Academic literature on the topic 'Clay soils Cracking'
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Journal articles on the topic "Clay soils Cracking"
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DASOG, G. S., D. F. ACTON, A. R. MERMUT, and E. DE JONG. "SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL AND CRACKING IN CLAY SOILS OF SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-025.
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Clay soils in Saskatchewan were studied to understand their shrink-swell potential, to identify soil properties that predict the coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE), and to assess the extent of cracking during the growing season. The soils have medium to very high shrink-swell potential, which is related to the specific surface area associated with expandable clays. Because expandable clays in these soils are predominantly of fine clay size, COLE is reasonably well predicted from percent fine clay. The extent of cracking is estimated for some sites using an improved method of measurement. Limited data suggest that cracking intensity in native grassland is less than in cultivated sites and that, under wheat, it is more pronounced in subarid than in subhumid sites. The magnitude of cracking in clay soils of Saskatchewan is much lower than in warmer regions of the world. It is suggested that COLE values and the extent of cracking could be used in improving the classification of clay soils. Key words: Clay soils, COLE, shrink-swell potential, shrinkage, cracking, Saskatchewan
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Morris, Peter H., J. Graham, and David J. Williams. "Cracking in drying soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-030.
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Cracking in soils that are undergoing drying is controlled by soil suctions and by soil properties such as compression modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear strength, tensile strength, and specific surface energy. The paper reviews the occurrence and morphology of cracks in dry-climate regions of Australia and Canada. After reviewing the behaviour of unsaturated soils and the mechanics of cracking, solutions are developed based on (i) elasticity theory, (ii) the transition between tensile and shear failure, and (iii) linear elastic fracture mechanics. The solutions are compared and related to crack depths observed in the field. Key words : clay, cracks, crust, shear strength, soil suction, tensile strength, unsaturated soil, weathering.
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Izzo, Michael Z., and Marta Miletić. "Desiccation Cracking Behavior of Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Reinforced Cohesive Soils." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071318.
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Desiccation cracking of cohesive soils is the development of cracks on the soil surface as a result of a reduction in water content. The formation of desiccation cracks on the cohesive soil surface has an undesirable impact on the mechanical, hydrological, and physicochemical soil properties. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to experimentally and numerically investigate eco-friendly soil improvement additives and their effect on the desiccation cracking behavior of soils. Improvement of soil crack resistance was experimentally studied by conducting desiccation cracking tests on kaolin clay. Biopolymer xanthan gum and recycled carpet fibers were studied as potential sustainable soil improvement additives. In addition, image processing was conducted to describe the effect of an additive on the geometrical characteristics of crack patterns. The results show that the soil improvement additives generally enhanced the soil strength and reduced cracking. Furthermore, a hydro-mechanical model was developed to predict the moisture transfer and onset of desiccation cracks in plain and amended kaolin clays. Data obtained show that the inception of the desiccation cracking and radial displacements were delayed in the improved soil specimens, which is in agreement with the experimental data.
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Liu, Y. Y., M. F. McCabe, J. P. Evans, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, R. A. M. de Jeu, and H. Su. "Influence of cracking clays on satellite observed and model simulated soil moisture." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 1 (February 4, 2010): 907–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-907-2010.
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Abstract. Vertisols are clay soils that are common in the monsoonal and dry warm regions of the world. A defining feature of these soils is the development of shrinking cracks during dry periods, the effects of which are not described in land surface models nor considered in the surface soil moisture estimation from passive microwave satellite observations. To investigate the influence of this process we compared the soil moisture (θ in m3 m−3) from AMSR-E observations and the Community Land Model (CLM) simulations over vertisols across mainland Australia. Both products agree reasonably well during wet seasons. However, during dry periods, AMSR-E θ falls below values for surrounding non-clays, while CLM simulations are higher. The impacts of soil property used in the AMSR-E algorithm, vegetation density and rainfall patterns were investigated, but do not explain the observed θ patterns. Analysis of the retrieval model suggests that the most likely reason for the low AMSR-E θ is the increase in soil porosity and surface roughness through cracking. CLM does not consider the behavior of cracking clay, including the further loss of moisture from soil and extremely high infiltration rates that would occur when cracks develop. Analyses show that the corresponding water fluxes can be different when cracks occur and therefore modeled evaporation, surface temperature, surface runoff and groundwater recharge should be interpreted with caution. Introducing temporally dynamic roughness and soil porosity into retrieval algorithms and adding a "cracking clay" module into models, respectively, may improve the representation of vertisol hydrology.
