Books on the topic 'Clean and unclean'

The concepts of purity and contamination preoccupied early modern Europeans fundamentally, structuring virtually every aspect of their lives, not least how they created and experienced works of art and the built environment. In an era that saw a great number of objects and people in motion, the meteoric rise of new artistic and building technologies, and religious upheaval exert new pressures on art and its institutions, anxieties about the pure and the contaminated – distinctions between the clean and unclean, sameness and difference, self and other, organization and its absence – took on heightened importance. In this series of geographically and methodologically wide-ranging essays, thirteen leading historians of art and architecture grapple with the complex ways that early modern actors negotiated these concerns, covering topics as diverse as Michelangelo’s unfinished sculptures, Venetian plague hospitals, Spanish-Muslim tapestries, and emergency currency. The resulting volume offers surprising new insights into the period and into the modern disciplinary routines of art and architectural history.

Paget’s disease of bone is an uncommon bone disorder with increased bone resorption and disorganized bone formation of woven bone. Its cause is unclear; there is a clear genetic component but additional environmental factors are important, given the reduction in severity and prevalence in the UK. Paget’s disease is usually asymptomatic and detected by an unexplained raised alkaline phosphatase on routine biochemistry. Symptoms include focal bone pain, including headache. Other symptoms include bone deformity and complications such as fracture and nerve conduction. Paget’s disease can sometimes present with immobilization-associated hypercalcaemia or high-output cardiac failure, and rarely can transform to an osteosarcoma. This chapter addresses the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of Paget’s disease of bone.

Loin pain haematuria syndrome is an uncommon but disabling condition which presents with recurrent severe loin pain and either microscopic or macroscopic haematuria. It predominantly affects young Caucasian females. The aetiology is unclear, but it seems to be most commonly initiated by glomerular bleeding. There are no defining features of the disorder on any investigation, and it is mostly termed a diagnosis of exclusion. A lack of a clear definition of the condition and uncertainty about the aetiology mean that this is still a poorly understood entity. A variety of medical and surgical treatments have been used with mixed results. The mainstays of treatment are effective analgesia management and involvement of a multidisciplinary team including psychological support.

This chapter recounts how Helmut Kohl became German chancellor on October 1, 1982. Three days after he became Germany's chancellor, Kohl travelled to Paris to meet French President François Mitterand. In concluding his conversation with Mitterand, Kohl recognized that Germany would remain a colossus in the center of the continent and thus a potential menace. Kohl made clear his intention to keep nationalistic tendencies in check and work towards a pro-European future, but what that meant in practical terms was unclear. Four years after Kohl became chancellor, the only “pro-European” advance was the 1986 Single European Act (SEA). However, despite his “pro-Europeanism,” Kohl supported the SEA only passively. Through the years since Kohl had become chancellor, prospects of monetary unity had receded further.

In this chapter we consider whether, in applying mathematics in the ways described in previous chapters, there are grounds for taking the relevant mathematical entities to be indispensable. Our example here is Dirac’s introduction of the delta function into quantum mechanics and we point out, firstly, that Dirac himself was very clear about the function’s dispensability and, secondly, even if certain mathematical theories were indispensable, this wouldn’t justify a commitment to the existence of the associated entities. To illustrate this second point we use a further example, that of Dirac’s prediction of the existence of antimatter via the exploitation of surplus mathematical structure. We maintain here that commitment to the existence of the objects under consideration requires the satisfaction of certain criteria of existence and it is unclear whether mathematical entities meet these criteria.

Manifestations are events which are effects of dispositions being activated. Events often involve something acquiring a property. According to dispositional monism or pandispositionalism, all properties are dispositions. If all properties were dispositions, then all manifestations would involve something acquiring a disposition. Whether this leads to a vicious regress is unclear. However, pandispositionalism may render nearly all properties unobservable. Another issue about manifestations involves the question of whether dispositions are all single-track or whether some of them are multi-track. Some philosophers argue that each type of disposition has one type of manifestation. However, the events that occur when a disposition manifests vary according to the circumstances. This motivates some philosophers to say that manifestations are not effects but are instead contributions to effects. But it is not clear what kind of entity a contribution is, or if it is needed. Consequently, dispositions are extremely numerous or massively multi-track.

This piece of research provides a study of the discourse of President John Fitzgerald Kenney focusing on his Inaugural Address delivered on January 20th, 1961, Washington, D.C. United States of America. The reading we did is under Analysis of Discourse optic, which constitutes the discourse from its social and historical context, specifically the part that deals with Discursive Formation. The theories that work as preamble in this study are: the Hermeneutic, art of understanding, interpreting, and translating in a clear way the signs first unclear, it treats the language and its signs as creative energy — translation not only as text production, but also as language interpretation and contemplation. Contrastive Analysis shows us the resemblances and the differences among two or more languages. Our aim, in this study, it to analysis the sense effects produced in the translation for Portuguese of JFK’s Inaugural Address, to understand the Brazilian people constitutes themselves differently from the American people does. The results of the analysis let us conclude the sense effects are noticed by means of the comparison between American and Brazilian Discursivities, since Kennedy’s words do not produce the same sense to the Brazilians as they do to the Americans

