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1
Zeng, Lei. "Clean development Mechanism (CDM) Policy and Implementation in China." Licentiate thesis, Västerås : Department of Public Technology, Mälardalen University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-163.
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au, robi_amin@yahoo com, and Md Rabiul Amin. "Technology Transfer For Sustainable Development Through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The Bangladesh Perspectives." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060216.160551.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a new instrument for technology transfer to developing countries, especially Bangladesh, in order to analyse its potential and develop policies and strategies for its successful implementation. The main research question the thesis addresses is whether the Clean Development Mechanism can assist the sustainable development of developing countries, such as Bangladesh.
Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism allows developed countries to invest in abatement opportunities in developing countries and receive credit for the resulting emissions reductions, thus becoming a tool for technology transfer. In the past, developing countries have been eager to participate in technology transfer but this has often come at a cost and not in the most beneficial way. The spirit of the CDM is to support sustainable development and encourage mutually beneficial transfer of appropriate technologies.
The CDM is a form of market tool in which valuable goods and services are to be bought and sold. A number of technical, regulatory, project finance and administrative functions must be performed for this tool to operate. Many of these functions may be most effectively undertaken by private markets or existing international institutions. However, developing countries face problems during international technology transfer, that are still apparent under the CDM; for example: lack of proper knowledge, inadequate bargaining power, insufficient skilled persons and capable human resources, not enough adaptive capabilities, limited number of sophisticated physical facilities, fear about the effective control over national assets, uncertainty about the effects of foreign investment on the exploitation of national resources, etc. On the other hand, the CDM has the potential to fund technological leapfrogging that would enable developing countries to bypass inefficient choices, such as coal technology, made by industrialised countries.
Poverty alleviation and development problems have been the main concern of poor countries among an obvious shortage of good will on the part of governments in industrialised countries to contribute towards these aims. New mechanisms that can stimulate investment from government as well as the private sector are needed to combat these shortcomings. Does the CDM have the potential to contribute to these broader goals? This research explores how the Clean Development Mechanism can potentially play such a role and how suitable it is within the broader picture of poverty and underdevelopment in the case of Bangladesh.
This thesis argues that the CDM, which came into force early in 2005, has the potential to become a useful tool in coping with climate change and benefit the entire global population. However, the majority of developing countries will have to balance national necessities, such as poverty eradication, food security and education, with encouraging CDM projects. The only way the CDM can contribute to sustainable development in these parts of the world (including Bangladesh) is if the mechanism embraces simultaneously social, economic and environmental responsibility and avoids becoming yet another tool to make the economically rich more richer.
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Amin, Mohammed Rabiul. "Technology transfer for sustainable development through clean development mechanism (CDM) : the Bangladesh perspectives /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2005.
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Amin, Md Rabiul. "Technology transfer for sustainable development through clean development mechanism (CDM): the Bangladesh perspectives." Thesis, Amin, Md. Rabiul (2005) Technology transfer for sustainable development through clean development mechanism (CDM): the Bangladesh perspectives. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51/.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a new instrument for technology transfer to developing countries, especially Bangladesh, in order to analyse its potential and develop policies and strategies for its successful implementation. The main research question the thesis addresses is whether the Clean Development Mechanism can assist the sustainable development of developing countries, such as Bangladesh.
Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism allows developed countries to invest in abatement opportunities in developing countries and receive credit for the resulting emissions reductions, thus becoming a tool for technology transfer. In the past, developing countries have been eager to participate in technology transfer but this has often come at a cost and not in the most beneficial way. The spirit of the CDM is to support sustainable development and encourage mutually beneficial transfer of appropriate technologies.
The CDM is a form of market tool in which valuable goods and services are to be bought and sold. A number of technical, regulatory, project finance and administrative functions must be performed for this tool to operate. Many of these functions may be most effectively undertaken by private markets or existing international institutions. However, developing countries face problems during international technology transfer, that are still apparent under the CDM; for example: lack of proper knowledge, inadequate bargaining power, insufficient skilled persons and capable human resources, not enough adaptive capabilities, limited number of sophisticated physical facilities, fear about the effective control over national assets, uncertainty about the effects of foreign investment on the exploitation of national resources, etc. On the other hand, the CDM has the potential to fund 'technological leapfrogging' that would enable developing countries to bypass inefficient choices, such as coal technology, made by industrialised countries.
Poverty alleviation and development problems have been the main concern of poor countries among an obvious shortage of good will on the part of governments in industrialised countries to contribute towards these aims. New mechanisms that can stimulate investment from government as well as the private sector are needed to combat these shortcomings. Does the CDM have the potential to contribute to these broader goals? This research explores how the Clean Development Mechanism can potentially play such a role and how suitable it is within the broader picture of poverty and underdevelopment in the case of Bangladesh.
This thesis argues that the CDM, which came into force early in 2005, has the potential to become a useful tool in coping with climate change and benefit the entire global population. However, the majority of developing countries will have to balance national necessities, such as poverty eradication, food security and education, with encouraging CDM projects. The only way the CDM can contribute to sustainable development in these parts of the world (including Bangladesh) is if the mechanism embraces simultaneously social, economic and environmental responsibility and avoids becoming yet another tool to make the economically rich more richer.
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Amin, Md Rabiul. "Technology transfer for sustainable development through clean development mechanism (CDM): the Bangladesh perspectives." Amin, Md. Rabiul (2005) Technology transfer for sustainable development through clean development mechanism (CDM): the Bangladesh perspectives. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/51/.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to examine the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a new instrument for technology transfer to developing countries, especially Bangladesh, in order to analyse its potential and develop policies and strategies for its successful implementation. The main research question the thesis addresses is whether the Clean Development Mechanism can assist the sustainable development of developing countries, such as Bangladesh.
Under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism allows developed countries to invest in abatement opportunities in developing countries and receive credit for the resulting emissions reductions, thus becoming a tool for technology transfer. In the past, developing countries have been eager to participate in technology transfer but this has often come at a cost and not in the most beneficial way. The spirit of the CDM is to support sustainable development and encourage mutually beneficial transfer of appropriate technologies.
The CDM is a form of market tool in which valuable goods and services are to be bought and sold. A number of technical, regulatory, project finance and administrative functions must be performed for this tool to operate. Many of these functions may be most effectively undertaken by private markets or existing international institutions. However, developing countries face problems during international technology transfer, that are still apparent under the CDM; for example: lack of proper knowledge, inadequate bargaining power, insufficient skilled persons and capable human resources, not enough adaptive capabilities, limited number of sophisticated physical facilities, fear about the effective control over national assets, uncertainty about the effects of foreign investment on the exploitation of national resources, etc. On the other hand, the CDM has the potential to fund 'technological leapfrogging' that would enable developing countries to bypass inefficient choices, such as coal technology, made by industrialised countries.
Poverty alleviation and development problems have been the main concern of poor countries among an obvious shortage of good will on the part of governments in industrialised countries to contribute towards these aims. New mechanisms that can stimulate investment from government as well as the private sector are needed to combat these shortcomings. Does the CDM have the potential to contribute to these broader goals? This research explores how the Clean Development Mechanism can potentially play such a role and how suitable it is within the broader picture of poverty and underdevelopment in the case of Bangladesh.
This thesis argues that the CDM, which came into force early in 2005, has the potential to become a useful tool in coping with climate change and benefit the entire global population. However, the majority of developing countries will have to balance national necessities, such as poverty eradication, food security and education, with encouraging CDM projects. The only way the CDM can contribute to sustainable development in these parts of the world (including Bangladesh) is if the mechanism embraces simultaneously social, economic and environmental responsibility and avoids becoming yet another tool to make the economically rich more richer.
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Jaynutapong, Sawayos. "Sustainability Ascertainment for CDM: : The case study of renewable energy projects in China." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58631.
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China’s spectacular economic growth during the last decade has brought many benefits and challenges. As China poised to leapfrog today’s global economics creates huge negative environmental impact thus make China becomes one of the biggest potential to reduce its emissions. Further, China made rapid progress in learning how to mitigate its pollution by becoming the major player of the global carbon market with expecting to have its own cost efficient for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by learning through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). However, to assist Annex I countries in meeting their greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets with cost-effective reduction is not the only goal of CDM but also to achieve sustainable development in non-Annex I countries. Nonetheless, the first objective is measurable in term of the greenhouse gas reduction amount while the second objective is difficult to determine due to lacking of clear procedure and well proven methodologies and limited knowledge on the application of CDM sustainable development assessment. As China being the major player in CDM market especially in renewable energy projects therefore sustainability assessment are needed to ascertain if CDM projects are actually contributing to sustainable development. The research question that this paper aims to answer: How to measure sustainability performance from CDM renewables projects in China? I will discuss and propose a sustainability assessment tool which is based on quantified data. To provide solutions to this problem, the aim translates into a set of six specific research questions: What is the definition and criterion for CDM projects in regards to its contribution to sustainable development in China?, What are the requirements for an effective sustainability assessment for CDM renewables projects?, How suitable are the existing methodology in respond to determine sustainable development performance?, Is the developed methodology applicable with CDM renewables projects in China?, What is the best sustainable CDM renewable energy project for China?, What will China benefit in implementing this developed methodology? A SWOT analysis distinguished the MATA-CDM methodology from the other methodologies, and an appraising tool was further developed. With a flexibility and people related preferences, this tool is applicable to any size of project. As one of the objectives of the thesis is to help China define better sustainable development criteria and indicators, the ultimate sustainability performance ascertainment tool offers the height of rarity and possibility to ensure sustainability performance results for each and every examined CDM renewable energy project in China. The results of the fiveregistered CDM projects are actively exhibited that they have positively promoted sustainable development in China, even though a few projects have been ineffective in the development. Thus to improve sustainability performance of a project, project developer need to understand the implication of China’s sustainable development criteria and better understand the activities that can truly improve project sustainability performance an with the developed methodology, China can improve its society, environment, and nation economy in terms of sustainable development.
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de, Souza Roberta Haikal. "Distributional Impact of an Ethanol-Based Clean Development Mechanism Project In Brazil." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1113338406.
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Muvundika, Alick Bulala. "Development of a framework for assessing sustainability benefits of landfill gas Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2015. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/12874/.
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The twin objectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are to assist developing country host nations in achieving sustainable development, and to assist developed countries in meeting their greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction targets. This is achieved through implementing GHG abatement projects in developing countries. There has been increased attention in the contribution of CDM projects to sustainable development in host nations. Previous research has suggested that, when left to market forces, the CDM does not contribute effectively to sustainable development. One likely reason is that host nations define and evaluate projects contribution to sustainable development. This has led to a “race to bottom” with regard to setting sustainability standards triggered by a concern that project developers prioritise CDM investments in countries with lower sustainability standards. Researchers have identified the need for an international standard for assessing sustainable development benefits of CDM projects. The main aim of this research was to develop an international level framework for assessing sustainable development benefits of CDM projects with a specific focus on landfill gas (LFG) projects. An in-depth literature review was carried out to establish the link between sustainable development benefits of CDM projects in general, and LFG CDM projects in particular. A case study methodology was used to develop an understanding of landfill management practices at three existing landfill sites both in developed (n=1) and developing countries (n=2). The results from the literature review and case studies were utilized to develop the framework for assessing sustainable development benefits of LFG CDM projects. The developed framework comprises three sustainable development dimensions and 12 criteria with 16 matching indicators. Such a project specific assessment framework has not previously been developed. The results from the validation of the framework suggested that technology transfer is the most likely benefit of any LFG CDM project while balance of payments is the least likely benefit. The proposed framework can be utilised at two stages in a CDM project lifecycle. It can be used as: (i) a template to guide host nations’ Designated National Authorities (DNAs) on how to review projects before issuing Letters of Approval (LoA); and (ii) Designated Operating Entities (DOEs) can also use the developed framework to validate and verify that sustainable development benefits stated in project proposals have been realised at the project level.
