Journal articles on the topic 'Cleaning-in-Place Operations'
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Mercer, Donald G. "“Cleaning-in-place: Dairy, food and beverage operations”, third edition." Trends in Food Science & Technology 21, no. 7 (July 2010): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2010.03.007.
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Yang, Jifeng, Bo B. B. Jensen, Mikkel Nordkvist, Peter Rasmussen, Bjarne Pedersen, Anders Kokholm, Lars Jensen, Krist V. Gernaey, and Ulrich Krühne. "Anomaly Analysis in Cleaning-in-Place Operations of an Industrial Brewery Fermenter." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 38 (August 29, 2018): 12871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02417.
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Ricketts, Nicholas. "Cleaning-in-Place: Dairy, Food and Beverage Operations - Edited by A.Y. Tamime." International Journal of Dairy Technology 61, no. 4 (November 2008): 412–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00423.x.
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Tsai, Jheng-Han, Jen-Yi Huang, and D. Ian Wilson. "Life cycle assessment of cleaning-in-place operations in egg yolk powder production." Journal of Cleaner Production 278 (January 2021): 123936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123936.
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Abrashkevich, Yury, Hrigoriy Machyshyn, Oleksandr Marchenko, and Svitlana Komotska. "Mechanized processing of building equipment by abrasive working bodies." Gіrnichі, budіvelnі, dorozhnі ta melіorativnі mashini, no. 97 (July 29, 2021): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/gbdmm2021.97.0302.
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Carrying out of the clearing operations at carrying out mechanized processing of construction equipment from paints and varnishes, rust, various kinds of pollution belongs to mass labour-consuming operations [1]. To carry out these operations, widespread use of hand-held machines, working bodies that have abrasive wheels and metal brushes. The versatility and versatility of these machines, combined with the correct selection of the desired abrasive work tool, can significantly accelerate and facilitate the performance of cleaning and grinding operations with the desired effect.
However, most of them have drawbacks in the cleaning of thin-sheet metal, since the removal of the base metal also takes place, which in most cases is not acceptable. So when processing non-metallic materials with metal brushes the working surface is clogged with small particles of metal, which subsequently leads to the formation of rust, and when cleaning the metal surfaces grooves are formed. Metal brushes are also ineffective in cleaning surfaces of synthetic enamels, curvilinear surfaces and inaccessible areas. Machining these tools is energy-intensive and requires the use of heavy-duty hand machines. Fiber and petal abrasive tools are not self-cleaning and lose their cutting power due to the filling of the intergranular space with cleaning waste. Sand blasting is environmentally hazardous for workers and the environment, since the sand consumables fly over long enough distances (especially when clearing tall structures and structures).
The analysis showed that one of the effective tools for cleaning metal and non-metal surfaces from paint coatings, rust and other contaminants without removing the base material layer is a polymer-abrasive brush. However, there is insufficient research on the mechanism of its operation, energy and thermal processes that occur during operation and have a decisive influence on the performance of the polymer-abrasive brush.
The results of studies of the influence of structural and mode parameters of manual angle grinders with polymer-abrasive brushes are presented in the paper. The study of these issues is an urgent task, as it will allow to determine the parameters of the drive machine, rational modes and schemes of their operation, as well as the scope of use of such working bodies.
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Romanyuk, N. N., K. V. Sashko, S. D. Pashkovskiy, S. O. Nukeshev, and V. G. Kushnir. "On the determination of design parameters of a machine for cleaning of tuberous roots from impurities." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 5 (May 15, 2016): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66173.
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In the processes of production and preparation of feeds, the use of feed mixture with tuberous roots holds a prominent place. One of the principal operations during the preparation of tuberous roots is their cleaning from impurities. According to the zootechnical requirements, the residual contamination of tuberous roots after cleaning should not exceed 3% by weight, whereas in practice their contamination after combine harvesting is always higher than 8-9% and could reach 20% or more. The removal of contaminants is one of the most labor-intensive operations. With the view of improving the quality of cleaning and minimizing damage and losses, it is necessary to develop a machine for cleaning of tuberous roots from impurities and to determine its design parameters. The patent search showed that the known devices deliver poor quality of tuberous roots cleaning, because the active purification occurs only in the working zone of cleaning elements. The paper proposes original devices for tuberous roots cleaning from impurities. Arrangement of cleaning elements throughout the zone of interaction between the screw and conveyed tuberous roots allows to increase the performance of a device. The spikes on flights of screw and cleaning elements improve the quality of cleaning. Possibility of changing the device inclination to the horizon allows to adjust the performance and quality of cleaning. The paper presents a method of determining the design parameters of machine for tuberous roots cleaning, namely screw diameter and power supplied on the processes of cleaning and transportation of tuberous roots. The developed original devices for tuberous roots cleaning from impurities allow to improve the quality of cleaning with minimal damage and losses.
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Berg, Thilo H. A., Jes C. Knudsen, Richard Ipsen, Frans van den Berg, Hans H. Holst, and Alexander Tolkach. "Investigation of Consecutive Fouling and Cleaning Cycles of Ultrafiltration Membranes Used for Whey Processing." International Journal of Food Engineering 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2014-0028.
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Abstract Development of resistance during multiple foulings and three-step Cleaning-In-Place (CIP) operations, simulating an industrial cleaning regime of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes, was investigated. The study explored how trans-membrane pressure (150 and 300 kPa) and feed protein concentration (0.9 and 10%) influenced resistance reduction during filtration and flux recovery by the cleaning procedures. New membranes, pre-cleaned with a full CIP cycle, were used for each experiment. Subsequent fouling (simulating production) and CIP were done three times in a row and the development of fouling layer resistance was monitored and evaluated. Results show that filtration performance decreased during the first days of usage, possibly related to build-up of internal fouling. Cleaning success based on flux recovery was negatively influenced by a high protein concentration in the feed, but independent of the trans-membrane pressure during filtration.
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Saito, Yuhei, Hiroshi Yasuhara, Satoshi Murakoshi, Takami Komatsu, Kazuhiko Fukatsu, and Yushi Uetera. "Challenging Residual Contamination of Instruments for Robotic Surgery in Japan." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 2 (October 31, 2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.249.
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BACKGROUNDRecently, robotic surgery has been introduced in many hospitals. The structure of robotic instruments is so complex that updating their cleaning methods is a challenge for healthcare professionals. However, there is limited information on the effectiveness of cleaning for instruments for robotic surgery.OBJECTIVETo determine the level of residual contamination of instruments for robotic surgery and to develop a method to evaluate the cleaning efficacy for complex surgical devices.METHODSSurgical instruments were collected immediately after operations and/or after in-house cleaning, and the level of residual protein was measured. Three serial measurements were performed on instruments after cleaning to determine the changes in the level of contamination and the total amount of residual protein. The study took place from September 1, 2013, through June 30, 2015, in Japan.RESULTSThe amount of protein released from robotic instruments declined exponentially. The amount after in-house cleaning was 650, 550, and 530 µg/instrument in the 3 serial measurements. The overall level of residual protein in each measurement was much higher for robotic instruments than for ordinary instruments (P<.0001).CONCLUSIONSOur data demonstrated that complete removal of residual protein from surgical instruments is virtually impossible. The pattern of decline differed depending on the instrument type, which reflected the complex structure of the instruments. It might be necessary to establish a new standard for cleaning using a novel classification according to the structural complexity of instruments, especially for those for robotic surgery.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:143–146
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Ostrov, Ievgeniia, Tali Paz, and Moshe Shemesh. "Robust Biofilm-Forming Bacillus Isolates from the Dairy Environment Demonstrate an Enhanced Resistance to Cleaning-in-Place Procedures." Foods 8, no. 4 (April 20, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8040134.
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One of the main strategies for maintaining the optimal hygiene level in dairy processing facilities is regular cleaning and disinfection, which is incorporated in the cleaning-in-place (CIP) regimes. However, a frail point of the CIP procedures is their variable efficiency in eliminating biofilm bacteria. In the present study, we evaluated the susceptibility of strong biofilm-forming dairy Bacillus isolates to industrial cleaning procedures using two differently designed model systems. According to our results, the dairy-associated Bacillus isolates demonstrate a higher resistance to CIP procedures, compared to the non-dairy strain of B. subtilis. Notably, the tested dairy isolates are highly persistent to different parameters of the CIP operations, including the turbulent flow of liquid (up to 1 log), as well as the cleaning and disinfecting effects of commercial detergents (up to 2.3 log). Moreover, our observations indicate an enhanced resistance of poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA)-overproducing B. subtilis, which produces high amounts of proteinaceous extracellular matrix, to the CIP procedures (about 0.7 log, compared to the wild-type non-dairy strain of B. subtilis). We therefore suggest that the enhanced resistance to the CIP procedures by the dairy Bacillus isolates can be attributed to robust biofilm formation. In addition, this study underlines the importance of evaluating the efficiency of commercial cleaning agents in relation to strong biofilm-forming bacteria, which are relevant to industrial conditions. Consequently, we believe that the findings of this study can facilitate the assessment and refining of the industrial CIP procedures.