The premise of this book is that those concerned with public health need to put a lot more effort into understanding why people act as they do and then into using this understanding to develop and deliver social improvement intervention programmes. We need to understand what people are prepared to buy into if we are going to make a significant impact on issues such as smoking or infection control. We need to enable and empower people so that their energy, understanding, and skills are harnessed as part of the solution to improving health. Social marketing is an approach that recognizes that if we are to be successful, it is not about doing things to people but about working with and for them. The second key theme of this book is the need for public health programmes to be more rigorously researched, designed, developed, implemented, and evaluated. Too many public policy interventions have unclear or unrealistic aims, poor pre-testing and piloting, and often weak evaluation. A key feature and strength of social marketing is its obsession with systemic analysis and systematic programme development and implementation. Without clear measurable objectives and cogent implementation plans, little may be achieved or learned about how to help people that can be used to refine new interventions. This book is intended to give the reader a structured learning experience that results in a good understanding of social marketing principles and techniques, alongside examples of real interventions that have made a difference to people’s lives.

This book provides a unique study on the lower ranks of the Afghan police force due to the lack of empirical evidence of what attributes to the causes, practices and consequences of corruption in this institution. The book is divided into a number of sections. It commences with an understanding of how corruption, and narrowly police corruption, impact on the police force, state legitimacy and the strategies in place to mitigate such problems as part of broader security and post-conflict reconstruction initiatives. The theoretical framework comprises political, economic and cultural drivers of police corruption by drawing on semi-structured interviews with elites and a survey and structured interview conducted with street-level police officers. The findings infer that weak oversight and low pay are causes of police corruption which intensify bribery and roadside extortion. The lack of professionalism, partly due to short and unclear training, and patronage are deemed as meanings of police corruption. In terms of motivation, there is no sense of pride in Afghan policing to fulfil a clear mandate. Moreover, non-meritocratic recruitment is prevalent which exacerbates local influences, loyalties and job buying in either high-drug cultivating or urban areas. To curb patronage, police officers are rotated to distant provinces but economic hardship is further increased when catering for large families with fewer breadwinners. The book concludes that the problems with police corruption and failure to combat it results in low public confidence and state illegitimacy which can support violent opposition groups to create further instability in war-torn societies.

Utilizing key selections from American literature, this volume aligns with ELA Common Core Standards to give students a fresh perspective on and a keener understanding of slavery in the United States. Slavery is a central feature of American history, one with which the nation still has not come fully to terms. In this book, that seminal topic is examined in a fresh way—through literature. Organized chronologically to show evolving attitudes toward American slavery in the 19th century, the work focuses on four key 19th-century texts that are frequently taught, using them as a gateway for understanding this critical period and why slavery had to be destroyed if the Union was to be maintained. In addition to examining the four works—Frederick Douglass's Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn—the book also provides numerous historical documents that contextualize slavery in the literary texts. These documents make it dramatically clear why issues such as abolition and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 were so controversial for 19th-century Americans. Aligned with the ELA Common Core Standards, the title supports history teachers with insights into classic literary works, and it enhances the English curriculum with rich elaborations of relevant historical context.

With the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States’ long war on communism was replaced by a perpetual war on terror. The authors posit that this neo-imperialistic phase is but the latest development in a line of thought and action established after World War II. But, they say, 2005 is not 1945. Today, they argue, the United States uses its power to deplete the resources of the developing world, and to compel the rest of the world to remain dependent on American management of the global economy. Contending that this situation is ultimately untenable, they assert that the United States is entering a period of deep crisis. The best thing for American neo-imperialists to do to avert their worst nightmare—a strategic and economic alliance among Europe, Russia, China, and OPEC—would be to arrange for the orderly withdrawal of American power before it is too late for the human and environmental security of the world. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the Cold War slowly gave way to a new world order in which the United States was left as the lone superpower. But the organizing principle that would characterize the early 21st century was as yet unclear, until the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Now it is clear that the long war on Communism has been replaced by a perpetual war on terror. Regardless of how long American troops remain in Iraq, and irrespective of further military actions, George W. Bush will continue to be a wartime president whose foreign policy is dominated by the Pentagon. And yet, the authors argue, this neo-imperialistic phase, with its emphasis on Eurasian oil supplies, is but the latest development in a line of thinking and acting in the world that was established by such men as Dean Acheson and Paul Nitze after World War II. But 2005 is not 1945, and the United States, despite Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Vice President Dick Cheney’s assertions, is not liberating Iraq and Afghanistan in the same way that U.S. forces liberated Germany and Japan; it is not reconstructing Iraq or the former Yugoslavia as it did when it rebuilt war torn western Europe with the Marshall Plan. The United States, with its thinly stretched military and deficit-laden economy, does not possess the means to do so today. Instead, the authors maintain, the United States is simply depleting the developing world’s natural resources, compelling the rest of the developed world to remain dependent on American management of the global economy. This situation is ultimately untenable, the authors argue, and as a result, the United States is entering a period of deep crisis. The best thing for American neo-imperialists to do to avert their worst nightmare—a strategic and economic alliance among Europe, Russia, China, and OPEC—would be to arrange for the orderly withdrawal of American power before it is too late for the human and environmental security of the world as a whole.

Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.