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MERMUT, A. R., and D. F. ACTON. "SURFICIAL REARRANGEMENT AND CRACKING IN SWELLING CLAY SOILS OF THE GLACIAL LAKE REGINA BASIN IN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-035.
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A pipeline trench across the Glacial Lake Regina basin provided an opportunity to examine the nature of soil development in heavy textured swelling clays in Saskatchewan. Radiocarbon dates showed a steep age versus depth gradient within the upper 1 m of these soils, and an abrupt change of gradient at this depth. Granular surface structure, deep and wide cracking, slickensides, weak horizon development, and gradual changes in organic matter content were the major characteristics of these soils. The dark-colored subsurface layer in the depressional position appeared to represent a former surface which was buried by accretion of materials from upper slopes. The characteristic morphological features signify the need to re-examine the classification of these soils in the Canadian System of Soil Classification. Key words: Organic 14C dates, soil age, paleosols, swelling clay soils, Holocene soils
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Gerard, Pierre, Ian Murray, and Alessandro Tarantino. "Cracking behaviour of fine-grained soils: from laboratory testing to numerical modelling." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 16004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199216004.
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Many experimental evidences suggest that desiccation cracks in clay initiate as a result of the mobilization of soil tensile strength. However this mechanical approach disregards the cohesionless and effective stress-dependent behaviour of fine-grained soil. On the other hand recent findings in the literature suggest that effective stress-dependent shear failure criteria would be appropriate to explain the mechanisms of desiccation cracking for tensile total stress states. This work aims at assessing the validity of a shear failure criterion to predict the onset of cracking in clay forms exposed to air drying. Clay forms of various geometries were experimentally subjected to non-uniform hydraulic and mechanical boundary conditions. Time and location for crack initiation are monitored using a digital camera. Cracking experiments are then modelled in a hydro-mechanical framework using an effective-stress shear failure criterion. The comparison of simulations with experimental results for both the time and the location of cracking allows assuming that cracking occurs due to failure in shearing.
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Rayhani, M. HT, E. K. Yanful, and A. Fakher. "Desiccation-induced cracking and its effect on the hydraulic conductivity of clayey soils from Iran." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-125.
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Clay materials have many environmental applications, especially in situations where a hydraulic barrier is desired. However, as the plasticity of clay increases, cracks tend to develop during cycles of long dry spells. This is particularly a concern in the construction of covers or installation of landfill liners prior to waste filling. In the present study, specimens prepared from three natural clayey soils from Iran used for clay barrier construction, and one artificial clayey soil, were subjected to cycles of wetting and drying. Surface cracks of different dimensions formed as a result of drying. Specimens with the largest volumetric shrinkage strains typically contained the highest number of cracks. Specimens that developed cracks were subjected to hydraulic conductivity testing. The results showed that the dimension of cracks increased with increasing plasticity index and clay content and, so, the initial hydraulic conductivity increased with increasing plasticity index and cycles of drying and wetting. Cracking increased the hydraulic conductivity by 12–34 times, depending on the plasticity of the soil. After a long saturation time, the hydraulic conductivity of the soils decreased with an increase in saturation time, which could be associated with a self-healing process that affects the soils by different degrees.Key words: desiccation, cracking, plasticity, hydraulic conductivity, clay barriers, self-healing, volumetric shrinkage.
