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Journal articles on the topic 'Clearinghouses (Banking) – United States'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Gorton, Gary. "Clearinghouses and the Origin of Central Banking in the United States." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (June 1985): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700033957.

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The pre-1914 U.S. banking industry is not easily characterized as a market operating through a price system. The endogenous development of the clearinghouse as the industry's organizing institution can be explained by inherent characteristics of demand deposits. During banking panics the clearinghouse united banks into an organization resembling a single firm which produced deposit insurance.

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2

Madara, Edward J., and Barrie Alan Peterson. "Clergy and Self-Help Groups: Practical and Promising Relationships." Journal of Pastoral Care 41, no. 3 (September 1987): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234098704100304.

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Notes the growing number of mutual self-help groups (MASH) in the United States and outlines five ways in which clergy may be involved in them: (1) as a referral source, (2) as an initiator of such groups, (3) as a provider of meeting space for the groups, (4) as a supporter of religious organizations' self-help efforts, and (5) by initiating self-help groups for clergy themselves. Provides a current list of Self-Help Clearinghouses in the United States.

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3

Baxter, Charles R. "Skin Banking in the United States." Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation 6, no. 4 (July 1985): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004630-198507000-00002.

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4

Hulette, Christine M. "Brain Banking in the United States." Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 62, no. 7 (July 2003): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/62.7.715.

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5

Engwanda, Michel N. "Mobile Banking Adoption in the United States." International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications 7, no. 3 (July 2015): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijesma.2015070102.

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Mobile banking penetration has been relatively low even though smartphones are the most dominant forms of mobile computing in the United States. This quantitative correlational study is focused on how consumers ‘perceptions affect their intention to use mobile banking in the United States. Among U.S. consumers with smartphones, Internet access, and a bank account; 68% used Internet, 33% used telephone-based banking, and only 21% engaged in some type of mobile banking activities in 2011. The web-based survey used in this study was derived from the technology acceptance model extended by the innovation diffusion theory. Data were collected by e-mail from a random sample of 398 people in the United States. The structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze data. The results indicated that, perceived compatibility, credibility, and costs were the significant predictors of mobile banking adoption in the United States.

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6

Updegrove, Kim. "Human Milk Banking in the United States." Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews 5, no. 1 (March 2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2005.02.005.

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7

Shull, Bernard. "Banking and commerce in the United States." Journal of Banking & Finance 18, no. 2 (January 1994): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(94)00035-2.

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8

Polesky, HF. "Blood banking in the United States-1981." Transfusion 25, no. 4 (July 1985): 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.1985.25485273805.x.

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9

Fernández, José Alejandro. "Banking Stability and Shadow banking: "New Overview for the United States"." Australasian Business, Accounting and Finance Journal 16, no. 4 (2022): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v16i4.08.

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10

Donna, Javier D., and Anita N. Walsh. "(Lack of) Competition, Coordination, and Information Sharing in the Pork Industry: United States, 2009–2020." Antitrust Bulletin 68, no. 1 (January 29, 2023): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x221149367.

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In 2020, an antitrust lawsuit was filed against the Pork Integrators alleging a §1 Sherman Act violation. At the center of the Lawsuit, there is an alleged exchange of atomistic information about the Pork integrators’ operations using Agri Stats, Inc. as a clearinghouse. We use the Supreme Court benchmark in American Column & Lumber to discuss two questions that arise from the Lawsuit. The first is whether the association of Pork Integrators and Agri Stats, Inc., resulted in the restraint of interstate commerce, the main specific issue at stake in the pork Lawsuit. The second is whether information-exchange agreements using clearinghouses like Agri Stats, Inc., lessen competition and offend U.S. antitrust law, a more general issue beyond the pork Lawsuit. We find that there appears to be ample evidence in the Lawsuit to merit prosecution regarding both trade restraints and information-sharing agreements. We conclude by discussing the role of the Agencies in setting the standards in information-exchange agreements.