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Tarache Serrano, Juan David, Germán Eduardo Martínez Barreto, Jenny Catalina González Peña, and Magda Alexandra Trujillo Jiménez. "Mechanic simulator fluids for clean-up operations and phases separation in vertical and horizontal wells with coiled tubing technology." Sistemas y Telemática 13, no. 32 (March 30, 2015): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18046/syt.v13i32.2017.
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This Project look for the processes simulation that take place in the oil Wells that operate the coiled tubing technique, so its workers, Company personal and anyone that wants to look these processes, can prove that consist in their cleaning methods and phase separation in these Wells, and at the same time, in what way the substances that in and out of well are controlled, show their physical features and allow that a person, without previous knowledge about the topic, may understand easily what is it injection fluid purpose by means of the C. T. in oil Wells.
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Cabioc'h, Fanch, and Gérard Cariou. "French Response to the Katja Incident1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-91.
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ABSTRACT On 7 August 1997 at 0h30, the Bahamas flag tanker Katja hit a berth in Le Havre harbor. Immediately 187 m3 of heavy fuel oil flowed out of the aft port fuel tank into the harbor. It took two hours to complete the mooring of the ship, during which it was impossible to close the basin. About 30 to 60 m3 drifted out of the harbor following the ebb current. The situation was difficult to assess and got worse because of the heavy fog which lasted four days and thus jeopardised any aerial survey for the first days, and as it was in the middle of the summer holiday season, half of the harbor employees were on vacation, sensitive tourist areas were full of holiday guests, and the media were in search of sensational stories. Cleaning operations took place in the harbor and on fashionable tourist beaches such as Deauville and Trouville, using national and local equipment and personnel. The paper emphasises the problems encountered in the operations particularly when no sea survey is available and when close co-operation is required between administrations, “departements” and districts.
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Gunawan, Rohmat, Alam Rahmatulloh, Neng Ika Kurniati, and Visi Tinta Manik. "LAYANAN KEBERSIHAN MASJID BERBASIS ANDROID UNTUK MENDUKUNG PELAKSANAAN PROTOKOL KESEHATAN PENCEGAHAN COVID-19." SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan 5, no. 1 (December 10, 2021): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jpmb.v5i1.5795.
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ABSTRAKMenjaga kebersihan masjid merupakan suatu hal yang harus dilakukan secara rutin. Namun masih terdapat beberapa masjid yang melakukan kegiatan bersih-bersih tidak sercara rutin dan kurang optimal. Keberadaan organisasi yang memberikan layanan kebersihan masjid merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat mengatasi masalah ini. “Tim Bebersih Masjid (TBM)” merupakan suatu organisasi non profit yang salah satu aktivitasnya memberikan layanan kebersihan masjid tanpa biaya. Beberapa kendala yang ditemui TBM dalam operasional diantaranya: terbatasnya fasilitas media penyebaran informasi layanan kebersihan masjid, terbatasnya informasi bagi masyarakat yang akan menjadi donatur, terbatas jumlah tim personil kebersihan. Agar operasional kegiatan TBM lebih optimal, dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini diusulkan untuk membuat Aplikasi Tim Bersih-bersih Masjid (TBM) berbasis mobile yang terhubung dengan aplikasi berbasis web. Metode pelaksanaan pengabdian terbagi menjadi tiga bagian, diantaranya: persiapan, pengembangan aplikasi TBM berbasis web dan berbasis Android, pelaksanaan.Aplikasi dirancang untuk dapat menghasilkan informasi: data masjid yang akan dibersihkan, jadwal membersihkan masjid, narahubung Dewan Kemakmuran Masjid (DKM) dan histori aktivitas kebersihan. Setelah dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian, informasi layanan kebersihan masjid dapat diakses melalui tautan http://masjidbersih.org dan permintaan layanan kebersihan dapat diakses melalui aplikasi berbasis android yang tersedia di google playstore dengan nama “Tim Bebersih Masjid – Layanan Bebersih untuk Umat”. Kata kunci: android; aplikasi; bersih; masjid. ABSTRACTMaintaining the cleanliness of the mosque as a place of worship for Muslims is something that must be done regularly. However, in its implementation, there are still several mosques that have not carried out routine cleaning activities and are less than optimal. The existence of an organization that provides mosque cleaning services is one solution that can overcome this problem. The existence of mosque cleaning services is one of the ideas to overcome this problem. “Tim Bebersih Masjid (TBM)” is a non-profit organization whose activities include providing mosque cleaning services at no cost. Some of the obstacles encountered by TBM in its operations include: limited media facilities for disseminating information on mosque cleaning services, limited information for people who will become donors, limited number of cleaning personnel teams. In order for the operation of TBM activities to be more optimal, in this service activity it is proposed to create a mobile-based Tim Bebersih Masjid (TBM) Application that is connected to a web-based application. The application is designed to be able to generate information: mosque data to be cleaned, mosque cleaning schedules, contact person for the Dewan Kemakmuran Masjid (DKM) and history of cleaning activities. After the service activities have been carried out, information on mosque cleaning services can be accessed via the link http://masjid Bersih.org and requests for cleaning services can be accessed through an Android-based application available on the Google Playstore under the name “Tim Bebersih Masjid – Layanan Berbersih untuk Umat”. Keywords: android; application; clean; mosque.
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ALMEIDA, GISELLE, and KRISTEN E. GIBSON. "Evaluation of a Recirculating Dipper Well Combined with Ozone Sanitizer for Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Food Service Operations." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 1537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-055.
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ABSTRACT In the retail food service industry, small countertop sinks, or dipper wells, are utilized to rinse and store serving utensils between uses. These dipper wells are designed to operate under a constant flow of water, which serves both to prevent the accumulation of microorganisms and to aid in the cleanliness of the dipper well itself. Here, a recirculating dipper well ozone sanitation system (DWOSS) was evaluated for the control and inactivation of Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, PRD1 bacteriophage, and Staphylococcus aureus present on a stainless steel disher. In a low ozone (O3) demand medium, the DWOSS achieved over a 5-log reduction for E. coli, L. innocua, and PRD1 at 30 s when exposed to 0.45 to 0.55 ppm of residual O3. A greater than 5-log total CFU reduction was achieved for S. aureus at a 600-s exposure time and 0.50 ppm of residual O3. When evaluated in the presence of high O3 demand medium (10% skim milk), the DWOSS performed significantly better (P < 0.05) for all microbe–exposure time combinations compared with a conventional dipper well with respect to the reduction of microbes on the stainless steel disher. For example, at 30 s, the DWOSS achieved 4.37, 2.48, 1.38, and 1.31 greater log (CFU or PFU) reduction of E. coli, L. innocua, PRD1, and S. aureus, respectively, than a conventional dipper well. In addition, the DWOSS was evaluated under two neglect scenarios to determine its ability to control microbes in 10% skim milk medium on the stainless steel disher and within the dipper well basin itself over an extended period of use (2 h of use per day over 5 days). Considering the efficacy of the DWOSS unit against the microbes evaluated here, the integration of ozone into a dipper well could be a potential critical control point to reduce the incidence of microbial contamination during retail food service. To our knowledge, a dipper well with a cleaning-in-place sanitizing system is not currently available for use in the food service industry; and, thus, this is the first study to evaluate the efficacy of a cleaning-in-place dipper well.
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Y., Dharshan, Vivek S., Saranya S., Aarthi V.R., and Madhumathi T. "Gesture Control of Robotic Arm." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v7.n1.p1.
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<div><p><em>Robots have become a key technology in various fields. Robotic arms are mostly remote controlled by buttons or panels and sometimes in batch process they are autonomous. The usage of panel boards or control sticks includes a lot of hardwiring and subject to malfunction. It also induces some stress on the operators. Hence major chemical industries like cosmetic manufacturing, paint manufacturing and Biosynthesis laboratory etc., which deals with hazardous environment due to the chemicals and other bio substances, involve humans for the processing. The aim is to reduce the bulk of wiring in the robotic arms and reduce the effort and number of operators in controlling the robotic arm operations. To implement gestures into the process this would be a major breakthrough. This can also be used as pick & place robot, a cleaning robot in chemical industries where a human does not need to directly involved in the process of cleaning the chemicals and also for coating underground tanks.</em></p></div>
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Oskins, Carl J., and Dee Bradley. "“EXTREME” COLD WEATHER OIL SPILL RESPONSE TECHNIQUES & STRATEGIES – ICE & SNOW ENVIRONMENTS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-521.
