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Journal articles on the topic 'Clerical sex'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Elias, Allison L. "“Outside the Pyramid”: Clerical Work, Corporate Affirmative Action, and Working Women’s Barriers to Upward Mobility." Journal of Policy History 30, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 301–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030618000106.

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Abstract:Although women have made tremendous gains at work, a striking degree of sex segregation still exists. For a generation of women who were working in low-paying, administrative support positions during the promising era of Title VII, affirmative action did not offer upward mobility. In the 1970s, as employers and regulators began implementing affirmative action amid the gendered structure of internal labor markets, women who were already in clerical roles remained outside the managerial pipeline. Women in 9to5, the National Association of Working Women, sought to bridge the gap between female-dominated clerical and male-dominated managerial ladders using collective action. Yet business and government did not enforce affirmative action such that the clustering of women in low-paid clerical positions constituted discrimination on the basis of sex. Work experience on the clerical ladder remains inadequate training for positions on the managerial ladder.

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2

Wertheimer, Laura. "Children of Disorder: Clerical Parentage, Illegitimacy, and Reform in the Middle Ages." Journal of the History of Sexuality 15, no. 3 (2006): 382–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sex.2007.0023.

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3

MCGLONE, GERARD J. "Prevalence and Incidence of Roman Catholic Clerical Sex Offenders." Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 10, no. 2-3 (January 2003): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720160390230628.

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4

Majeres, Raymond L. "Serial comparison processes and sex differences in clerical speed." Intelligence 12, no. 2 (April 1988): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(88)90013-x.

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5

SONGY, DAVID G. "Psychological and Spiritual Treatment of Roman Catholic Clerical Sex Offenders." Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 10, no. 2-3 (January 2003): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720160390230655.

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6

Haigh, Christopher. "Dr. Temple's Pew: Sex and Clerical Status in the 1630s." Huntington Library Quarterly 68, no. 3 (September 2005): 497–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hlq.2005.68.3.497.

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7

PEARSON, HILARY M., and SHARON E. KAHN. "Women Clerical Workers: Sex-Role Socialization, Work Attitudes, and Values." Career Development Quarterly 37, no. 3 (March 1989): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1989.tb00829.x.

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8

Guirguis, Waguih R. "Sex Therapy." British Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 4 (October 1991): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.4.597.

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The first scientist to confront society with the central role of sex in human development was Freud. His method, the detailed and in depth analysis of the childhood experiences of a handful of upper class Viennese women, may be suspect by today's standard of scientific inquiry. It was, however, the first systematic attempt to study an area of human behaviour which was wrapped in mystery, prejudice and fear. His crucial and most controversial book,Three Essays on the Sexual Theory,was published in 1905 and branded at the time as an obscene book. A disclaimer from the publisher was attached to the English translation of this book which read: “The sale of this book is limited to Members of the Medical, Scholastic, Legal and Clerical professions”. If read together with Freud's earlier book,The Interpretation of Dreams(1899), these two books give the distinct impression that Freud did discover the problem of sexual abuse.

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9

Shore, Ted H., and Armen Tashchian. "Effects of Sex on Raters' Accountability." Psychological Reports 92, no. 2 (April 2003): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.2.693.

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The effects of sex (rater and ratee) on raters' accountability in the context of performance appraisal were investigated. The 130 participating undergraduates (men and women) rated a fictitious male or female's performance on a clerical task subsequent to receiving self-assessment information. As expected, raters' knowledge of a high self-assessment was followed by significantly higher performance ratings than after knowledge of a low self-assessment. Contrary to expectations, no differences were found for either raters' or ratees' sex. The results suggest that the sex of the rater or ratee is not associated with raters' accountability.

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10

Cross, Richard, and Daniel Thoma. "The Collapse of Ascetical Discipline and Clerical Misconduct: Sex and Prayer." Linacre Quarterly 73, no. 1 (February 2006): 1–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20508549.2006.11877771.

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11

Dunne, Elizabeth A. "Clerical child sex abuse: the response of the Roman Catholic Church." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 14, no. 6 (2004): 490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.793.

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12

NGUYEN, KIEN TRUNG, and ERIC D. RAMSTETTER. "OWNERSHIP-RELATED WAGE DIFFERENTIALS BY OCCUPATION IN VIETNAMESE MANUFACTURING." Singapore Economic Review 64, no. 03 (May 26, 2019): 625–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590818500303.

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This paper examines ownership-related wage differentials for four types of workers employed by medium–large (20 or more employees) wholly foreign multinational enterprises (WFs), joint-venture multinationals (JVs), state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and domestic private firms in Vietnamese manufacturing in 2009. When all sample firms were combined, unconditional JV-private and WF-private wage differentials were 106–124% for managers, 78–87% for professionals and technicians, 56–68% for clerical and support workers and 22–48% for production workers. Correspondingly, conditional wage differentials which account for influences of worker education and sex, in addition to firm capital intensity and size, were smaller and usually significant: 72–78% for managers, 32–36% for professionals and technicians, 23–28% for clerical and support workers and 15–16% for production workers. SOE-private differentials were all much smaller. There was substantial variation at the industry level, but conditional WF-private differentials were positive and significant for most occupations and industries and JV-private differentials were also positive and significant in most industries for highly paid managers or professionals and technicians, but not for lowly paid clerical and support workers or production workers. Most industry-level SOE-private differentials were also insignificant.