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Oliveira, Elisangela do Prado, Karoline Soecki, Vitor Pereira Faro, and Alessander Christopher Morales Kormann. "Soil cracking propagation due to dryness and its relation to suction." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133701021.
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Investigation of Crack Intensity Factor is essential as it affects the mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of soils. Soil water coming from the wet seasons or from the water table, is removed by evaporation during the driest season. The loss of water provokes a significant increase in suction. When it exceeds the tensile strength of the soil, cracks occur that can modify the mechanical and mainly hydraulic properties of the soil, creating preferred paths for water infiltration. Little research is conducted on quantifying cracking in soil relating it to its hydraulic properties. This research aims to investigate the cracking of soils with focus on analysing its relation to water content and soil suction. Soils from a specific region in Brazil with clay predominance are collected and characterized. Unsaturated soil specimens are prepared and subjected to environmental real conditions in order to progressively check the consequences caused by the environment in soils with different clay content during four weeks. The Crack Intensity Factor is measured along the time through image processing. The water content is monitored through volume water content sensors. The measured results are evaluated to correlate crack intensity factor as function of weather variables and soil water content.
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Araujo, Arthur Gomes Dantas de, Nayara Torres Belfort, Felipe Araujo Silva Barbosa, Thalita Cristiana Rodrigues Silva, Silvio Romero de Melo Ferreira, Leonardo José do Nascimento Guimarães, and Izabela Medeiros de Lima Bezerra. "Expansive Clay Cracking Behavior through Digital Image Correlation." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019503006.
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Expansive soils may present cracks arising from the drying process and their evolution can cause irreparable damages to engineering projects. Investigating this phenomenon is vital to understanding its geomechanics. The objective of this article is to present numerical modelling of the formation and propagation of cracks in expansive soil. A desiccation experiment was therefore carried out using an expansive silty clay from Paulista, in northeastern Brazil. The drying process was monitored by measuring the temperature and relative humidity of the air, as well as by capturing images with a camera. The digital images were correlated using the Ncorr numerical tool in MATLAB. As a result, this study made it possible to conclude that the soil cracking dynamics presented a non-orthogonal pattern during the dryness test, while the image treatment made it possible to observe the tendency of cracks to appear and propagate on the soil surface, allowing for the detection of crack growth and propagation trends.
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K. Essa, S., and Raid Shaalan Jarallah. "Role of Gypsum and Corn Cobs in Linkage of Peds in Cracking Soils." Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN: 2077-5822 , E-ISSN: 2617-1479) 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33794/qjas.vol7.iss1.15.
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To study role of gypsum and corn cobs in linkage of fractions in cracking soils. Three soils (Al-Diwaniya , Al-Wihda and college of Agriculture / Abu Ghraib) were chosen for this study . They were treated with two levels of gypsum (0.5 and 1) % with one level (4%) of corncobs . In this experiment , 2 kg of each studied soil were treated with same levels of corn cobs and gypsum above and incubated at 30 + 2 °C for 90 days and 80% relative moisture content at 33 kpa. And then the soils were sieved with 1 mm sieve to measured the x-ray diffractions . The results showed : The intensity of clay minerals peaks which treated with gypsum and corn cobs were decreased comparing with control sample. We believed that the gypsum should be facculated on clay minerals surfaces and mask them to appear clearly , and suggested that the gypsum was played an important role in conjugated of soil particles. Results of X-ray diffractions showed that there was no evidence of interaction between organic matter (corn cobs) and clay mineral inter layers.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay soils Cracking"
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Elkhidir, A. M. "Furrow irrigation in cracking clay soils : with special reference to the Sudan." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356537.
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Khosravi, Mohammad. "Seismic Response of Structures on Shallow Foundations over Soft Clay Reinforced by Soil-Cement Grids." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72978.