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11

Sharma, Dinesh K., Julius A. Alade, and Hari P. Sharma. "Analysis of Interstate Banking Deregulation in The United States." Paradigm 1, no. 2 (January 1998): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890719980202.

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The purpose of this paper is to look at the intense controversy over interstate banking by analyzing the concerns and aspirations of the many players involved. The paper presents the positive and negative impacts of interstate banking from a number of perspectives. Our findings show that as much as the advent of interstate banking might lead to considerable bank consolidation and reduction in the number of smaller, local depository institutions that occupy strategic role in providing commercial and industrial loans to small business, the overall benefit of the deregulation provides a positive development for the banking industry.

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12

Aggarwal, Raj. "Japanese Banking and Investments in the United States." Journal of International Business Studies 23, no. 2 (June 1992): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.1992.25.

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13

Updegrove, Kimberly. "Nonprofit Human Milk Banking in the United States." Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 58, no. 5 (July 29, 2013): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-2011.2012.00267.x.

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14

Poudel, Jagdish, Daowei Zhang, and Benjamin Simon. "Habitat conservation banking trends in the United States." Biodiversity and Conservation 28, no. 6 (March 23, 2019): 1629–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01747-2.

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15

K Ozili, Peterson. "BANK PROFITABILITY DETERMINANTS: COMPARING THE UNITED STATES, NIGERIA AND SOUTH AFRICA." Vol. 16, Number 1, 2021 16, Number 1 (January 30, 2021): 55–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/ijbf2021.16.1.4.

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This study investigates the determinants of banking sector profitability in South Africa, Nigeria and the United States. The findings reveal that cost efficiency, the size of non-performing loans and overhead cost to total asset ratio are significant determinants of the banking sector profitability. In the comparative analysis, the findings from South Africa show that the cost efficiency ratio, overhead cost to total asset ratio and non-performing loans are significant determinants of the banking sector profitability. In the United States, capital adequacy ratio and the size of non-performing loans are significant determinants of its banking sector profitability. In Nigeria, the overhead cost to total asset ratio and cost efficiency ratio are significant determinants of the banking sector profitability. The descriptive analysis reveal that bank net interest margin and return on asset are higher in Nigeria and lowest in the United States which suggests that the Nigerian banking sector is more profitable than the US banking sector. Return on equity is higher in South Africa and lowest in the United States.

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16

Alejandro Fernández Fernández, José. "United States banking stability: An explanation through machine learning." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.12.

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In this paper, an analysis of the prediction of bank stability in the United States from 1990 to 2017 is carried out, using bank solvency, delinquency and an ad hoc bank stability indicator as variables to measure said stability. Different machine learning assembly models have been used in the study, a random forest is developed because it is the most accurate of all those tested. Another novel element of the work is the use of partial dependency graphs (PDP) and individual conditional expectation curves (ICES) to interpret the results that allow observing for specific values how the banking variables vary, when the macro-financial variables vary.It is concluded that the most determining variables to predict bank solvency in the United States are interest rates, specifically the mortgage rate and the 5 and 10-year interest rates of treasury bonds, reducing solvency as these rates increase. For delinquency, the most important variable is the unemployment rate in the forecast. The financial stability index is made up of the normalized difference between the two factors obtained, one for solvency and the other for delinquency. The index prediction concludes that stability worsens as BBB corporate yield increases.

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17

FOX, JESSICA, and ANAMARIA NINO‐MURCIA. "Status of Species Conservation Banking in the United States." Conservation Biology 19, no. 4 (July 27, 2005): 996–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00231.x.

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18

Moskow, Michael H. "Productivity, Innovation, and Internet Banking in the United States." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 04, no. 03 (September 2001): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091501000450.

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19

Nickles, Marshall D., and Jeffrey Schieberl. "Shadow Banking In The United States And China :What Are The Risks?" International Journal of Management & Information Systems (IJMIS) 19, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v19i3.9364.