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ABSTRACT The logistics of cleaning up spilled oil in cold weather differ from those involved in cleaning up a warm water oil spill. The cleanup is complicated by climatic conditions, the presence of various forms of ice, and the changes that take place in the oil itself in response to cold temperatures. The physical constraints on the cleanup of an extreme cold weather oil spill include the fact that during winter months, it's often too cold to work and daylight becomes a premium. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 states that when designing a Facility Response Plan, it should be based on a Worst Case Oil Spill in the Most Adverse Weather Conditions. In many parts of the country, Extreme Cold Weather qualifies as the most adverse condition. Almost every aspect of spill response is affected by extreme temperatures. The equipment changes as does the PPE worn by responders. Ice can contain and entrain oil that is spilled and may work both for and against recovery. Utilizing techniques such as ice slotting can aid immensely in recovery operations, but the safety of responders must always remain paramount.
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Wilson, Andrew. "The archaeology of the Roman fullonica." Journal of Roman Archaeology 16 (2003): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400013258.
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In JRA 15 (2002) 20-44, M. Bradley argued that Roman fullers were not involved in the finishing of cloth as part of the textile-manufacturing process, but acted solely as commercial laundrymen; further, he questioned the archaeological evidence used to identify fulleries. His paper contains a number of misconceptions, especially in the use of archaeological evidence.Bradley attempts to argue that Roman fullers washed clothes, both new and worn, for other people, but that they did not form part of the manufacturing or finishing process of new goods before they were sold to the customer. I am not convinced that the evidence permits this conclusion, although I agree that service cleaning was an important part of their work. The nature of the genres of literary evidence surviving from antiquity is such that most writers would be unlikely to concern themselves with the place of fulling within the operations of textile-production and finishing; they are much more likely to refer to fulling in the context of operations more directly familiar to them or their readers, that is, the commercial cleaning aspect.Bradley writes (22):Diocletian's Prices Edict, with its individual pricings, certainly does not appeal to the logic of industrial wholesale; more likely, it was customary for an individual to purchase a rude uestimentum and then to put it through a series of ‘finishing’ services of his choice which included washing (and therefore initial shrinking of the fabric), combing, bleaching, dyeing and pressing (some or all of which were offered by the fullo).
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SOKOLOVSKAYA, O., and L. VALEVSKAYA. "CLEANING OF QUINO GRAIN – AN IMPORTANT STAGE OF POST-HARVEST TREATMENT." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 295, no. 2 (May 2021): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-295-2-259-263.
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In the world and in Ukraine, the quinoa market is growing rapidly due to its extremely beneficial properties for the body. Quinoa is one of the few gluten-free crops with a high content of easily soluble proteins, which provides the possibility of making special foods for children, people who play sports, vegetarians and diabetics. Quinoa grain contains a lot of protein: from 16.2% to 20%, the amino acid composition of the protein is very balanced, quinoa grain also contains carbohydrates, fats high in lecithic acid, fiber, minerals and vitamins of group B. The dynamics of sown areas and quinoa production in the world. The work is devoted to the organization of the operation of purification of quinoa grain, which is an important stage of its post-harvest processing. Any processing of grain is associated with its purification from impurities. The presence of impurities negatively affects the efficiency of grain storage and its technological features, which leads to a decrease in yield and quality of processed products. Therefore, cleaning operations occupy a central place in the post-harvest processing of grain. We have determined the geometric dimensions and calculated the basic geometric parameters of quinoa grain, which are the main indicators for the organization and conduct of the cleaning process. To identify the necessary working bodies and determine the optimal size of the holes for the separation of the mixture into fractions, the analysis of the variability of the grain size of the main crop and the size of the released impurity. Based on these data, a correlation table is constructed. Analysis of the correlation table shows that for effective cleaning of quinoa grain it is necessary to use sieves with a diameter of 3… 3.5 mm to remove large impurities and sieves 1.0×20, with a diameter of 1.6 and 1.8 mm. Based on the data of the correlation table, a fractional scheme of quinoa grain purification was developed, with the appropriate shapes and sizes of sieve holes. This scheme of purification of quinoa grain is effective and allows to isolate 93% of impurities.
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SOKOLOVSKAYA, O., and L. VALEVSKAYA. "CLEANING OF QUINO GRAIN – AN IMPORTANT STAGE OF POST-HARVEST TREATMENT." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 301, no. 5 (October 2021): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-301-5-225-229.
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In the world and in Ukraine, the quinoa market is growing rapidly due to its extremely beneficial properties for the body. Quinoa is one of the few gluten-free crops with a high content of easily soluble proteins, which provides the possibility of making special foods for children, people who play sports, vegetarians and diabetics. Quinoa grain contains a lot of protein: from 16.2% to 20%, the amino acid composition of the protein is very balanced, quinoa grain also contains carbohydrates, fats high in lecithic acid, fiber, minerals and vitamins of group B. The dynamics of sown areas and quinoa production in the world. The work is devoted to the organization of the operation of purification of quinoa grain, which is an important stage of its post-harvest processing. Any processing of grain is associated with its purification from impurities. The presence of impurities negatively affects the efficiency of grain storage and its technological features, which leads to a decrease in yield and quality of processed products. Therefore, cleaning operations occupy a central place in the post-harvest processing of grain. We have determined the geometric dimensions and calculated the basic geometric parameters of quinoa grain, which are the main indicators for the organization and conduct of the cleaning process. To identify the necessary working bodies and determine the optimal size of the holes for the separation of the mixture into fractions, the analysis of the variability of the grain size of the main crop and the size of the released impurity. Based on these data, a correlation table is constructed. Analysis of the correlation table shows that for effective cleaning of quinoa grain it is necessary to use sieves with a diameter of 3… 3.5 mm to remove large impurities and sieves 1.0×20, with a diameter of 1.6 and 1.8 mm. Based on the data of the correlation table, a fractional scheme of quinoa grain purification was developed, with the appropriate shapes and sizes of sieve holes. This scheme of purification of quinoa grain is effective and allows to isolate 93% of impurities.
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Miyakawa, Hiroki, Mohammed Maghram Al Shaiae, Troy N. Green, Yohito Ito, Yuichi Sugawara, Makoto Onishi, Yoshinari Fusaoka, Mohammed Farooque Ayumantakath, and Ahmed Saleh Al Amoudi. "Reliable Sea Water Ro Operation with High Water Recovery and No-Chlorine/No-Sbs Dosing in Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia." Membranes 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020141.
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For providing advanced desalination the combination of the improvement of water recovery ratio in the reverse osmosis (RO) process and the No-Chlorine/No-Sodium Bisulfite (SBS) Dosing process was studied. In order to prevent membrane fouling even in high recovery water operations, an advanced two-stage design was implemented to (1) control the permeate flux through the RO membrane module, (2) optimize the system to reduce contaminant build-up and (3) eliminate the use of chlorine and SBS, which can accelerate membrane fouling. The system was evaluated by monitoring the biofouling and the microorganisms proliferation on the membrane surface based on membrane biofilm formation rate (mBFR). The pilot plant was operated in the condition of a water recovery rate of 55%. As a result, the system was operated for longer than four months without membrane cleaning (clean in place; CIP) and the possibility of operation for seven months without CIP was confirmed by the extrapolation of the pressure values. In addition, the mBFR is a reliable tool for water quality assessment, based on a comparison between the fouling tendency estimated from the mBFR and the actual membrane surface condition from autopsy study and the effectiveness No-Chlorine/No-SBS Dosing process was verified from mBFR of pretreated seawater.
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Gorbatyuk, Ievgenii, Leonid Pelevin, Оlexander Terentyev, and Anatolij Svider'ky. "Research of working bodies a continuous action earthworks machines." Gіrnichі, budіvelnі, dorozhnі ta melіorativnі mashini, no. 98 (December 30, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/gbdmm2021.98.0402.
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Earthmoving equipment in highly developed countries is a leading place among self-propelled and trailed equipment for various purposes.
The basis of such equipment are scientific and technical principles of creation of high-speed low-energy technologies and machines for destruction of natural and artificial environments (soils, rocks, mules, reinforced concrete, bricks, etc.) in various conditions (ground - road, cultivation of agricultural lands, engineering, military and emergency rescue work, cleaning of soils from pollution, reclamation, creation of trenches, canals, which underground - mining, tunnel construction, etc.
Continuous action machines are such machines in which the working body contacts with the object of influence (soil) during the whole time of operation and all technological operations are performed simultaneously and continuously.
Working bodies of continuous-action machines have the ability to develop strong soils without preliminary loosening
During the continuous operation of machines, the process of their work is divided into two processes: the process of cutting soil into slaughter and the process of excavation of soil from the cutting zone, followed by its ejection from slaughter.
The article provides an overview of new dynamic working bodies of shrew machines. The descriptions, drawings, highlighted the main disadvantages and advantages. As a result of the synthesis of existing working bodies, a new dynamic working body was developed.
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Vaišis, Vaidotas, Eglė Anužytė, Dainius Paliulis, and Jolita Bradulienė. "MODIFICATION OF NATURAL OIL SORBENT FOR IMPROVEMENT OF HYDROPHOBICITY." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 30, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.16958.