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This study uses dynamic centrifuge tests and three-dimensional (3D), nonlinear finite-difference analyses to: (1) evaluate the effect of soil-cement grid reinforcement on the seismic response of a deep soft soil profile, and (2) to examine the dynamic response of structures supported by shallow foundations on soft clay reinforced by soil-cement grids. The soil profile consisted of a 23-m-thick layer of lightly over-consolidated clay, underlain and overlain by thin layers of dense sand. Centrifuge models had two separate zones for a total of four different configurations: a zone without reinforcement, a zone with a "embedded" soil-cement grid which penetrated the lower dense sand layer and had a unit cell area replacement ratio Ar = 24%, a zone with an embedded grid with Ar = 33%, and a zone with a "floating" grid in the upper half of the clay layer with Ar = 33%. Models were subjected to a series of shaking events with peak base accelerations ranging from 0.005 to 0.54g. The results of centrifuge tests indicated that the soil-cement grid significantly stiffened the site compared to the site with no reinforcement, resulting in stronger accelerations at the ground surface for the input motions used in this study. The response of soil-cement grid reinforced soft soil depends on the area replacement ratio, depth of improvement and ground motion characteristics. The recorded responses of the structures and reinforced soil profiles were used to define the dynamic moment-rotation-settlement responses of the shallow foundations across the range of imposed shaking intensities. The results from centrifuge tests indicated that the soil-cement grids were effective at controlling foundation settlements for most cases; onset of more significant foundation settlements did develop for the weakest soil-cement grid configuration under the stronger shaking intensities which produced a rocking response of the structure and caused extensive crushing of the soil-cement near the edges of the shallow foundations. Results from dynamic centrifuge tests and numerical simulations were used to develop alternative analysis methods for predicting the demands imposed on the soil-cement grids by the inertial loads from the overlying structures and the kinematic loading from the soil profile's dynamic response.Ph. D.
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Song, Weikang. "Experimental investigation of water evaporation from sand and clay using an environmental chamber." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1047/document.
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Il est bien connu que l'évaporation d'eau joue un rôle essentiel dans l'interaction entre le sol et l'atmosphère. Pendant le processus d'évaporation, le comportement thermo-hydro-mécanique des sols change, engendrant ainsi des problèmes préoccupants. Ceci peut concerner différents domaines comme l'agronomie, l'hydrologie, la science des sols, la géotechnique, etc. Par conséquent, il est essentiel d'étudier les mécanismes d'évaporation de façon approfondie. Cette étude porte sur les mécanismes d'évaporation dans des conditions atmosphériques contrôlées. Le sable de Fontainebleau et l'argile d'Hércourt utilisée pour la construction du remblai expérimental dans le cadre du projet ANR TerDOUEST (Terrassements Durables - Ouvrages en Sols Traités, 2008-2012) ont été étudiés à cet effet. Une chambre environnementale (900 mm de haut, 800 mm de large et 1000 mm de long) équipée de différents capteurs a d'abord été développée, permettant un suivi complet des paramètres concernant l'atmosphère et le sol au cours d'évaporation. Quatre essais expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur le sable de Fontainebleau compacté à une densité sèche de 1,70 Mg/m3, avec une nappe phréatique constante au fond de l'échantillon, et sous différentes conditions atmosphériques (différentes valeurs de l'humidité relative de l'air, de la température et du débit d'air). La pertinence du système a été mise en évidence par la bonne qualité des résultats. La température de l'air à l'intérieur de la chambre a été trouvée affectée par la température du tube de chauffage, le débit d'air et l'évaporation d'eau; la température du sol est fortement affectée par les conditions atmosphériques et l'état d'avancement de l'évaporation ; l'humidité relative dans la chambre diminue au cours du temps et son évolution peut être considérée comme un indicateur du processus d' évaporation ; la teneur en eau volumique dans la zone proche de la surface est fortement influencée par le processus d'évaporation et présente une relation linéaire avec la profondeur ; la succion du sol diminue avec la profondeur et augmente au fil du temps ; le taux d'évaporation est fortement affecté par les conditions de l'air en particulier dans la phase initiale de vitesse d'évaporation constante. Après les essais sur le sable de Fontainebleau, l'échantillon de l'argile d'Hércourt compactée à une densité sèche de 1,40 Mg/m3 a été soumis à une infiltration d'eau afin d'étudier ses propriétés