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This paper addresses the concern the authors have regarding the speculative nature of shadow banking in the United States and China in particular. There appears to be ample evidence that shadow banking in the United States was a major contributor to the speculation that led up to the 2008 - 2010 financial crisis. The same type of speculation was also responsible for the U.S. stock market collapse of 1929. During the 1930s the Glass-Steagall Act was enacted to address the potential conflict of interest between commercial and investment banking activities. This Act was altered in the 1990s by a majority vote in Congress. Some believe that this partial gutting of the Glass-Steagall Act contributed to Americas unregulated shadow banking activities and real estate speculation that followed. At present Chinas shadow banking sector is following a similar speculative path that the United States did about seven years ago. A difference is that Chinas commercial and shadow banking systems are absent of many of the mechanisms that allowed the U.S. to regulate its way out of Americas financial crisis. This paper compares past and current U.S. and Chinese shadow banking activities and draws conclusions relative to certain sectors in the Chinese economy that are overheated and primed for economic difficulties that could have global implications.

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20

Yuen, Yee Yen, Paul HP Yeow, and Nena Lim. "Internet banking acceptance in the United States and Malaysia: a cross-cultural examination." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 33, no. 3 (May 5, 2015): 292–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-08-2013-0126.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cultural differences in internet banking adoption between the USA and Malaysia. It aims to provide marketing recommendations based on specific cultural dimensions to promote internet banking. Design/methodology/approach – With four added variables (attitude towards use, perceived credibility, self-efficacy, and anxiety), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model was used. A questionnaire was developed based on the research model and distributed to 1,050 internet banking users from two countries. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to 666 valid questionnaires to test the research hypotheses. Findings – Results show that due to cultural differences, global consumers have different internet banking adoption patterns. Consumers in the USA have a more positive attitude towards use. Moreover, perceived credibility plays an important role in influencing internet banking in the USA. On the other hand, performance expectancy has a direct influence on internet banking adoption in Malaysia. Cultural dimensions such as individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, monochronic/polychromic, and high context/low context were used to explain these findings. Based on the findings, marketing recommendations that help promote internet banking in both countries were provided. Originality/value – This is the one of the pioneer studies that highlights the importance of cultural differences in promoting internet banking services. It contributes to the literature by developing and testing a comprehensive research model using SEM.

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21

Austin, Douglas V. "United States Banking Structure in 2000: Only Fools Make Predictions." Business & Society 26, no. 1 (June 1987): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000765038702600102.

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22

Rae Cho, Kang, Suresh Krishnan, and Douglas Nigh. "The State of Foreign Banking Presence in the United States." International Journal of Bank Marketing 5, no. 2 (February 1987): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb010806.

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23

Hasegawa, Toshiaki. "Commercial banking in the United States: Japanese Commercial banks' presence." Journal of Asian Economics 4, no. 2 (September 1993): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1049-0078(93)90054-g.

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24

Ng, Kenneth. "Free Banking Laws and Barriers to Entry in Banking, 1838–1860." Journal of Economic History 48, no. 4 (December 1988): 877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700006653.

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The thesis that free banking laws lowered barriers to entry in the U.S. banking industry is tested by examining entry of firms and output of banking services before and after the institution of free banking. The output of banking services and the number of banks remained the same or declined after the institution of free banking, in all states with viable free banking laws except New York. In light of this evidence, the belief that free banking in the antebellum United States increased competition and efficiency of the banking industry by lowering barriers to entry must be reconsidered.

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25

Benston, George J. "Universal Banking." Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.3.121.

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Universal banks can offer the entire range of financial services within the bank or through subsidiaries. Most countries permit universal banking. In contrast, the United States is served only by specialized banks. Universal banking, particularly in Germany, is contrasted with specialized banking with respect to their effect on financial stability, economic development, other financial institutions, concentration of political and economic power, consumer choice, and conflicts of interest. This examination, including a review of relevant empirical studies, leads to the conclusion that universal banking offers many benefits and few costs to U.S. consumers.