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Meng, Tianyu. "Study on Plant Load Factor of Wind Power CDM Projects." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-204402.
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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), is a market-based mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. It allows developed countries to implement emission reduction projects in developing countries, to assist their sustainable development; meanwhile, developed countries gain credits which could be used to meet part of their emission reduction targets under this protocol. There is a wide range of various types of CDM projects, among which, wind power projects account for the largest share. Additionality is a key component for CDM projects’ eligibility and to ensure CDM’s environmental integrity. It means that the emission reduction after the implementation of the project is additional to any that would have occurred in the absence of the certified CDM project. For wind CDM projects, the controversy on additionality raised debate and attention internationally, especially the concern if project developers deliberately underestimated Plant Load Factor (PLF) so as to meet the CDM additionality criterion. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) CDM Executive Board 63rd meeting, the UNFCCC Secretariat and the Registration and Issuance Team (RIT) proposed different decisions regarding a request forissuance of a Wind CDM project due to different views on the estimated PLF. The Board discussed the issue andrequested a study on the PLF variations, which is the origin, and also a partial content of this thesis.In this thesis, relevant parameters are firstly defined – parameters such as Estimated PLF, Actual PLF, etc, and to better illustrate the magnitude of the PLF variation, the concept of Relative Variation of PLF is adopted, which is measured as the absolute difference of Estimated PLF and Actual PLF compared with Estimated PLF. Then a database in spreadsheet with all defined parameters of sampled projects is set up on the basis of collected information and calculation. Afterwards an investigation of PLFs and comparison analyses of Estimated PLFs and Actual PFLs is conducted. Considering there are two groups of Wind CDM projects, i.e. small-scale and large-scale; and considering the distributions of projects’ hosting countries, the comparison analyses are then conducted firstly for all projects, and then separated for small-scale and large-scale projects, and lastly separated for projects based on different hosting countries. The final results show that a minority of projects have underestimated PLFs, and a very small proportion of projects, either in all projects, or on different scales or in different hosting countries have underestimated PLFs to a level that is out of acceptable range. Therefore, thestudy concludes that there should be no concern on the PLF issue in Wind CDM projects.
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Oganne, Galonkge. "The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) : analysing the financial viability of potential CDM projects, and assessing associated sustainable development impacts for South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6927.
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Bibliography: leaves 85-91.A growing concern regarding the limitation inherent in the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for encouraging prompt global action on climate change has been key in vitalising climate change negotiations. The UNFCCC process has triggered further negotiations and related international forums on climate change that eventually led to the birth of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. This outcome represents a legally enforceable strategy for reinforcing the UNFCCC. Being among the first key climate change regime milestones, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted to enable a working environment for international co-operation against the threat of climate change to humanity. To this end, incorporates carbon emissions reduction instruments known as 'flexibility mechanisms' to achieve the overall objective of “... stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere ...” (UNFCCC 1992). Of the four climate change mitigation implementation instruments (or mechanisms), the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) stands out as the only one relevant for the developing world. The thesis investigates the potential for the CDM to both protect and promote the indigenous development policy objectives of the Southern project-host countries in the context of a new paradigm of sustainable development The CDM would support local capacity building and provide a tool for enabling technology reception in the South; and would set up a unique arrangement by which the Northern parties will have access to more cost-effective avenues in fulfilling their climate commitments than pursuing domestic measures. The core of the rationale behind the thesis stems from a need for expanding the insight into how the CDM will achieve its primary purpose of enhancing sustainable development for developing country-based participants. Austin et al (1999) reviewed this question for three other developing countries (Le. Brazil, China and India), in an effort to enhance the insight into measuring sustainable development outcomes arising from the CDM. The thesis employs a South African socio-economic development context for investigation. The thesis also assesses how supporting CDM-driven activities will be worthwhile, from an economic standpoint, for potential project investors or developers in developing countries. The thesis investigates the investment (or financial) performance of CDM projects by comparing the impact, on a project's Internal Rate of Return (IRR), of incorporating an associated carbon investment component within a conventional project investment framework. For this, it focuses on four of the country's potential energy sector climate mitigation projects as case studies for its investigation.
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Valacchi, Giulia. "An intertemporal pricing model for CO2 allowances: The impact of the clean development mechanism." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11603.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsThe increasing global attention to greenhouse emissions and the recent creation of EU Emission Trading Scheme has clearly suggested the need of consistent methods to value projects aimed to reduce gases. This need particularly concerns companies that have to find a way to both remain profitable and conform to new legal requirements. Multiple ways of cutting emission costs are available nowadays: short term abatement measures, which primary involve switching production machinery from coal to gas; long term abatement measures, which envisage the implementation of new types of projects .e.g Clean Development Mechanism or Joint Implementation Mechanism suggested by Kyoto Protocol -. In this work we study the impact of the introduction of both kinds of policy in a pricing model for CO2 allowances.
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Jikai, Zhang. "CDM projects and China’s CO2 emission reduction in 2006-2020." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58646.
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The Clean Development Mechanism under Kyoto Protocol created a new age for current global emission situation. China, who owns over one third of the whole CDM projects in the world, occupies the main part of CDM development. As one of the biggest and most active economy, China declared that they would reduce their carbon emission by 40%-45% per unit GDP in 2020 compared with the 2005 level, in which CDM has the chance to highlight its value. By the day 28 April 2010, there are 814 registered CDM projects distributed in different provinces in China mainland and this number is still increasing rapidly. Because of large number of CDM projects and the significantly distinct situations in different regions of China, the author chooses two provinces, Shandong and Shaanxi, in east and west of China respectively, as representative samples to do this study. This essay investigates the current situation of CDM projects in those two provinces, and studies the contribution of these projects to emission reduction of Shandong and Shaanxi provinces in last and the next several years. The result shows that CDM projects do contribute to future potential emission reduction but their contribution are limited in these two provinces.
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Lucatello, Simone <1973>. "Assessing the clean development mechanism contribution to sustainable development in Mexico (2005-2010)." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1055.
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The dissertation explores the role of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), an offset mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol (art. 12) that allows the crediting of emission reductions from Greenhouse Gas (GHG) abatement projects in developing countries, and its contribution to Sustainable Development (SD) in Mexico. One of the growing concerns about the performance of the CDM under current international negotiations for the post Kyoto regime (2012) deals with its weak capacity to deliver on its environmental and SD objectives in countries where it is implemented. Through a sustainability assessment, the thesis analizes if and how CDM projects in Mexico are fulfilling one of the main objectives for which it was created and to what extent during the period 2005-2010.
The main argument of the thesis – besides the criticism about the efficiency and efficacy of the CDM itself- is that considering the extreme flexibility of SD criteria established by the Mexican government through the Designated National Authority (DNA), CDM proejcts have a relative impact on SD in some key dimensions such as environmental, economical, and to a lesser extent, social one. CDM relation with SD and its contribution in Mexico is however a complex topic to understand, partly due to the vague definition of SD adopted at country level and stakeholders positions towards the CDM itself.La tesi analizza il ruolo del Meccanismo di Sviluppo Pulito (MSP) - un meccanismo di compensazione previsto nell‘art. 12 del Protocollo di Kyoto che consente l'accredito di buoni di carbonio derivati dalle riduzioni di emissioni di gas a effetto serra (GHG) per mezzo di progetti applicati nei paesi in via di sviluppo - e il suo contributo al miglioramento delle strategie di sviluppo sostenibile (SS) adottate nel caso del Messico. Una delle crescenti preoccupazioni a livello internazionale sulle prestazioni del MSP e per lo stesso futuro del protocollo di Kyoto (pst-2012) é precisamente la sua poca capacità di complementare o raggiungere gli obiettivi ambientali e di SS nei paesi dove viene applicato. Pertanto, attraverso una valutazione della sua sostenibilità, la tesi analizza se e come i progetti del MSP in Messico stanno compiendo con uno degli obiettivi principali per cui è stato creato e in quale misura, nel corso del periodo 2005-2010. L'argomento principale della tesi, al di lá delle considerazioni sull‘efficienza ed efficacia del MSP per se, è che considerando l'estrema flessibilità dei criteri dello sviluppo sostenbile stabiliti dal governo messicano attraverso la National Designated Authority (DNA), i progetti del MSP hanno un impatto relativo in alcune dimensioni chiave come quelle ambientali, economiche e, in misura minore, in quelle sociali. La relazione tra il MSP e il suo contributo allo SS in Messico è comunque un argomento complesso da analizzare, in parte dovuto alla vaga definizione di SS adottata a livello nazionale e le posizioni assunte dai diversi soggetti interessati alla realizzazione dei progetti nel paese.
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Balkmar, Liv. "Different views of how CDM projects contribute to sustainable development : A study of stakeholder perspectives of two large-scale renewable energy projets in Southern India." Thesis, Linköping University, The Tema Institute, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12541.
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Climate change and sustainable development are interlinked in several ways. A global sustainable development with decreased emissions of green-house gases is seen as a prerequisite for mitigation of climate change. Simultaneously a changing climate will put constraints to development endeavours in developing countries. Yet, a sustainable pathway should include both mitigation and adaptation to climate change facilitating social development, economic growth and a stable environment in developing countries. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is combining reduced green-house gas emissions with sustainable development in the CDM project’s host country. This so called dual goal has turned out hard to fulfil, especially the local development objective.
This thesis studies how CDM projects contribute to local development and how this development is viewed differently by various stakeholders. This was made through qualitative interviews with actors connected to two CDM projects in Southern India. In addition, a literature review and a document study was made. The projects chosen are in the renewable energy sector, using biomass fuel. Renewable energy is regarded as an important factor to come to terms with increasing green-house gas emissions.
The results from the literature review and document study show that the expected contribution by CDM projects to local sustainable development is usually expressed in terms of employment, distribution of benefits, social infrastructure, access to energy and technology transfer. The environmental benefit is included in the reduction of green-house gas emissions. In the context of local development, stakeholder participation is brought up as an important factor. The results of the interviews present similar categories of development linked to CDM projects. However, differing views of actual local development assisted by the CDM project was discerned in the answers.
This study points to scale-related problems linked to the global benefit of mitigation of climate change in combination with local development. In conclusion, there is a need for monitoring and evaluation of actual contribution by CDM projects to local sustainable development. To facilitate local sustainable benefits of CDM projects, enhanced stakeholder participation is necessary during the whole project activity period.