hydrauliques. Pour obtenir un meilleur aperçu du mécanisme d'évaporation pour l'argile, deux essais d'évaporation sur l'argile d'Hércourt compactée avec une nappe phréatique constante au fond de l'échantillon ont été effectuées sous des conditions atmosphériques contrôlées. Les résultats permettent de comprendre les mécanismes d'évaporation en cas de fissuration due à la dessiccation. En outre, afin d'étudier les mécanismes d'évaporation potentiels, des essais avec une couche d'eau libre ont été également réalisés en faisant varier la vitesse du vent et la température de l'air. L'initiation et la propagation de fissures de dessiccation pendant le processus d'évaporation et son effet sur l'évaporation ont également été étudiés par la technique de traitement d'image. En termes de modélisation, le taux d'évaporation potentiel a été modélisé à travers l'évaluation des modèles existants et des modèles combinés. Il apparait que le modèle développé par Ta (2009) est le plus approprié. Le taux d'évaporation réelle depuis le sable a été ensuite analysé. Il semble important de considérer l'avancement du front sec pendant le processus d'évaporation pour les sols sableux. Pour l'argile d'Héricourt, une bonne prévision a été également obtenue en utilisant un modèle qui tient compte de l'effet des fissures de dessiccationAs a well-known phenomenon, soil water evaporation plays an important role in the interaction between soil and atmosphere. Water evaporates during this process resulting in changes of soil thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior and in turn causing problems in different domains such as agronomy, hydrology, soil science, geotechnical engineering, etc. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the soil water evaporation mechanisms in depth.This study deals with the soil water evaporation mechanisms under controlled atmospheric conditions. The Fontainebleau sand and the Hércourt clay used for the construction of the experimental embankment with the ANR project TerDOUEST (Terrassements Durables - Ouvrages en Sols Traités, 2008 - 2012) were used in this investigation. A large-scale environmental chamber system (900 mm high, 800 mm large and 1000 mm long) equipped with various sensors was firstly developed, allowing a full monitoring of both atmospheric and soil parameters during the evaporation process. Four experimental tests were carried out on the Fontainebleau sand compacted at 1.70 Mg/m3 dry density with a steady water table at soil bottom under different atmospheric conditions (different values of air relative humidity, temperature and air flow rate). The performance of the environmental chamber system in investigating soil water evaporation was evidenced by the quality and the relevance of results. The air temperature inside the chamber was found to be affected by the heating tube temperature, the air flow rate and the soil water evaporation process; the soil temperature was strongly affected by the air conditions and the evaporation progress; the relative humidity in the chamber was decreasing during the evaporation progress and its evolution could be considered as an indicator of the evaporation progress; the volumetric water content in the near-surface zone was strongly affected by the evaporation process and exhibited a linear relationship with depth; the soil suction was decreasing over depth and increasing over time; the evaporation rate was strongly affected by the air conditions especially at the initial constant evaporation rate stage. After the tests on the Fontainebleau sand, the Hércourt clay sample compacted at 1.40 Mg/m3 dry density was subjected to an infiltration experiment for investigating its hydraulic properties. To get a better insight into the water evaporation mechanism for clay, two compacted Hércourt clay evaporation tests with a steady water table at bottom were carried out under controlled atmospheric conditions. The results allow understanding the evaporation mechanisms in case of desiccation cracks. Furthermore, in order to investigate the potential evaporation mechanisms, tests with a free water layer was also conducted with varying wind speed and air temperature. The initiation and propagation of desiccation cracking during the evaporation process and its effect on water evaporation were also investigated by the digital image processing technique. In terms of modeling, the potential evaporation rate was first modeled through evaluation of the existing models and the combined models. It reveals that the model developed by Ta (2009) is the most appropriate one. The actual evaporation rate for sand was then analyzed. It appears important to consider the progress of the dry front during the evaporation process for sandy soils. For the Héricourt clay, good simulation was also obtained using a model that accounts for the effect of desiccations cracks
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Ighil, Ameur Lamine. "Étude expérimentale du phénomène de l’endommagement et de la fissuration d’une matrice poreuse." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0228/document.
