Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clay-Shale

Academic literature on the topic 'Clay-Shale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Clay-Shale"

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Idrus M, Alatas, Simatupang Pintor T, Kuswaya Wawan, and Panji. "Re-weathering of stabilized clay shale with Portland cement behavior." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927605009.

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Clay shale is a claystone which in fresh condition has a very high shear strength. When it reacts with the atmosphere or hydrosphere it will weather so that the shear strength of clay shale will drop drastically. The weathering potential of clay shale is generally done by the slake durability test and the weathering process is measured by disintegration ratio test (DR). The strength of clay shale that has fully weathered will increase again when it is stabilized with a minimum of 6% PC (Portland Cement). It was found from the wetting drying cycle process testing that durability of re-weathering of stabilized clay shale with PC is increased compared to natural clay shale. Disintegration ratio of natural clay shale DR was smaller than stabilized clay shale with 6% PC. Additionally, more than 6% PC increased the durability of re-weathering of clay shale.
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Nusyura Al Islami, Auliya, Wiwik Rahayu, and Budi Susilo Soepandji. "Effect of Propylene Glycol and Laterite on California Bearing Ratio of Clay Shale." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.23807.

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Clay shale in natural condition has a very high strength. But due to weathering caused by exposure with air and water, its strength decreased significantly. Propylene glycol is established as an effective shale inhibitor in water-based muds. The effect mixing propylene glycol with clay shale to its strength is needs to be discussed. Sample of Citereup clay shale has been mixed with propylene glycol with ratio 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 of its optimum water content. California Bearing Ratio test have been performed to determine clay shale bearing strength. Result from study indicate that clay shale stabilization using 30% propylene glycol can increase strength in unsoaked condition. Laterite soil mix were also give additional bearing strength to clay shale specimen.
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Zhang, Yao, Lingzhi Xie, Peng Zhao, and Bo He. "Study of the quantitative effect of the depositional layering tendency of inclusions on the elastic anisotropy of shale based on two-step homogenization." Geophysical Journal International 220, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz431.

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SUMMARY Shale anisotropy is related to numerous small-scale factors, including the transverse isotropy of clay particles, clay shape aspect ratio, shape preference orientation, pore/crack alignment, infilling materials and the depositional distribution and shape aspect ratio of inclusion minerals. Although a depositional layering tendency of inclusions due to sedimentation has been observed, few studies of its effect on shale anisotropy have been carried out. In this work, the effect of the depositional layering tendency of inclusions on the elastic anisotropy of shale is quantitatively analysed along with three other factors (i.e. the inclusion fraction, the orientation dependence of clay elastic properties, where ‘oriented’ refers to transverse isotropic clay and ‘non-oriented’ refers to isotropic clay, and the clay elastic moduli) based on analysis of variance and the two-step homogenization of shale by assuming that shale is a composite of clay and inclusions. The results show that the depositional layering tendency of inclusions of this type of shale has a relatively limited effect on the elastic anisotropy of intact shale, while the orientation dependence of the elastic properties of the clay has a predominant influence.
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Dewanto, Ordas, Istifani Ferucha, Darsono Darsono, and Sri Rizky. "Conversion of Oil Shale To Liquid Hydrocarbons as A New Energy Resources Using Iron (Fe)-Pillared Clay (Kaolinite) Catalyst." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v12i2.58414.

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In the context of new energy exploration, oil shale is currently a source of energy that is being developed so that it can be used as an alternative energy in the future. Based on this background, it is important to research the conversion method of oil shale to liquid hydrocarbons. The method used is using clay (kaolinite) catalyst and iron (Fe)-pillared clay (kaolinite) catalyst. Clay catalyst products are capable of making organic mature faster and even requiring a lower temperature for the changes (through thermal cracking of non-volatile organic material). The addition of Fe metal in the clay catalyst product to oil shale, causing the surface area of the natural clays were significantly increased, then the volume of micro pore were also increased, it causes the organic material to mature faster and the temperature required for the change is less than the shale material without Fe. The catalyst method by the pillarization technique able to increase the surface area and pore volume, thus accelerating the reaction and changing the reaction rate to be greater. It is observed that clay catalyst products can serve as catalysts for accelerating organic maturation reactions. if compared between the clay material of OD1-Ast1 (50% clay-50% organic), OD1-Ast2 (33% clay-67% organic), and the OD1-Ast3 shale material (67% clay - 33% organic),then OD1-Ast3 has a faster reaction rate. Comparison of clay material is smaller than organic, then the properties of the catalyst product to accelerate the reaction are reduced, such as the OD1-Ast2 shale material has a slow reaction rate compared to the OD1-Ast3 shale material. The addition of Fe metal in the clay catalyst product to the OD1-Ast2 shale material, resulting in OD1-Ast2-Fe shale material (75% OD1-Ast2 and 25% Fe) having a faster reaction rate than before the addition of Fe metal.The design of heavy (%) clay (kaolinite) and Fe pilaration on oil shale were greatly influence the change of TOC values when heated,then affecting maturation and Tmax. The temperature of maturation and Tmax as the main parameters of conversion of oil shale to liquid hydrocarbon. This method supports the development of science and technology in the field of exploitation and processing of natural resources.
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Abdideh, Mohammad. "STUDY OF DEPENDENCE BETWEEN CLAY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION AND SHALE VOLUME IN RESERVOIR ROCKS USING GEOSTATISTICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL METHODS." Geodesy and Cartography 41, no. 2 (October 25, 2015): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2015.1051333.

