Journal articles on the topic 'Clay soils Cracking'
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1
DASOG, G. S., D. F. ACTON, A. R. MERMUT, and E. DE JONG. "SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL AND CRACKING IN CLAY SOILS OF SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-025.
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Clay soils in Saskatchewan were studied to understand their shrink-swell potential, to identify soil properties that predict the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE), and to assess the extent of cracking during the growing season. The soils have medium to very high shrink-swell potential, which is related to the specific surface area associated with expandable clays. Because expandable clays in these soils are predominantly of fine clay size, COLE is reasonably well predicted from percent fine clay. The extent of cracking is estimated for some sites using an improved method of measurement. Limited data suggest that cracking intensity in native grassland is less than in cultivated sites and that, under wheat, it is more pronounced in subarid than in subhumid sites. The magnitude of cracking in clay soils of Saskatchewan is much lower than in warmer regions of the world. It is suggested that COLE values and the extent of cracking could be used in improving the classification of clay soils. Key words: Clay soils, COLE, shrink-swell potential, shrinkage, cracking, Saskatchewan
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Morris, Peter H., J. Graham, and David J. Williams. "Cracking in drying soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-030.
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Cracking in soils that are undergoing drying is controlled by soil suctions and by soil properties such as compression modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear strength, tensile strength, and specific surface energy. The paper reviews the occurrence and morphology of cracks in dry-climate regions of Australia and Canada. After reviewing the behaviour of unsaturated soils and the mechanics of cracking, solutions are developed based on (i) elasticity theory, (ii) the transition between tensile and shear failure, and (iii) linear elastic fracture mechanics. The solutions are compared and related to crack depths observed in the field. Key words : clay, cracks, crust, shear strength, soil suction, tensile strength, unsaturated soil, weathering.
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Izzo, Michael Z., and Marta Miletić. "Desiccation Cracking Behavior of Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Reinforced Cohesive Soils." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071318.
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Desiccation cracking of cohesive soils is the development of cracks on the soil surface as a result of a reduction in water content. The formation of desiccation cracks on the cohesive soil surface has an undesirable impact on the mechanical, hydrological, and physicochemical soil properties. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to experimentally and numerically investigate eco-friendly soil improvement additives and their effect on the desiccation cracking behavior of soils. Improvement of soil crack resistance was experimentally studied by conducting desiccation cracking tests on kaolin clay. Biopolymer xanthan gum and recycled carpet fibers were studied as potential sustainable soil improvement additives. In addition, image processing was conducted to describe the effect of an additive on the geometrical characteristics of crack patterns. The results show that the soil improvement additives generally enhanced the soil strength and reduced cracking. Furthermore, a hydro-mechanical model was developed to predict the moisture transfer and onset of desiccation cracks in plain and amended kaolin clays. Data obtained show that the inception of the desiccation cracking and radial displacements were delayed in the improved soil specimens, which is in agreement with the experimental data.
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Liu, Y. Y., M. F. McCabe, J. P. Evans, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, R. A. M. de Jeu, and H. Su. "Influence of cracking clays on satellite observed and model simulated soil moisture." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 1 (February 4, 2010): 907–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-907-2010.
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Abstract. Vertisols are clay soils that are common in the monsoonal and dry warm regions of the world. A defining feature of these soils is the development of shrinking cracks during dry periods, the effects of which are not described in land surface models nor considered in the surface soil moisture estimation from passive microwave satellite observations. To investigate the influence of this process we compared the soil moisture (θ in m3 m−3) from AMSR-E observations and the Community Land Model (CLM) simulations over vertisols across mainland Australia. Both products agree reasonably well during wet seasons. However, during dry periods, AMSR-E θ falls below values for surrounding non-clays, while CLM simulations are higher. The impacts of soil property used in the AMSR-E algorithm, vegetation density and rainfall patterns were investigated, but do not explain the observed θ patterns. Analysis of the retrieval model suggests that the most likely reason for the low AMSR-E θ is the increase in soil porosity and surface roughness through cracking. CLM does not consider the behavior of cracking clay, including the further loss of moisture from soil and extremely high infiltration rates that would occur when cracks develop. Analyses show that the corresponding water fluxes can be different when cracks occur and therefore modeled evaporation, surface temperature, surface runoff and groundwater recharge should be interpreted with caution. Introducing temporally dynamic roughness and soil porosity into retrieval algorithms and adding a "cracking clay" module into models, respectively, may improve the representation of vertisol hydrology.
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MERMUT, A. R., and D. F. ACTON. "SURFICIAL REARRANGEMENT AND CRACKING IN SWELLING CLAY SOILS OF THE GLACIAL LAKE REGINA BASIN IN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-035.
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A pipeline trench across the Glacial Lake Regina basin provided an opportunity to examine the nature of soil development in heavy textured swelling clays in Saskatchewan. Radiocarbon dates showed a steep age versus depth gradient within the upper 1 m of these soils, and an abrupt change of gradient at this depth. Granular surface structure, deep and wide cracking, slickensides, weak horizon development, and gradual changes in organic matter content were the major characteristics of these soils. The dark-colored subsurface layer in the depressional position appeared to represent a former surface which was buried by accretion of materials from upper slopes. The characteristic morphological features signify the need to re-examine the classification of these soils in the Canadian System of Soil Classification. Key words: Organic 14C dates, soil age, paleosols, swelling clay soils, Holocene soils
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Gerard, Pierre, Ian Murray, and Alessandro Tarantino. "Cracking behaviour of fine-grained soils: from laboratory testing to numerical modelling." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 16004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199216004.
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Many experimental evidences suggest that desiccation cracks in clay initiate as a result of the mobilization of soil tensile strength. However this mechanical approach disregards the cohesionless and effective stress-dependent behaviour of fine-grained soil. On the other hand recent findings in the literature suggest that effective stress-dependent shear failure criteria would be appropriate to explain the mechanisms of desiccation cracking for tensile total stress states. This work aims at assessing the validity of a shear failure criterion to predict the onset of cracking in clay forms exposed to air drying. Clay forms of various geometries were experimentally subjected to non-uniform hydraulic and mechanical boundary conditions. Time and location for crack initiation are monitored using a digital camera. Cracking experiments are then modelled in a hydro-mechanical framework using an effective-stress shear failure criterion. The comparison of simulations with experimental results for both the time and the location of cracking allows assuming that cracking occurs due to failure in shearing.
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Rayhani, M. HT, E. K. Yanful, and A. Fakher. "Desiccation-induced cracking and its effect on the hydraulic conductivity of clayey soils from Iran." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-125.
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Clay materials have many environmental applications, especially in situations where a hydraulic barrier is desired. However, as the plasticity of clay increases, cracks tend to develop during cycles of long dry spells. This is particularly a concern in the construction of covers or installation of landfill liners prior to waste filling. In the present study, specimens prepared from three natural clayey soils from Iran used for clay barrier construction, and one artificial clayey soil, were subjected to cycles of wetting and drying. Surface cracks of different dimensions formed as a result of drying. Specimens with the largest volumetric shrinkage strains typically contained the highest number of cracks. Specimens that developed cracks were subjected to hydraulic conductivity testing. The results showed that the dimension of cracks increased with increasing plasticity index and clay content and, so, the initial hydraulic conductivity increased with increasing plasticity index and cycles of drying and wetting. Cracking increased the hydraulic conductivity by 12–34 times, depending on the plasticity of the soil. After a long saturation time, the hydraulic conductivity of the soils decreased with an increase in saturation time, which could be associated with a self-healing process that affects the soils by different degrees.Key words: desiccation, cracking, plasticity, hydraulic conductivity, clay barriers, self-healing, volumetric shrinkage.
