Humidity (RH). The two variables that allow us to make a reasonable estimate OLRc by night are TS and the Mean Free Troposphere Relative Humidity (FTH). We study the sensitivity of OLRc to the variability of these fields at seasonal and inter-annual time scales. Areas of high sensitivity of OLRc to temporal variability of FTH are identified whereas the synthetic radiative field is practically insensitive to the variability of TS. We then evaluate the performance of two climate models in their reproduction of FTH and TS by performing the same sensitivity experiments on these two fields. These models represent adequately the variability of FTH and TS fields at both time scales studied previously. Finally, we look at the sensitivity of OLRc at climate time scales by performing spectral and vertical sensitivity analysis on mean profiles from climate models
Brucker, Ludovic. "Modélisation de l'émission micro-onde du manteau neigeux : applications en Antarctique et au Québec." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433824.
Full textLa télédétection passive, en particulier dans le domaine spectral des micro-ondes, est adaptée à l'interprétation et au suivi des propriétés physiques du manteau neigeux. Effectivement, le rayonnement micro-onde émane du sol ou du manteau neigeux lui-même, puis se propage jusqu'à la surface. Ainsi, le rayonnement émergeant contient de l'information sur les variations verticales des propriétés de la neige, telles que la température ou les propriétés de microstructure (taille de grains et densité). Ces trois propriétés de la neige déterminent l'émission micro-onde d'un manteau sec. Lorsqu'il est humide, la teneur en eau liquide devient par contre la propriété dominant l'émission. Les évolutions temporelles et les variations verticales de ces différentes propriétés sont définies par la métamorphose. Leur lien avec l'émission micro-onde est considéré dans le transfert radiatif.
Cette thèse a pour objectif d'expliquer l'émission micro-onde de la neige par voie de modélisation afin de comprendre l'évolution des principales propriétés physiques de la neige. Le transfert radiatif dans la neige a été calculé avec les modèles multicouches Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) et MultiLayered Dense Media Radiative Transfer (DMRT-ML), s'appuyant sur des approches respectivement semi-empirique et théorique. Les profils stratigraphiques de la neige utilisés en entrée ont été mesurés, estimés de façon aléatoire, modélisés avec une relation simple de la métamorphose ou avec le modèle d'évolution thermodynamique de la neige Crocus.
Ces modèles et approches ont été appliqués sur deux types de manteau neigeux, permanent en Antarctique et saisonnier au Québec. Dans le premier cas, l'évolution temporelle de la température de brillance a été modélisée localement, à Dôme C, à partir de mesures in situ des propriétés de la neige. Dans cette approche, l'émissivité est modélisée à partir de mesures et reste par conséquent applicable localement. Pour modéliser l'émissivité à l'échelle de l'Antarctique, différents profils synthétiques de taille de grains et de densité ont été testés. Dans tous les cas, la variation verticale de la taille de grains est apparue déterminante pour prévoir l'émissivité en polarisation verticale. Cette sensibilité a été exploitée pour estimer à l'échelle du continent cette variable glaciologique importante. Le profil de densité et les propriétés de surface déterminent quant à eux l'écart entre les polarisations verticale et horizontale.
L'émission micro-onde d'un manteau saisonnier au Québec a également été abordée. La spécificité de l'étude est de prévoir l'évolution temporelle de la température de brillance avec un modèle d'évolution thermodynamique de la neige couplé à un modèle de transfert radiatif micro-onde, ici Crocus-MEMLS. Cette approche a permis d'interpréter finement l'évolution temporelle des températures de brillance mesurées avec un radiomètre au sol et de mettre en doute certaines relations physiques du modèle Crocus. Les résultats ont mis en évidence la complexité du signal micro-onde pour des manteaux évoluant rapidement à des températures proches du point de fusion.
Vicars, William. "Transfert de l'anomalie isotopique portée par l'ozone dans la troposphère : vers une interprétation quantitative de la composition isotopique en oxygène du nitrate atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856960.