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Identify and obtain a detailed understanding of shale and its clay minerals in three segments; exploration, drilling and reservoir in the oil industry are very important. The study of the formation clay minerals in terms of depth and layers of earth is done through X-ray tests on samples taken from the reservoir which in comparison with logging requires a lot more time and cost and also can't provide continuous results because continuous sampling from the whole well is not possible. NGS (Gamma-ray Spectrometry) log is used to identify formation clay minerals that is an indicator of three radioactive elements thorium, uranium and potassium and the amount of each of these elements and according to amount of each of these elements and their ratio gives a description of clay minerals of each zone. CGR log represents the sum of two elements Thorium and potassium that are present in the shale and uranium has no effect on it. The CGR log is usually used as a shale indicator and it is an essential tool for determining the Shale volume in well logging operation. In this study the relationship between shale volume shown by the CGR log and the type of formation clay mineral was investigated. A very clear relationship between the shale volume and formation clay minerals was observed. In intervals with low shale volume the amount of active clay minerals, especially montmorillonite was higher and in intervals with high shale volume, inactive clay minerals were more. In order to investigate the spatial relation between the logging data, frequency distribution and correlation between logging data was studied. By using logging data and identifying the type of clay minerals in each zone and also the spatial correlation between logging data a suitable program for drilling and exploitation of oil fields in different areas can be proposed.
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Liu, Kerui, Dangliang Wang, James J. Sheng, and Jianfeng Li. "Review of the Generation of Fractures and Change of Permeability due to Water-Shale Interaction in Shales." Geofluids 2022 (June 13, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1748605.

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In shale development, water-based liquids are injected into the formations. In this process, water can interact with shales, especially with clay content. The interaction can lead to some phenomena, including clay swelling, reduction of mechanical properties of shales and fractures, generation and propagation of fractures, particle detachment, and permeability change. All the phenomena can impact productivity during the development, thereby impacting our investment and return on investment (ROI). So far, many researchers have put their time and efforts into this topic, and many articles have been published. However, some discrepancies still exist in shale reservoirs regarding the role of the interaction between water and shale, especially the impact of clay swelling. Some believe that clay swelling causes formation damage, mainly impairing shale permeability. Others state that fractures can be induced because of clay swelling, leading to the enhancement of shale permeability. So far, few articles have reviewed the various views on this interaction. Additionally, the relationship between each phenomenon is not discussed. In this paper, we try to draw a clear picture of water-shale interaction by reviewing the published studies, mainly focusing on experimental methodology and experimental results. Based on the review, we summarized the influencing factors as well as the mechanisms about the formation of fractures and change of permeability due to water-shale interaction. In water-shale interaction, the induced fractures are generated by the combined effects from clay swelling, reduction of mechanical properties of shales and fractures, and stress anisotropy. Shale permeability can be enhanced if the generated fractures can form an effective flow channel. However, if the generated fractures cannot serve as an effective flow channel, shale permeability will be impaired by clay swelling, water blocking, stress-sensitive, etc.
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Shen, Junjun, Decheng Chen, Kongquan Chen, Yubing Ji, Pengwan Wang, Junjun Li, Quansheng Cai, and Jianghui Meng. "Shale types and sedimentary environments of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei Province, China." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1595–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0320.