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13

Donnelly, Susie, and Tom Inglis. "The Media and the Catholic Church in Ireland: Reporting Clerical Child Sex Abuse." Journal of Contemporary Religion 25, no. 1 (December 9, 2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537900903416788.

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14

Hahn, Judith. "Sex Offenses—Offensive Sex: Some Observations on the Recent Reform of Ecclesiastical Penal Law." Religions 13, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13040332.

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In recent years, the sexual abuse of minors and vulnerable adults in the Catholic Church has received much attention. This is also true of the related changes to ecclesiastical legislation. Less attention, however, has been paid to other aspects of the reform. The revised penal law of the Code of Canon Law, in any case, demands closer study from the point of critical legal studies. It is striking that while the reform focused on improving the legal protection of minors, it also had rather detrimental effects on the legal standing of women in the church. Reading the revised law, it appears that the reform missed the chance to improve the legal situation of the mostly female adult victims of clerical sex offenses and abuses of power. It rather spotlighted “female” offenses such as abortion in contrast to typical “male” offenses such as homicide, and it moreover criminalized women who attempt ordination. Thus, the regulations of the reformed penal law not only generally leave the systemic causes of abuse untouched, but also establish norms which reinvent or even exacerbate abusive structures. The latter finally sustain clericalism and reinstitutionalize gender inequality, commonly identified as factors fostering abuse.

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15

Reisinger, Doris. "Reproductive Abuse in the Context of Clergy Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church." Religions 13, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13030198.

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In a significant number of cases, clerical sex offenders impregnate their victims and force them into hiding, abortion, or adoption. This phenomenon is referred to in this paper as reproductive abuse. Clearly, most victims of reproductive abuse are adults, but even among minor victims of clerical child abuse, between 1 and 10 percent may have experienced reproductive abuse. On the basis of pertinent studies, this paper explores archival material on several dozen allegations of reproductive abuse in the context of clergy sexual abuse of minors in the US Catholic Church. Besides some tentative estimates of the general frequency of the phenomenon, this paper offers a distinction of three different types of reproductive abuse and an analysis of the interplay of clericalist and secular misogyny, which appears to be largely responsible for the silencing of victims as well as for the impunity of perpetrators and leads to the invisibility of this phenomenon, despite the high importance attributed to reproductive issues in the Catholic context.

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16

Bielby, William T., Samuel Cohn, and Ruth Milkman. "The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain." Social Forces 67, no. 2 (December 1988): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2579206.

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17

Hamilton, Roberta, and Samuel Cohn. "The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain." American Historical Review 92, no. 1 (February 1987): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862833.

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18

Wu, Junqing. "Sex in the Cloister: Behind the Image of the “Criminal Monk” in Ming Courtroom Tales." T’oung Pao 105, no. 5-6 (June 30, 2020): 545–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685322-10556p02.

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Abstract Buddhist monks were commonly portrayed as seducers and even rapists in late sixteenth-century vernacular literature, including, most commonly, courtroom tales (gong’an 公案). Do these stories reflect a deterioration in clerical morality and behavior, or a decline in Buddhist faith and practice, as is sometimes argued? Neither explanation is credible. I argue that the image of monks in courtroom tales should be understood as a literary convention, growing out the burgeoning market for entertainment literature, rather than a window onto social reality. It also reflects an increasing male anxiety about the control of women.

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19

Heimer, Carol A. "The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Work in Great Britain.Samuel Cohn." American Journal of Sociology 92, no. 3 (November 1986): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/228577.

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20

Mutchler, Jan E., and Samuel Cohn. "The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain, 1870-1936." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 4 (July 1987): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069896.

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21

Bourdier, Juliette. "Travels Through The Dark Realms Of Medieval Clerical Fantasies: Sex And Erotica In The Infernal Testimony." Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 48, no. 1 (2017): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjm.2017.0001.

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22

Wirenius, John F. "“Command and Coercion”: Clerical Immunity, Scandal, and the Sex Abuse Crisis in the Roman Catholic Church." Journal of Law and Religion 27, no. 2 (January 2012): 423–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400000448.

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On December 29, 1170, in the late afternoon (and thus after the main meal of the day but shortly before vespers), four knights entered Canterbury Cathedral. Impelled, as far as history knows, by the angry words of King Henry II, “will no one rid me of this turbulent priest,” they had come to confront Archbishop Thomas Becket and win King Henry's favor by forcing the long-simmering dispute between Becket and his king to some final resolution. When the Archbishop refused their conflicting demands and reacted with scorn to their insults, the knights withdrew, only to arm themselves and follow Becket into the cathedral. As the traditional account has it:[t]he bell for vespers began to sound, and the archbishop, with his cross borne in front of him, made his way in as usual into the cathedral. Hardly had he reached the ascent to the choir than the noise of armed men and the shout of the knights announced that the pursuers were at hand. “Where is the archbishop, where is the traitor?” resounded through the hollow aisles, mingling strangely with the recitation of the psalms in the choir. Becket, hearing this, turned back a few steps, and calmly awaited their approach in the corner of the northern transept before the little altar of S[t .] Benedict. “Here,” he cried, “is the archbishop—no traitor, but a priest of God.” Awed by his demeanor, and perhaps by the sanctity of the place, no one dared strike. A parley began. They sought to lash their failing courage into action by words. A hasty and insulting epithet gave Fitz Urse the opportunity he wanted. A blow aimed at the archbishop's head only knocked his skull-cap to the ground, but it was enough to loose the bandogs of hell. A stroke from Tracy cut off the tonsured back of [Becket's] skull, another from Brito brought him to his knees.