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Sun, Qie. "Understanding the Clean Development Mechanism and its dual aims : the case of China's projects." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-37462.
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Having been running for over 10 years, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is considered an innovative and successful mitigation initiative. CDM has the dual aims of helping industrialised countries achieve compliance with their emission limitation and reduction commitments in a cost-effective way, while simultaneously assisting developing countries in sustainable development. This thesis does a comprehensive analysis of the dual aims of CDM and is intended to assist in discussions about the post-2012 regime regarding CDM. To analyse the aim of assisting mitigation in a cost-effective way, the prices of certified emission reductions (CERs) on the international carbon market was studied and the provision of CDM was tested by comparing the amount of CERs with the mitigation commitments of the Annex I countries. It was found that CDM plays an important role in maintaining the international carbon price at a low level and that the total amount of CERs alone had already reached up to 52.70% of the entire mitigation commitments of industrialized countries by the end of 2010 and was continuing to grow before 2012. A theoretical analysis of the impacts of CDM showed that CDM has a double mitigation effect in both developing countries and industrialised countries, without double counting at present. A quantitative evaluation of the effects of China’s CDM projects on China’s total emissions showed that the contribution of CDM projects to limiting total emissions is small due to the dominance of fossil fuels, but CDM’s role in stimulating renewable energy is significant, e.g. about 11% of hydropower and 93% of wind power was generated by CDM projects in 2010. The results provide strong evidence in support of CDM’s contribution under the current Kyoto Protocol mitigation regime. To analyse the aim of promoting sustainable development in developing countries, popular methods such as checklist, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) were reviewed, a CBA of co-benefits of China’s CDM projects was carried out, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied in an experimental study. The results showed that every method has its own advantages and problems. In other words, neither the CBA of co-benefits nor the AHP method alone is able to assess sustainable development in a completely satisfactory way. Currently, a bottom-up approach through engaging local stakeholders in CDM design and approval, combining a mandatory monitoring and evaluation of co-benefits, could be more effective for safeguarding local sustainable development than any consolidated standards. The future of the CDM is still unclear mainly due to uncertainties about the post-2012 regime. This thesis shows that there is more than sufficient reason for CDM to continue after 2012. Industrialised countries in general should make more substantial efforts to reduce their domestic emissions rather than blaming developing countries. For developing countries, learning from the CDM projects and further applying the knowledge, technology and experiences to their domestic development agenda could be more valuable than the present CER revenues. CDM can be an important starting point for developing countries to gradually make incremental greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and limitation efforts.QC 20110817
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Aguilar, Rodriguez Adriana. "Building networks in the Climate Change Convention : co-ordination failure in the establishment of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in Mexico." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/building-networks-in-the-climate-change-convention--coordination-failure-in-the-establishment-of-clean-development-mechanism-cdm-in-mexico(02f1f20b-914a-4ca0-8ce0-0423ab3e6100).html.
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This thesis evaluates why the implementation of a tree plantation project in Chiapas, Mexico, called Scolel Te failed in its attempt to participate in the CDMs scheme. The Scolel Te project brings together farmers and local organisations into a network of exchange of resources that aims at producing an outcome that is only possible through the co-ordination and co-operation of all participants: the emission of carbon certificates. This thesis studies the co-ordination problems that local actors face at the moment of establishing the carbon projects by identifying how formal and informal mechanisms such as contracts, economic incentives, trust, and reputation, create or solve co-ordination problems in the Scolel Te network. The thesis also describes how changes in the distribution of power among actors affect the functioning of the network and how individual's interests and strategic alliances have the potential of derailing the aims of the environmental project. For such purposes, this thesis analyses the exchange relationships among actors at the micro level and identifies how exchange relationships evolve over time. Then an overall picture of the exchange relationships is presented (macro level) with focus in understanding how and why power in the network is exerted. Findings suggest that relying on economic incentives as the main mechanism to generate commitment among communities has failed to create stable exchange relationships in the long term. Trust and reputation are stronger mechanisms to achieve commitment. Moreover, we find that the ability to generate commitment depends highly on the generation of interdependencies between tree plantation projects and the main economic activities of local actors. However, type of land tenure, main economic activity, and pre-existing power relationships embedded at local level are also the principal factors that determine the dynamism of the social exchange relationships and commitment in the long-run. This thesis considers that co-ordination failure occurs because a lack of knowledge about the real dependencies between local actors and their natural resources in the design of CDMs. At macro level, this thesis found that the lack of accountability of the unregulated local carbon market at local level has created unintended incentives for actors to adopt less environmentally responsible strategies and disincentive participation in the CDMs.
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Qirui, Yang. "Impacts on sustainable development of two CDM projects : A comparison using AHP method." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58644.
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Nowadays the mitigation of climate change and the reduction of greenhouse gases are one of the priorities in the international affairs. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the products generated according to this request. For China, CDM brings advanced technologies in terms of energy saving and emission reduction, and driving forces for sustainable development, hereby the development of CDM projects is in full swing in China so far. However, it is not easy to decide which type of CDM projects is suitable for a certain city or region, which project contributes more to sustainable development compared with others, when it comes to several alternatives. In this case, decision-makers require a tool to help make a rational decision. As one of the approaches of assisting in making decisions, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is able to provide assistance for decision-makers to compare the contribution of discrepant CDM projects to sustainable development. Moreover, a case study is taken between two typical CDM projects: HFC23 decomposition project and small-scale hydropower project, so as to check if AHP is useable. The result of the case study indicates that HFC23 decomposition project contributes more than small-scale hydropower plant project to sustainable development, which is not in line with China’s CDM development trend for these two projects (NCCCC, 2005), due to the different represented interests of the study group and the real decision-makers. Nevertheless, the result is rational and valid since there is nothing wrong with the AHP method and its application. In addition, in order to improve the effect of assisting in decision making, AHP was tried to be improved in three respects: impairing subjectiveness, avoiding rank reversal and improving accuracy. Even though for AHP itself, DEA/AHP approach could successfully eliminate the subjectiveness, however when it comes to this very case: compare CDM projects in terms of contribution to sustainable development in China, it cannot play an effective role. Moreover, PCA/AHP method cannot eliminate the subjectiveness at the root either. The framework method provides a possibility in theory to increase objectiveness. Two expects provided a feasible way to avoid rank reversal in their article, and the two pathways of improving results accuracy mentioned in this thesis are considered inappropriate in this case. On the other side, concerning AHP application, how to covert realistic issues to AHP structure, how to get desirable initial information, and how to avoid limitation generated by considerable criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives are considered as the difficulties which should be paid attention. In future, AHP could be applied frequently and effectively concerning providing assistance in making decisions in China, if the stakeholders as many as possible are involved in decision-making process.
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Adejonwo-Osho, Oluwatoyin. "Effective fulfilment, implementation, and supervision of the validation and registration requirements for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects : a missing link in the achievement of the sustainable development objective of the CDM." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e66677ef-3954-466d-829e-d46194e8e340.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was established by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol to promote sustainable development in developing countries and, at the same time, assist developed countries to achieve their emission reduction commitments in a cost-effective way. The CDM appears to have been successful in its delivering its cost-effective objective but it is debatable if it has been as successful in promoting sustainable development in developing countries. Previous research studies have shown that overall, the CDM is not contributing a great deal to sustainable development. This is because, inter alia, there is no system in place for the effective implementation and supervision of the CDM’s sustainable development objective, either at the international or national levels. Proposed CDM projects are required to fulfil validation and registration (V & R) requirements as a prerequisite for their registration as CDM projects. The effective fulfilment, implementation and supervision of these should, presumably, contribute to the achievement of the CDM’s sustainable development objective in CDM host countries. This is because some of these requirements, such as stakeholder participation and environmental impact assessment are generally regarded in international law as key tools for promoting sustainable development. The overall aim of this thesis is to consider the broad question of why the CDM is failing to achieve its sustainable development objective. To answer this question, this thesis focuses specifically on the fulfilment, implementation, and supervision of the V & R requirements for CDM projects, and their role in helping the CDM achieve this objective. None of the previous research studies examined the suitability of the V & R requirements and the fulfilment, implementation and supervision of the V & R requirements, to address the broad question of why the CDM is failing to achieve its sustainable development objective. Therefore, this thesis seeks to fill this gap by answering two main questions: to what extent are the V & R requirements suitable for promoting sustainable development?; how are the V & R requirements for CDM projects fulfilled, supervised and implemented in practice, and has the practical application of the V & R requirements helped or hindered the promotion of sustainable development? To answer these two main questions, the thesis undertakes an assessment of the V & R requirements for CDM projects in order to determine if the requirements are well-suited to promote sustainable development in the CDM. To answer the second part of the main question, the research assesses selected registered and rejected projects. The projects were assessed in order to come to a conclusion on whether the V & R requirements for CDM projects are being fulfilled by project participants, and implemented and supervised by the CDM institutional bodies in a manner that can contribute to the sustainable development objective of the CDM. The findings from the research show that the V & R requirements for CDM projects, as they are currently framed in the rules governing the CDM, are not suitable to promote sustainable development in CDM host countries and do not assist the CDM achieve its sustainable development objective. The research also shows that the V & R requirements are not being effectively fulfilled, implemented and supervised in a way that enhances the ability of the CDM to meet its sustainable development objective. This thesis concluded that this is as a direct result of the lack of minimum standards and guidelines for the fulfilment of the requirements, which also impacts on the way in which the requirements can be implemented and supervised by the CDM’s institutional bodies. Therefore, this thesis argues that effective fulfilment, implementation and supervision of the V & R requirements will contribute to sustainable development in CDM host countries. However, in order to achieve this, minimum standards and guidelines are required to guide the effective fulfilment, implementation and supervision of the V & R requirements.
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Ewerton, Maria, and Linus Åkerblom. "Clean Development Mechanism - Key to the future? : A minor field study of organizations working in rural areas in Vietnam with renewable energy sources." Thesis, Linnaeus University, Linnaeus School of Business and Economics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-6397.
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A scholarship from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) made it possible for the authors to collect primary data on location in Vietnam. Through a study of three organizations we aimed to create an understanding of the Clean Development Mechanism.
Despite all the natural resources and the potential of renewable energy in Vietnam, a large percent of the electricity production comes from coal and other sources that contribute to carbon dioxide emissions. However, there are organizations working nationwide with implementing renewable energy projects and educating the Vietnamese. Since the birth of carbon market in connection with the Kyoto Protocol new possibilities have emerged as e.g the Clean Development Mechanism. For example high quality carbon offsetting companies are working on projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The purpose of this thesis is to study and describe how three organizations are working with renewable energy in rural areas in Vietnam and their connection to Clean Development Mechanism.
We have carried out an explorative study with an inductive approach. Our three semi-structured interviews were conducted as personal interviews at location in Vietnam. We also had two informative meetings, also in Vietnam. Beyond, we had e-mail correspondents with a number of professionals in their field.
Due to the heavy bureaucracy the Governmental process rate is slow, which are making projects such as in the area of renewable energy difficult to initiate. Also the Governmental interest in renewable energy as a source of generating electricity is limited. However, new policies are on the agenda which might increase the support for organisations working towards a sustainable development.