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26

Hillman, Henry. "Half the Bank, Half the Risk, Part 1: The United States." Business Law Review 32, Issue 12 (December 1, 2011): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2011076.

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This two-part article assesses the 2007/08 financial crisis: explaining how a speculative bubble began, grew and eventually burst; comparing it to the Great Crash of 1929; and assessing the possibility and practicality of a split between commercial and investment banking activities being enacted either in the US or the UK, with consideration for the global nature of modern banking. This first part of the article examines the development of the bubble and responses to the crisis in the US.

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27

Hassan, M. Kabir, William J. Hippler, and Walter Lane. "U.S. community banking performance." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 1 (2015): 1150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i1c10p3.

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Community banking plays an important role in financial intermediation in the United States, especially in the context of providing financing in smaller, rural markets and for small businesses. However, recent trends in regulation, the economic environment, and industry practices have led to a significant decline in the amount of FDIC-chartered institutions that qualify as community banks. In addition, the share of community-bank-held assets in the United States is declining as well. The decline of the community banking industry has significant implications for the efficiency and growth of the real economy, as larger banks may not be able to serve the community banking demographic as efficiently. In this study, we develop a dataset that allows us to analyze banking data collected from all FDIC-charted institutions and published by the FDIC. We use this data to analyze the community banking industry in the U.S. We are able to report the trends, strengths, and weakness of the community banking industry for the past twenty years. In addition, we develop two sets of community banking indexes meant to assess the relative and nominal changes in the strength of the community banking industry. One set of indicators simply measure market share, while others are composite community banking indexes that represent a unique contribution to the analysis of the industry. Finally, we analyze developments in the community banking industry across the tenures of the past three FDIC Chairs, which can provide context and guidance with respect to the perspective of key regulatory officials on community banking issues. Analysis of the data shows that the community banking industry is declining in the United States. Our Community Bank Momentum Index (CMOM) shows that, on a nominal basis, the community banking industry has experienced some growth; however, our Community Banking Relative Growth Index (CRGI) shows that community banks have been weakening, relative to non-community banks.

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28

Guinnane, Timothy W. "Delegated Monitors, Large and Small: Germany's Banking System, 1800–1914." Journal of Economic Literature 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 73–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0022051026985.

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Banks play a greater role in the German financial system than in those of the United States or Britain. Germany's large universal banks are admired by those who advocate bank deregulation in the United States. Others admire the universal banks for their supposed role in corporate governance and industrial finance. Many discussions distort the German banking system by overstressing one of several types of banks, and ignore the competition and cooperation between the famous universal banks and other banking groups. Tracing the historical development of the German banking system from the early nineteenth century places the large universal banks in context.

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29

Nurisso, George C., and Edward Simpson Prescott. "Origins of too-big-to-fail policy in the United States." Financial History Review 27, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565020000013.

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This article traces the origin of too-big-to-fail policy in modern US banking to the bailout of the $1.2b Bank of the Commonwealth in 1972. It describes this bailout and those of subsequent banks through that of Continental Illinois in 1984. During this period, market concentration due to interstate banking restrictions is a factor in most of the bailouts and systemic risk concerns were raised to justify the bailouts of surprisingly small banks. Finally, most of the bailouts in this period relied on the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's use of the Essentiality Doctrine and Federal Reserve lending. A discussion of this doctrine is used to illustrate how legal constraints on regulators may become less constraining over time.

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30

Hafertepe, Kenneth. "Banking Houses in the United States: The First Generation, 1781-1811." Winterthur Portfolio 35, no. 1 (April 2000): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/496804.

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31

Miracle, D. J., K. A. Szucs, A. M. Torke, and P. R. Helft. "Contemporary Ethical Issues in Human Milk-Banking in the United States." PEDIATRICS 128, no. 6 (November 14, 2011): 1186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2040.