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23

Carter, Susan B. "Book Review: The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain." Review of Radical Political Economics 19, no. 1 (March 1987): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661348701900107.

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24

Butler, Jon. "FORUM: American Religion and the Great Depression." Church History 80, no. 3 (September 2011): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640711000631.

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Few topics seem more natural and, sadly, timelier than American religion in bad economic times, our own or the economic depression of the 1930s. The essays by Heather Curtis, Jonathan Ebel, and Alison Greene point up how little we know about religion in the 1930s and, by implication, how little religion has informed policy during our own economic downturn. Perhaps our own crisis is still too new or we are distracted by the “Christian nation” debate or the latest clerical sex scandal. Whatever the cause, Curtis, Ebel, and Greene demonstrate that in the 1930s religion and economic dislocation produced remarkable religious challenges and transformations whose similarities as well as differences underlined their sometimes fateful intersection.

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25

Harris, Alana. "‘The writings of querulous women’: contraception, conscience and clerical authority in 1960s Britain." British Catholic History 32, no. 4 (September 11, 2015): 557–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2015.20.

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AbstractOn 31 May 1964, Dr Anne Bieżanek travelled from Wallasey to Westminster Cathedral to attend Mass and receive Holy Communion. She was flanked by hoards of reporters, who over the previous six months had fueled extensive media coverage of her establishment of one of the firstCatholicbirth control clinics in the world, alongside her intertwined personal story of the physical and emotional strain caused by ten pregnancies. Repeatedly refused the sacraments by her local parish priest in consequence of these activities, and unable to gain satisfaction from the Bishop of Shrewsbury, Dr Bieżanek wrote to the Archbishop of Westminster to announce her intention to ‘resolve the issue’ through an ethical adjudication at the Communion rails.As the first sustained exploration of this exceptional woman and her sensational life story, this article examines Dr Bieżanek’s private correspondence and public persona to illustrate the ways in which her idiosyncratic re-negotiation of spiritual and sexual politics was path breaking in articulating a ‘modern’ Catholic approach to love and sex and in anticipating the cacophony of such voices elicited by theHumanae Vitaeencyclical in 1968. As such, it illustrates the form and force of contrasting and modulating Catholic discourses about love, marriage, and contraception in the post-war period and demonstrates the continuing and critical interplay of religion, infused with the insights of sexology and psychology, when negotiating the sexual and spiritual revolutions of the sixties.

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26

Dipple, Geoffrey. "Sex, Blasphemy, and the Block: The Trial and Execution of Ludwig Hätzer." Renaissance and Reformation 40, no. 4 (January 28, 2018): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v40i4.29269.

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In early 1529, the Protestant authorities of Constance executed Ludwig Hätzer for disobedience and moral depravity. Although the court documents avoided any reference to his religious teachings, contemporaries speculated about the role that perceptions—that he was an Anabaptist who espoused heretical opinions—played in his conviction. This article uses Hätzer’s trial and execution as an opportunity to reflect on two topics of interest in studies of the early Reformation: the reluctance of reformers to level charges of heresy against each other, and their re-evaluation of human sexuality resulting from the rejection of clerical celibacy. Au début de 1529, les autorités protestantes de Constance ont exécuté Ludwig Hätzer pour désobéissance et dépravation morale. Bien que les documents juridiques évitent toute référence à ses enseignements religieux, ses contemporains ont multiplié les conjectures au sujet du rôle qu’a joué dans sa condamnation la conviction qu’il était un anabaptiste ayant des croyances hérétiques. Cet article examine le procès et l’exécution de Hätzer afin de réfléchir à deux questions importantes pour les études du début de la Réforme : la résistance des réformateurs à engager des accusations d’hérésies contre d’autres tenants de la Réforme, et leur reconsidération de la sexualité suite au rejet du celibate sacerdotal.

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27

Čatipović-Veselica, Katija, Vesna Ilakovac, Josip Durjanček, Vjekoslav Amidžć, Dinko Burić, Damir Kozmar, Slobodan Mrdenović, and Branimir Čatipović. "Relationship of Eight Basic Emotions with Age, Sex, Education, Satisfaction of Life Needs, and Religion." Psychological Reports 77, no. 1 (August 1995): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.1.115.