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Oliveira, Elisangela do Prado, Karoline Soecki, Vitor Pereira Faro, and Alessander Christopher Morales Kormann. "Soil cracking propagation due to dryness and its relation to suction." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133701021.
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Investigation of Crack Intensity Factor is essential as it affects the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of soils. Soil water coming from the wet seasons or from the water table, is removed by evaporation during the driest season. The loss of water provokes a significant increase in suction. When it exceeds the tensile strength of the soil, cracks occur that can modify the mechanical and mainly hydraulic properties of the soil, creating preferred paths for water infiltration. Little research is conducted on quantifying cracking in soil relating it to its hydraulic properties. This research aims to investigate the cracking of soils with focus on analysing its relation to water content and soil suction. Soils from a specific region in Brazil with clay predominance are collected and characterized. Unsaturated soil specimens are prepared and subjected to environmental real conditions in order to progressively check the consequences caused by the environment in soils with different clay content during four weeks. The Crack Intensity Factor is measured along the time through image processing. The water content is monitored through volume water content sensors. The measured results are evaluated to correlate crack intensity factor as function of weather variables and soil water content.
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Araujo, Arthur Gomes Dantas de, Nayara Torres Belfort, Felipe Araujo Silva Barbosa, Thalita Cristiana Rodrigues Silva, Silvio Romero de Melo Ferreira, Leonardo José do Nascimento Guimarães, and Izabela Medeiros de Lima Bezerra. "Expansive Clay Cracking Behavior through Digital Image Correlation." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503006.
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Expansive soils may present cracks arising from the drying process and their evolution can cause irreparable damages to engineering projects. Investigating this phenomenon is vital to understanding its geomechanics. The objective of this article is to present numerical modelling of the formation and propagation of cracks in expansive soil. A desiccation experiment was therefore carried out using an expansive silty clay from Paulista, in northeastern Brazil. The drying process was monitored by measuring the temperature and relative humidity of the air, as well as by capturing images with a camera. The digital images were correlated using the Ncorr numerical tool in MATLAB. As a result, this study made it possible to conclude that the soil cracking dynamics presented a non-orthogonal pattern during the dryness test, while the image treatment made it possible to observe the tendency of cracks to appear and propagate on the soil surface, allowing for the detection of crack growth and propagation trends.
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K. Essa, S., and Raid Shaalan Jarallah. "Role of Gypsum and Corn Cobs in Linkage of Peds in Cracking Soils." Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN: 2077-5822 , E-ISSN: 2617-1479) 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33794/qjas.vol7.iss1.15.
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To study role of gypsum and corn cobs in linkage of fractions in cracking soils. Three soils (Al-Diwaniya , Al-Wihda and college of Agriculture / Abu Ghraib) were chosen for this study . They were treated with two levels of gypsum (0.5 and 1) % with one level (4%) of corncobs . In this experiment , 2 kg of each studied soil were treated with same levels of corn cobs and gypsum above and incubated at 30 + 2 °C for 90 days and 80% relative moisture content at 33 kpa. And then the soils were sieved with 1 mm sieve to measured the x-ray diffractions . The results showed : The intensity of clay minerals peaks which treated with gypsum and corn cobs were decreased comparing with control sample. We believed that the gypsum should be facculated on clay minerals surfaces and mask them to appear clearly , and suggested that the gypsum was played an important role in conjugated of soil particles. Results of X-ray diffractions showed that there was no evidence of interaction between organic matter (corn cobs) and clay mineral inter layers.
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Malik, Zaffar, Muhammad Akbar Malik, Zong Yu-Tong, and Lu Sheng-Gao. "Physical properties of unproductive soils of Northern China." International Agrophysics 28, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2014-0036.
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Abstract .The general characteristics: particle size distribution, pH, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, total NPK, surface area; and physical properties: coefficient of linear extensibility, tensile strength, shear strength and cracking, were investigated in unproductive soils of Northern China. Principle component analysis showed that tensile strength, cohesion, cracking characteristics, clay content, cation exchange capacity and coefficient of linear extensibility were positively correlated with each other, whereas negatively correlated with angle of friction, indicating that these properties were subjected to clay % and smectite content. These correlations might be mainly responsible for low productivity (low yields) in Northern China.
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Clem, RL, and TJ Hall. "Persistence and productivity of tropical pasture legumes on three cracking clay soils (Vertisols) in north-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 2 (1994): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940161.
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There are few commercial legumes available for sowing on the cracking clay soils of northeastern Queensland, where legumes are needed to improve quality of perennial native grass pastures and to arrest nitrogen decline in cropping land. To evaluate introduced legumes from heavy-textured soils, a replicated row experiment was established in 3 environments to assess the adaptation of 56 accessions from 37 species (22 genera). The sites were on 3 dark cracking clay soils supporting the following grasslands: Dichanthium -Bothriochloa- Astrebla; Dichanthium aristatum; and Cenchrus ciliaris on cleared Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) country.The main selection criteria during the 4-year evaluation were persistence, regeneration, production, and spread, with green leaf retention, nutrient concentrations, and pest susceptibility also being considered. The perennial legumes Clitoria ternatea (CPI 47 187 and CPI 49963), Desmanthus virgatus (CPI 78373), Leucaena leucocephala (CPI 61227 and cv. Cunningham), Stylosanthes scabra (CPI 55868), and Indigofera schimperi (CPI 69495), and annuals Centrosema pascuorum (CPI 55697), Desmodium dichotomum (CPI 47 186), and Vigna trilobata (CPI 47510), showed promise as pasture or short-term ley species for these clay soils (Vertisols) in subcoastal, north-eastern Queensland. Other species were identified that require evaluation of a wider range of genetic material. The role of perennial and annual sown legumes in pasture and cropping systems on these cracking clay soils is discussed.
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BRONSWIJK, J. J. B. "PREDICTION OF ACTUAL CRACKING AND SUBSIDENCE IN CLAY SOILS." Soil Science 148, no. 2 (August 1989): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198908000-00002.
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Hassan, Asem A. "Detection of Cracks in Clay Soil Using Quasi-3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography Method: Numerical and Experimental Study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012006.
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Abstract Soil cracks affect the geotechnical characteristics of clay soils frequently used in engineered earth structures. In this work, numerical simulation and laboratory tests using Wenner- Schlumberger array of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) method are adopted to detect soil cracks in compacted clay soil. 3D numerical simulation showed that air-filled cracks have an anomalous high resistivity signature that can be differentiated from the background due to the high resistivity contrast between cracks and the surrounding soil. Depth, geometry, and extension of the simulated cracks are reasonably indicated. At the laboratory scale, quasi-3D ERT experiment was conducted. The results showed that soil resistivity is significantly affected by an artificially introduced crack as the crack forms a barrier that disturbs the flow of electricity in the soil. Similarly, depth, geometry, and extension of the crack are detected. Both numerical and experimental findings demonstrated that ERT method can effectively be used to identify cracking in clay soils. It is suggested that ERT, as a non invasive method, can be adopted with other traditional geotechnical methods for detecting cracks in clay soils.