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32

Correa, Ricardo, Linda S. Goldberg, and Tara Rice. "International Banking and Liquidity Risk Transmission: Evidence from the United States." IMF Economic Review 63, no. 3 (November 2015): 626–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/imfer.2015.28.

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33

Lewis, Alfred. "The European Community and the implications for United States banking industry." Strategic Change 2, no. 4 (July 1993): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.4240020407.

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34

Bogan, Vicki L., and Sarah E. Wolfolds. "Intersectionality and Financial Inclusion in the United States." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221016.

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Recent estimates indicate approximately 8.4 million US households are unbanked with an additional 24.2 million US households classified as underbanked. We focus on intersectionality, specifically the intersection of race and gender, to better understand the probability of being unbanked and underbanked in the US. Additionally, we look at drivers of this financial exclusion. We find Black women are significantly more likely than Black men or any other group to be unbanked or to be underbanked. Further, we find limited wealth is more frequently cited by Black women as the main reason why they do not engage with the banking system.

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35

Denburg, Avram. "Institutional Knots: A Comparative Analysis of Cord Blood Policy in Canada and the United States." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-3445619.

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AbstractUmbilical cord blood is a rich source of blood stem cells, which are of critical clinical importance in the treatment of a variety of malignant and genetic conditions requiring stem cell transplantation. Many countries have established national public cord blood banks; such banks often coexist with a panoply of private options for cord blood banking. Until recently, Canada was the only G8 country without a national cord blood bank. This differs markedly from the United States, which years ago established a national cord blood bank policy and inventory. This article investigates potential reasons for this discrepancy through a comparative analysis of the evolution of programs and policies on national cord blood banking in Canada and the United States. My analysis suggests that cross-national discrepancies in policy on public cord blood banking were determined primarily by institutional factors, principal among them formal governmental structure and the legacy of past policies. Institutional entrepreneurialism in the health sector played a constitutive role in the earlier evolution of national cord blood policy in the United States as compared to Canada.

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36

Elyasiani, Elyas, and Iqbal Mansur. "International Spillover of Risk and Return among Major Banking Institutions: A Bivariate GARCH Model." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 18, no. 2 (April 2003): 303–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x0301800207.

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Using the bivariate GARCH methodology, this study examines bank stock sensitivities to market, interest rate, and exchange rate, and investigates the spillover effects of interest rate volatility and unsystematic risk among the banking sectors of the United States and Japan, and the United States and Germany. Empirical results show that return-generating processes of the banking sectors considered can be properly described by GARCH models. Within this framework, banks are found to be highly sensitive to macroeconomic shocks such as the exchange rate and interest rate, with the latter exerting its impact at the volatility level. Moreover, stock volatilities in the banking sectors of the three countries are found to be highly interdependent. The direction and magnitude of the effects from interest rate volatility and unsystematic shocks in one country on other countries are sensitive to the origin of the shock, with the United States playing a leadership role. The findings have serious implications on international financial stability, international portfolio diversification, and policy formulation by central banks and fiscal authorities.

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37

Coleman, William D. "Policy Convergence in Banking: A Comparative Study." Political Studies 42, no. 2 (June 1994): 274–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1994.tb01912.x.

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The relationship between global economic integration and policy convergence in banking is examined in five countries: Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Focusing upon policy styles and modes of policy-making, considerable convergence in membership of policy communities and some convergence in the organization of state agencies is found. When it comes to policy networks, there is more limited convergence on a corporatist mode of policy-making in banking. Policy style may not be as responsive to international economic changes as policy goals, policy content, and policy instruments.

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38

Weale, Martin. "Commentary: the Banking Crisis and the Economy." National Institute Economic Review 204 (April 2008): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00279501082040010401.