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Lora, Beatriz Acquaro. "Potencial de geração de créditos de carbono e perspectivas de modernização do setor sucroalcooleiro do Estado de São Paulo através do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-22042009-142656/.
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A necessidade mundial de mitigação dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e a mobilização internacional para atingir os objetivos de redução estabelecidos pela Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas para Mudanças Climáticas (CQNUMC) deram abertura para que finalmente as energias renováveis pudessem ser utilizadas e aumentassem sua parcela na matriz energética mundial. No Brasil, a sólida indústria sucroalcooleira atualmente desenvolve projetos de redução de emissões de carbono no âmbito do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) do Protocolo de Quioto, por meio de 18 projetos baseados na geração de energia elétrica renovável excedente através da cogeração, com exportação para a rede elétrica nacional, deslocando energia marginal termelétrica de origem fóssil, em apenas 20 unidades produtoras paulistas. Neste trabalho foi projetado um cenário ideal de reduções de emissões, que considerou a adesão total de 151 usinas paulistas para a safra de 2006/2007, para cinco cenários patamares tecnológicos de cogeração, com queima de bagaco e também aproveitamento da palha. Foi utilizando os parâmetros tecnológicos elaborados pela Comissão Especial de Bioenergia do Governo do Estado de São Paulo e o fator de linha de base de 0,268 tCO2e/MWh adotado pelos projetos de MDL em operação no Estado de São Paulo. No cenário tecnológico mais conservador as emissões evitadas somariam 1.404.593 tCO2e/ano. Para o cenário ideal as emissões evitadas somam 12.199.443 tCO2e/ano. Para composição do cenário ideal também foram calculadas as emissões referentes à queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar.The world-wide necessity of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) mitigation and the intergovernmental mobilization to reach the objectives established by the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has opened space for the renewable energy increase in the worlds energy matrix. In Brazil, the solid sugarcane industry currently develops business in the scope of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyotos Protocol, by means of 18 biomass-based projects, with renewable energy generation through bagasse cogeneration at 20 São Paulo States sugarcane production units. The projects activitys consists of increasing the efficiency in the bagasse cogeneration facilities, qualifying the units to sell surplus electricity to the national grid, avoiding the dispatch of same amount of energy produced by fossil-fuelled thermal plants to that grid. The reduced emissions are measured in carbon equivalent and can be converted into negotiable credits. The objective of this dissertation was to build a state of art scenario, calculating the potential emissions reduction through CDM projects for the sugarcane sector of São Paulo State, in which we consider the adherence of all the production units of the State to the CDM projects. The technological parameters used to elaborate the scenario were provided by the São Paulo State Government Bioenergy Special Commission and the baseline factor used of 0,268 tCO2e/MWh was that adopted by the CDM projects in operation in the State. The sugarcane database for the calculations was the production ranking provided by UNICA for the 2006/2007 season. In the most conservative scenario 131 units could avoid the emission of 1.404.593 tCO2e/year. For state of art scenario, the units could avoid 12.199.443 tCO2e/year. Also have been calculated the sugarcane straw burning emission for the sugarcane harvested in 2006/2007 season.
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Richter, Harald [Verfasser]. "Local Economic Development (LED) and Climate Change Mitigation: Local Economic Development as a means to promote mitigation projects with particular reference to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)– taking Namibia as an example / Harald Richter." Koblenz : Universitätsbibliothek Koblenz, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1057899348/34.
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Schumann, Dolf. "A feasibility study of a CDM compliant small-scale biomass gasification electricity generation project at a Western Cape wine cellar." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14633.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a small-scale biomass gasification system within the context of a cooperative wine cellar operation in the Western Cape of South Africa. Central to this goal was the questions whether the time for the implementation of such small-scale renewable energy technologies in South Africa has arrived, in light of the status quo which has changed drastically from the days of abundant and cheap coal-based electricity, and whether the new opportunities afforded by the CDM can help foster financial feasibility. There are various macro-drivers contributing to the current-day emphasis on renewable energy and cogeneration projects. The first and most pressing driver is the global climate change imperative, while the others include the increased aspiration of countries towards energy security, the realization of the importance of sustainable development and the subsequent renewable energy policies that falls within the ambit of sustainable development. Small-scale biomass gasification technology still poses some challenges, particularly when it comes to the gasification of agricultural residues, as with grape residues in the case of this project. The most important technical feasibility problem to overcome is the low ash agglomeration temperature of grape residues reported in the literature. Although the local equipment manufacturer foresees no problem in this regard with their system design - since they have conducted tests on sunflower seed residues, which have similar ash properties, without experiencing any agglomeration problems - the seriousness of this aspect will be confirmed during pilot trials. In order to be eligible for emissions reduction trading under the CDM, the project must adequately demonstrate that the emissions reductions are additional to the business-as-usual scenario, in both the environmental and financial sense. The project will satisfy the environmental additionality requirement, since in its absence the wine cellar will continue its full reliance on coal-based electricity from the grid. Financial additionality, in its strictest sense, requires for the project to be infeasible if it does not pursue CDM participation, which the financial feasibility modeling results indicated to be true in this case. A feasibility model was developed to - subject to the input parameter values assumed and basic assumptions made - be able to assess the financial viability of the project. The main assumptions were that the private feed-in into the national electricity grid was available to all IPPs, in spite of the fact that in its Medium Term Power Purchase Program me (MTPPP) of May 2008 Eskom had only requested expressions of interest from IPPs that had a generating capacity of 5MW and higher to install private base load capacity. This assumption is commensurate with the country's renewable energy targets and the official government aim of achieving a 30% contribution from IPPs to the national electricity mix. The second assumption was that the 65 to lOOclkWh offered by Eskom in its MTPPP will be applicable to sub-SMWe IPPs as well (Creamer, 2008), and that this lower bound electricity price of 65clkWh can be applied over the whole project lifetime. Inherent to this assumption is the further supposition that the progressive decline of electricity prices to an eventual level of 35clkWh by 2018 foreseen by Eskom will not materialize, due both to the sustained pressure an expanding South African economy will put on the considerable but time-consuming supply-side initiatives launched by Eskom, and the likelihood for price premiums to be introduced for clean electricity in order to meet the country's renewable energy targets. From the assumed input parameter values the initial capital and COM expenditures, operating revenues and costs over the project lifetime were determined, and then used to calculate the net cash flows, where after the NPV was computed to serve as the deciding criterion on financial feasibility. A discount rate of 18% was assumed, corresponding with the subjectively judged risks that the project posed as a small-scale renewable energy system within the wine cellar operations. In the case where the project excluded all CDM aspects, the NPV was negative at - ZAR342 573, but this improved to ZAR325 193 if the project participated in the CDM. Thus it was concluded that the project will only be financially feasible if it includes CDM participation, and that this positive contribution can be leveraged by pursuing a programmatic CDM approach. This entails the development of this project as part of a larger program in which similar projects are implemented as they arise, up to the official UN limit of 15MWe in total to still qualify as a small-scale program. The nature of the assumptions that form the backbone of this study indicate that the positive financial feasibility result in the case where the project includes COM participation will become practically relevant only over the short- to medium-term as these assumptions become reality in South Africa. Therefore, although the time for such small-scale renewable energy projects has clearly not arrived as yet, it would seem that it is indeed around the corner.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van die navorsing was om die lewensvatbaarheid van 'n klein-skaal biomassa vergassing sisteem binne die konteks van 'n kooperatiewe wynkelder in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika te ondersoek. 'n Sentrale aspek was die vrae of die tyd aangebreek het om klein-skaal volhouhare energie projekte in Suid-Afrika tot uitvoering te bring, gesien in die lig van 'n status quo wat drasties weg beweeg het van die tydperk toe elektrisiteit volop en goedkoop was, en of die geleentheid wat die CDM bied sulke projekte finansieel lewensvatbaar kan maak. Daar is verskeie eksterne makro-drywers wat bydrae tot die huidige fokus op sulke volhoubare energie projekte. Hieronder tel globale klimaatsverandering as die dringendste drywer, terwyl die res onder andere die hernuwe strewe van lande tot verbeterde energie-sekuriteit, die besef van die belangrikheid van volhoubare ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende volhoubare energie beleid stappe insluit. Daar bestaan nog etlike tegniese uitdagings tot die toepassing van klein-skaal biomassa vergassing tegnologie, spesifiek met betrekking tot die vergassing van afval landbou byprodukte, soos wat die geval is met druiwe afval in hierdie projek. Die belangrikste tegniese uitvoerbaarheids-aspek wat aandag verg is die lae smeltpunt van druifafval-as wat in die literatuur rapporteer word. Alhoewel die plaaslike toerustings-vervaardiger nie enige probleme in hierdie verhand voorsien nie, aangesien toetse met sonneblom afval - met as-eienskappe rofweg identies aan die van druiwe-afval - geen smelting van die as getoon het nie, sal dit tog nogsteeds aan verdere toetse onderwerp word. Vir die projek om te kwalifiseer as geskik vir verhandeling in kweekhuisgas vermindering deur middel van die COM, moet dit voldoende bewys kan word dat alle uitlaatgas vermindering addisioneel is tot wat die geval sou wees in die gewone gang van besigheid. Hierdie addisionaliteit is relevant in beide 'n omgewings- en finansiele sin. Hierdie projek sal orngewings-addisionaliteit bevredig deurdat die wynkelder in sy afwesigheid volkome afhanklik van die steenkool-gebaseerde elektrisiteit vanaf die nasionale netwerk sou bly, terwyl finansiele addisionaliteit bewys is deur die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model wat getoon het dat die projek slegs ekonomies uitvoerbaar sal wees indien dit CDM deelname insluit. Die lewensvatbaarheids-model is ontwikkel om die ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van die projek te evalueer, onderworpe aan die aangenome inset parameter waardes en basiese aannames in die studie. Die hoof-aanname was naamlik dat privaat terugvoer in die nasionale elektrisiteits-netwerk vir alle grootte IPPs moontlik is, ten spyte van die feit dat Eskom se MTPPP van Mei 2008 slegs kapasiteite van 5MW en groter aanvaar bet. Hierdie aanname is gebaseer op Suid-Afrika se volhoubare energie teikens en die regering se offisiele mikpunt om 30% van alle krag-voorsiening vanaf IPPs te bekom. Die tweede hoof-aanname was dat die 65 tot 100clkWh wat Eskom in sy MTPPP aangebied het, ook van toepassing sal wees op sub-SMW IPPs (Creamer, 2008), en dat die laer prys-limiet van 65c/kWb oor die hele projek-leeftyd toegepas kon word. Inherent tot hierdie aanname is die verdere veronderstelling dat die progressiewe daling in elektrisiteits-pryse tot 'n eventuele vlak van 35clkWh voorsien deur Eskom nie sal realiseer nie, beide as gevolg van die volgehoue druk wat die groeiende Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie op die aansieniike, maar tydrowende, opwekkings-kapasiteit uitbreidings van Eskom behoort te plaas, en ook die hoe waarskynlikheid dat prys premiums vir skoon elektrisiteit ingestel word sodat Suid-Afrika sy volboubare energie telkens kan bereik. Die aanvanklike kapitaal en CDM uitgawes, en bedryfsuitgawes en - inkomstes oor die projekleeftyd is vanaf die aangenome inset parameter waardes afgelei, waarop die NPV van die projek uitgewerk is om te dien as die beslissende maatstaf van ekonomiese haalbaarheid. 'n Diskontokoers van 18% is gebruik, ooreenstemmend met die subjektief beraamde risikos wat die projek inhou as 'n klein-skaal volhoubare energie sisteem. Die resultate van die finansiele lewensvatbaarheids-model het getoon dat in die geval waar die projek geen CDM aspekte bevat nie, die NPV hoogs negatief sou wees met 'n waarde van -ZAR342 573, terwyl dit verbeter na ZAR325 193 as die projek CDM deelname insluit. Die gevolgtrekking is dus gemaak dat die spesifieke projek slegs ekonomies haalbaar sal wees indien dit wel CDM deelname insluit, en dat hierdie positiewe finansiele bydrae van die CDM geoptimaliseer kan word deur 'n programmatiese CDM benadering te volg. Dit behels die ontwikkeling van die projek as deel van 'n groter program waarin soortgelyke projekte mettertyd geimplementeer word soos hulle ontstaan, tot by die offisiele VN limiet van 15MWe om sodoende nog te kwalifiseer as 'n algehele klein-skaalse program. Die aard van die hoof-aannames in hierdie studie is indikatief dat die positiewe finansiele lewensvatbaarheid in die geval waar die projek CDM deelname insluit, eers oor die kort- tot medium-termyn prakties relevant sal word soos die aannames bevredig word. Dus, alhoewel die era van klein-skaalse volhoubare energie projekte nog nie aangebreek het in Suid-Afrika nie, lyk dit tog asof dit om die draai is.