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Bedaiwy, M.-Naguib A., Yasmine S. Abdel Maksoud, and Ahmed F. Saad. "Coffee grounds as a soil conditioner: Effects on physical and mechanical properties – II. Effects on mechanical properties." Polish Journal of Soil Science 52, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/pjss.2019.52.2.277.
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<p>Applying coffee grounds (CG) to sandy, calcareous, and clayey soils resulted in notable effects on soil expansion, cracking, cohesion, internal friction, initial stress and resistance to penetration. In sand, expansion upon saturation was greater after wetting-and-drying cycles. Highest increases were 15.71%, 16.14% and 31.86% for sandy, calcareous and clayey soils, respectively. Effect of CG on cracking was negligible in sand and very slight (<1.0%) in the calcareous soil but marked in clay (14.18% at 10% CG). In sand, cohesion (c) increased significantly with CG up to the 10% content. Cohesion increased by 2.5-folds and 4.5-folds at 5% and 10% CG, respectively. The presence of fine CG grains among larger sand particles, boosted microbial activities, and the resulting cementing and binding effects resulted in increased cohesion. For calcareous soil, cohesion rose from 0.04 kg∙cm-2 to 0.13 kg∙cm-2 as CG increased from 0% to 15%. In clay, maximum cohesion (0.20 kg∙cm-2) was associated with the 10% CG and was highest of all soils. In sand, the angle of internal friction (φ) decreased notably as CG increased from 5% to 10% but there was no consistent pattern in any of the soils. An increase in initial stress (pi) was observed between 0% and 10% CG in sand and between 0% and 15% in calcareous soil while clay showed no particular trend. Patterns of pi were, thus, consistent with those of cohesion for all soils. Resistance to penetration increased substantially with CG in sand. The effect in calcareous and clayey soils took an opposite trend to that of sand and resistance was generally higher in calcareous soil. Overall effects of CG on resistance were desirable in all soils as far as agriculture (seedling emergence, crop growth, irrigation, etc.) is concerned.</p>
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Yuan, Junhong, Jingbo Cui, Jianmei Chang, Guanhong Zhang, and Mingxi Liu. "Effect of Alkali Pollutant in Influencing Crack Propagation in Soils." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (March 11, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690938.
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Shrinkage, deformation, and cracking will occur under extreme climate conditions such as drought, due to the accumulation of salt inside the soil during the evaporation of water on the surface of the soil. In this study, the image processing method was used to quantitatively analyze the dehydration cracking process of clay polluted by alkaline pollutant sodium carbonate on the basis of experiments. The mechanism of the effect of sodium carbonate concentration on the shrinkage cracks of clay was discussed through the analysis and comparison of different concentrations of sodium carbonate samples. The results showed that the water loss and shrinkage cracks of alkaline contaminant clay were developed in different stages. Firstly, first-level cracks developed diagonally or parallel to the edge of the container, and then second-level cracks developed along the main cracks with an angle of close to 90°. Most of the third-level or higher-level cracks were approximately perpendicular to the second-level cracks or the edge of the container and developed in parallel. In the cracking stage, the water loss ratio of the sample had a good positive correlation with the surface crack ratio. The slope of the fitted curve increased with the increase of the sodium carbonate concentration. With the increase of sodium carbonate concentration, the water loss ratio and the width of first-level cracks of clayey soil decreased, and the total length and the number of cracks increased, while the surface cracking ratio increased first and then decreased.
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Conteh, A., and G. J. Blair. "The distribution and relative losses of soil organic carbon fractions in aggregate size fractions from cracking clay soils (Vertisols) under cotton production." Soil Research 36, no. 2 (1998): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97073.
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The distribution and losses of organic carbon fractions in various aggregate sizes from cracking clay soils were studied to understand some factors associated with losses of soil organic carbon under cultivation. Five pairs of samples from cropped and adjacent uncropped (reference) soils were collected from 5 of the main cotton-growing regions of Australia. Five aggregate sizes were separated from each of these soils (<50 µm, 50-150 µm, 150-250 µm, 250-450 µm, and 450-500 µm). On each of these aggregate fractions, measurements were made for total carbon (CT), labile carbon by ease of oxidation (CL), d 13 C, total light fraction (LF), carbon content of light fraction (C%-LF), and the proportion of soil carbon in the light fraction (LF-C) calculated. CT and CL were found to increase with a decrease in aggregate size, whereas LF was found to decrease with a decrease in aggregate size. Losses of both CT and CL as a result of cultivation were higher in larger aggregates than in smaller aggregates. The δ13C of both the whole soil and the LF was higher in the cropped soil than in the reference soil. It was concluded that most of the organic matter present in the cracking clay soils used for cotton production is highly decomposed, and most of it is concentrated in the microaggregates of the soil.
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Hibberd, DE, JH Ladewig, MN Hunter, and GW Blight. "Responses in cotton yields to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers in the Emerald Irrigation Area, central Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 5 (1990): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900661.
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The poor growth of cotton in the Emerald Irrigation Area of central Queensland was investigated in fertiliser experiments from 1978 to 1980. The need for large amounts of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) fertilisers was demonstrated. In a glasshouse nutrient-omission experiment, N, P, potassium, sulfur (S), zinc, copper, manganese, boron (B) and molybdenum were tested for effects on cotton growth on the soil surface fraction (low in P and S) of a black cracking clay at Emerald. Plant growth indicated that P, N and S were extremely deficient. Other nutrients, except B, were marginally deficient. Slow growth was reflected in low shoot concentrations of N, P and S. In subsequent field experiments at 5 sites on 3 different soils, yield responses were only obtained to applications of P and N. Phosphorus at a rate of 40 kg/ha was required on a shallow, basaltic, dark cracking clay (Bug) soil. Yield responses to P were not obtained on an alluvial, dark cracking clay (AUg) or on a deep, basaltic, dark cracking clay (TbUg), but soil P concentrations were generally higher at these sites. For high value cotton crops where soil P analyses are low (i.e. <12 mg/kg bicarbonate-extractable P at 0-10 cm), high P fertiliser rates are recommended to maintain the soil P status. Nitrogen at a rate of 120 kg/ha produced heaviest yields on the Bug soil, but there were symptoms of N deficiency in plants early in the season. Irrigation frequency treatments produced no significant differences in yield.
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Shaw, R., L. Brebber, C. Ahern, and M. Weinand. "A review of sodicity and sodic soil behavior in Queensland." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940143.