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Personality scores of Croatian men and women by age, occupation, education, satisfaction of life needs, and religion were examined. 842 men and 242 women whose mean age was 42 yr. ( SD, 8) represented manual labor, clerical work, and management. Employees were administered the Emotions Profile Index and a test of Life Needs Satisfaction. The Croatian women scored lower on Distrustful and Dys-control than the Croatian men and higher on Depression and Gregarious. Scores on Aggression, Depression, and Gregarious varied across age groups. The Reproduction scores of sociable and affectionate were significantly higher for managers and persons with university education. The religious employees scored higher on Depression than nonreligious persons. The Reproduction scores were significantly positively associated with all needs satisfaction scores. The Destruction scores (Aggression, Depression) were significantly negatively associated with most life needs satisfactions. The present analysis suggests men and women from Croatian groups have different personality profiles Correlations of emotional scores with ages, occupations, education, life needs satisfaction, and religion could help in modification toward positive emotional dimensions.

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28

Donnelly, Susie. "Sins of the father: unravelling moral authority in the Irish Catholic Church." Irish Journal of Sociology 24, no. 3 (January 1, 2015): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijs.0009.

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It was not until the mid-1990s that the extent of child abuse within the Irish Catholic Church began to be investigated and reported by the Irish media, yet why did it take so long for these scandals to emerge? This article analyses how the Irish media investigated and reported on the Irish Catholic Church from a socio-historical perspective. Drawing from Bourdieu, analytical concepts of habitus, capital and field are employed to examine transformations in journalistic practice. By doing so, this article explores the symbolic power of the clergy in Catholic society and traces the erosion of their moral authority. The Bishop Eamonn Casey paternity scandal is analysed as a means of unpacking journalistic practice in the early 1990s, on the cusp of the widespread emergence of child sex abuse reports in the mainstream media. The case study builds from a series of semi-structured interviews with journalists who reported on clerical scandals, including religious affairs correspondents from the 1960s to present, and produces insight into the practices, perceptions and dispositions (habitus) of journalists over time. It is argued that the reporting of paternity scandals in the early 1990s reflects wider processes of social change taking place within the journalistic field and the religious field. While focusing on these specific fields as sites of inquiry, this study reveals the erosion of social and cultural barriers which finally led to the widespread reporting of clerical child abuse scandals in Ireland.

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29

Gore, Clare Walker. "“THE ADDITIONAL ATTRACTION OF AFFLICTION”: DISABILITY, SEX, AND GENRE TROUBLE INBARCHESTER TOWERS." Victorian Literature and Culture 45, no. 3 (August 25, 2017): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150317000079.

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While there is neverany serious doubt that Mr. Arabin, clergyman hero of Anthony Trollope'sBarchester Towers(1857), is destined to marry our heroine, Eleanor Bold, there are moments in the novel when he is all but overcome by the charms of Signora Madeline Neroni, most beautiful and most amoral member of the rackety Stanhope family. Having spent her wicked youth in Italy, where her father has been taking an extended leave of absence from his clerical duties – curtailed only by a peremptory summons from the new Bishop – Madeline is entertaining herself during her enforced stay in Barchester by waging a concerted campaign of seduction, intending “to have parsons at her feet” (86–87; vol. 1, ch. 10). The fact that she never leaves her sofa does nothing to impede her success in this regard: although Madeline is described by the narrator as “a helpless, hopeless cripple” (270; vol. 1, ch. 27), every man she meets is shown to fall under her spell. In fact, when Arabin finds himself “mak[ing] comparisons between her and Eleanor Bold, not always in favour of the latter,” he reflects that Madeline is “the more lovely woman of the two, and had also the additional attraction of her affliction; for to him it was an attraction” (74; vol. 2, ch. 34). Far from diminishing her “loveliness,” Madeline's disability actually heightens her sexual appeal for Arabin.

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30

JORDAN, ELLEN. "The Lady Clerks at the Prudential: The Beginning of Vertical Segregation by Sex in Clerical Work in Nineteenth-Century Britain." Gender & History 8, no. 1 (April 1996): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00224.x.

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31

Rieth, Lori. "The Multidimensional: Health Locus of Control: Applied to Four Classifications of Working Adults." AAOHN Journal 35, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998703500107.

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The purpose of this study was to apply the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale to the Perceived Control portion of Pender's Health Belief Model. The sample respondents consisted of healthy adults employed by a major corporation in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, area. The first aim of this study was to determine how a sample of adult office workers perceived control of their own health status. The second aim was to explore whether perception of control of health status differed according to occupational class among a sample of clerical, technical, professional, and managerial workers. The literature was reviewed in the following areas: locus of control, health locus of control, and the relationship between the two as they relate to the health belief model. Rationale for studying health locus of control is supported in the literature. Using a descriptive survey approach with questionnaire instrumentation, data were collected from 226 employees employed by a Fortune 500 Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Descriptive statistics were utilized in the data analysis. The results of the study indicated that this particular sample of adult employees generally perceive themselves to have a high degree of internal control over their health status. Further, there was little difference among the mean scores of perception of control among clerical, technical, professional, and managerial workers. Recommendations were made that the study be repeated using a blue-collar population. In addition, hypotheses were generated about the relationship of age, sex, education, and occupational class to determine the degree of their impact on health locus of control. The implications for nursing practice and recommendations for health promotion activities are presented.