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Moraes, Luiz Antonio Grell de. "Contribuição ao estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo no Protocolo de Kyoto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-21092009-164721/.
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Esta dissertação trata da história e características do Protocolo de Kyoto (PK), seguido do estudo do valor, das perspectivas e da efetividade do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), definido pelo Artigo 12 daquele Protocolo à Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (CQNUMC). Nesse propósito, foram desenvolvidas análises conceituais das pretensões, possibilidades, valor e mesmo das equivocações do MDL. A grande importância desse instrumento acaba demonstrada que não é o seu objetivo primeiro, de auxilio nos compromissos dos países desenvolvidos (PDs), mas sim as diversas vantagens que promove para os países em desenvolvimento (PEDs). Esse instrumento de flexibilização, que foi concebido para auxiliar o cumprimento das obrigações (redução das emissões de CO2) dos países desenvolvidos (PDs) no Protocolo, pode ir muito além, com projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável (social, econômico, étnico, cultural, técnico e ambientalmente) adequados e favorável aos PEDs. Seus projetos podem e deve travar um bom combate à pobreza, o que garante também um avanço correto na perseguição do controle das causas e efeitos das mudanças climáticas. O MDL permeia todas essas questões e constitui o instrumento já presente e de conscientização, para trazer a necessária capacidade financeira e tecnológica do Norte ao encontro do Sul para que todas essas pretensões possam ocorrer.This paper deals with the history and characteristics of the Kyotos Protocol (KP), followed by the values study about the prospects and effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as defined by the 12th Article of the Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In this purpose, conceptual analyses were developed about the objectives, possibilities, values and even mistakes of the CDM. The great importance of this instrument had been demonstrated that it is not its first objective to help the commitments of the developed countries, but the many advantages that promotes to the developing countries. This instrument of facility, which was conceived to assist the fulfillment of the obligations (reducing CO2 emissions) of developed countries in the Protocol, can go far beyond, with sustainable development projects (social, economic, ethnic, cultural, technical and environmentally) appropriated and favorable to developing countries. Their projects can and should fight against poverty, which also ensures a correct advance in pursuit of the causes and effects control of the climatic changes. The CDM permeates all these issues and is the instrument already present and of awareness, to bring the necessary financial and technological capacity from the North to the South, allowing these claims occur.
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Broderick, John Foreman. "Business as usual? : instituting markets for carbon credits." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/business-as-usual-instituting-markets-for-carbon-credits(fbf35455-6dc6-4ad9-a0e9-1757dff6cfac).html.
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Climate change mitigation necessitates substantial alterations to patterns of worldwide economic activity, be that reduction in demand, switches to new technology or 'end-of-pipe' abatement of greenhouse gases. There are profound political, economic and ethical questions surrounding the governance of the means, rate and location of change. Within advanced capitalist economies and internationally through the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change emissions trading systems have been introduced as part of the broader neoliberal attempts to 'correct market failure' through the definition of new property rights.This thesis investigates the development, constitution and consequences of institutions for the production, exchange and consumption of credits for emissions reductions. Such credits are financial instruments awarded to organisations for putative reductions in emissions from 'business as usual'. In consumption, credits are equated with a quantity of emissions released elsewhere. The 'Instituted Economic Process' framework (Randles and Harvey, 2002) is used to distinguish the various classes of agent involved in these exchanges and identify the economic and non-economic relationships that constitute these institutions. Inspired by the economic anthropology of Karl Polanyi, this approach asks how economic activity is organised and stabilised within society without presuming that there are universal economic laws of 'the market', that there are essential properties of commodities and agents, or that all economic transfers are conducted within markets.I argue that crediting is a socially contingent process of commodification of atmospheric pollution which is both ontologically and normatively problematic. Extant institutions are shown to be precarious by appealing to neutral techno-scientific justifications but remaining reliant on subjective judgement. However, they are sufficiently consistent and credible that they persist and expand. These findings are of interest to the academic communities of political economy and environmental and economic geography, climate change policy makers and the environmental movement more broadly.
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Blanco, Gabriela Dias. "Do paradigma global de modernização ecológica às apropriações locais : o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo (MDL) no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78193.
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O presente estudo procura responder ao seguinte questionamento: De que forma, e a partir de quais racionalidades, o paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica é apropriado – e uma noção de desenvolvimento sustentável é constituída - pelos atores econômicos brasileiros formuladores de projetos de Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo para o mercado de créditos de carbono? O primeiro pressuposto adotado neste estudo é que a difusão global da Modernização Ecológica como um paradigma para o campo das Políticas Públicas Ambientais reflete o fortalecimento da noção de desenvolvimento sustentável construída no âmbito dos acordos e negociações internacionais sobre mudança climática. O segundo pressuposto é o de que o paradigma de Modernização Ecológica, no contexto de emergência global de uma Sociedade do Risco (BECK, 1995), pode ser compreendido como uma tentativa de “modernização política”, a partir da qual há a defesa da emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, que institucionalizaria uma dimensão eminentemente ecológica nas práticas de produção e consumo. Como hipótese central tem-se que a centralidade conferida, historicamente, a estruturas econômicas degradadoras de apropriação/produção de recursos naturais no país, assim como a constituição de uma política centralizada no Estado, influenciam para uma apropriação do paradigma global de Modernização Ecológica baseada no acionamento e legitimação de uma racionalidade fundamentalmente econômica/tecnocrática. O estudo possui caráter qualitativo, sendo desenvolvido com base em entrevistas realizadas com consultores e um pesquisador, no ano de 2012, assim como análise documental de 41 projetos do escopo “energia renovável”, aprovados no ano de 2005 para comporem o mercado de créditos de carbono. Como método de análise, utilizou-se análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que tanto a construção de uma nova noção de desenvolvimento, como a constituição de um paradigma próprio para o direcionamento das iniciativas econômicas e políticas no tratamento dos “riscos globais”, estão imbuídas de ambiguidades e controvérsias que são constantemente acionadas nos espaços de debate e construção de iniciativas para a promoção de uma sustentabilidade. No mesmo sentido, afirma-se que a emergência de uma racionalidade ecológica, ainda que defendida no campo de uma política global, enfraquece-se nas construções argumentativas de atores locais formuladores de projetos ao mercado de créditos de carbono, dando lugar a uma legitimação eminentemente moderna do papel de atores envolvidos nas atividades e do sentido conferido às atividades em um contexto de crescente fomento a um desenvolvimento industrial e econômico.The following study aims at answering the question: in which manner, and from which rationalities, the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization is adequate – and a notion of sustainable development is constituted – by the Brazilian economic agents that create projects of Clean Development Mechanism for the carbon credits market? The first assumption adopted in this study states that the diffusion of the Ecologic Modernization as a paradigm within the field of Environmental Public Policies reflects the consolidation of the notion of sustainable development which is built within the international agreements and negotiations about climatic change. The second assumption states that the paradigm of Ecological Modernization within the context of global emergence of a Risk Society (BECK, 1995) may be understood as an attempt of “political modernization”, from which there is the emergence of an ecological rationality, which would institutionalize an eminently ecological dimension in the practices of production and consumption. The main hypothesis is that the centrality given, historically, to degrading economical structures of appropriation/production of natural resources in Brazil, as the constitution of an Estate centralized policy influence an appropriation of the global paradigm of Ecological Modernization based on stimulus and validation of a rationality basically economic/technocratic. This study is qualitative, and it was developed based on interviews with consultants and a researcher, in 2012, as well as on documentary analysis of 41 projects of the “renewable energy” scope, which were qualified to compose the market of carbon credits in 2005. The method used is content analysis. The final results show that both the assembly of a new notion of development and the constitution of a specific paradigm to direct political and economical initiatives on the treatment of “global risks” are imbued with ambiguities and controversies which are constantly mentioned in moments of debate and production of initiatives for the promotion of sustainability. The same applies to stating that the emergence of an ecological rationality, even if it is held in the field of a global policy, is weakened on local agent’s speeches, who elaborate projects for the carbon credit markets, giving rise to an eminently modern legitimization of the roles of agents involved in the activities and of the sense conferred to the activities in a growing promotion to an industrial and economic development context.
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Prado, Thiago Guilherme Ferreira. "Externalidades do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar com ênfase na produção de energia elétrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-21062007-224847/.
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Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE.This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.
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Ferrey, Steven. "Resetting International Law Linkages: COP 20 Mechanisms and Protocols." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119127.
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The article reviews the experiences of programs to promote renewable energy in Southeast Asian countries and proposes some learned lessons that can be useful in the context of COP 20 to promote renewable energy.The article analyzes the rates and mechanisms of promotion used in countries such as India, Indonesia and Vietnam, that are led by the World Bank. These mechanisms are used as a legal basis that proposes successful tested alternatives and its usefulness is that renewable energies can be implemented within the current legal structure of international environmental law.In conclusion, it is the correct timing for the COP 20 to secure funds and international legal mechanisms that promote sustainable energy infrastructure.El presente artículo revisa las experiencias de programas de promoción de energías renovables en países del sudeste asiático a fin de proponer algunas lecciones aprendidas que puedan ser útiles en el contexto de la Vigésima Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (COP 20) para la promoción de las energías renovables. Asimismo, revisa las tarifas y mecanismos de promoción utilizados en India, Indonesia y Vietnam, impulsados por el Banco Mundial, como una base para proponer alternativas legales ya probadas. Su utilidad es que las energías renovables pueden ser implementadas dentro de la estructura legal actual del Derecho Ambiental Internacional, la COP 20 es el momento de asegurar fondos y mecanismos jurídicos internacionales que promueven una infraestructura energética sostenible.