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The occurrence of sodic soils in Queensland is more related to soil genetic factors of the past than to the current rainfall pattern, with lower sodium accessions and smaller occurrence of saline lands than other areas of Australia. A soil sodicity map of Queensland is presented. On an area basis, 55% of soils in Queensland are non-sodic, 25% are strongly sodic and 20% are of variable sodicity. The map was prepared using exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values at 0.6 m depth from 2 009 soil profiles, as well as the soil boundaries of the 1:2000000 Atlas of Australian Soils maps (Northcote et al. 1960-68). There is general agreement with the earlier sodicity map of Northcote and Skene (1972). The relationships between exchangeable sodium and field-measured soil hydraulic properties and plant-available water capacity are discussed. Behaviour of sodic soils depends on the exchangeable sodium percentage, clay content, clay mineralogy and salt levels. The binary component particle packing theory has been used to explain soil behaviour and identify those soils most susceptible to sodium. Cracking clay soils with dominantly smectite mineralogy and high clay contents are less susceptible to a given ESP level, as determined by their hydrological behaviour, than soils of moderate clay content and mixed mineralogies. The sodicity and the salt content of an irrigation water are important in maintaining permeability of soils. The naturally occurring equilibrium salinity-sodicity relationships of a wide range of subsoils in Queensland is compared to the published relationships between stable permeability and decreasing permeability based on sodicity and salt content. Aspects of management of sodicity under dryland and irrigation are discussed.
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Puppala, Anand J., Thammanoon Manosuthkij, Soheil Nazarian, and Laureano R. Hoyos. "Threshold moisture content and matric suction potentials in expansive clays prior to initiation of cracking in pavements." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 4 (April 2011): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-087.
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Numerous low- to medium-volume roads constructed on expansive clay subgrades have experienced severe pavement cracking and premature loss of serviceability. These roads often become distressed due to volume change associated with seasonal moisture content fluctuation in the underlying soils. An attempt is made in this paper to study field moisture content and soil suction potentials of expansive subsoils, and investigate the potentials at which soil and pavement cracking occur. Two types of sensors were utilized to measure volumetric moisture content and matric suctions in the soils. These sensors were installed at three pavement subgrade sites in Fort Worth, San Antonio, and Paris Districts in Texas, USA. Test results show that site environmental conditions, such as climate and large trees near the test sections, have a strong influence on expansive soil movements and related pavement cracking. Three possible scenarios where pavement cracking could occur in the field, determined from analysis of the data, are outlined. Theoretical correlation developed between the laboratory-based shrinkage strain tests and changes in soil compaction moisture content was successfully used to estimate surficial crack widths in the field. Finally, methods to control desiccation cracking in the field are outlined.
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Yang, Jiankang, Haijun Lu, Xiong Zhang, Jixiang Li, and Weiwei Wang. "An Experimental Study on Solidifying Municipal Sewage Sludge through Skeleton Building Using Cement and Coal Gangue." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5069581.
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The municipal sewage sludge typically has very high water content and low shear strength. Conventional methods of lime and cement solidification of municipal sewage sludge often suffer high cost, significant drying shrinkage, frequent cracking, high hydraulic conductivity, and low strength. To overcome these shortcomings, in this paper a skeleton-building method was used to solidify municipal sewage sludge in which coal gangue, cement and clay, and fiber were used as skeleton materials, cementation materials, and filling materials, respectively. Comprehensive laboratory tests including cracking, nitrogen adsorption, triaxial shearing, and permeability tests were performed to determine cracking, pore structure, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity of municipal sewage sludge solidified with different proportions of coal gangue, cement, fiber, and clay. Based upon the experimental results, the mechanisms of the skeleton building using cement and coal gangue were discussed and factors controlling the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of the solidified soils were analyzed at both microscopic and macroscopic levels. Based upon the test results and analyses, recommendations were made for solidifying municipal sewage sludge through skeleton building using cement and coal gangue. The solidified soils have high soil strength, high resistance to cracking, and low hydraulic conductivity which are sufficient for being used as landfill liner.
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Grismer, Mark, and I. C. Tod. "Field procedure helps calculate irrigation time for cracking clay soils." California Agriculture 48, no. 4 (July 1994): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3733/ca.v048n04p33.
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Crescimanno, Giuseppina, and Paolo Garofalo. "Management of Irrigation with Saline Water in Cracking Clay Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 70, no. 5 (September 2006): 1774–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0335.
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Armstrong, A. C., A. M. Matthews, A. M. Portwood, P. B. Leeds-Harrison, and N. J. Jarvis. "CRACK-NP: a pesticide leaching model for cracking clay soils." Agricultural Water Management 44, no. 1-3 (May 2000): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(99)00091-8.
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Bronswijk, J. J. B. "Modeling of water balance, cracking and subsidence of clay soils." Journal of Hydrology 97, no. 3-4 (February 1988): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90115-1.
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Emerson, WW. "Aggregate slaking and dispersion class, bulk properties of soil." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940173.
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Diffuse double-layer swelling of soils with aggregates in dispersion classes 1 and 2 can cause piping failures in earthen structures. For saturated aggregates in classes 3 or 4 from clay soils, the matric suction at which shrinkage starts depends on the size of the clay particles. As a result, cracks form sooner in highly swelling soils and aggregates around the cracks do not slake. This makes the soils easy to irrigate. Non-cracking clay subsoils may be difficult to drain because porosity created by ripping is lost by slaking. Very few Na-ions are needed on exchange sites to move class 3a aggregates into class 2. The number required is increased in neutral to acid soils because of cationic forms of aluminium on exchange sites. Aggregates from the tops of columns of a natrustalf were found to be in class 3, the bases in class 2. It is deduced that it is unlikely that the tops move seasonally. The results axe also used to illustrate the difficulty of defining natric horizons by exchangeable cation composition. The main challenge to improving soil structure and crop yield is where surface soils with aggregates in class 3a overlie clay subsoils with aggregates in classes 1 or 2.
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Liu, Y. Y., J. P. Evans, M. F. McCabe, R. A. M. de Jeu, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, and H. Su. "Influence of cracking clays on satellite estimated and model simulated soil moisture." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 6 (June 18, 2010): 979–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-979-2010.
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Abstract. Vertisols are clay soils that are common in the monsoonal and dry warm regions of the world. One of the characteristics of these soil types is to form deep cracks during periods of extended dry, resulting in significant variation of the soil and hydrologic properties. Understanding the influence of these varying soil properties on the hydrological behavior of the system is of considerable interest, particularly in the retrieval or simulation of soil moisture. In this study we compare surface soil moisture (θ in m3 m−3) retrievals from AMSR-E using the VUA-NASA (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in collaboration with NASA) algorithm with simulations from the Community Land Model (CLM) over vertisol regions of mainland Australia. For the three-year period examined here (2003–2005), both products display reasonable agreement during wet periods. During dry periods however, AMSR-E retrieved near surface soil moisture falls below values for surrounding non-clay soils, while CLM simulations are higher. CLM θ are also higher than AMSR-E and their difference keeps increasing throughout these dry periods. To identify the possible causes for these discrepancies, the impacts of land use, topography, soil properties and surface temperature used in the AMSR-E algorithm, together with vegetation density and rainfall patterns, were investigated. However these do not explain the observed θ responses. Qualitative analysis of the retrieval model suggests that the most likely reason for the low AMSR-E θ is the increase in soil porosity and surface roughness resulting from cracking of the soil. To quantitatively identify the role of each factor, more in situ measurements of soil properties that can represent different stages of cracking need to be collected. CLM does not simulate the behavior of cracking soils, including the additional loss of moisture from the soil continuum during drying and the infiltration into cracks during rainfall events, which results in overestimated θ when cracks are present. The hydrological influence of soil physical changes are expected to propagate through the modeled system, such that modeled infiltration, evaporation, surface temperature, surface runoff and groundwater recharge should be interpreted with caution over these soil types when cracks might be present. Introducing temporally dynamic roughness and soil porosity into retrieval algorithms and adding a "cracking clay" module into models are expected to improve the representation of vertisol hydrology.