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32

RESNICK, IRVEN M. "ALBERT THE GREAT ON NATURE AND THE PRODUCTION OF HERMAPHRODITES: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS." Traditio 74 (2019): 307–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.10.

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Despite its rarity, hermaphroditism is often discussed in medieval texts in theoretical and practical contexts by canonists, theologians, and natural philosophers. For the canonist or theologian, hermaphroditism raised questions concerning baptism, marriage, entry to clerical orders, and legal status. For the natural philosopher, the hermaphrodite seemed to violate the strict dichotomy of male and female. Here I examine Albert the Great's natural-philosophical treatment of hermaphroditism. Albert rejects the view that hermaphrodites constitute a “third sex” and instead invokes Aristotle's authority to show that hermaphrodites are a “monstrous” flaw in nature. He carefully investigates the manner in which nature produces hermaphrodites in the womb and introduces a discussion of the generative capacity of hermaphrodites themselves. He concludes that they are incapable of reproducing in and of themselves (i.e., they are incapable of auto-fecundation) although they seem able to generate in another individual through coition.

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33

Nash, Patrick S. "The Never-Ending Story? Or, Does the Roman Catholic Church Remain Vulnerable to Charges of Improper Handling of Clergy Child Sex Abuse?" Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 8, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 270–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwy053.

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Abstract This article explores whether the Roman Catholic Church’s response to the clergy child sex abuse scandal shields it from further charges of improper handling of cases. It begins by noting the current topicality of institutionalized abuse and how several high-profile public inquiries have recently been established to investigate child sex abuse across a range of secular and religious organizational settings. Although numerous religious institutions have become embroiled in clergy child abuse crises, the Catholic Church has come in for particular scrutiny and condemnation on account of its distinctive institutional characteristics which have exacerbated its own abuse scandal in a uniquely severe way. The Church’s own understanding of this issue is that a culture of antinomianism has taken root within the clerical hierarchy and that, were canon law to be applied properly, the crisis would be resolved. This contrasts quite dramatically with the typical external understanding of the crisis which sees the canonical legal system as part of the problem, namely the Church’s refusal to cooperate fully with the secular criminal justice system and effective assumption of a criminal jurisdiction of its own. The article concludes with a final prognosis of the prospects of fundamental legal and cultural change.

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34

Kirkby, Diane, and Caroline Jordan. "“These Labourers in the Field of Public Work”: Librarians, Discrimination and the Meaning of Equal Pay." Labour History: Volume 117, Issue 1 117, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2019.19.

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Librarianship has long been recognised as a numerically female-dominated occupation. Despite demonstrating a standard pattern of a sex-segregated labour force, it has suffered neglect in historical studies of women’s work. This article positions Australia’s librarians in the history of white-collar public service workers, and librarianship as illustrative of important themes of twentieth-century women’s labour history. For smart, educated, ambitious women, librarianship offered professional standing, economic security and opportunity for advancement. Strategies of overt discrimination, however, deliberately kept women librarians out of senior administrative positions and confined them to the lower-paying jobs. Librarians in state and municipal libraries worked under public service regulations that established a dual labour market of wages and conditions for clerical and professional workers. Key decisions between 1918 and 1922 explicitly advantaged men in recruitment, wages and promotion, denying women similar opportunities. Studying the history of women librarians sheds new light on the meaning of professional workers’ struggle for equal pay.

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35

Putra, I. Gusti Ngurah Edi. "Protected Sex with Paid Sexual Partner among Married Men in Indonesia." GHMJ (Global Health Management Journal) 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35898/ghmj-32292.

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Background: Married men who are male clients of sex workers play an important role as “bridge population” of HIV infection from the concentrated epidemic population to the general population. This study aimed to investigate the protected sex with last paid sexual partner among currently married men in Indonesia. Method: A nationally representative population-based survey, 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) which covered 33 provinces in Indonesia was applied in this study. Out of 9,306 currently married men, 510 records of married men who reported for ever paying someone for having sex were eligible for this study. A dependent variable was protected sex (i.e. condom use) at last sex with a paid sexual partner whilst independent variables consisted of socio-demographic factors, spousal communication on HIV prevention, knowledge of HIV prevention, and attitude of condom use. Binary logistic regression was applied for bivariate and multivariate analysis.Results: Prevalence of condom use with a paid sexual partner at last sex among currently married men was 27.86% [95%CI=23.89-32.20]. Based on multivariate analysis, married men were less likely to use a condom with a paid sexual partner if they aged ≥ 40 years old (OR=0.48; 95%CI=0.30-0.76) versus those aged < 40 years old and worked in some sectors: clerical (OR=0.22; 95%CI=0.08-0.61), sales (OR=0.40; 95%CI=0.17-0.95), agricultural/self-employed (0.32; 95%CI=0.13-0.75), skilled manual (OR=0.38; 95%CI=0.18-0.79) compared to those working in professional/technical/engineering sectors. However, those who were from poorer (OR=2.28; 95%CI=1.08-4.82) and richest household (OR=3.08; 95%CI=1.32-7.20) were more likely to perform protected sex compared to the poorest ones. In addition, the likelihood of protected sex also increased when married men had spousal communication on HIV prevention (OR=1.84;95%CI=1.17-2.90), knew that using condoms can reduce HIV infection (OR=2.15; 95%CI=1.14-4.08) and had a positive attitude of using condoms can protect against diseases (OR=3.05; 95%CI=1.14-8.16). Conclusion: Interventional approaches for increasing protected sex among married men as clients of sex workers should be integrated with existing HIV program among other key affected populations (e.g., FSWs) at sex workers’ workplaces setting through providing HIV-related information, ensuring uninterrupted stocks of condoms, and enforcing condom use regulation.