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Dyer, Georges, Michelle McKay, and Mauricio Mira. "From Clean Development to Strategic Sustainable Development : Strategic planning for the Clean Development Mechanism." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4182.
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Under the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has the dual objectives of facilitating a cost-effective way of meeting greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and contributing to global sustainable development. Due in part to a lack of consensus on definitions of sustainability and sustainable development and a lack of capacity to address these concepts, there is a risk that CDM projects may fail to move the host country towards sustainability. We suggest the use of a scientific, principle-based definition of sustainability to guide project participants in their decision-making process. We propose a user-friendly project planning tool – CDM Select – that can build capacity for project developers to employ a strategic, whole-system approach to sustainable development and increase the likelihood that CDM projects move society towards sustainability. Early review of CDM Select by experts and practitioners in the CDM arena indicate that it has strong potential to assist in these efforts.
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Коваленко, Євген Володимирович, Евгений Владимирович Коваленко, and Yevhen Volodymyrovych Kovalenko. "Transaction costs and the clean development mechanism." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7985.
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Souza, Valdiva Rossato de. "Mensuração contábil dos créditos de carbono no Brasil, China e Índia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-16062015-105131/.
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A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a incidência de impactos econômicos no patrimônio das empresas brasileiras, chinesas e indianas provocados pela mensuração e reconhecimento ao valor justo dos ativos provenientes de Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCEs) geradas em seus processos produtivos, com a implementação de projetos de Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDLs), durante o período de 2005 a 2012. Consideraram-se os estímulos oferecidos com as diretrizes do Protocolo de Quioto e a representatividade de implementações de projetos de MDLs da China, da Índia e do Brasil, para apresentar, com base em pesquisas descritiva, analítica e quantitativa, uma proposta de mensuração contábil das RCEs, capaz de evidenciar os fluxos futuros de seus benefícios econômicos, partindo-se do modelo de Ratnatunga, Jones e Balachandran (2011). Para tanto, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que as RCEs não estão sendo mensuradas ao valor justo enquanto ativo, fato este que tem inviabilizado a evidenciação dos efeitos patrimoniais dos fluxos de caixa futuros. Descreveu-se a teoria da mensuração contábil como suporte ao valor justo; discutiu-se os padrões contábeis existentes nos países mencionados e as principais características que envolvem as adoções das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) em cada um deles, com foco na mensuração contábil ao valor justo, aceita pelo International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). As orientações contábeis internacionais emanadas para contabilização das RCEs foram apresentadas para analisar o cenário atual de desenvolvimento do tratamento contábil atribuível ao ativo em questão. Assim, detectou-se que a mensuração das RCEs tem sido pouco discutida. Sugeriu-se que com a efetivação do registro dos projetos de MDLs junto ao Conselho Executivo da United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as RCEs passem a ser reconhecidas ao valor justo e como ativos intangíveis desenvolvidos internamente por parte das entidades hospedeiras dos projetos de MDLs, em contrapartida ao Patrimônio Líquido (PL), até o momento de sua realização. A base para mensuração do valor justo proposta foi os valores de mercados ativos. Em função do lapso temporal que estarão gerando benefícios econômicos, realizou-se projeção financeira sobre as quantidades potenciais constantes estimadas de Reduções Esperadas (REs) para todo o período de desenvolvimento das atividades dos projetos, utilizando-se uma taxa Euribor para desconto de seus valores futuros ao presente. De posse dessas variáveis, os valores justos das REs de 31 projetos de MDLs brasileiros, 379 chineses e 318 indianos, foram projetados sobre o valor do PL de 15 empresas brasileiras, 56 chinesas e 183 indianas componentes da amostra da pesquisa, com apoio do teste estatístico não-paramétrico Wilcoxon. Os resultados da pesquisa forneceram indícios de que a mensuração ao valor justo das RCEs, e seu reconhecimento enquanto ativo intangível, poderia ter representado um impacto positivo no grupo de contas patrimoniais das empresas participantes da pesquisa. Assim, a aplicabilidade empírica da mensuração ao valor justo das RCEs embasada em discussões teóricas já existentes, possibilitou a realização de avaliações desse ativo enquanto item patrimonial capaz de gerar efeitos econômicos positivos no patrimônio das entidades localizadas em países em desenvolvimento, durante a primeira fase do Protocolo de Quioto.This research aimed to identify the incidence of economic impacts on equity of Brazilian, Chinese and Indian companies caused by the measurement and recognition at fair value of the assets from Certified Emission Reductions (CER) generated in their production processes, with the implementation of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects from 2005 to 2012. It was considered the incentives offered to the guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol and the representativeness of CDM projects implementation of China, India and Brazil, to present, based on descriptive, analytical and quantitative research, a proposal for accounting measurement of CER, able to enhance the future flows of its economic benefits, based on the Ratnatunga, Jones and Balachandran (2011) model. Therefore, it worked with the hypothesis that the CER are not measured at fair value as assets, a fact that has made impossible the disclosure of balance sheet effects of future cash flows. It was described the theory of accounting measurement as support at fair value. It was discussed existing accounting standards in those countries and the main characteristics that involve the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in each of them, focusing on accounting measurement at fair value, accepted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The international accounting guidelines issued for accounting of CER were presented to analyze the current scenario of development of the accounting treatment attributable to the asset. Thus, it was found that the measurement of CERs has been little discussed. It was suggested that with the realization of the registration of CDM projects with the Executive Council of the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC), CER start to be recognized at fair value as intangible assets developed internally by the host entities of CDM projects, in contrast to Equity, until the moment of its realization. The basis for measuring fair value proposition was the values of active markets. Depending on the time gap that will generate economic benefits, a financial projection on potential constants estimated quantities of Expected Reductions (ER) for the whole period of development of project activities was carried out, using a Euribor rate to discount their future values to the present. With these variables, the fair values of ER from 31 Brazilian CDM projects, 379 Chinese and 318 Indians were simulated on the value of equity of 15 Brazilian companies, 56 Chinese and 183 Indian components of the survey sample, with test support statistical non-parametric Wilcoxon. The survey results provided evidence that the fair value measurement of CER, and its recognition as an intangible asset, could have represented a positive impact on the group balance sheet accounts of the participating research companies. Thereby, the empirical applicability of the fair value measurement of CER grounded in existing theoretical discussions, made it possible to carry out assessments of this asset as a heritage item capable of generating positive economic effects on equity of entities located in developing countries, during the first stage of the Kyoto Protocol.
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Godoy, Sara Gurfinkel Marques de. "O Protocolo de Kyoto e os países em desenvolvimento: uma avaliação da utilização do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-21112011-233304/.
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Com base na Nova Economia Institucional, o foco desta pesquisa foi o de identificar os custos de transação existentes nos projetos de MDL (Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo) e investigar se eles são barreiras para o desenvolvimento do projeto, e se podem afetar a eficiência de projetos já implantados. Mais especificamente, foram analisadas as variáveis que afetam as diferenças entre as reduções de emissões estimadas nos projetos de MDL e as reduções realmente verificadas (Sucesso de Redução - SR), depois do projeto implantado e monitorado. A fim de cumprir esse objetivo, esta pesquisa contou com levantamento de dados secundários relativos aos projetos de MDL realizados em todo o mundo, e dados primários relativos aos projetos brasileiros de MDL. A análise das informações mostrou que os países mais relevantes em número de projetos são Índia, China, Brasil, mas este ranking se altera dependendo da variável analisada (por exemplo, volume de emissão reduzida ou estimada). Os setores mais relevantes em volume de redução são de HFC, N2O, mas este perfil se altera quando analisado o número de projetos, ficando em primeiro lugar biomassa, hidroelétrica e energia eólica. Em relação ao SR, a maior parte dos projetos não apresenta eficiência satisfatória. No entanto, em volume de reduções a maior parte dos projetos cumpre mais que 91% de SR. Os setores mundiais mais eficientes são N2O e HFC (Brasil N2O e troca de energia fóssil), e os setores de resíduos sólidos e agricultura (Brasil, agricultura e resíduos sólidos) são os menos eficientes. Finalmente, esta pesquisa conclui que custos de transação afetam o sucesso da redução de MDL, e os mais importantes são os custos ex-ante, resultantes de problemas de falhas de informação (como, por exemplo, problemas com as organizações que intermedeiam o processo dos MDLs) e problemas de mensuração (problemas relacionados com metodologias dos MDLs).Based on the New Institutional Economics, the focus of this research was to identify transaction costs in CDM projects (Clean Development Mechanism) and investigate if they can affect project efficiency, and also if they create project development barriers. More specifically, this research analyzed the variables that could affect the differences between CDM estimated emission reduction projects and actual reductions obtained (Reduction Success - RS) after the project has been implemented and monitored. To fulfill this goal, this research included a secondary global CDM projects data survey, and primary data survey related to Brazilian CDM projects. Data analysis showed that the most important countries in terms of number of projects are India, China, Brazil, but depending on the variable analyzed (for instance, emission reduction volume) this ranking could change. The most relevant sectors in emission reduction volume were HFCs, N2O, but this would change when we analyze number of projects, where biomass would come first, followed by hydroelectric and wind energy. When considering RS, most projects do not show satisfactory performance. However, in terms of emission reductions amount, most of the projects achieve more than 91% RS. The most efficient sectors in the world are HFC and N2O (in Brazil, N2O and fossil fuel), and the least efficient sectors are solid waste and agriculture (in Brazil, agriculture and solid waste). Finally, this research concludes that transaction costs affect the success of CDM reductions, and the most relevant are ex-ante costs, resulting from information problem gaps (these problems relate to parties involved in the CDM process) and measurement problems (CDM methodologies).
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Godoy, Sara Gurfinkel Marques de. "O protocolo de Kyoto e o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo: Uma avaliação de suas possibilidades e limites." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9177.