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The past few weeks have seen an intensification of the banking crisis in the United States, with the near failure of Bear Sterns, although some commentators hopefully say that the worst has now passed. In the United Kingdom the gap between the Bank Rate and money market rates has re-opened and is described as indicative of a reluctance of banks to lend to each other. In this commentary we seek to explain the fundamental factors behind recent developments in UK lending markets. We begin by describing the recent experience of the financial services industry in the United Kingdom and putting the crisis, which has been described as the worst since the Second World War, into some sort of perspective.

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39

Kim, Eun Kyung. "A Study on Region-based Relationship Banking System in the United States." Ordo Economics Journal 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 65–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20436/oej.21.1.065.

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40

Pineiro-Chousa, Juan, Marcos Vizcaíno-González, and Jérôme Caby. "Analysing voting behaviour in the United States banking sector through eigenvalue decomposition." Applied Economics Letters 23, no. 12 (November 24, 2015): 840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1114568.

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41

HULTMAN, CHARLES W., and L. RANDOLPH MCGEE. "The Japanese Banking Presence in the United States and Its Regional Distribution." Growth and Change 21, no. 4 (October 1990): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1990.tb00534.x.

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42

Kolia, Dimitra Loukia, and Simeon Papadopoulos. "Integration in banking efficiency: a comparative analysis of the European Union, the Eurozone, and the United States banks." Journal of Capital Markets Studies 6, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcms-08-2021-0026.

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PurposeThis paper investigates the development of efficiency and the progress of banking integration in the European Union by checking for convergence among banks of European and Eurozone countries as well as contrasting the results with those of United States banks.Design/methodology/approachInitially, we employ the two-stage semi-parametric double bootstrap DEA method, which absorbs the effects of possible integration barriers in the measurement of efficiency. Afterwards, we apply a panel data model, in order to investigate the process of banking integration by testing for convergence and for convergent clusters in banking efficiency.FindingsOur main findings show that the bank efficiency of the US is considerably higher than that of the Eurozone and the European Union. Although there is no evidence of convergence across the banking groups, our results indicate the presence of club convergence. We also conclude that the US banking system is closer to convergence than the Eurozone and the European Union banks. Nevertheless, this outcome is subject to change in the future due to the fact that Eurozone and European Union banks' speed of convergence is higher than that of US banks.Originality/valueOur survey is unique in trying to check for convergence while controlling for country-specific and bank-specific factors that affect the efficiency of European and Eurozone banks. Moreover, recent literature does not compare the convergence of efficiency of Eurozone, European and US banking. Finally, in our paper special consideration was given to the comparison of commercial, cooperative and savings banks, as subsets of our banking groups.

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43

Bedell, Frederick D. "ESSAY ON HUMAN (RACE RELATIONS) IN THE UNITED STATES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i2.2018.1569.

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This essay speaks to the context of domination and subordination in particular as it pertains to White Supremacy/White Privilege as manifested in the history of slavery and “Jim Crow” in the United States. It is within this historical context one can discern the present status of race relations in the United States that continues to foster race discrimination through the policies of the ethnic majority (white) power structure, e.g.-institutional racism, voter suppression laws, gerrymandering of voter districts and banking policies to name a few areas. The research of books, papers, television interviews and personal experiences provides a testament to present government policies that endeavor to maintain a social construct of dominance and subordination by the white power structure in the United States.

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44

Peavler, Rosemary C. "The Progress of the Interstate Banking Movement in the United States and Effects on Owners of Banking Organisations." Australian Journal of Management 14, no. 1 (June 1989): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/031289628901400103.

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45

Rousseau, Peter L. "The Politics of Financial Development: A Review of Calomiris and Haber's Fragile by Design." Journal of Economic Literature 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.54.1.208.