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A sorbent made of natural materials (moss) was selected for the sorption of diesel from the surface of the water. The sorbent was modified to increase its hydrophobic–oleophilic characteristics. Typical natural organic sorbent from moss was selected and modified in three different ways: processed with hot water (80 °C and 100 °C), mercerized and coated with oil–water (10% and 50%). Water, diesel sorption capacity, and oil retention tests were performed. Tests showed that simple treatment with hot water and alkali can change surface properties and improve sorption capacity. Modification with hot water at 80 °C enhanced sorbents’ oil sorption capacity and showed the best results but meanwhile, this method readily increased hydrophilicity. This method of sorbent treatment could not be applied in cases where sorbents are used to clean oil spills from water surfaces. Meanwhile, better sorption results would be obtained in cases where cleaning operations take place on soil and other solid surfaces.
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LIANOU, ALEXANDRA, and JOHN N. SOFOS. "A Review of the Incidence and Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat Products in Retail and Food Service Environments." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 2172–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.9.2172.
Full textAbstract:
Contamination of ready-to-eat products with Listeria monocytogenes may occur at several stages before consumption. Accessibility to the public and relatively limited control interventions at retail and food service establishments (compared with the processing sector of the food industry) and the lack of a specific regulatory framework increase the likelihood of introduction of this pathogen into some foods in these establishments. This review is a compilation of available information on the incidence and transmission of L. monocytogenes through ready-to-eat products at the retail and food service level. The potential transmission of L. monocytogenes within retail and food service operations has been indicated in epidemiological investigations and by survey data. Potential sources of the organism in these operations include the environment, food handlers, and incoming raw ingredients or processed products that have become contaminated after the lethality treatment at the manufacturing facility. L. monocytogenes may be present at retail and food service establishments in various ready-to-eat products, both prepackaged and those packaged in the store, and occasionally at high concentrations. This issue dictates the need for development and application of effective control measures, and potential control approaches are discussed here. Good manufacturing practices, appropriate cleaning, sanitation and hygiene programs, and temperature control required for prevention or inhibition of growth of the pathogen to high levels are critical for control of L. monocytogenes in the retail and food service sector. A comprehensive food safety system designed to be functional in retail and food service operations and based on the philosophy of hazard analysis and critical control point systems and a series of sound prerequisite programs can provide effective control of L. monocytogenes in these environments. However, competent delivery of food safety education and training to retail and food service managers and food handlers must be in place for successful implementation of such a system.
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Chernova, O. T. "MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF POURING THE PRODUCT THROUGH THE RECEIVER-DISTRIBUTING DEVICE VST." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 1(42) (June 27, 2019): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-1(42)-104-115.
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Preserving quality and quantity of a product is an important task during the operation of tank farms. This requires maximum sealing of all processes of pouring, discharging and storing. Tanks have the largest share of evaporation losses throughout the course of the oil flow from fishing to refineries, at factories and petroleum product pipelines from factories to consumers. The process of storage of oil and petroleum products is combined with other technological operations (desalting of oil, heating, dehydration, mixing, etc.).
One of the most important methods of saving fuel and energy resources, which occupy a leading place in the development of the economy, is the fight against oil products losses. The issue of product losses due to the lack of equipment and the durability of its use is important. One of them is a receiving and distributing device, which is installed in vertical steel tanks.
To compare two of the most common variants of the execution of the disengagement body of the (ПРУ що це таке), a simulation of the process of pouring the product into the reservoir was performed using the Ansys 19.1 program. This made it possible visually to see how the receiving and distributing device works and what its efficiency can depend on. From the model of pressure distribution to the wall of the case (ПРУ) it is evident that when smoothly turning the housing, the pressure is distributed more evenly, due to which the load on the corner and the entrance to the receiver-distributing device in the wall of the tank will be less than when turning with the insert.
In this article an analysis of the possibility of improving the outdated technologies and the use of the latest in the storage of petroleum products is given. The use of a receiving and dispensing device can significantly increase the inter-cleaning period during the operation of the reservoir, as well as reduce the amount of work when cleaning the reservoir. This will reduce the level of dead remains, improvement the service life of the lower belt and the bottoms of vertical steel tanks, by reducing the zone of corrosive activity of the bottom sediment.
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Behera, Bibhuti Bhusana, Rajani Kanta Mohanty, and Binod Kumar Pattanayak. "A Deep Fusion Model For Automated Industrial Iot Cyber Attack Detection And Mitigation." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100332.
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Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a new field of study that connects digital devices and services to physical systems. The IIoT has been utilized to create massive amounts of data from various sensors, and it has run into several problems. The IIoT has been subjected to a variety of hacks, putting its ability to provide enterprises with flawless operations in jeopardy. Businesses suffer financial and reputational losses as a result of such threats, as well as the theft of critical data. As a result, numerous Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs) have been created to combat and safeguard IIoT systems, but gathering data that can be utilized in the construction of an intelligent NIDS is a tough operation; consequently, identifying current and new assaults poses major issues. In this research work, a novel IIOT attack detection framework and mitigation model is designed by following four major phases “(a) pre-processing, (b) feature extraction, (c) feature selection and (d) attack detection”. Initially, the collected raw data (input) is subjected to pre-processing phase, wherein the data cleaning and data standardization operations take place. Subsequently, the features like “higher-order statistical features (Skewness, Kurtosis, Variance and Moments), technical indicator based features, mutual information, Improved Principal Component Analysis (IPCA)” based features are extracted from the pre-processed data. Further, from the extracted features, the most optimal features are selected using a new hybrid optimization model referred as Hunger Customized Individual Activity Model (HCIA) that hybrids the concepts of standard (Teamwork Optimization Algorithm (TOA) and Hunger Games Search (HGS)). The attack detection is carried out using the projected deep fusion model framework that encapsulates the Bi-GRU and Quantum Deep Neural Network (QDNN), respectively. The Bi-GRU and QDNN in the deep fusion model framework is trained with the optimal features selected using a new hybrid optimization model. The outcome acquired from Bi-GRU and QDNN is combined, and it will be the final detected outcome that portrays the presence/ absence of attacks in IIoT network. When an attack is being identified, the mitigation of such attack takes place via the Improved BIAT Framework. Further, the projected model is evaluated over the existing models to show its supremacy in the attack detection and mitigation process.
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Sartori, Stefano, Alberto Bordin, Stefania Bruschi, and Andrea Ghiotti. "Machinability of the EBM Ti6Al4V in Cryogenic Turning." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.1183.
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In machining operations, the adoption of a cutting fluid is necessary to mitigate the effects of the high temperatures generated on the cutting zone, and, therefore, to avoid severe detrimental effects on the tool wear and surface integrity. In the biomedical field, the traditional processes to manufacture surgical implants made of Titanium and Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum alloys involve turning and milling operations. To cool the cutting tool with standard oil emulsions leaves contaminants on the machined surfaces, which require further cleaning steps that are expensive in terms of time and costs. Currently, this limitation is marginally overcome by machining without the coolant; however, as a consequence, severe tool wear and poor surface integrity take place. In the last years, many studies have been conducted on the application of Liquid Nitrogen as a coolant in machining difficult-to-cut materials such as Ti6Al4V. Thanks to its properties to evaporate immediately when getting in contact with the cutting zone, thus living the workpiece and chips dry and clean other than its ability to lower the cutting temperature. The adoption of Liquid Nitrogen as a cooling mean in machining surgical implants may represent an optimum solution enhancing the benefits of dry machining. This work is aimed at evaluating the performances of the Liquid Nitrogen as a coolant in semi-finishing turning of Ti6Al4V produced by Electron Beam Melting, a comparison with dry turning is presented. The alloy machinability in such conditions is evaluated in terms of tool wear, machined surface integrity and chip morphology.
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Danilovic, Milorad, Zoran Djordjevic, and Slavica Antonic. "Work efficiency in the operations of juvenile thinning of mixed stands of pedunculate oak with hornbeam, ash and other hard broadleaves with the Stihl MS 260 chainsaw." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, suppl. (2015): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf15s1015d.
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This paper presents the results of research of efficacy of the lightweight low power chainsaw Stihl MS 260 in the operations of juvenile thinning in preserved even-aged mixed stands of pedunculate oak with hornbeam, ash and other hard hardwoods. The investigations were carried out in the territory of FE ?Sremska Mitrovica? in three sample plots of different ages. It is the first research of this kind based on the choice of optimal technological solution for the cleaning cuts of oak stands. Technology of work is based on cutting unwanted species at a certain height in order to favor pedunculate oak as the main species. In sample plot 1 the cutting through of undesirable species was carried out in one place and then third parties carried out their processing and transportation. In sample plots 2 and 3 workers cut the unwanted species in several places and stacked the timber on the ground so as not to interfere with the growth of pedunculate oak which does not tolerate shading. In this study, we applied time and work study. Group system of work was recorded. The group typically consisted of 4 workers and a foreman. Fuel consumption was recorded by the method of tank refuelling. The research results show that operating conditions have a significant impact on the effects of work with a chainsaw, as well as on the consumption of fuel and lubricants. The differences are mainly caused by different structures of cut timber.