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Previous issue date: 2005-10-18The purpose of this work is to present the limits and benefits of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects implementation. The supplemental objectives are the limits and potentialities evaluation of the Kyoto Protocol and the Tools for the Demonstration and Assessment of Additionality analysis, that is an tool proposed by CDM Executive Committee enabling the companies who propose the CDM projects to prove the additionality of its projects. The Protocol firmed in 1997 during COP 3 (3rd Conference of Parts) of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in Kyoto, determined emissions ceiling for some developed countries, considering an institucional apparatus to provide support to the process implementation. In order to make flexible the goals fullfilment, the Protocol creates mechanisms (the Mechanism of Clean Development, the Joint Implementation and the Emissions Trade) that also allow the fullfilment of the reduction objectives. The countries can reach its reduction goals, purchasing emission reduction from other countries. Therefore, these tools enable and improve the carbon market. As relevant part of this work, the CDM appears as a great tool that if well used, can bring benefits for development countries, bringing up economic and enviromental advantages once these projects are implemented in its territories, promoting the sustainable development. There are still plenty of challenges ahead for the CDM and the Protocol development, as reduce the uncertainties of regulatory framework, minors transaction costs and institutional improvements that can be reached. Related to the Tools for the Demonstration and Assessment of Additionality, it fullfils with its function to demonstrate adittionnality, not limiting or promoting new CDM projects
O trabalho objetiva apresentar os limites e benefícios da implantação do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Os objetivos subsidiários ao principal são a avaliação mais ampla dos limites e potencialidades do Protocolo de Kyoto e a análise mais específica do Teste de Adicionalidade, que é um instrumento proposto pelo Comitê Executivo do MDL com o intuito de que os proponentes de projetos de MDL possam comprovar se seus projetos são adicionais. O Protocolo firmado em 1997 durante a COP 3 (3º Conferência das Partes) da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças do Clima (CQNUMC), em Kyoto, determinou um teto de emissões para vários países desenvolvidos e propôs um aparato institucional para dar sustentação à implantação desse processo. Buscando uma maior flexibilidade no cumprimento das metas, o Protocolo cria mecanismos de flexibilização (o MDL, a Implementação Conjunta e o Comércio de Emissões) que procuram assegurar o cumprimento dos objetivos de redução. Os países podem alcançar suas metas de redução por intermédio de compras de reduções de emissão de outros países. A criação dessas ferramentas possibilita, portanto, o surgimento de um mercado de certificados de carbono. Como parte relevante desse trabalho, o MDL aparece como uma grande ferramenta, que se bem utilizada, pode ser muito benéfica aos países em desenvolvimento, pois pode trazer vantagens econômicas e ambientais com a implantação dos projetos em seus territórios, promovendo assim o desenvolvimento sustentável. Há vários obstáculos a serem transpostos para o maior desenvolvimento do MDL e do Protocolo, como maior regulação, menores custos de transação e melhorias institucionais que podem ser obtidas. Quanto ao Teste de Adicionalidade ele cumpre com sua função de demonstrativo de adicionalidade, não sendo nem limitador nem promotor de novos projetos.
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Bryant, Gareth. "The political economy of the Clean Development Mechanism." Thesis, Department of Political Economy, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7237.
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Bhardwaj, Asmita. "Responses in India towards the Clean Development Mechanism." Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37133.
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Responses in India towards the Clean Development Mechanism
Asmita Bhardwaj
Recognizing the grave danger that climate change poses to mankind, the United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 by 150 nations. Subsequent climate change negotiations were to be guided through the principles of â equity,â â common but differentiated responsibilitiesâ and respective â capabilities,â while developed countries were to take lead in combating climate change. The Kyoto Protocol amended the FCCC in 1997 and set legally binding emission reduction targets for industrialized countries. No such commitments were mandated for the developing countries. The Kyoto Protocol, however, created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which required participation of developing countries as hosts for CDM projects. Though it faced significant opposition at the onset it was adopted by many developing countries later. This paper outlines the responses towards the CDM in India.
Many developed countries, such as the United States, have sought to include participation of developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions mainly through binding growth caps on future emissions. Since 1997, this call for â meaningful participationâ has stalled the US ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. In response some scholars have tried to link initiatives like CDM to â meaningful participationâ . This paper suggests that rather than relying on the CDM, this contention regarding commitments can be resolved on a long-term basis if only there is a fair and explicit allocation of GHG emission quotas incorporating â equityâ concerns. Meaningful participation, which might mean quantified commitments, does not take into consideration â equityâ , a key criteria for developing country participation. Full participation can only result when Southern demands are given equal importance.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Saenz, Delgado Santos. "Environmental economic regulations and innovative capability| The clean development mechanism." Thesis, Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Mexico), 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3585551.
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This dissertation takes on the debate of whether environmental economic regulations hamper or incentivize firm performance, aside from their objectives of pollutant reductions. Research has shown mixed results regarding this matter. This dissertation proposes that the reason for these mixed results is the omission of the capacity of individual firms to assimilate and respond to these regulations, regarded here as signals from the economic and institutional environment. These signals from the environment come in the form of technological change as environmental economic regulations impose limits to the products, processes or services, which are pollutant intensive, or provide pollutant reduction technologies. Therefore the capacity that firms must possess in order to respond to these signals from the environment must be technology related. It is proposed here that the innovative capability can allow for firms to respond, in a performance increasing way, to these signals from the environment, as it entails the capacity of developing or adopting new technologies.
The theoretical approach that this dissertation follows is to frame the economic environmental regulations under a classical regulatory framework, with the diverse mechanisms such as taxes, caps-and-quotas, and subsidies which are regarded as economic environmental regulations, and as signals external to the firm, which act upon it. The innovative capability will be addressed under the resource-based view and dynamic capabilities approach, as this research is under a strategic management perspective. Here the innovative capability is regarded as part of a firm's dynamic capabilities, and it is the means through which firms can assimilate and respond to changes in the environment. Performance relates to the outcomes of the interaction between environmental economic regulations and the innovative capability, and it is expected that the previously mentioned interaction has an effect over the firm, whether it can be beneficial or not, regarding market access or expansion, or earnings/revenues. In the present research project performance is taken as the efficiency rate, and the earnings/revenues of a project of the Clean Development Mechanism or CDM under the Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC 2013). The institutional environment will be addressed from North's (1990) new institutional economics perspective of institutional theory, which highlights the capability for firms being moderated or mediated by the external environment and vice versa.
To operationalize environmental economic regulations this dissertation will reach out to the aforementioned Kyoto protocol, an international agreement for emissions reduction. These emissions reductions are achieved through various mechanisms that allow for different entities to reduce their said emissions, separated by what the Protocol has called commitment countries of the Annex I; and non-Annex I countries with no quantitative commitments. The clean development mechanism (CDM) is one of these mechanisms and it is targeted at firms located in countries of the Kyoto protocol that have no reduction commitments, all of which are emerging economies. The CDM provides firms with pollutant reduction technologies that allow them to transform their pollutants into less harmful emissions, while yielding carbon credits with which they can further trade. These technologies differ in their degree of innovativeness, and each project chooses which technology it will be implementing. The innovative capability dimension will be operationalized as the capacity of firms to select and implement projects with high innovativeness levels. Performance will be operationalized as the particular efficiency rate of each CDM project included in the sample. This is a ratio between the expected and the real number of carbon credits yielded by each CDM project. It also might be reflected in economic variables such as the revenues generated by the project which is the difference between the investment of the project and the revenues obtained from the sale of the carbon credits. The CDM allows for analyzing a single environmental economic regulation across different countries, regarded here as different institutional environments. The effect of these different institutional environments on CDM projects will be assessed by analyzing the effect of their different characteristics, such as country's abatement potential, institutional capacity, investment climate, and geographical or regional characteristics. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Varughese, Arun. "Strategic issues facing the development of clean development mechanism projects in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10677.
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Includes bibliographical references.The Kyoto Protocol was signed into existence in 1999 in an effort to lower carbon emissions emitted around the globe. Under the protocol, a mechanism called the CDM was created in order to help developing nations, such as South Africa, lower their carbon emissions. This paper looks at the development of the carbon credits market in South Africa which was created by CDM. Since the ratification of the agreement thousands of projects have been registered by emerging countries such as India, China and Brazil, yet South Africa has only seventeen registered projects. As the largest economy in Africa, which accounts for the majority of the continent's emissions, the slow uptake of CDM projects is glaring. This research paper examines the strategic issues facing CDM projects in South Africa. The lack of skills in SA; the effect of Eskom's monopoly; the financing of the projects and the effect of government policies were posed in detail interview questions to key participants in the CDM market.
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Chapman, S. M. "'Good' carbon governance : a multilevel and comparative perspective of clean energy investment through the clean development mechanism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597470.
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The catastrophic consequences of climate change pose ecological and humanitarian challenges on an unprecedented scale. In response, multilevel structures of governance are emerging at the international, regional and national levels. One such example is the market-based Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), an international regime which is implemented at the national level (largely by the private sector). With the international (and national) frameworks for ongoing climate change action currently under review for further development, now is an appropriate time to consider this ‘new mode’ of governance and, with a view using experience to date to inform future developments, develop ways to assess it. Using the CDM as a case study in ‘carbon governance’, this dissertation explores the nature of ‘good’ carbon governance worldwide. The conceptual framework employed uses an interdisciplinary study of regimes to deconstruct the separate yet interconnected ‘carbon regimes’ which govern the CDM. In considering the international regime in addition to the key national regimes of the European Union, the United Kingdom, China, India and Brazil, the legal and policy space occupied by carbon governance is mapped and assessed against four conceptual elements: theoretical effectiveness, the extent to which regimes enable investment, the extent to which regimes promote ‘climate justice’ (through sustainable development), and the level of cooperation between regimes.
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De, Souza Roberta Haikal. "Distributional impact of an ethanol-based clean development mechanism project in Brazil." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113338406.
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De, Angelis Andrea. "Clean development mechanism and biofuels : a legal assessment of risks and potential." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96030.
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Song, Jaemin. "The road to the successful clean development mechanism : lessons from the past." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62763.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has evolved at a surprising speed since 2003 and is considered to have made positive contributions to the development of greenhouse-gas-reducing projects in developing countries. Taking into account its historical significance as the first effort of its kind and its current success, a thorough evaluation of its system and its effectiveness is of critical importance. Against this backdrop, this study closely investigates each stage of the CDM project cycle from development and registration of projects to issuance of certified emission reductions and identifies influential factors for the successful CDM implementation. For the analysis, we performed an extensive quantitative analysis augmented by a descriptive study, based on information of approximately 5000 CDM project. Our findings suggest that the development of CDM projects is stimulated by favorable economic, social and technical environments in host countries as well as supportive CDM administration. This explains why projects are currently concentrated in certain countries such as China and India. Once projects are developed and submitted for validation, the success of the CDM projects at the next stages of project cycle related to registration and Certified Emission Reduction (CER) issuance is influenced by their types and a choice of Designated Operational Entities and project consultants. In particular, significant difference in registration success exists across project types, which calls for special attention of both the CDM authority and project participants to projects with high risks like energy efficiency, fossil fuel switch and biomass projects. Lastly, we found that performance of projects is affected by very project-specific conditions. For many of the most poorly performing projects, failure is attributable to technical and operational problems at the initial stage of project implementation, which highlights the importance of well-prepared PDDs. Based on the findings, the thesis concludes with policy recommendations to enhance the capacities and improve the performance of the major players under the CDM.
by Jaemin Song.
Ph.D.
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Janssen, Josef. "Risk management of investments in joint implementation and clean development mechanism projects /." Bamberg : Difo-Druck, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009588954&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Wichnevetski, Etoile. "CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM: MONEY LAUNDERING FOR THE NEW MILLENIUM." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193532.
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Vasa, Alexander <1980>. "The Effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism – A law and economics analysis." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4976/1/Vasa_Alexander_tesi.pdf.
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Climate change has been acknowledged as a threat to humanity. Most scholars agree that to avert dangerous climate change and to transform economies into low-carbon
societies, deep global emission reductions are required by the year 2050. Under the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only market-based instrument that encourages industrialised countries to pursue emission reductions in developing countries. The CDM aims to pay the incremental finance necessary to operationalize emission reduction projects which are otherwise not financially viable.