Full textMercier, Denis. "Le ruissellement au Spitsberg." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20011.
Full textFrihi, Aymen. "Évolution de la colonne totale d'ozone à deux stations tropicales : observations et modélisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS240.
Full textWhile the tropics cover a large part of the globe, few long-term ozone observations data exist in this region. In addition, the tropics are the regions where most of the stratospheric ozone is formed. Indeed, the tropical region is the main entry point for tropospheric chemical species and water vapor in the stratosphere, subsequently redistributed at mid-latitudes by the Brewer-Dobson circulation. Monitoring the evolution of the ozone layer in these regions is based on observations (satellite, ground-based and aircraft instruments). This monitoring allows the quantification of stratospheric ozone variability and trends to understand past changes and validate the models used to predict the ozone evolution in these regions. In this perspective, the work of this thesis is divided into two parts: firstly, the analysis and comparison between the UV-Visible SAOZ spectrometer data and those of 10 satellite instruments in the tropics above the Bauru stations (22.18S, 49.06W) in Brazil and Reunion Island (21.11S, 55.53E) in the Indian Ocean. The ozone columns show a negative average bias (-0.84%) between the satellite columns and SAOZ (SAT-SAOZ) in Bauru unlike Réunion (0.75%), where the bias is positive. Moreover, we observe an increase in this bias from 2004 in Bauru of -1.78% / decade, less important in Reunion (-0.8% / decade). The study of this drift has shown that the latter is correlated with an uplift of the vertical ozone profile at equatorial latitudes characterized by an equivalent latitude drift of the Bauru station, which is not considered in the calculation of the Air Mass Factor (AMF) used to convert the slant column measured by SAOZ into vertical column (TOC). Subsequently, the capacity of 9 CCMI-derived climate-chemistry models to reproduce the observed columns, its variations and external forcing on variability was evaluated by comparing the simulations with those of SAOZ and the monthly mean satellites at both stations. The models show a good restitution of the variability of the ozone column with however an overestimation of 3% at both stations compared to the observations. The analysis of the forcings shows a contribution dominated by QBO (~ 40%), followed by ENSO (~ 20%), solar activity (~ 20%), equivalent latitude drift > 10% at Bauru and < 10% at Reunion and lower for aerosols (<10%) consistently with observations
Pangaud, Thomas. "Assimilation des radiances des sondeurs infrarouges hyperspectraux en condition nuageuse : application à des cyclogénèses extratropicales." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/772/.
Full textThe main goal of this PhD work is to propose an approach to deal with high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders in cloudy conditions. Untill now, these observations were rejected by the data assimilation system due to the complex nature of clouds and to their non-linear processes evolving into spatiotemporal scales lower than those of the model. The emergence of variational techniques as well as improvements achieved in terms of cloud modelisation and radiative transfer revived the interests of the scientific community for the assimilation of cloudy radiances. Indeed most measurements from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders, and in particular, in atmospheric sensitive regions, are contaminated by clouds. The approach proposed here to deal with cloudy radiances is based on the combined information from the cloud detection algorithm developped by the ECMWF and the CO2-Slicing cloud characterization algorithm. To be efficient, this scheme thus needs a good correspondance in terms of cloud detection between these two algorithms. The fist part of this study demonstrates that these two algorithms are able to detect clouds efficiently. The good correspondance in performances obtained from both algorithms justify their conjoint use to assimilate cloudy radiances. The assimilation scheme developped in this PhD work enables to increase the total amount of assimilated observations by more than 10% for AIRS and by more than 12% for IASI, additional observations are mainly located at mid to high latitudes. In addition, taking into account the cloud effect into the observation operator leads to model equivalents more consistent with true observations. Experiments performed with the AIRS sounder exhibit a positive but not significant impact on forecasts for the temperature, the humidity and the wind. The impact is significantly positive for the geopotential. Preliminary experiments performed with the IASI sounder exhibit a rather mitigated impact. Taking into account cloudy radiances from high-spectral-resolution infrared sounders improves the predictability of intense event for both study cases treated in this work (a mediterrean storm occuring on the 26th of september 2006 and an atlantic storm on the 24th of january 2009). The operational assimilation of this kind of data will certainly enable, among others, a better risk management et thus a more efficient hazard prevention
Lombard, Alix. "Les variations actuelles du niveau de la mer : Observations et causes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079969.