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Shah, Darshita, Jatin Dave, Ashish Majithiya, and Yash Patel. "Conceptual Design and Analysis of Pipe Climbing Robot." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2115, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2115/1/012004.
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Abstract Robotics is one of the most emerging technologies in the current scenario. In this fast-growing technological world automation through robotics finds its place in almost all the fields. Climbing robots became more popular due to their versatile applications like inspection of tall buildings, tanks, structures, facade cleaning, fruits harvesting on tall trees (coconut) and many more. It became most adaptive as working on height may lead to dangerous incidents for human beings. Operations like visual inspection, crack detection of tall structures and pipes can be made possible with specially designed pipe climber robot. It finds its applications where human cannot reach, like hazardous applications. Specially design robots for a specific application also performs well with precision. This paper presents the novel design and analysis of pipe climbing robot for Chemical plant pipeline fault and leakage detection purpose. Design of all components of the robot is done with the basic mathematical consideration and then its analysis is carried out using FEA tools and MATLAB. Results of Forward and Inverse kinematic analysis of robot are obtained for certain specific points of trajectory. Dynamic analysis has been performed for motor selection and torque calculation. Presented conceptual design and analysis can be useful for pipe inspection purpose.
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Brooks, Christopher, Mark Swainson, Ian Beauchamp, Isabel Campelos, Ruzaina Ishak, and Wayne Martindale. "Transformational Steam Infusion Processing for Resilient and Sustainable Food Manufacturing Businesses." Foods 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081763.
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Here we show how food and beverage manufacturers report more incisive sustainability and product fulfilment outcomes for their business enterprises when innovative processing technologies are used. The reported steam infusion technology heats food materials within a Vaction Pump device so that steam is directed into the food material within a much reduced volume, reducing the use of steam and processing time. This study reports how such technological interventions will enable supply chain stakeholders to demonstrate responsible consumption by connecting assessments for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with consumer-focused outcomes such as product quality. The technology reported in this research not only improves operational agility by improving processing speed, but also improves the responsiveness of factory production to changes in demand. Heating procedures are systemic processes in the food industry that can be used to pasteurize, achieve commercially viable shelf-life, and provide cleaning in place. The reported research defines how these technologies can reduce the carbon footprint of products, improve quality attributes, and lower operating costs across supply chains. They provide an important step in developing distributed manufacturing in the food system because the technologies reported here are modular and can be installed into existing operations. The specific technology can reduce energy consumption by 17.3% compared to basic direct steam heating, with a reduction of 277.8 processing hours and 8.7 tonnes GHG emissions per kettle production line each year. Food and beverage manufacturers are increasingly required to report across the sustainability, nutrition, and product quality outcomes of their business enterprises more incisively so that supply chain stakeholders can demonstrate responsible production and consumption. The steam infusion technologies assessed in this research enable alignment to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, specifically SDG12, Responsible Production and Consumption, using in situ data logging in factory trials for novel heating procedures used to process foods.
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Marius, Munteanu, Ion Sandu, Ioana Huțanu, and Liliana Nica. "The Study of Stages and Operations Involved in the Preservation and Restoration of two XIX-th Century Icons, on Wooden Support." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2014-0030.
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Abstract The paper presents the stages and the operations involved in the preservation and restoration of two icons on wooden support, from the XIX-th century, which are part of the heritage of the ”Sfinții Arhangheli Mihail and Gavriil” church, from Galați. The two icon have inventory numbers as part of the collection as followed: 112 for the first icon and 113 for the second one. Both icons have the same theme, ”The Grieving Mother from Rohia” and are made by anonymous painters in egg tempera, on lime wooden support, without ground. Being part of the same collection, they were deposited in the same place and as a direct consequence, they suffer from similar deteriorations and degradations that affect both the support and the painting layer. Both panels are attacked by xylophagous insects and the painting layer has detachments, gaps, cracks, clogged dirt and a cracked and degraded varnish layer. Ten samples taken from the already detached areas were analyzed by optical microscope, SEM-EDX and micro-FTIR. Based on the chemical elements identified in the EDX spectrums, the pigments used to create the painting layer are: ultramarine natural blue Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4, carbon black, earth green, K[(Al,FeIII),(FeII,Mg)](AlSi3,Si4)O10(OH)2, ocher (FeO), burned or natural umber Fe2O3· H2O + MnO2·n H2O+ Al2O3, lead white (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) and yellow iron oxide (Fe2O3·4H2O). It was also determined that the gold leaf usually used in byzantine icons was replaced in the case of both icons: the icon number 112 has silver leaf covered with varnish, while the halo of the icon number 113 was created with yellow metallic pigments (realgar or orpigment).The pigments were also identified by determining specific peaks in micro-FTIR spectrums. For natural ultramarine blue the peaks between 628 - 724 cm-1 were assigned; the peaks in the interval 795 - 887 cm-1 confirm the presence of carbonates (calcium and lead based). The earth green pigment (aluminum - silicates) had the peaks between 1464 - 1599, while the carbon black pigment was confirmed by the peaks in the interval 921 - 1060 cm-1. After the pigments and the materials used by the author were identified, the restoration process begun with the following stages: consolidation of the painting layer (fish glue 8% and japanese paper), stopping the xylophagous attack (encapsulation with nitrogen), consolidation of the wood supports (colophon and wax, 1:1), cleaning the painting layer (ethylic alcohol and distilled water, 1:1), filling the gaps and reintegrating the fillings in tratteggio, all followed by the process of varnishing the two icons.
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Jézéquel, Ronan, Karine Duboscq, and Gaetan Le Floch. "Assessment of Bioremediation Agent Efficiency: Development of a Test Protocol. Preliminary result." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1718–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1718.
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Abstract (ID 2017-410) Bioremediation is considered as a soft green technique which can be deployed on an oil contaminated shoreline to treat the remaining oil after the initial clean-up operations have taken place. This technique relies on the ability of bacteria to use the hydrocarbon molecules as a carbon source for growth. Nevertheless, specific environmental conditions are needed for ensuring effective biodegradation of oil, such as sufficient concentrations of nutrients and dissolved oxygen. To address these issues, the industry has developed commercial products, called bioremediation agents, which can be nutrient solutions (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) (biostimulation) or hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial solutions (bioaugmentation). In France, Cedre is in charge, at a national level, of the validation of response products currently used to treat oil spill (e.g. sorbents, dispersants, cleaning agents): standardised protocols are routinely used to assess their efficiencies and select the most efficient products. So far, no such procedure exists for bioremediation agents. In 2014, Cedre developed a new protocol to test the efficiency of bioremediation agents at a pilot scale: a small portion of shoreline is simulated in small tanks filled with contaminated sand and placed on an oscillating table. The periodic movements of this table recreate a continuous and identical wave action in each tank. In order to simulate the dilution that occurs in the natural environment due to the tidal cycle, the test is conducted in a semi-open circuit, with natural seawater automatically renewed twice a day. For three months, oiled sediment was sampled and oil extracted to assess its biodegradation rate according to the experimental conditions: oil alone, oil with biostimulation agent, oil with bioaugmentation agent.
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Czapliński, Paweł, and Piotr Klimczak. "Efektywność działania specjalnych stref ekonomicznych, parków naukowo-technologicznych i parków przemysłowych w świetle zapotrzebowania przedsiębiorstw na kadry na przykładzie województwa śląskiego i podkarpackiego." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 6 (January 1, 2010): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.6.18.
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The article aims to present the result of surveys and secondary data, which were to identifythe future needs of employers and investors in the work force (specification of the necessaryqualifications and the level of previous experience) in the short term (up to 1 year) in the labormarket in the Silesian and Subcarpathian region.The study found that people entering the labor market (including students) recognize theneed for a greater adaptability to market requirements. Therefore, we may note an increasednumber of people participating in active labor market programs. Unfortunately, the total efficiencyof training in the regions concerned is not very high. Thus, vocational training mustchange its image, although sometimes this process is occurring far too slowly. The third link inthe labor market are the employers who recognize the fact that it is much cheaper to acquire anemployee with a certain level of knowledge and skills. Unfortunately, for some employers apprenticeships,young workers and the entire system of vocational education are seen as a wayto attract cheap labor. Yet the developing process of globalization, the stage of advancement ofthe socio – economic as well as the dynamics of the economy itself that stimulate the demand for skills and jobs are constantly changing. The most desirable professions in the Polish andEuropean labor market concern the services sector including, in particular trade. Other jobsare and will be linked, on the one hand, with simple operations such as cleaning and, on theother hand, with the scientific professions. Of course, the demand for certain professions willhave strong regional circumstances related to the economic base of the region as well as thedemographic structure. Hence it is difficult to make a single list of deficit jobs for Poland. It isworth noting that the market demand for certain skills and occupations is and will be unstable,so any training must take place in the system of pull (suction).