According to the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM should finance projects that are additional to those which would have happened anyway, contribute to sustainable
development in the countries hosting the projects, and be cost-effective. To enable the identification of such projects, an institutional framework has been established by the Kyoto Protocol which lays out responsibilities for public and private actors. This thesis examines whether the CDM has achieved these objectives in practice and can thus be considered an effective tool to reduce emissions.
To complete this investigation, the book applies economic theory and analyses the CDM from two perspectives. The first perspective is the supply-dimension which answers the
question of how, in practice, the CDM system identified additional, cost-effective, sustainable projects and, generated emission reductions. The main contribution of this book is the second perspective, the compliance-dimension, which answers the question of whether industrialised countries effectively used the CDM for compliance with their Kyoto targets.
The application of the CDM in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is used as a case-study. Where the analysis identifies inefficiencies within the supply or the
compliance dimension, potential improvements of the legal framework are proposed and discussed.
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Vasa, Alexander <1980>. "The Effectiveness of the Clean Development Mechanism – A law and economics analysis." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4976/.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change has been acknowledged as a threat to humanity. Most scholars agree that to avert dangerous climate change and to transform economies into low-carbon
societies, deep global emission reductions are required by the year 2050. Under the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only market-based instrument that encourages industrialised countries to pursue emission reductions in developing countries. The CDM aims to pay the incremental finance necessary to operationalize emission reduction projects which are otherwise not financially viable.
According to the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol, the CDM should finance projects that are additional to those which would have happened anyway, contribute to sustainable
development in the countries hosting the projects, and be cost-effective. To enable the identification of such projects, an institutional framework has been established by the Kyoto Protocol which lays out responsibilities for public and private actors. This thesis examines whether the CDM has achieved these objectives in practice and can thus be considered an effective tool to reduce emissions.
To complete this investigation, the book applies economic theory and analyses the CDM from two perspectives. The first perspective is the supply-dimension which answers the
question of how, in practice, the CDM system identified additional, cost-effective, sustainable projects and, generated emission reductions. The main contribution of this book is the second perspective, the compliance-dimension, which answers the question of whether industrialised countries effectively used the CDM for compliance with their Kyoto targets.
The application of the CDM in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is used as a case-study. Where the analysis identifies inefficiencies within the supply or the
compliance dimension, potential improvements of the legal framework are proposed and discussed.
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Alves, Yony Brugnolo. "Uma abordagem institucional do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo: o caso da suinocultura da pequena propriedade rural." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2009. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2256.
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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Yony Brugnolo Alves.pdf: 1066625 bytes, checksum: 2ce17eca98b273fd4822609801962531 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2009-07-21The intensification of the related problems to the greenhouse have in recent decades called the attention and committed efforts of the civil society to the treatment of this serious context resulting from the man acts. From this environmental concern, social and development, it was ratified in February 2005 the Kyoto Protocol, whose premise is the creation of trade market mechanisms that allow industrialized countries a significant reduction of pollutants gases emissions in nature. Under the subjects covered by the Kyoto Protocol, it is pointed out the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the establishment of a market of carbon credits. In this scenario, developing countries can participate in this market selling carbon credits to countries which have outstanding responsibility in the emission of harmful gases to the environment. However, the institution of the carbon credits market and the establishment of the CDM require an institutional framework to rule, according to the language adopted by the New Institutional Economy, the "rules of the game . Opportunely, this research investigates the institutional aspects of this scenario and the conditions to rule the CDM projects in Brazil, highlighted the main bureaucratic and sometimes, technical barriers, that hinder or even prevent the entry of Brazilian companies in the international carbon credit market. The discussions, analysis and findings presented address the institutional constraints and the estimates about the gains that can be obtained from the CDM, having as a case study a swine farm located in Toledo, a city located in west of Paraná - Brazil. The found results indicate that, partially, the institutional environment of the carbon credits market is not sufficiently clear to the extent of encouraging the entry of Brazilian firms in this context, and the constant changes that occur therein confuse the economic agents. Furthermore, it is observed that the execution of a CDM can bring gains of technical, economic, social and especially environmental order.
A intensificação de problemas relacionados ao Efeito Estufa tem, nas últimas décadas, chamado a atenção e mobilizado esforços da sociedade civil e organizada no mundo todo para o tratamento desse grave contexto resultante da ação do homem. Essa preocupação de abrangência ambiental, social e de desenvolvimento, levou em fevereiro de 2005, à ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto, cuja premissa é a criação de mecanismos de mercado que viabilizem aos países industrializados uma relevante redução na emissão de gases poluentes na natureza. Dentre as matérias contempladas pelo Protocolo destaca-se o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e a instituição de um mercado de créditos de carbono. Nesse cenário, os países em desenvolvimento podem participar vendendo créditos de carbono aos países que têm destacada responsabilidade na emissão de gases nocivos ao meio ambiente. Todavia, a instituição do mercado de créditos de carbono e a instauração do MDL exigem um arcabouço institucional para reger, conforme a linguagem adotada pela Nova Economia Institucional, as regras do jogo . Oportunamente, a presente pesquisa investiga os aspectos institucionais desse cenário e as condições que regulamentam os projetos de MDL no Brasil, apontado as principais barreiras burocráticas e por vezes, técnicas, que dificultam ou até mesmo inviabilizam o ingresso das empresas brasileiras no mercado internacional dos créditos de carbono. As discussões, análises e constatações apresentadas abordam as limitações institucionais e as estimativas acerca dos ganhos que podem ser obtidos a partir do MDL, tendo como estudo de caso uma granja suína situada na cidade de Toledo, região oeste do Paraná Brasil. Os resultados encontrados apontam que, em partes, o ambiente institucional do mercado de créditos de carbono não está suficientemente claro a ponto de incentivar o ingresso das empresas brasileiras nesse contexto, e as constantes modificações que nele ocorrem confundem os agentes econômicos. Por outro lado, é observado que a montagem e execução de um MDL podem trazer ganhos de ordem técnica, econômica, social e principalmente ambiental.
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Cole, John Charles. "The Clean Development Mechanism and the legal geographies of climate policy in Brazil." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d75b631d-8ac5-429e-96d0-14247ccaf51c.
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The Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (‘CDM’) allows developed countries to invest in developing country projects, to effect both greenhouse gas emission reductions and sustainable development, in exchange for carbon credits. This study considers how Brazilian CDM projects currently promote or inhibit sustainable development in Brazil. Brazil originally proposed the CDM-type framework, led the developing countries in the multilateral negotiations, and now ranks third globally for CDM project investment. The critical legal geography literature and corresponding hybrid analytical framework is applied to analyse the overlapping and multi-layered legal space of CDM projects in the context of an uneven physical and human geography. It applies legal and qualitative social research methods including textual analysis of English and Portuguese-language documents, onsite visits, semi-structured and unstructured interviews, focus groups and case studies of twelve Brazilian CDM projects of varying project types to consider: • The environmental policymaking processes underlying Brazil’s position in the international climate negotiations and how that position impacts Brazil’s assessment of proposed CDM projects’ sustainable development benefits; • The role of the Brazilian Proposal from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol negotiations in Brazil’s ongoing assessment of proposed CDM projects; • Brazil’s enunciated sustainable development criteria for CDM projects against the criteria actually applied; • The role of state environmental licensing authorities and nonstate actors in defining appropriate sustainable development benefits for CDM projects; and • The resulting (neo-)regulatory framework for Brazilian CDM projects’ sustainable development benefits in the context of legal pluralism. This dissertation concludes that Brazil’s CDM-specific domestic regulation is driven by the negotiating positions Brazil has taken in the international climate negotiations, most notably the 1997 Brazilian Proposal. As a result, Brazilian government-based CDM-specific regulation only considers the CDM projects’ Greenhouse Gas emission reductions benefits. Brazilian approval of domestic CDM projects also entails confirmation of administrative compliance with certain non-CDM specific regulatory frameworks, but institutional capacity issues within state and local regulatory agencies tend to undermine the effectiveness of assessing administrative compliance rather than legal and regulatory compliance. This government based regulatory framework is augmented by non-state actors, who have a neo-regulatory impact on corporate activity through demands for sustainable development benefits, giving rise to corporate sustainability programmes. There is scope for this neo-regulatory impact to extend to addressing sustainable development issues more broadly through NGO engagement with local and state environmental licensing authorities in the determination of appropriate environmental licensing conditions. In each case, the achievement of substantial sustainable development benefits is impeded by the lack of a mature multi-stakeholder dialogue involving a local government and civil society. As a result, corporate actors dominate consideration of appropriate sustainable development benefits.
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Shen, Xufei. "What drives technology transfer? A study of Clean Development Mechanism projects in China." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107414.
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Thesis advisor: Richard SweeneyWith climate change becoming a global problem more people are paying attention to, a common goal to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions is recognized by most countries. However, usually emission reduction is more difficult to achieve in developing countries because of the lack of advanced emission reduction technology. Thus,one of the important ways to improve emission reduction technology in developing countries is through technology transfer, which is to import more advanced emission reduction technology from developed countries to developing countries. In this study, I explore the level and determinants of technology transfer using data of projects from four sectors under the CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) in China. I find that large scale projects with higher emission reduction amount tend to have higher probability of technology transfer. Also, more economically and technologically advanced provinces tend to have more projects with technology transfer
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
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SoliÌs, GarciÌa Karla del Pilar. "Implementing the clean development mechanism : an integrated assessment of small energy projects in Peru." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441867.
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Aidelojie, Kenneth. "Carbon capture and storage, the clean development mechanism : underlying regulatory and risk management issues." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14512.
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Owing to the immediate nature of global warming, some countries like those in the EU indicate that up to 30% of their mitigation strategy for 2050 should be CCS technology based. The need to diversify and use different approaches within climate change mitigation mix cannot be overstated; hence technologies that contribute to the overall mitigation strategy must be in tandem as each has a role to play. Contingent on this therefore, is the need to consider different but equally important factors along with the technologies being used, their strategic locations and other resources needed to bring about the climate change mitigation. To this end, it is expedient that the search for the appropriate jurisdictions with adequate regulatory and correct geological profiles should not be undermined by restricting advanced technological climate change mitigation strategies to developed or economically/technologically advanced countries. The spread to include nations hitherto not economically or technologically advanced but have the potential and capacity either in terms of geology, or proximity to carbon emission sources or other viable resources should be encouraged due to the urgency needed to abate climate change effects nationally and globally. Suffice to say, such jurisdictions need to develop the right regulatory and policy frameworks in order to be fit for purpose. The uniqueness of this thesis underscores these observations by research into different risk indicators and strategies such as risk assessment and management, exploring the potential CCS-CDM linkage using regulatory/legal and risk indicators, identifying and analysing the regulatory, legal elements and the geological profiling vis-à-vis analogous operations in the implementation of CCS under CDM Kyoto Protocol in a Non Annex 1 country using Nigeria as a case study country; and finally point to tentative means of linking CCS and CDM.
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Lokey, Elizabeth. "Identifying and overcoming barriers to renewable energy Clean Development Mechanism projects in Latin America." Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3315789.
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