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LaFaver, Kathrin, Janis M. Miyasaki, Christopher M. Keran, Carol Rheaume, Lisa Gulya, Kerry H. Levin, Elaine C. Jones, et al. "Age and sex differences in burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being in US neurologists." Neurology 91, no. 20 (October 10, 2018): e1928-e1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006497.

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ObjectiveTo examine age and sex differences in burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being in US neurologists.MethodsQuantitative and qualitative analyses of men's (n = 1,091) and women's (n = 580) responses to a 2016 survey of US neurologists.ResultsEmotional exhaustion in neurologists initially increased with age, then started to decrease as neurologists got older. Depersonalization decreased as neurologists got older. Fatigue and overall quality of life in neurologists initially worsened with age, then started to improve as neurologists got older. More women (64.6%) than men (57.8%) met burnout criteria on univariate analysis. Women respondents were younger and more likely to work in academic and employed positions. Sex was not an independent predictive factor of burnout, fatigue, or overall quality of life after controlling for age. In both men and women, greater autonomy, meaning in work, reasonable amount of clerical tasks, and having effective support staff were associated with lower burnout risk. More hours worked, more nights on call, higher outpatient volume, and higher percent of time in clinical practice were associated with higher burnout risk. For women, greater number of weekends doing hospital rounds was associated with higher burnout risk. Women neurologists made proportionately more negative comments than men regarding workload, work–life balance, leadership and deterioration of professionalism, and demands of productivity eroding the academic mission.ConclusionsWe identified differences in burnout, career satisfaction, and well-being in neurologists by age and sex. This may aid in developing strategies to prevent and mitigate burnout and promote professional fulfillment for different demographic subgroups of neurologists.

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Shah, Nasra M. "Structural Changes in the Receiving Country and Future Labor Migration –The Case of Kuwait." International Migration Review 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 1000–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900407.

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Structural changes in the labor force of the receiving country can provide some important clues to the speed and nature of replacement of migrant workers by indigenous ones. This article analyzes changes in the national labor force with regard to volume, age and sex composition, retention in the labor force, productivity, type of occupation, and sector of activity. Changes in the above features during the last two decades indicate that the median age of the national male labor force remains low, its concentration in the public sector has increased, and its participation in production and manual work has declined further. The labor force participation of females has increased substantially, and they comprised 31 percent of the national labor force in 1993. Kuwaiti females participate mainly in the professional or technical and clerical occupations. The number of non-Kuwaiti females in the labor force has increased, with domestic servants as a major category. The above structural changes suggest that the national labor force is growing in a manner that implies a continued long-term dependence on foreign workers. Dependence on expatriates is likely to be greatest for occupations involving maintenance of infrastructures and personal services.

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Rotella, Elyce J. "The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain. By Samuel Cohn. Philadephia: Temple University Press, 1986. Pp. xiii, 279. $34.95." Journal of Economic History 49, no. 3 (September 1989): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700008950.

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Knight, Frances. "‘A Church without Discipline is No Church at All’: Discipline and Diversity in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Anglicanism." Studies in Church History 43 (2007): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400003375.

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In the early years of the twenty-first century, ecclesiastical discipline in an Anglican context has been very much a hot topic. Internationally, there has been intense debate over the decision by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America to ordain Gene Robinson, a continent yet avowedly homosexual priest, as one of its bishops, and over the decision of the diocese of New Westminster in Canada to authorize liturgical services of blessing for same-sex couples. The Windsor Report of 2004 was commissioned in order to formulate a Communion-wide response to these developments,1 and although ‘discipline’ is a word which is very seldom in its pages, it is, in effect, a study of the disciplinary framework which its authors believe necessary in order for the Anglican Communion to hold together. At a local level, the Church of England’s clerical discipline procedures are being thoroughly overhauled, following the General Synod of the Church of England’s 1996 report on clergy discipline and the ecclesiastical courts. This paper seeks to explore the themes of discipline and diversity in both an international and an English context. It attempts to shed a little more light on how the Anglican Communion, particularly in the former British Empire, got itself into its current position, as a loosely-federated assembly of provincial synods, without a central framework for handling disciplinary matters. Secondly, it examines how the Church of England has handled discipline in relation to its clergy since the mid-nineteenth century.

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Hrynkow, Christopher. "Reviews of Books / Comptes Rendus: Suffer the Children Unto Me: An Open Inquiry into the Clerical Sex Abuse Scandal Michael W. Higgins and Peter Kavanagh Toronto: Novalis, 2010. 251 pp." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 40, no. 3 (July 21, 2011): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00084298110400031105.