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Moore, John. "Aqueous Washable Thermal Resistant Coatings and Adhesives." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000767.
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Abstract Many packaging processes require thin and fragile components to be protected or held securely in place for temporary periods of time. The most common process flow is to: apply the coating, cure or use to bond a device, conduct the process, and finish with removing the coating by washing in a liquid chemistry. Aqueous cleaning is deemed safer for devices on organic laminates and in the presence of molding compounds. These reagents use water as their major constituent. They are compatible with organic substrates (panels, laminates, boards), are worker safe, and require less expensive operating equipment. Aqueous washing is generally green and exempt from the complexity and cost of environmental and waste management regulations. Daetec's washable coatings qualify as green, and exhibit thermal resistance over 300°C, making them one of the most unique materials on the market. These coatings enable soldering, laser processing, plasma etching, and dielectric curing, all following with simple water washing. Water washable DaeCoatTM 525 is a key choice in laser processing for debris removal around the heat activation zone (HAZ), while the etch-resistant DaeCoatTM 534 supports laser patterning for plasma singulation [1]. While DaeCoatTM 532 is water soluble, another material from the same family, DaeCoatTM 537 is not, yet will wash away in an aqueous surfactant, DaeClean™ S20 (10% in water). In many ways, these products act, as surfactants, but depending upon the chemistry, will dissolve in water or an aqueous agent. Customers desiring a green protective coating or adhesive for plating or etching processes, may apply DaeCoatTM 537, send through the processes, and then wash away in the S20 aqueous agent. All products are cast from water. Film forms as 50μm thick with peel away liners are available for DaeCoatTM 532 and 537. UV curable high solids versions are also available. Applications include planarizing coatings, adhesive for die solder attach, and C4 or micro bump protection. Protective coatings for EMI/RFI shielding, dicing operations, and temporary bonding operations that may use porous carriers have been demonstrated with water washable coatings and adhesives. The success in these and related temporary applications depend upon the use of the proper washable coating. Our experience in creating solutions for these and other industry needs will be discussed as well as the criteria for using temporary washable coatings.
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Pettit, Jared, Alman Law, Alex Brewer, and John Moore. "Substrate Temporary Bonding Supporting Post-Processing Applications." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-tha24.
Full textAbstract:
Post-processing applications are carried out on substrates while they are temporarily supported. This requires a simple adhesion process with easy removal without complex tooling or cleaning. Substrates include wafers, displays, or components, organic or inorganic, and may contain topography such as solder bumps. The applications may vary from backside processing of wafers, complete flexible circuit integration, or the stacking of packages. Simple processing may use green products as the detergent soluble DaeCoatTM 600-series, exhibiting thermal stability from 80°C to allow hot DIW debond, to over 200°C to support thermal processing. Temporary bonding may resist heat and chemicals for many steps or one major extreme. The DaeCoatTM 300-series of products are designed to resist thermal exposures >300°C for wafer operations with bumps or reach ≥400°C (DaeCoatTM 315) for flexible displays to allow casting of liquid polyimide (PI) [1]. The properties are consistent with the needs of electronics processes, providing outgas below 1% inert to fab chemicals, and most important, an adhesive force that is tuned to allow simple substrate removal (peeling, lifting, or chemical diffusion). Where discrete die or components require installing infrastructure to support stacking or fan-out designs, the thin and fragile substrate is securely held in place by simple dry bonding completed in seconds and later removed by similar peeling practices without observed residue. Such component practices enable encapsulation during bumping, permanent bonding, or physical vapor deposition (PVD) of electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference (EMI/RFI) shielding [2]. The success in these and other technologies depend upon the use of the proper adhesive but most importantly, the tuning of the adhesion force. Successful tuning depends upon many factors, including substrate surface energy, texture, and the bonding process. Daetec has created adhesives used in temporary bonding processes for nearly 20yrs, applying to multiple wafer types, OLED and TFT displays, printed electronics, solar, thinning down to 4um, and thermal resistance >600°C [3]. Our experience in creating solutions for these and other industry needs will be discussed as well as the criteria to temporarily support flexible and rigid substrates of all types, sizes, and shapes.
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Serediuk, M. D. "Peculiarities of the operation of the oil pipeline in the process of its cleaning from paraffin deposition." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 106 (June 1, 2021): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2419.
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Purpose: Improving the technology of cleaning the inner surface of the main oil pipelines from paraffin deposition by specifying the hydrodynamic parameters of the movement of the cleaning device in the cavity of the pipeline, by more accurate prediction of the time of its approach to the final point of purification. Design/methodology/approach: Performing theoretical researches and application of mathematical modelling methods in order to establish the regularities of the cleaning device movement in the oil pipeline. Findings: Regularities of changes in the capacity of the pipeline, the speed of the cleaning process, the specific energy consumption for oil transportation as a function of the linear coordinates of the place and time of the cleaning device movement in the pipeline were established. Research limitations/implications: The next stage of research is to establish the influence of the characteristics of the viscoplastic fluid of the paraffin plug on the additional resistance and the mode of the cleaning device movement in the pipeline. Practical implications: It was developed the method that allows predicting the capacity and energy efficiency of the pipeline operation for each point in time of the process of cleaning from paraffin deposition. Originality/value: The originality of the method is the taking into account the additional hydraulic resistance of the paraffin plug and the available energy resources of oil pumping stations on the hydrodynamic process of moving the cleaning device in the oil pipeline.
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Chapman, Steve. "A Rapid Cleaning Technique For EM Cathode Assemblies." Microscopy Today 7, no. 6 (August 1999): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500064658.
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During a recent one week "Intensive SEM" course that took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, the students came up with a superb cleaning technique that they wished to report upon. The results are, or should be, interesting to everyone who has to clean a cathode assembly! This note was originally posted on MSA's microscopy listserver and generated several replies. I have included more information below in response to these replies.Often the most time consuming operation during the routine use of a SEM or TEM is the cleaning of a cathode assembly. The procedure, outlined as follows, requires little operator intervention, is free from possible cathode contamination by the cleaning media, and takes comparatively very iittle time
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Judd, S. "A review of fouling of membrane bioreactors in sewage treatment." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0131.
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Fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) represents one of the most significant barriers to their more widespread implementation for both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. It exerts a limit on the membrane permeability, i.e. the flux through the membrane per unit transmembrane pressure, and thus the productivity of the process per unit membrane area installed. As with all membrane processes, extensive investigation of factors contributing to fouling in MBRs, and the subsequent identification of ameliorative measures that may be taken to control it, has taken place since the process was first commercialised 30 years ago. Key findings of pertinent research in this area and operational experience in full-scale plants are summarised, along with the primary facets of the MBR process itself. The most recent evidence suggests that permanent fouling, i.e. fouling not substantially removed by physical cleaning (backflushing), results mainly from certain dissolved or colloidal organic materials, and such adsoptive fouling takes place at even the lowest operational fluxes. Fouling by suspended solids, on the other hand, may be largely controlled by operation below the so-called “critical” flux, which may be increased by more vigorous aeration, and/or by periodic backflushing. It is concluded that more work is required on characterisation of species responsible for permanent fouling.
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Gruskevica, Kamila, and Linda Mezule. "Cleaning Methods for Ceramic Ultrafiltration Membranes Affected by Organic Fouling." Membranes 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020131.
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The use of ceramic membranes in the treatment and processing of various liquids, including those of organic origin, has increased tremendously at the industrial level. Apart from the selection of the most appropriate membrane materials and operational conditions, suitable membrane cleaning procedures are a must to minimize fouling and increase membrane lifespan. The review summarizes currently available and practiced non-reagent and cleaning-in-place methods for ceramic membranes that are used in the treatment of organic liquids, thus causing organic fouling. Backflushing, backwashing, and ultrasound represent the most often used physical methods for reversible fouling treatment. At the same time, the use of alkalis, e.g, sodium hydroxide, acids, or strong oxidants are recommended for cleaning of irreversible fouling treatment.
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BRYAN, FRANK L. "Risks of Practices, Procedures and Processes that Lead to Outbreaks of Foodborne Diseases." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.8.663.