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Ahmad, Asmita, Christianto Lopulisa, A. M. Imran,, and Sumbangan Baja. "Mineral Tanah sebagai Indikator Stabilitas Tanah pada Daerah Berlereng: Studi Kasus Tombolopao Kabupaten Gowa." Jurnal Ecosolum 7, no. 1 (October 11, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ecosolum.v7i1.5214.
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Soil forming process can influence soil stability, especially on a sloping area, which is currently related to landslides. This research aims to study mineral content in the soil as an indicator to evaluate soil stability in slope area. Soil texture analyzed with hydrometer and soil mineral analyzed with Kerr method. Soil parent rock comes from Tpbv (Tertiary Pliocene Baturape Volcanic) Formation that consists of lava, breccia, tuff, and conglomerate. Soil texture in A horizon dominated with silty clay loam and in B horizon with silty clay. Clay content in A horizon to B horizon increase ranges from 2-6%. Soils mineral have been weathering on the physical and chemical, which caused cracking on minerals lattice and formed clay minerals inside it. The presence of clay minerals between soil mineral particles can cause mutual repulsion force and cause friction particles that triggering the movement of particles in a small scale when soil saturated by water and triggers soil movement (landslide).
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Conteh, A., G. J. Blair, R. D. B. Lefroy, and D. A. Macleod. "Soil organic carbon changes in cracking clay soils under cotton production as studied by carbon fractionation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 7 (1997): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96177.
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This study examined soil carbon levels across a wide range of cracking clay soils used for growing cotton in Australia by using a simple carbon fractionation procedure. The soils studied included reference and cropped sites. The procedure employed determines soil carbon fractions based on their ease of oxidation to obtain the labile (CL) and non-labile (CNL) carbon components. Based on the total carbon (CT), labile carbon (CL), and non-labile carbon (CNL) of a cropped soil relative to a reference soil, various monitoring indices were developed. It was found that cultivation has generally led to a decrease in the organic carbon status of the soils. The effect of cultivation was found to be more pronounced in the CL and the carbon management index (CMI) than in the CT and CNL. The changes in the ratio of CL to CNL as a result of cultivation have been variable. The CMI has generally declined during cultivation, and since the CMI has incorporated the changes taking place in CT, CL, and CNL, the use of this index can provide very useful results in monitoring of organic matter status of soils.
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Fouli, Ymène, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, and Herb W. Cutforth. "Freeze–thaw cycles and soil water content effects on infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, no. 4 (September 2013): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-060.
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Fouli, Y., Cade-Menun, B. J. and Cutforth, H. W. 2013. Freeze–thaw cycles and soil water content effects on infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 485–496. Many soils at high latitudes or elevations freeze and thaw seasonally. More frequent freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) may affect ecosystem diversity and productivity because freeze–thaw cycles cause changes in soil physical properties and affect water movement in the landscape. This study examined the effects of FTCs (0, 1, 5, and 10) and antecedent soil water content [at soil water potentials (SWP) −1.5, −0.033 and −0.02 MPa] on the infiltration rate of three Saskatchewan soils (a clay, a loam, and a loamy sand). A tension infiltrometer was used at tensions [water potentials of the tension infiltrometer (WPT)] −5, −10 and −15 cm. Infiltration rates increased with increasing SWPs for the loam and clay soils due to higher infiltrability into drier soils. Infiltration rates decreased with increasing SWPs for the loamy sand, probably the result of less surface tension, unimodal porosity, and increased gravitational potential. Infiltration rates either decreased or did not change with increasing FTCs, and this may be due to increased water viscosity as temperatures approach freezing. Also, ice may have formed in soil pores after frequent FTCs, causing lower infiltration rates. Infiltration rates for clay at −1.5 MPa were higher than for loam or loamy sand, probably the result of clay mineralogy and potential shrinking and cracking. Soil texture and initial water content had a significant effect on infiltration rates, and FTCs either maintained or lowered infiltration rates.
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Barson, MM, B. Abraham, and CV Malcolm. "Improving the productivity of saline discharge areas: an assessment of the potential use of saltbush in the Murray-Darling Basin." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 8 (1994): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941143.
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Results of field trials testing the growth of Atriplex species on saline soils in Western Australia have been used with the PLANTGRO model to predict the success of 6 Atriplex species on 6 salinised soil types at 6 localities in the Murray-Darling Basin. The model's predictions that the productivity of all species would be severely limited on cracking clay soils due to poor aeration were tested by examining data from field trials. It was concluded that saltbush production will be very poor on heavy clay soils. Field trial data suggest that these limitations will be exacerbated by the interaction of aeration and soil salinity factors at mean salinities (ECe) >10 dS/m, and the planting of Atriplex on these sites is not recommended. Better results are expected on some duplex and gradational soils where larger sand fractions in the A horizon improve soil aeration characteristics. However, the model predicts that productivity will, at best, be low to moderate at all the Murray-Darling Basin sites examined.
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Keating, BA, RW Strickland, and MJ Fisher. "Salt tolerance of some tropical pasture legumes with potential adaptation to cracking clay soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 2 (1986): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860181.
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Cracking clay soils or vertisols occur in large areas of the subhumid regions of north-eastern Australia and frequently contain appreciable levels of salt in their subsoils. The comparative salt tolerance of some tropical pasture legumes was studied in pots with NaCl added to a clay soil to achieve electrical conductivities (saturated extract, ECe) over the range 2.0- 20.0 dS m-1. Tolerance, based on EC, at 50% of maximum growth (in parentheses) was in the order: Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro (10.6)> Macroptilium lathyroides cv. Murray (9.9) > Vigna trilobata (9.7) > Indigofera spicata (9.5) > Desmanthus subulatus (9.3) > Arachis pintoi (7.9) > Clitoria ternatea (6.4) > Stylosanthes scabra (5.6) > Indigofera schimperi (5.4) > Psoralea tenax (5.3) > Rhynchosia minima (5.1). The grass Panicum coloratum cv. Bambatsi was markedly more tolerant than any of the legumes studied, with 50% yield at an EC, of 16.4 dS m-1. Patterns of Na+ and Cl- uptake with increasing level of salt differed between species, but were not related to the degree oftolerance observed. The results are discussed in terms of the reported salinity tolerance of legumes generally and their implications to the search for persistent legumes for clay soils.
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Blumenthal, MJ, and TB Hilder. "Emergence and early growth of Lotononis bainesii cv. Miles on a cracking clay soil compared with four other tropical legumes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 2 (1989): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890193.