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Madu, Jonathan Chukwuemeka, and Chibuzor Ezinne Madu. "Challenges of Clerical Sexual Abuse." Journal for Peace and Justice Studies 30, no. 1 (2021): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/peacejustice2021301/211.

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Though the heroic strides, accomplishments and sacrifices of many clerics who have led exemplary lives in the Catholic priesthood remain indelible, we are faced today with a preponderance of allegations and claims of clerical sexual abuse suggesting that both the Catholic Church and priesthood are experiencing crises of different kinds. Clerical sexual abuse is a contradiction of the life of chastity, one of the evangelical virtues which are corollaries of responding to the call to the Roman Catholic priesthood. How those evangelical virtues concern us and the needed critical family roles for addressing the challenges of clergy sexual abuse are often overlooked; but our lives are inter-connected. This article has been prompted by the need to see the other side of the problem, which is general huge family failures, and to awaken our consciences to assume our own responsibilities that would, by collective action, help to bring about positive and peaceful change.

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Daras, Konstantinos, Wesam Baker, Joe Rafferty, Amanda Oates, Louise Edwards, Steven Wyatt, and Benjamin Barr. "Socioeconomic differences in recruitment and sickness absence in a large NHS health organisation: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e049880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049880.

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ObjectiveThis study investigates the distribution of the workforce of one large National Health Service (NHS) employer in relation to socioeconomic deprivation and how sickness absence rates varied across these levels of deprivation.DesignShare of the working age population that was employed at the NHS organisation mapped by area deprivation. The study used negative binomial regression models to investigate the extent to which wage level, occupational group and area deprivation were associated with sickness absence among employees.SettingThe study used electronic staff records (2018–2019) of a large NHS organisation in the North West of England.ResultsIn the most deprived areas, an additional person per 1000 working age population were employed at this NHS organisation compared with the most affluent areas. Employees from the most deprived quintile had 1.41 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.70) times the higher sickness rates than the employees from the least deprived quintile, when adjusting for age and sex. These differences were largely explained by differences in wage levels and occupation groups, with the lowest wage employees having 2.5 (95% CI 1.87 to 3.42) times the sickness absence rate as the highest wage group and the nursing and midwifery employees having 1.8 (95% CI 1.50 to 2.24) times the sickness absence rate as the administrative and clerical group.ConclusionThis large NHS organisation employed people disproportionately from deprived areas. They were considerably more likely to experience sickness absence compared with people from affluent areas. This appears to be because they were more likely to be in lower wage employment and employed in nursing and nursing assistant. Workplace health policies need to target these workers, adapting to their needs while enabling improvements in their working conditions, pay and career progression.

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Nelson, Monica, and Ross Andel. "Retirement Age Modifies the Association Between Education/Occupation and Cognition." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 710–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2658.

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Abstract Introduction: According to the cognitive reserve and use-it-or-lose-it hypotheses, engagement in stimulating activities seems to benefit cognition, with engagement often associated with more education or higher occupational position. However, whether retirement may modify the association between education/occupation and cognition is unclear. We aimed to assess how age at retirement may modify the relationship between education/occupation and cognition. Methods: Older adults (n=360) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative who were cognitively normal and retired at baseline participated. Linear regression was used to assess how educational attainment (high/low) or occupational position (managerial, intermediate/clerical, routine/manual) related to executive functioning (EF) or memory, controlling for age, sex, depressive symptoms, and health status. Effect modification by retirement (early, on-time, late). Results: High education (EF: b=0.37, SE=0.08, p<.001; memory: b=0.22, SE=0.05, p<.001), intermediate (EF: b=0.26, SE=0.11, p=.019; memory: b=0.18, SE=0.08, p=.018) and managerial (EF: b=0.23, SE=0.12, p=.045; memory: b=0.16, SE=0.08, p=.045) occupations (compared to routine/manual occupations) were associated with better EF and memory performance. High education was significantly associated with better EF and memory for participants who retired early (EF: b=0.43, SE=0.12, p<.001; memory: b=0.29, SE=0.10, p=.004) or on-time (EF: b=0.51, SE=0.15, p=.001; memory: b=0.24, SE=0.10, p=.014), but not for participants who retired late (EF: b=0.19, SE=0.15, p=.200; memory: b=0.09, SE=0.09, p=.334). Intermediate occupations were associated with EF only for participants who retired on-time (b=0.58, SE=0.21, p=.007). Conclusion: Education and occupational position may influence cognition after retirement differently based on retirement timing, with effects most apparent for on-time retirement and substantially reduced for late retirement.

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Szostek, Dawid. "Employee Behaviors toward Using and Saving Energy at Work. The Impact of Personality Traits." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123404.