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Factors that contributed to outbreaks of foodborne diseases reported in the U.S. from 1977–1982 are identified and classified by disease and place where implicated foods were mishandled. Data for these years are tabulated and combined with data from the years 1961–1976. Inadequate cooling - either leaving foods at room or warm outside temperatures or storing them in large containers while being refrigerated - was associated with most of the outbreaks. Ranking of all factors has changed little over four periods of review, but during the last period numerous outbreaks primarily due to ingestion of raw clams and raw oysters caused an increase in the factors: contaminated raw foods and obtaining foods from unsafe sources. This has been primarily due to raw clam-, oyster- and milk-associated outbreaks. The three most frequently identified factors that contributed to salmonellosis were improper cooling, contaminated raw products, and inadequate heating; to staphylococcal food poisoning were colonized persons handling cooked foods, lapse of 12 or more hours between preparing and eating, and improper cooling; to botulism were inadequate heat processing, improper fermentations, improper room temperature holding; to C. perfringens enteritis were improper cooling, lapse of 12 or more hours between preparing and eating, and inadequate reheating (followed closely by improper hot holding); to shigellosis were colonized persons handling implicated foods, improper cooling, and lapse of 12 or more hours between preparing and eating; to V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis were contaminated raw ingredients, improper cooling, and cross contamination; to typhoid fever were colonized persons handling implicated foods, lapse of 12 or more hours between preparing and eating, and several time-temperature factors tied for third; to B. cereus gastroenteritis were improper cooling, lapse of 12 or more hours between preparing and eating, and improper hot holding. The principal factors associated with outbreaks stemming from foods prepared in foodservice establishments were improper cooling, lapse of 12 or more hours between preparing and eating, colonized persons handling implicated foods, inadequate reheating and improper hot holding. Important factors that contributed to outbreaks in homes were contaminated raw foods, inadequate cooking, unsafe source, improper cooling, and lapse of 12 or more hours between preparing and eating. Major contributing factors associated with operations in food processing plants were inadequate heat processing, contaminated raw ingredient, improper cooling, colonized persons handling implicated foods, improper cleaning of equipment, and improper fermentation. Those factors cited above for each category are the vital few items to stress in food safety programs. The many other items that are a part of food protection programs are of lesser importance or trivial.
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Krause, S., B. Zimmermann, U. Meyer-Blumenroth, W. Lamparter, B. Siembida, and P. Cornel. "Enhanced membrane bioreactor process without chemical cleaning." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (May 1, 2010): 2575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.183.
Full textAbstract:
In membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, the separation of activated sludge and treated water takes place by membrane filtration. Due to the small footprint and superior effluent quality, the number of membrane bioreactors used in wastewater treatment is rapidly increasing. A major challenge in this process is the fouling of the membranes which results in permeability decrease and the demand of chemical cleaning procedures. With the objective of a chemical-free process, the removal of the fouling layer by continuous physical abrasion was investigated. Therefore, particles (granules) were added to the activated sludge in order to realise a continuous abrasion of the fouling layer. During operation for more than 8 months, the membranes showed no decrease in permeability. Fluxes up to 40 L/(m2 h) were achieved. An online turbidity measurement was installed for the effluent control and showed no change during this test period. For comparison, a reference (standard MBR process without granules) was operated which demonstrated permeability loss at lower fluxes and required chemical cleaning. Altogether with this process an operation at higher fluxes and no use of cleaning chemicals will increase the cost efficiency of the MBR-process.
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Babadzhanova, O., D. Voytovych, and M. Lavrivskiy. "REDUCING THE DANGER OF WASTE DISPOSAL TO FILTERING STATIONS." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety, no. 18 (December 31, 2018): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.18.2018.12.
Full textAbstract:
Formulation of the problem.
In recent years there has been a decline in the quality of water, both surface and underground sources, involved in the system of centralized water supply. The majority of river basins according to the hygienic classification of water objects according to the degree of pollution can be attributed to contaminated and highly contaminated.This causes the need to increase the role of water treatment facilities and the need to find ways to improve the efficiency of cleaning polluted water. For water purification, mechanical, chemical, physical and biological methods of treatment are used.Among the chemical methods of water treatment, now the most application is the method of chlorination. The main disadvantage of using liquefied chlorine for chlorination is the increased risk of poisoning of the staff of the water treatment plants and in the case of an accident – inhabitants adjacent to these stations of settlements.Presenting main material.Business facilities that use hazardous chemicals (such as chlorine) are potential sources of man-made hazard. Companies that carry out chlorination of water, carry additional costs for object protection, an automated notification system, equipment for the elimination of emissions, special ventilation systems, special systems for storing and neutralizing damaged containers with chlorine.Recently, various modern methods of decontamination have been used to decontaminate drinking water and to reduce the risk. The use of sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant reagent, which is obtained at the site of application by electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions, is one of the most promising methods of decontamination. While retaining all the benefits of chlorination with the use of liquid chlorine, the use of electrolytic sodium hypochlorite avoids the basic complexity associated with the transportation and storage of toxic gas, in addition, to eliminate the constant dependence on the plants supplying liquid chlorine.The analysis of hazards and accidents statistics at water treatment enterprises showed that the greatest percentage of emergency situations occurs during the loading / unloading operations of the substance-cleaner, therefore it is expedient to obtain sodium hypochlorite at the place of use.In order to substantiate the possibility and promise of a more safe method of water purification from the point of view of the technogenic hazard of a method of purification of water, a certain treatment station – «Artemivsk filtering station», located on the outskirts of the city of Bakhmut, was selected.It has been estimated that the depressurization of the chlorine container at the «Artemivsk filtration station» can create a 4.8 km depth zone that will cover part of the city, and if the sodium hypochlorite is applied to the filter station, the depth of the chemical pollution zone decreases to 0.2 km.Conclusions.Safe operation of chemical hazardous objects, which are filtering stations, can be provided under normal and emergency conditions by alternative, safer, disinfection water reagents. While retaining all the benefits of chlorination with the use of liquid chlorine, the use of electrolytic sodium hypochlorite avoids the basic complexity associated with the transport and storage of toxic gas and reduce the danger to the population.
Water purification with sodium hypochlorite instead of chlorine has the following advantages: safe storage and transportation, ease of dispensing, long-term disinfection effect, an absence of a threat of a technogenic accident and the exclusion of negative impact on the health of the city's residents.
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Klegraf, F., and J. Lahnsteiner. "MARAPUR—a new process combination for the optimization of MBR." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 11 (December 1, 2008): 2101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.758.
Full textAbstract:
The MARAPUR concept is a biological wastewater treatment process based on the MBR functional principle. The ultrafiltration of activated sludge takes place in pressure-driven hollow fiber membranes. The vertical membrane modules are installed compactly in a MEGAMODUL. The permeate extraction is accomplished in the cross-flow, which is supported by rinsing aeration. The main process advantages are high filtration performance, excellent operation reliability provided by wastewater fine sieving and reduced cleaning chemicals demand. Wastewater fine sieving with a mesh size of 0.25 mm is an effective measure against membrane clogging by hair and fibers.
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Gornostal, S., D. Horban, and O. Petukhova. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE MODE OF OPERATION OF BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 170 (June 24, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-3-170-35-43.
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Despite the strict requirements for wastewater quality, intensive pollution and accumulation of industrial pollution, potentially hazardous substances, continues in the places of wastewater discharge. Therefore, the aim of the study is to improve the operation of biological wastewater treatment plants to ensure compliance with environmental requirements. To achieve this goal, the features of wastewater treatment are analyzed and it is found that the treatment process depends on the concentration of activated sludge, the amount of air and the properties of the wastewater entering the treatment. With this in mind, it is proposed to adjust the ratio of "sewage active sludge air" to ensure compliance with environmental requirements. Factors influencing the cleaning process are also identified. Such factors are the consumption of wastewater coming for treatment, oxygen saturation of the mixture of activated sludge and wastewater, the quantity and quality of activated sludge fed into the aeration tank. In addition, the peculiarities of the processes occurring in different parts of the buildings are taken into account, and it is proposed to divide the cleaning process into two stages. The first stage takes place in the first corridor of the aeration tank (regenerator), where the activated sludge enters for regeneration. The second stage covers the second or third corridors of the aeration tank and the secondary settling tank, where the wastewater is first mixed with activated sludge, then the mixture is discharged to the secondary settling tank. An experimental study of the cleaning process was carried out, as a result of which the necessary data for the mathematical description of the processes were obtained. After processing the experimental data, regression equations were obtained that describe the purification processes in the system "aeration tank-displacer - secondary settling tank", namely the change in the concentration of activated sludge at the outlet of the regenerator and the change in the concentration of contaminants in the purified water. The adequacy of the equations was checked according to Fisher's test. It was found that the equations are adequate to real processes within the accepted conditions and assumptions. Analytical solutions of the obtained equations allow to analyze the course of purification processes at different stages, to determine the influence of factors on the process. A procedure for the use of equations is proposed, which allows without additional experiments to choose the mode of operation of biological treatment facilities, which will ensure compliance with environmental requirements.
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Wei, Chun-Hai, Xia Huang, Roger Ben Aim, Kazuo Yamamoto, and Gary Amy. "Critical flux and chemical cleaning-in-place during the long-term operation of a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment." Water Research 45, no. 2 (January 2011): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.021.