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The effects of soil type (sand, loam and cracking clay), treatment with Terra-sorb, sowing depth and watering regime on the emergence and early growth of Lotononis bainesii (DC.) Eckl and Zeyh. cv. Miles were examined in 4 glasshouse experiments. We also compared the effects of sowing depth, watering regime, and early growth on the establishment of L. bainesii and 4 other tropical legumes (Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, Rhynchosia minima CPI 32963, and Stylosanthes hamata (CPI 75171 and Indigofera schimperi CPI 73608). Lotononis germination was greatest when surface sown on a well watered cracking clay soil but emergence was similar for all soils at other depths. Seed sown deeper than 10 mm did not emerge. Siratro and Rhynchosia were able to emerge equally well from 40 mm as from 2 mm. Stylosanthes hamata showed a steady decline in emergence to zero at 40 mm. Emergence of Lotononis and Stylosanthes was greatest under the most lenient watering regime, whereas Rhynchosia emergence was greatest under the harshest watering regime. Coating seeds with a moisture seeking polymer, Terra-sorb, did not significantly improve the emergence of these legumes. Two weeks after sowing, top and root dry weight were related to seed size; Lotononis and Indigofera compensated for small seed size with high relative growth rates so that by week 6 there were no differences in total dry weight. Siratro and Rhynchosia had the highest and Lotononis the lowest rootlshoot ratio. Small seed size, an inability to emerge from depth and a low root/shoot ratio are all factors contributing to the poor establishment of L. bainesii, particularly on cracking clay soils.
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Skjemstad, JO, and RC Dalal. "Spectroscopic and chemical differences in organic matter of two vertisols subjected to long periods of cultivation." Soil Research 25, no. 3 (1987): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870323.
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The nature of a number of humic fractions extracted from the 0-0.1 m layers of two cracking clay soils was studied using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. By comparing samples from sites under native vegetation and nearby sites which had been under continuous cultivation for cereal cropping for 35 years, two different mechanisms which act to protect organic matter against decline are evident. In both grey clays (Langlands-Logie clay) and black earths (Waco clay), a large proportion of the organic matter receives some degree of protection through association with clay. In grey clays, this is the only significant form of protection. The humic materials display little molecular recalcitrance and contain significant amounts of long alkyl chains and proteinaceous groups. In black earths, association of organic matter with clay is also the most significant factor but, in addition, the remaining humic materials are more stable to microbial attack. This results from higher aromaticity as well as shorter, more highly branched alkyl chains. Some implications of these findings are also discussed.
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Jarvis, N. J., and P. B. Leeds-Harrison. "Field test of a water balance model of cracking clay soils." Journal of Hydrology 112, no. 3-4 (January 1990): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90015-p.
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Jones, Russell L., David J. S. Arnold, Graham L. Harris, Steven W. Bailey, Tim J. Pepper, David J. Mason, Colin D. Brown, et al. "Processes affecting movement of pesticides to drainage in cracking clay soils." Pesticide Outlook 11, no. 5 (2000): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b007951k.
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Mufarrohah, Mufarrohah, Tony Yulianto, and Faisol Faisol. "Penentuan Jenis Tanah untuk Menghasilkan Genteng Berkualitas Menggunakan Fuzzy ELECTRE." Zeta - Math Journal 5, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31102/zeta.2020.5.1.32-36.
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Soil is the layer of the earth's surface that comes from parent material which has undergone an advanced process. In the past, roof tiles came from clay that was molded and heated to dry. Therefore, for selecting quality tile, it must be in accordance with the specified soil. Some of the soils that have been selected from tile making are clay clay, red soil, black soil, brown soil (kobih), yellow soil (kombung). while good soil is of course land that can meet the maker of his needs. Some of the criteria for good and quality tile, for example in terms of strength, precision, non-cracking, and yellow ivory. The decision support system is a method designed to assist users in making decisions and can also be used as a quality tile selection recommendation system for makers. This decision support system uses the Fuzzy ELETRE method as a process in determining the best soil type so that the results show that TA (combination of clay, brown (kobih), black) and TC (combination of clay, yellow, black) dominates more than TB (combination). loam, red, black).
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Emerson, WW. "Structural decline of soils, assessment and prevention." Soil Research 29, no. 6 (1991): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910905.
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Two extreme textural types of cultivated surface soils are mainly considered here, non-shrinking red-brown earths and highly shrinking cracking clays. Total porosity is used to assess the structural status of the former. Values are compared with the highest and lowest values found in the field. For the latter, the criterion used is the porosity of dry aggregates or clods. Values here are taken from the literature. To find out why inter-particle bonding in soil aggregates is insufficient to stop structural decline, a scheme has been developed which includes a modified version of Emerson's (1967) classification of soil aggregates. Slaking is carefully assessed. The bulk density of a cube made from soil at 'field capacity' is measured as well as testing another for dispersion. Class 3 is now divided into 3a and 3b, according to the degree of dispersion of remoulded soil in water. Also apart from soils which disperse spontaneously from dry, classes 1 and 2, the dispersion of all soils is assessed after remoulding at 'field capacity'. It has been found that the red-brown earth site which had the best visual structure also had the largest total porosity and aggregates in class 4. At the worst site, aggregates were in class 3a and the porosity had been reduced to that of the soil cube. For cracking clays, porosity is appreciably higher where the aggregates are in class 4 rather than class 3a. Water content/dispersion curves are presented for the clays showing the extent of the increase in OD apparently associated with the presence of carbonate. Dispersion of sheared, class 3a soil immersed in water is only an outward sign of the structural damage caused when the soil is sheared too wet. If the soil is dried instead, porosity is still lost. Mechanisms are suggested by which the structure of class 3a clay soils are improved by adding carbonate. The slumping of red-brown earths and the use of surface dressings of gypsum to prevent severe dispersion after cultivation wet are discussed. The structural stability of aggregates in the other five classes is briefly considered. Classes 1 and 2 require an ameliorant to be added, the rest pose few problems.
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Grant, C. D., D. A. Angers, R. S. Murray, M. H. Chantigny, and U. Hasanah. "On the nature of soil aggregate coalescence in an irrigated swelling clay." Soil Research 39, no. 3 (2001): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99073.
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Aggregate coalescence in irrigated cracking clays constrains crop yields, yet little is known about it or how it can be managed. A measure of coalescence is introduced to separate the effects of natural aggregate-bed densification from those of age-hardening; this measure, χ, comprises a ratio of the net change in (tensile or penetrometer) strength, Y, that occurs in relation to the corresponding net change in dry bulk density, ρb, as follows: χ = ΔY/Δρb. A laboratory study was conducted to illustrate the variation in χ for a virgin and cultivated cracking clay exposed to 16 weekly cycles of wetting and draining. Penetrometer resistance and tensile strength at –100 kPa, plus bulk density and other physical and chemical properties, were measured throughout the experiment. The cultivated soil rapidly became denser and stronger, it developed larger aggregates, and its water-uptake rate in the air-dry state was significantly greater than that for the virgin soil. The χ values suggested that age-hardening processes constituted a greater component of coalescence in the cultivated soil than it did in the virgin one, and this was thought to be mediated by the large differences in the content and composition of organic matter in the two soils.