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Fragile by Design by Charles W. Calomiris and Stephen H. Haber introduces a framework for understanding financial crises and credit abundance with politics at its center. Using the historical experiences of five nations to illustrate, the authors propose that democracies such as the United States and Canada can have stable banks and ample credit so long as populist forces do not dominate the policy agenda, and that strong autocratic states such as Mexico can also achieve stability at the cost of restricting credit. Weak autocracies, such as Brazil over much of its history, often require inflationary finance and suffer from the banking fragility that comes with it. The authors identify populist ideologies and related policy decisions (such as unit banking, deposit insurance, and the Community Reinvestment Act) as underlying causes of banking instability in the United States as typified by the recent subprime crisis. Canada, in contrast, by holding populist forces in check through calculated political choices, remains crisis-free. (JEL D72, E44, G01, G21, N20, O16, O17)

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Nikitin, L. V. "FINANCIAL STORMS IN THE PACIFIC: THE USA–JAPAN COMPETITION IN THE BANKING SECTOR (1970–2020)." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 4(59) (2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-4-51-61.

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The article deals with half a century of historical development (from the early 1970s to the present) of one of the key aspects of US-Japan political and economic relations – competition between the banking systems of these countries. Particular focus on this pair of financial forces is due to their leading positions in the global banking industry for many decades. The research is based on the 50-year series of statistical data, as well as national legislation, periodicals and memoirs. It is shown that the leadership of the USA in the banking sector, still retained by the early 1970s, looked increasingly less solid in the face of the rapid advance of Japanese financial groups (which, in turn, was connected with the “Japanese economic miracle” in the sphere of manufacturing). In the 1970s and 1980s, Japan not only surpassed the United States in banking performance, but also became the new dominant in the sector. Nevertheless, during the general slowdown of the Japanese economy over the next two decades, the banking leadership passed to the United States again. In both countries, these dramatic reversals were accompanied by profound reforms of national banking systems, with a clear similarity in the chronology and direction of transformations. Soon after the global recession of 2008–2009, the banking industries of the USA and Japan (closely tied, similar in regulation methods, and comparable in sizes) have entered relatively smooth trajectories. Now, however, both countries are lagging behind the new banking superpower of China.

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Jalil, Andrew J. "A New History of Banking Panics in the United States, 1825–1929: Construction and Implications." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 295–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20130265.

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There are two major problems in identifying the output effects of banking panics of the pre–Great Depression era. First, it is not clear when panics occurred because prior panic series differ in their identification of panic episodes. Second, establishing the direction of causality is tricky. This paper addresses these two problems (i) by deriving a new panic series for the 1825–1929 period and (ii) by studying the output effects of major banking panics via vector autoregression (VAR) and narrative-based methods. The new series has important implications for the history of financial panics in the United States. (JEL E32, E44, G21, N11, N12, N21, N22)

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Alqahtani, Faisal, Nader Trabelsi, Nahla Samargandi, and Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad. "Tail Dependence and Risk Spillover from the US to GCC Banking Sectors." Mathematics 8, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8112055.

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This study investigates the structure of the tail dependence between the United States (US) and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) banking sectors for the period February 2010 to July 2017. Conditional value at risk and conditional diversification benefits are calculated. The GCC banking sectors show lower tail dependence with the US banking sector. This is confirmed by the fact that GCC banking sectors receive higher downside risk spillover from the US banking system during downside market movements compared to upside risk spillover effects. Interestingly, an equally weighted portfolio of US and GCC banking stocks can provide relatively higher diversification benefits. These findings have implications for portfolio diversification, asset allocation and hedging strategies.

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Berrospide, Jose, Ricardo Correa, Linda Goldberg, and Friederike Niepmann. "International Banking and Cross-Border Effects of Regulation: Lessons from the United States." International Finance Discussion Paper 2016, no. 1180 (September 2016): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2016.1180.

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Taylor, J. Michael. "ISLAMIC BANKING - THE FEASIBILITY OF ESTABLISHING AN ISLAMIC BANK IN THE UNITED STATES." American Business Law Journal 40, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1714.2002.tb00850.x.

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