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Yu, Tong, Chenlu Xu, Feng Chen, Haoshuai Yin, Hao Sun, Lihua Cheng, and Xuejun Bi. "Microcoagulation improved the performance of the UF–RO system treating the effluent from a coastal municipal wastewater treatment plant: a pilot-scale study." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.099.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Microcoagulation has recently been considered as a promising pretreatment for an ultrafiltration (UF) process from numerous studies. To investigate the effects of microcoagulation on the performance of the UF–reverse osmosis (RO) system treating wastewater with high and fluctuant salinity, different dosages of coagulant (poly-aluminum chloride) were added prior to the UF unit in a pilot-scale UF–RO system for a 10-week period operation. Microcoagulation obviously improved the contaminant removal and cleaning efficiencies, including water backwash, chemical enhanced backwash and cleaning in place processes. Organic fouling was dominated during the initial stage of the RO membrane fouling. The microbial communities of water samples and foulant on the RO membrane were similar to those of seawater and foulant on the RO membranes from seawater RO plants. The microbial community of the foulant on the membrane was similar to that of UF permeate and RO concentrate. These results demonstrated that microcoagulation could improve the performance of the UF–RO system treating the effluent with high and fluctuant salinity from a coastal municipal wastewater treatment plant.
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Keucken, A., Y. Wang, K. H. Tng, G. L. Leslie, Kenneth M. Persson, Stephan J. Köhler, and Tom Spanjer. "Evaluation of novel hollow fibre membranes for NOM removal by advanced membrane autopsy." Water Supply 16, no. 3 (November 26, 2015): 628–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.170.
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A full-scale inside out hollow fibre membrane module was operated in a pilot-scale water treatment plant in Sweden for a period of 12 months from August 2013 to July 2014. Liquid chromatography– organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) chromatogram indicated the membranes could effectively remove 86% of dissolved organic carbon and 92% of humic substances from the feedwater. Routine cleaning-in-place was conducted to remove any fouling material accumulated on the membranes. Autopsy of the aged membrane samples after 12 months’ operation suggested no significant changes were detected for the membrane samples obtained from the top, middle and bottom sections of the membrane module and were similar to the virgin membrane sample.
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Silva, Lucas Donizete, and Rubens Gedraite. "Optimization of the CIP system enzyme stage for effluent reduction." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 22 (December 19, 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117034708.
Full textAbstract:
Milk is one of the main foods and possesses considerable nutritional richness. In this sense, the consumption of industrialized food products has increased significantly and with this it is important to know and improve the processes of hygiene of the industry. Clean in Place (CIP) is a useful technology for cleaning equipment and pipes because it avoids dismantling and is made up of several steps, such as cleaning with alkaline detergent, rinsing, applying acid, rinse, sanitize and rinse. The objective of this work was to evaluate the water consumption and the consequent generation of effluent in the alkaline detergent rinsing stage using constant flow and pulsed flow rates and also to propose an optimal configuration of the pulsed flow to minimize the consumption of water and effluent generated. The tests were conducted in a CIP system prototype and executed based on a central composite planning (CCP) changing the variables amplitude, period and duration of the high part. The response surface technique was used to evaluate the effects of each variable on water consumption. It was verified that there is an optimum condition for the operation of the rinse in pulsed form with amplitude 1.5 L / min, period 138 seconds and duration of the high part of 53 seconds. In addition, it has been found that the rinse with pulsed flow produces an economy of approximately 14.52% in relation to the constant flow operation.
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LAHOU, E., L. JACXSENS, J. DAELMAN, F. VAN LANDEGHEM, and M. UYTTENDAELE. "Microbiological Performance of a Food Safety Management System in a Food Service Operation." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-260.
Full textAbstract:
The microbiological performance of a food safety management system in a food service operation was measured using a microbiological assessment scheme as a vertical sampling plan throughout the production process, from raw materials to final product. The assessment scheme can give insight into the microbiological contamination and the variability of a production process and pinpoint bottlenecks in the food safety management system. Three production processes were evaluated: a high-risk sandwich production process (involving raw meat preparation), a medium-risk hot meal production process (starting from undercooked raw materials), and a low-risk hot meal production process (reheating in a bag). Microbial quality parameters, hygiene indicators, and relevant pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli O157) were in accordance with legal criteria and/or microbiological guidelines, suggesting that the food safety management system was effective. High levels of total aerobic bacteria (>3.9 log CFU/50 cm2) were noted occasionally on gloves of food handlers and on food contact surfaces, especially in high contamination areas (e.g., during handling of raw material, preparation room). Core control activities such as hand hygiene of personnel and cleaning and disinfection (especially in highly contaminated areas) were considered points of attention. The present sampling plan was used to produce an overall microbiological profile (snapshot) to validate the food safety management system in place.
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Biryukov, A. B., and Ya S. Vlasov. "Analysis of modern trends in recuperative burners perfection." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 8 (September 6, 2019): 971–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-8-971-978.
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At present, recuperative burners are becoming more extended in the gas-heated facilities, thanks to their significant advantages comparing with conventional gas-burning devices. However, the wide application of the recuperative burners is restricted by their high price. Therefore, studies for perfection recuperative burner designs and technologies of aggregates heating with the burners application are very actual. Results of analysis of modern ways of the burners designs and methods of their application presented, including diagnostics of the recuperative burner heat-exchanging surface state, optimization of the heat-exchanging surface and others. Items of ribbing rational parameters selection for imbedded recuperative devices considered. Perfection of the preliminary combustion chambers and air distribution by combustion stages are important ways of the recuperative burner perfection. It was noted, that in addition to traditional two-stage combustion systems, three-stage combustion systems are appeared lately. It was showed, that under unfavorable conditions of a furnace running, a significant contamination of the recuperative device surface can take place earlier comparing with the set regulation time of periodical cleaning, resulting in losses related to increase of fuel consumption. From the other side, unjustified decrease of the furnace operation period between the recuperative device surfaces cleaning is inconvenient in organization. A methodology of operative diagnostic of a recuperative device state elaborated, due to which the estimation of the imbedded recuperative device heat-exchanging surface state can be done by the identification of the current values of recuperation coefficient and their comparing with the standard values. The methodology enables regulating the periods of cleaning of the surfaces of both the central recuperative devices and recuperative burners.
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Xu, Hongbin, Jaap de Koning, and Ying Geng. "Reliability and efficiency of an advanced tertiary treatment process for wastewater reclamation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 4 (July 20, 2019): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.007.
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Abstract A reliability study for the reclamation of wastewater treatment plant effluent using continuous sand filtration-multimedia filtration (CSF-MMF) combined with ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) has been conducted. The objectives of the research are two-fold: (1) effluent of CSF-MMF can be used for surface water supplementation and (2) permeate of UF-RO can be applied as greenhouse irrigation water. The removal efficiencies for nutrients and electric conductivity (EC) as well as some operational parameters of the pilot plant were investigated. The concentration of T-N, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity in the filtrate of CSF-MMF with external C-course methanol dosage and FeCl3 dosage could be kept at less than 2.2 mg/L, 35 mg/L and 0.9 NTU respectively. Average EC exceeded the required surface water standard by 10% and it was difficult to meet the low surface water standard for T-P (below 0.15 mg/L). The EC of RO permeate was below 20 μS/cm, which was much lower than the standard for greenhouse irrigation. With frequent back flushes, cleaning in place (CIP) and enhanced cleaning the UF could be operated with a constant permeability of 100 L/(m2·h·bar). An appropriate CIP resulted in a recovery of 47–52% of the RO. The protective cartridge filter prior to the RO should be replaced every 2 weeks.
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Malinskiy, T., S. Mikolutskiy, V. Rogalin, Yu Khomich, V. Zheleznov, I. Kaplunov, and A. Ivanova. "Microprocesses at the brass surface after impact of scanning beam of pulse-frequency ultraviolet nanosecond laser." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2052, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2052/1/012024.
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Abstract A mode of laser heat treatment of the brass surface prior to conducting of diffusion bonding is proposed. We used the frequency-pulse radiation of a nanosecond ultraviolet laser at a pulse energy density W = 0.15 - 0.52 J/cm2. The metal sample was moved relative to a stationary laser beam along a raster trajectory (“snake”) so that adjacent spots were overlapped with an overlap ratio of ⩾ 99 %. The impact of radiation on brass was carried out in a subthreshold mode excluding crater formation. The process took place while the metal remained in a condensed state. A regular rough structure with a height of individual uplifts of the order of 1 micron was formed on the surface of the brass. article is devoted to creation of aerosolized detergent compositions, needful for use during operation of high-precision metal mirrors, as a rule, in field conditions. The created detergent compositions with inhibitory properties allow, simultaneously with carrying out the process of physicochemical cleaning of optical surface from technological impurities, to ensure its protection from the influence of adverse climatic factors during storage, transportation, installation and exploitation of the element with the possibility of its alignment. The high climatic resilience of the protective films investigated in this article, which are formed during the cleaning of the optical surface, is shown. In this case, the optical characteristics of the processed elements after climatic tests do not get worse.