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L'objectif dans cette recherche expérimentale est de contribuer à la compréhension des phénomènes de l'endommagement et de la fissuration dans les sols argileux saturés sous chargement hydrique (dessiccation) et mécanique (chemins de contrainte). L'étude mécanique est axée sur l'identification des propriétés élastiques du matériau endommagé sous chargement triaxial à différents niveaux et chemins de contrainte. Les principaux points traités étaient, l'influence de la contrainte de consolidation (p'ic), du degré de surconsolidation (OCR) et du chemin de contrainte sur la vitesse d'onde de compression. Les résultats montrent que les propriétés élastiques sont affectées et évoluent avec la déformation. La contractance semble augmenter la vitesse d'onde de compression à mesure que p'ic croît et densifie le matériau. En revanche, la dilatance semble plutôt diminuer la vitesse d'onde de compression. Par ailleurs, différents chemins triaxiaux conduits à un niveau de contrainte donné ont montré que les vitesses d'onde sont très proches si les chemins sont normalement consolidés. Les vitesses sont proches également si les chemins sont surconsolidés. En revanche, à un même état de contrainte, la vitesse d'onde est différente si on compare un chemin normalement consolidé avec un chemin surconsolidé. La deuxième partie de l'étude porte sur une analyse approfondie des mécanismes d'amorçage et de propagation des fissures sous dessiccation libre et contrôlée d'une argile initialement saturée. L'analyse via la corrélation d'images numériques (CIN) a permis, en premier lieu, une caractérisation multiéchelle du phénomène de retrait opéré au cours du séchage. Différents phénomènes ont été identifiés : le phénomène de relaxation, caractérisé par un changement de signe de la déformation locale extension / compression, le mécanisme de fissuration par extension (mode I), identifié par la cartographie des directions des déformations principales. L'étude a été complétée par des essais de traction indirecte par flexion 3 points réalisés sur des poutrelles de kaolin K13 initialement soumises à différentes succions. L'effet de la succion initiale sur la résistance à la traction a donc été observé. Les résultats montrent que plus la succion initiale est élevée, plus la pente de la courbe de variations de la résistance à la traction est élevée. D'autre part, la déformation de la zone tendue de la poutrelle atteint sa valeur critique lorsque la contrainte atteint la résistance maximale à la traction de l'argileThe objective of this experimental research is to contribute to understanding phenomena of damage and cracking in saturated clay soils under hydric loading (desiccation) and mechanical loading (stress paths). Mechanical study focuses on identifying the elastic properties of the damaged material under triaxial loading at different levels and stress paths. The main issues were the influence of; the consolidation stress (p'ic), the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) and the stress path on the compression wave velocity. The results show that the elastic properties are affected and evolve with strain. Contractancy appears to increase the compression wave velocity as p'ic increase and densifies the material. However, dilatancy seems rather decrease the compression wave velocity. Moreover, various triaxial paths performed at a given stress level showed that the wave velocities are very close if the paths are normally consolidated. Velocities are also close if the paths are overconsolidated. However, at the same stress state, the wave velocity is different when comparing a normally consolidated path with an overconsolidated path. The second part of the study focuses on a thorough analysis of the cracks' initiation and propagation mechanisms under free and controlled desiccation on initial saturated clay. Analysis via the digital image correlation (DIC) allowed, first, a multi-scales characterization of the shrinkage phenomenon operated during drying. Different phenomena were identified; the relaxation phenomenon characterized by a change of the local strain's sign extension / compression, the cracking mechanism by extension (mode I) identified by the map of the directions of the principal strains. The study was completed with indirect tensile tests by bending performed on kaolin k13 beams initially submitted to different suctions. The effect of the initial suction on the tensile strength has been observed. The results show that more the initial suction is high, the greater the slope of the curve of changes in the tensile strength is high. On the other hand, strain of the tension zone of the beam reaches its critical value when the stress reaches the maximum tensile strength of the clay
Books on the topic "Clay soils Cracking"
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Mosugu, Mary Ebenmosi. Soil water fluxes in cracking clay soils: A monitoring and modelling study. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.