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Ruiz Talonia, Lorena, Nick Reid, Caroline L. Gross, and R. D. B. Whalley. "Germination ecology of six species of Eucalyptus in shrink–swell vertosols: moisture, seed depth and seed size limit seedling emergence." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 1 (2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16155.
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We examined the potential of direct-seeding Eucalyptus species to revegetate the vertosol (‘cracking clay’) soils that characterise the floodplains of north-western New South Wales. We investigated the influence of sowing depth (0, 6, 12 and 20 mm) and three soil-moisture scenarios (dry, moist and flooded) on seedling emergence of seedlings of six species of Eucalyptus with a range of seed sizes (E. blakelyi, E. camaldulensis, E. melanophloia, E. melliodora, E. pilligaensis and E. populnea). We used cracking clay soil from the region in a glasshouse environment. Seedling emergence was low despite high seed viability and provision of optimum temperatures and soil moisture conditions. All six species exhibited greatest emergence when sown at 0–6-mm depth, with seed size being less important than moisture (except under dry conditions) and proximity to the surface. Species responded differently to the three watering treatments. Eucalyptus melanophloia exhibited greatest emergence in the ‘dry’ watering treatment. The floodplain species, E. camaldulensis, E pilliganesis and E. populnea, had the greatest emergence under flood conditions. Eucalyptus blakelyi and E. melliodora exhibited intermediate emergence in relation to all three soil-moisture regimes. Although the direct seeding of these species in vertosol soils in the region may be successful on occasion, windows of opportunity will be infrequent and the planting of seedling tubestock will be more reliable for revegetation.
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Nikbakht, Mahdi, Fariba Behrooz Sarand, Arash Esmatkhah Irani, Masoud Hajialilue Bonab, Mohammad Azarafza, and Reza Derakhshani. "An Experimental Study for Swelling Effect on Repairing of Cracks in Fine-Grained Clayey Soils." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 8596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178596.
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Earth-dam failure starts with cracking in the clay core, and this cracking is not easy to detect and prevent. Therefore, swellable clay is a feasible solution, which helps to close the cracks automatically based on the self-healing process. The presented study utilizes experimental procedures to analyze the swelling behavior of fine-grained clayey soils to prevent structural failure regarding crack generations. In this regard, the clayey materials were modified using Kaolin and Bentonite mixed with various weight percentages (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5%) and extracted the geotechnical characteristics of the studied soils, which included 90 specimens and 85 tests, such as physical properties, consolidation, particle-size analysis, hydrometry, Atterberg limits, compaction, odometer, and pinhole. The experimental results revealed that the swelling of the Bentonite is more than Kaolin satisfied for self-healing features in clayey soils. Regarding the numerous swelling tests, Bentonite provides optimum results (attained 10%) compared to Kaolin. As a verification procedure, the pinhole test was performed on samples, which revealed that Bentonite was dominant in controlling the water flow through the samples.
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Contreras, A., L. M. Quej, H. B. Liu, J. L. Alamilla, and E. Sosa. "Role of Mexican Clay Soils on Corrosiveness and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Low-Carbon Pipeline Steels: A Case Study." Corrosion 76, no. 10 (July 21, 2020): 967–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3515.
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This work analyzed the physicochemical effect of different types of Mexican clay soils on corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior in contact with X60 and X65 steels. Four soils were obtained from the right of way land in southern Mexico at 1.5 m depth close to pipelines. Two soils were from the state of Oaxaca (SO1 and SO2), and two others from the state of Veracruz (SV1 and SV2). Physicochemical and textural analysis of soils was performed and correlated to SCC susceptibility and corrosion mechanism. It was observed that soil texture might be related to corrosivity. A texture index (ratio between sand and silt + clay), which was seen to have a relationship with the corrosive tendency of soils, was estimated. It showed that soil with a higher index (SV1) has a higher corrosion rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves were performed and correlated to the corrosion rate and the SCC susceptibility of steels. Steels exposed to SV1 soil exhibited a higher corrosion rate related to a higher content of chlorides and acid pH than those seen in other soils, which resulted in the pitting of such steels. Two types of corrosion were observed. Soils from SV1 and SV2 generated pitting, and soils from SO1 and SO2 produced general corrosion. Inclusions caused pitting in the gauge section of X60 and X65 steels exposed to SV1 soil by anodic dissolution. Galvanic coupling between inclusions and the base metal and dissolution of the inclusions might have enhanced the nucleation of pits at these sites. SCC susceptibility was evaluated using slow strain rate tests (SSRT). After SSRT, the fracture surfaces were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy. The SCC index obtained from SSRT indicates that X60 and X65 steels exhibited good resistance to SCC. A highly corrosive soil, such as SV1, causes the formation of pits instead of cracks, which is attributed to the dissolution process; however, lower SCC indexes were obtained for this system. The higher corrosion resistance of X60 steel is related to a more homogenous microstructure and a higher content of elements, such as Ni and Cr, than those of X65 steel that decrease the corrosion rate.
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Tran, Khoa M., Ha H. Bui, Jayantha Kodikara, and Marcelo Sánchez. "Soil curling process and its influencing factors." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 3 (March 2020): 408–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0489.
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Soil curling is a common phenomenon in nature due to the rearrangement of soil particles caused by moisture loss. The occurrence of curling in soils significantly affects soil performance in various disciplines. Despite its importance, most existing studies describe the soil curling process within the context of soil desiccation cracking, where boundary conditions facilitating soil curling are not well controlled, or often use the final stage of the desiccation process to infer the soil curling behaviour. Consequently, the underlying soil curling mechanism, the state of the curled soil, and the influencing factors (i.e., clay type, drying temperature, initial water content, and sand content) are not fully understood. In this study, soil curling tests were conducted to study the above-mentioned issues in different types of soils under well-controlled boundary and environmental conditions. It was found that natural clays consisting of higher portions of smectite underwent both upward curling (concave-up) and downward curling (convex-up), while artificial clay experienced only concave-up curling. Concave-up curling initiated when the samples were almost in the saturated condition, while convex-up curling started when the water content of samples was close to their plastic limits. The influencing factors had a profound effect on the moisture evaporation and thus on the soil curling state and its lift-off height. Finally, a conceptual model isproposed to explain the soil curling mechanism and factors influencing soil curling.
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Smith, R. J., M. J. Uddin, and M. H. Gillies. "Estimating irrigation duration for high performance furrow irrigation on cracking clay soils." Agricultural Water Management 206 (July 2018): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.03.014.
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Vail, Mark, Cheng Zhu, Chao-Sheng Tang, Nate Maute, and Melissa Tababa Montalbo-Lomboy. "Desiccation Cracking Behavior of Clayey Soils Treated with Biocement and Bottom Ash Admixture during Wetting–Drying Cycles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 8 (June 12, 2020): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120924409.