Full textDiverses observations disponibles depuis peu nous ont permis de quantifier les contributions des divers facteurs climatiques à la hausse observée du niveau de la mer : expansion thermique de la mer due au réchauffement des océans, fonte des glaciers de montagne et des calottes polaires, apport d'eau des réservoirs continentaux. Le bilan de ces nouvelles observations nous permet d'expliquer en partie la hausse observée du niveau de la mer. En particulier, nous montrons que l'expansion thermique des océans n'explique que 25% de la hausse séculaire du niveau de la mer enregistrée par les marégraphes depuis 50 ans, tandis qu'elle contribue à la hauteur de 50% à la montée du niveau marin au cours de la dernière décennie. Parallèlement, des études récentes estiment que la fonte des glaciers de montagne et des calottes polaires pourraient contribuer pour environ 1 mm/an à l'élévation du niveau de la mer au cours de la dernière décennie.
De plus, la forte variabilité régionale des vitesses d'évolution du niveau de la mer révélée par les observations altimétriques de Topex/Poseidon résulte en grande partie de l'expansion thermique. Nous mettons également en lumière l'importante variabilité spatio-temporelle décennale de l'expansion thermique des océans au cours des 50 dernières années, qui semble dominée par les fluctuations naturelles du climat. De plus nous posons pour la première fois la question du lien qui existe entre les fluctuations décennales de l'expansion thermique des océans et la contribution climatique des eaux continentales au niveau de la mer. Enfin, une analyse préliminaire des observations gravimétriques de la mission spatiale GRACE sur les océans nous permet d'évaluer les variations saisonnières du niveau moyen de la mer liées aux variations du bilan de masse d'eau des océans.
Soriot, Clément. "Caractérisation de la banquise Arctique à partir d'observations micro-ondes multi-satellites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS451.
Full textSea ice plays a major role in ocean circulation as well as in the climate and weather system. In the context of global warming, the extent of the Arctic sea ice has been decreasing steadily over the last 40 years and monitoring of the Arctic is essential. Microwave instruments on board satellites allow the study of this region of the Earth under all weather conditions, and regardless of the day/night cycle. Particularly suited over polar regions with high cloud cover and a six-month polar night, microwave satellite provide key observations for estimating geophysical parameters of the sea ice. Nevertheless, the understanding of the physics underlying the observed microwave signatures is still partial. This thesis aims at improving our understanding of the microwave signals of the sea ice and is part of the preparation of two upcoming Earth observation missions led by the European Space Agency: the Copernicus Imager Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) and the Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography ALtimeter (CRISTAL). In a first part, the covariabilities of passive microwave signals, highlighted by an unsupervised classification technique, will be analyzed and interpreted jointly with active microwave signals, using a microwave radiative transfer model. The results showed that it is possible to identify specific behaviors of sea ice concentration and thickness, and snow structure. The importance of metamorphism within the snowpack for the interpretation of passive microwave signals was highlighted. In a second part, an algorithm for estimating sea ice thickness from passive microwave observations was developed using an artificial intelligence technique. The results were compared to in situ sea ice thickness measurements and also showed good performance compared to other satellite-based sea ice thickness products. By applying the algorithm to a long collection of intercalibrated satellite data, a time series of Arctic sea ice thickness was constructed between 1992 and 2020, making it the longest to date. A final section deals with microwave altimetry techniques for measuring geophysical parameters of the sea ice. The sensitivity of microwave altimetry waveforms to the thickness of the snow cover of the Arctic sea ice is analyzed