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E, Vallejo Luis, Liang Robert Y, American Society of Civil Engineers. Geotechnical Engineering Division., and ASCE National Convention (1994 : Atlanta, Ga.), eds. Fracture mechanics applied to geotechnical engineering: Proceedings of sessions sponsored by the Geotechnical Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjunction with the ASCE National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia, October 9-13, 1994. New York, N.Y: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Clay soils Cracking"
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Pal, D. K. "Cracking Clay Soils (Vertisols): Pedology, Mineralogy and Taxonomy." In A Treatise of Indian and Tropical Soils, 9–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49439-5_2.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Engineering Aspects of Soils." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0020.
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Although most landscape architects use soils primarily for growing plants, sometimes they need to know how engineers look at soils. Engineers are not concerned about soil properties that relate to growing plants. Engineers consider soil as a support for building foundations, use in earthworks, a place for burying pipes that carry electricity, water, gas or oil, and as a tool for disposing of hazardous, municipal, industrial, and household wastes. Soil properties that engineers consider important are hydraulic conductivity (permeability), compressive strength, shear strength, and lateral pressures. Soil mechanics deals with stress/strain/time relationships. Some engineering properties of a soil that describe the relation of clays to water content were studied by a Swedish scientist, Atterberg, in 1911. Soil clays based on water content were categorized into solid, semi-solid, plastic, and liquid. The dividing lines between each of these four states are known as the “Atterberg limits,” that is, shrinkage limit (from solid to semisolid), plastic limit (from semi-solid to plastic), and liquid limit (from plastic to liquid). These points can be measured for individual clays. The Atterberg limits are used by engineers to classify soils based on their moisture properties. These limits are particularly useful for evaluating soil compressibility, permeability, and strength. The plasticity of a clay soil depends on the type and amount of clay mineral and organic materials present. Plasticity is the reaction a soil has to being deformed without cracking or crumbling. The “liquid limit” is a term indicating the amount of water in a soil between the liquid state and the plastic state. Soils are first divided into two categories of coarse-grained and fine-grained. Coarse-grained soils are those in which more than half of the material is larger than a no. 200 sieve. Fine-grained soils are those in which more than half of the material is smaller than a no. 200 sieve. Coarse-grained soils are further divided into two categories of gravels and sands. Gravels are those with more than half of the coarse material larger than a no. 4 sieve. Sands are those with more than half of the coarse material smaller than a no. 4 sieve.
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Murray, I., A. Tarantino, P. Gérard, and F. Francescon. "Desiccation cracking in clay forms subjected to non-uniform hydraulic and mechanical boundary conditions." In Unsaturated Soils: Research & Applications, 829–34. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17034-118.
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"Formation and Management of Cracking Clay Soils (Vertisols) to Enhance Crop Productivity: Indian Experience." In World Soil Resources and Food Security, 331–58. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11238-11.
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Peron, H., J. Eichenberger, and L. Laloui. "Drying shrinkage and cracking initiation in clays." In Unsaturated Soils, 1055–60. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10526-163.
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Hassan, A., and D. Toll. "Investigation of the directional dependence of soil resistivity in cracking clays." In Unsaturated Soils: Research & Applications, 137–42. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17034-18.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Clay soils Cracking"
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Kodikara, J. K., and X. Choi. "A Simplified Analytical Model for Desiccation Cracking of Clay Layers in Laboratory Tests." In Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40802(189)218.