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Desiccation cracking considerably impairs the hydraulic and mechanical properties of clayey soils that are critical to the long-term performance of infrastructure foundations and earth structures. Typical crack remediation methods are associated with high labor and maintenance costs or the use of environmentally unfriendly chemicals. Recycling waste materials and developing biomediated techniques have emerged as green, sustainable soil stabilization solutions. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of soil crack remediation through use of bottom ash admixtures and microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP). We carried out cyclic wetting–drying tests to characterize the effects of bottom ash and MICP on the desiccation cracking behaviors of bentonite soils. Two groups of soil samples that contained different percentages of bottom ash (0%, 20%, 40% by weight) were prepared for cyclic water and MICP treatments, respectively. The desiccation cracking patterns captured by a high-resolution camera were quantified using image processing. We also employed scanning electron microscopy for microstructural characterizations. Experimental results revealed that cyclic water treatment resulted in more cracking, whereas cyclic MICP treatment improved soil strength owing to the precipitation of calcite crystals on the soil particle surface and inside the interparticle pores. Adding bottom ash to bentonite reduced the plasticity of the mixture, promoted the flocculation of clay particles by cation exchange, and also provided soluble calcium to enhance calcite precipitation. This study demonstrates the potential of bottom ash and MICP for crack remediation and brings new insights into the design and assessment of sustainable infrastructures under climate changes.
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Widomski, Marcin K., Anna Musz-Pomorska, and Wojciech Franus. "Hydraulic and Swell–Shrink Characteristics of Clay and Recycled Zeolite Mixtures for Liner Construction in Sustainable Waste Landfill." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137301.
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This paper presents research considering hydraulic as well as swelling and shrinkage characteristics of potential recycled fine particle materials for compacted clay liner for sustainable landfills. Five locally available clay soils mixed with 10% (by mass) of NaP1 recycled zeolite were tested. The performed analysis was based on determined plasticity, cation exchange capacity, coefficient of saturated hydraulic conductivity after compaction, several shrinkage and swelling characteristics as well as, finally, saturated hydraulic conductivity after three cycles of drying and rewetting of tested specimens and the reference samples. The obtained results showed that addition of zeolite to clay soils allowed reduction in their saturated hydraulic conductivity to meet the required threshold (≤1 × 10−9 m/s) of sealing capabilities for compacted clay liner. On the other hand, an increase in plasticity, swelling, and in several cases in shrinkage, of the clay–zeolite mixture was observed. Finally, none of the tested mixtures was able to sustain its sealing capabilities after three cycles of drying and rewetting. Thus, the studied clayey soils mixed with sustainable recycled zeolite were assessed as promising materials for compacted liner construction. However, the liner should be operated carefully to avoid extensive dissication and cracking.
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Zhong, Yuqing, Guanghua Cai, and Gang Zeng. "The Effect of Initial Water Content and Density on the Swelling-Shrinkage and Cracking Characteristics of Compacted Clay." Separations 9, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9120424.
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The swelling-shrinkage and cracking characteristics of compacted clay under the coupling effect of initial conditions are rarely studied. The dry-wet cycle test of compacted clay with varying initial water contents and densities was performed in this study; the size and cracking conditions were investigated. The results showed that when the initial moisture content was 21% and the dry density was 1.65 g/cm3, the longitudinal expansion amount of the compacted clay was relatively small. However, it was rather large when the initial water content was 17% and 19%. Under the same dry density, the final vertical shrinkage ratio of the sample with a water content of 21% was the smallest, while that of the samples with a water content of 23% and 25% was rather big. Under the same water content, the final vertical shrinkage ratio decreased with the increase in dry density. After three wetting-drying cycles, compacted clay with a dry density of 1.65 g/cm3 and an optimal initial water content of 21% produced the fewest cracks and had the lowest cracking factor (CF) (only 7.58%). The compacted clay specimens with the dry densities of 1.55 g/cm3 and 1.60 g/cm3 had rather significant cracking at the same initial moisture content of 21%. The mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test demonstrated that in the first two dry and wet cycles, the distribution of large pores decreased and that of tiny pores increased. After the third cycle, the distribution of small and medium pores decreased slightly. The results of this study will provide theoretical guidance for selecting cover soils in landfills.
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Chertkov, V. Y. "Some possible interconnections between shrinkage cracking and gilgai." Soil Research 43, no. 1 (2005): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04059.
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There is the specific form of a microrelief of swelling clay soils, called gilgai. The relief consists of mounds, depressions, and even sections of the surface. Existing models of the phenomenon do not account for the role of horizontal shrinkage cracks and are qualitative. The objective of this work is to propose a quantitative model of possible interconnections between the formation of shrinkage cracks, vertical and horizontal, and the gilgai microrelief. First, a summary is given of available models of the vertical and horizontal shrinkage cracks in soils. A proposed mechanism of the gilgai formation is based on a width increase of the air-filled horizontal cracks during a wetting season. Some simple relations are considered between the gilgai microrelief and vertical and horizontal shrinkage cracking. The analysis results of available data on geometrical gilgai characteristics favour the feasibility of the model.
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Salisu, Abdullahi, Wayayok Aimrun, Ahmad F. Abdullah, and &. Rowshon Md Kamal. "Characterization of Clay Soil and Zolite Powder as Materials for the Production of Irrigation Porous Pipes." Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences 34 (August 20, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2021.34.sp1.11.
Full textAbstract:
The uses of clay pipes in irrigation water management are becoming popular, especially in arid and semi-arid soils. The study examined clay and zeolite materials for irrigation pipes, and this paper reported characteristic properties of these materials. Hydrometer, pychnometer and core sampler methods were for soil physical properties determination. Consistency tests using (Atterberg method) and analytical techniques (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, EDS) for samples analyses. The results indicate the soil to contain 11 % sand, 34 % silt and 55 % clay fractions and texturally classified as clay with a particle density of 1.58 g/cm3 and bulk density 2.43 g/cm3 respectively. Addition of zeolite at 3:1 clay/zeolite mix ratio shows liquid limit (LL) and plastic (PL) values to decreases from 50.7% to 43.7% and 27.6% to 27.3% while plasticity index, (PI) change from 23.2 to 16.7 respectively. The shrinkage rate decreases from 11.67% for raw clay to 8.92 % for the treated sample. The EDS analysis shows both clay and zeolite samples to contain carbon, silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) as the major constituents with ferric oxide (Fe2O3), potassium oxide (K2O) and cobalt (Co) as the minor constituents. The major constituents contribute 89.26 and 94.4% while minor contribute 10.74 and 5.59 % in clay and zeolite samples. Modifying clay improved its workability, reduces cracking potential and absorption capacity and performance of porous clay pipes.
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Vo, Nhat Dai. "A comparison of shrinkage cracking between clay minerals by crack parameters using image analysis." Science and Technology Development Journal 20, K4 (July 31, 2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v20ik4.1107.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments have been conducted in laboratory to present a comparison of shrinkage cracking based on an observation and a quantitative determination of crack parameters. Photographs of surface cracks for three different types of clay mineral belonging to different groups – Bentonite, Kaolinite and Illite – are processed using image analysis. Each of soil types is tested with four sample thicknesses ranging from 5 to 20 mm at an interval of 5 mm. The measurements of crack parameters for clay mineral soils show that area and width of cracks in case of Bentonite are much larger than those while length of cracks appears to be slightly less than that in other cases. Number of cracks in case of Bentonite are smaller than those in cases of Kaolinite and Illite. Additionally, compared with Illite, area, length and width of cracks in case of Kaolinite are slightly larger while the other crack parameters seem to be same.