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The purpose of the article is to determine how personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience) affect organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment (OCBE), especially in the context of energy saving. The purpose is also to verify the hypothesis that this impact is significantly moderated by individuals’ demographic characteristic (sex, age, length of service, work type and economic sector of employment). To achieve the purposes, a survey was conducted in 2020 on 454 working people from Poland. The analysis was based on structural equation modeling (SEM). The research model assumed that particular types of personality affect direct and indirect OCBEs, including energy-saving patterns. The model also included the aforementioned demographic characteristics of respondents. I proved that personality traits have a significant impact on direct and indirect organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment. In the case of direct OCBEs, the energy-saving items that were most significantly affected by employee personality were: I am a person who turns off my lights when leaving my office for any reason; I am a person who turns off the lights in a vacant room; I am a person who makes sure all of the lights are turned off if I am the last to leave. The strongest predicators were Neuroticism (negative relationship) and Agreeableness (positive relationship) for direct OCBE, but Extraversion (positive relationship) and Agreeableness (negative relationship) for indirect OCBE. The impact of an individual’s personality on OCBE was significantly moderated mainly for indirect behaviors. This applied to all the analyzed demographic variables, but it was stronger for women, employees aged up to 40 years, those with 10 years or more experience, office/clerical workers, and public sector employees. The article discusses the theoretical framework, research limitations, future research directions and practical implications.

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Corbett, Mary Jean. "HUSBAND, WIFE, AND SISTER: MAKING AND REMAKING THE EARLY VICTORIAN FAMILY." Victorian Literature and Culture 35, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150307051388.

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WITH AMPLE SELECTIONS FROM contemporary family letters, the sixth chapter of E. M. Forster's Marianne Thornton: A Domestic Biography (1956), entitled “Deceased Wife's Sister,” narrates the story of “a fantastic mishap” that the members of his grandparents' generation “could only regard as tragic” (189). After the death of his first wife, Harriet, in 1840, Henry Thornton decided to take another – Harriet's younger sister Emily – and at once, “the situation became very awkward” (190). Having lived with Henry all her life, his sister Marianne “behaved civilly” (190) to Emily Dealtry, who “had continued to frequent the house” after Harriet's demise, helping “to look after her nephew and her nieces” (189), but another Thornton sister, Isabella, “refused to see her anywhere” (190). Spending “vast sums” without success “in trying to get the 1850 bill passed” (192) – a bill that would have repealed the 1835 statute invalidating all such future marriages – Henry closed up the family home and took Emily, her mother, and his own daughters abroad to solemnize the marriage in one of the many European states where these unions were legal. Appalled, the rest of his nine siblings, most of them married, worked to maintain a united front. Upon Henry and Emily's return to England, they prevailed upon the susceptible Marianne to stay away from Battersea Rise, the family home: even “a single visit” from her, Forster's clerical grandfather insisted, “will be magnified into countenance and approval by a leading member of the family: and every artifice be employed to draw others in …. In the mind of society the family may become mixed with the offenders: and real injury be done without any resultant benefit” (214). By this act on the part of “the Master, the Inheritor, who had betrayed his trust,” Forster characterizes the other members of the family as “excluded for ever” from their ancestral home “unless they bent the knee to immorality, which was unthinkable” (205). Marking his own distance from Thornton family values, Forster comments, “to the moralist, so much discomfort will seem appropriate. To the amoralist it will offer yet another example of the cruelty and stupidity of the English law in matters of sex” (210).

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Aron, Cindy S. "The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain, 1870–1936. By Samuel Cohn. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1986. viii + 278 pp. Tables, appendixes, references, and index. $34.95." Business History Review 61, no. 3 (1987): 517–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115490.

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Bielby, W. T. "The Process of Occupational Sex-Typing: The Feminization of Clerical Labor in Great Britain. By Samuel Cohn. Temple University Press. 279 pp. $34.95 and Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex during World War II. By Ruth Milkman. University of Illinois Press. 213 pp. $32.50." Social Forces 67, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 551–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/67.2.551.

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Spychała, Dariusz. "Wybór Ambrożego Aureliusza na biskupa Mediolanu: cud, czy celowe działanie Walentyniana I?" Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 9 (January 1, 2014): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2014.9.5.

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Aurelius Ambrosius is a characteristic example of an official of the imperial administration who made a clerical career in the early days of Christianization of the Empire. His life was full of unexpected events. Born into a Christian family, he still put off the moment of baptism – a common custom, yet not recommended by the Church. His stable career path changed radically when Ambrosius was elevated to the rank of Bishop of Milan.

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Finlay, Katherine. "Angels in the Trenches: British Soldiers and Miracles in the First World War." Studies in Church History 41 (2005): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400000371.

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In their interactions with the soldiers during the First World War the British military chaplains were afforded the opportunity to see the Christian body in microcosm. The chaplains’ frontline experiences shaped their positions on popular religion and the sincerity of Christian belief and practice amongst Britain’s youth. A comparative assessment of clerical responses to soldiers’ claims of the miraculous not only demonstrates a critical divide in clerical understanding of the supernatural – a divide which is more appropriately separated along theological rather than denominational lines. It also indicates that many of the differences between Catholic and Protestant evaluations of popular religion were, fundamentally, differences of clerical perception rather than popular practice and belief.

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Park, Jeongun. "Re-thinking Married Bhikṣu: Examination of Bhikṣu Ordinations and Clerical Marriage in 1920s Korean Buddhism." Seoul Journal of Korean Studies 30, no. 2 (2017): 131–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/seo.2017.0007.

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