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Chaduvula, Uma, Indupriya Manogaran, B. V. S. Viswanadham, and Jayantha Kodikara. "Some Studies on Desiccation Cracking of Fiber-Reinforced Expansive Clay Subjected to Drying and Wetting Cycles." In Second Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481707.036.
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Williams, Peter J., Thomas L. White, and J. Kenneth Torrance. "The Significance of Soil Freezing for Stress Corrosion Cracking." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2054.
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The microstructure of soils (the arrangement of pores and voids, aggregation and surface characteristics of particles) is substantially modified by freezing. Soils so modified differ, in a number of important properties, from soils not previously frozen. Furthermore, each time a soil is frozen there is a redistribution of particles, moisture and solutes. Corrosion of buried pipes is known to be related to the ground conditions. Accordingly the particular nature of frozen ground needs consideration in this respect. Studies of microstructure of samples of freezing, frozen and unfrozen soils, many obtained from a full-scale experimental study of the effects of freezing on a buried pipeline, have provided an explanation for measured changes in bulk geotechnical properties of the materials. The microstructure viewed by optical microscopy, reveals the soil structure as having a complex and striking dependence on freezing history. Scanning electron microscopy shows further details in clay rich soils. Freezing at temperatures occurring in nature normally does not convert all the soil water to ice. The effects of particle surface forces is to reduce the freezing point of the water nearest a mineral surface. The distribution of solutes is radically altered, with pockets of high concentration interconnected by a liquid phase of varying concentration. A variety of other effects, relating to chemical and mechanical properties of soils subjected to freezing, have been demonstrated or can be postulated. Some of these are important in corrosion phenomena. The stresses that have been shown to occur in a pipe as a result of frost heave in the freezing soil, will also tend to increase the possibility of stress corrosion cracking.
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Greve, Anna, Martin Andersen, and Ian Acworth. "Square Array Resistivity Measurements to Monitor Crack Dynamics and Preferential Flow in Cracking Clay Soils." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2012. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.4721768.
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Greve, Anna. "Monitoring Water Migration Processes in Cracking Clay Soil with Depth Profiles of Square Array Resistivity Measurements." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2012. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.4721677.
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Greve, A. K. "Monitoring Water Migration Processes in Cracking Clay Soil with Depth Profiles of Square Array Resistivity Measurements." In Near Surface 2011 - 17th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20144409.
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Kim, Bong Am, Wenyue Zheng, G. Williams, M. Laronde, J. A. Gianetto, G. Shen, W. R. Tyson, Noritake Oguchi, and Yuji Hosokawa. "Experimental Study on SCC Susceptibility of X60 Steel Using Full Pipe Sections in Near-Neutral pH Environment." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0280.
Full textAbstract:
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were performed using the pipe section buried in a clay type of soil with the pH adjusted to near-neutral range. Pipe specimens with various sizes of fatigue pre-cracks ahead of artifical notch tips on the outer surface were subjected to cyclic loading tests. Maximum level of hoop stress was 105% SMYS, and R-value (Ratio of minimum load to maximum load) was 0.5. Growth of cracks was observed from the fatigue crack tips. Fractographic and metallographic examination has confirmed the quasi-cleavage nature of the transgranular SCC that is typically observed in near-neutral pH SCC. Crack depth measurement using DCPD method revealed the relatively high crack growth rate up to 10−5 mm/s. Metallographic examinations showed the existence of many micro-cracks associated with MnS inclusions in the highly strained field ahead of the initial crack tips. The relatively high crack growth rate may be caused by MnS inclusions. The loading rate, dJ/dt, was calculated for each crack condition in order to correlate qualitatively the crack growth rate with the loading rate. J-integral was calculated through non-linear FEM analyses for semi-elliptical cracks based on the stress-strain relationships obtained from the tensile tests using the same X60 steel specimen. Linear relationship was then obtained between the crack growth rate and the loading rate, and therefore the possibility to predict crack growth rates for various loading condition in the field was demonstrated.