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Abstract By performing scanning electron microscopy, microscopic observations, whole-rock X-ray diffraction analysis, organic geochemistry analysis, and elemental analysis on drill core specimens and thin sections, in this study, we classified the shale types of the Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Longmaxi Formation in western Hubei, southern China, and explored the development characteristics and formation environments of the different shale types. The results show that (1) the shales of the Wufeng Formation-Member 1 of the Longmaxi Formation are composed of three types of shale: siliceous shale, mixed clay-siliceous shale, and clay shale. The siliceous shale is a type of shale unique to deep-water environments; clay shale is the main type of shale formed in shallow-water environments; and mixed clay-siliceous shale falls between the two. (2) The changes in shale type are characterized by multiple depositional cycles in the vertical direction with strong heterogeneity and an obvious tripartite character, and the siliceous shales gradually thicken as they laterally extend northwestward, with their last depositional cycle gradually ending at a later time. (3) The Late Ordovician-Early Silurian paleoenvironment can be divided into six evolutionary stages (A, B, C, D, E, and F) from early to late. In particular, the sea level was relatively lower in stages A and F when the bottom water was mainly oxygen rich with higher terrigenous inputs and a lower paleoproductivity, which led to the formation of clay shales poor in organic matter but rich in terrigenous quartz clasts. The sea level was higher in stages B, C, and D when the bottom water was anoxic with lower terrigenous inputs and a higher paleoproductivity, which led to the formation of siliceous shales rich in organic matter and biogenic silica. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of siliceous shales decrease in the order of stage C > stage D > stage B, which is mainly attributed to the different degrees of water restriction in the three stages and the consequently different paleoproductivities. Stage E corresponds to the mixed clay-siliceous shales, the depositional environment of which is between those of the siliceous shales and the clay shales, thereby resulting in the mineral composition and TOC content of the mixed clay-siliceous shales being between those of the other two shale types.
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Sagitaningrum, Fathiyah Hakim, Samira Albati Kamaruddin, Ramli Nazir, Budi Susilo Soepandji, and Idrus Muhammad Alatas. "Evaluation of Slope Stability at Interface using Thin Soil Material Model in Finite Element Software." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1111, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1111/1/012053.

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Abstract Cases of landslides on clay shale slopes have been an intriguing study in Indonesia. Most of the slopes failed due to the weathering of the clay shale rock. As studies focused on the properties of clay shale, several FEM analyses indicated a unique translational type of failure between the interface of clay shale and its overburden. However, the modeling of the interface in a case study was still limited. This study aims to evaluate a landslide using a thin-soil interface model using FEM software. The model used two conditions, extreme groundwater level conditions. There were several iterations of the shear strength parameters of the interface layer conducted. Results indicated that the thin-soil interface could portray the interface condition at the landslide. Compared to laboratory interface results, the interface would fail at a high degree of saturation due to water infiltration at the surface. Also, granular overburden with high permeability had a higher chance of failure than cohesive overburden. From the results, this study opened the path to incorporating the interface layer in clay shale slope analysis. However, further studies are needed using the thin-soil interface model in other clay shale landslide cases to synthesize its repeatability.
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Brilyant Arief, Rifqi, Masyhur Irsyam, Idrus M Alatas, Sugeng Krisnanto, Endra Susila, Hasbullah Nawir, and Ramli Nazir. "EFFECT OF CLAY SHALE SHEAR STRENGTH DEGRADATION ON BORED PILE FRICTION IN CLAY SHALE." Jurnal Teknologi 84, no. 5 (July 26, 2022): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.18220.

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This research aims at investigating and modeling the axial bearing capacity degradation of a bored pile on clay shale due to the bored pile installation processes. Clay shale sample models were prepared to simulate the wetting and drying cycles through weathering process between 0 to 6 hours. All samples were tested in which every 1 hour of the weathering process representing 1 cycle of wetting and drying. The direct shear laboratory tests were performed to obtain the peak and residual shear strength parameters of the interface between the bored pile and clay shale. The peak and residual shear strength parameters were obtained after 6 hours of the weathering process. The residual shear strength parameters were measured by applying with and without stress release. This investigation showed that the shear strength degradation at peak, residual without stress release, and residual with stress release respectively reached 87-62%, 28-20%, and 25-14% after 1 to 6 hours of weathering process. This result is very useful for predicting the bored pile skin friction in clay shale soils.
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Bian, Congsheng, Wenzhi Zhao, Tao Yang, Wei Liu, Chaocheng Dai, Xu Zeng, Kun Wang, Yongxin Li, and Di Xiao. "The Impact of Lamina Characteristics and Types on Organic Matter Enrichment of Chang 73 Submember in Ordos Basin, NW China." Geofluids 2022 (June 18, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6558883.

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The Chang 7 member in Ordos Basin is an important shale oil exploration layer, with new shale-oil discoveries in recent years. The Chang 73 submember is rich in organic shale, which is the main source rock of shale oil in the Yanchang Formation. In order to clarify the lamina structure, composition, types, and distribution characteristics in Chang 73 submember and its influence on organic matter enrichment, a full coring well in Chang 73 submember located in deep-lacustrine facies is selected to obtain intensive systematic core samples. Core observation, thin section identification, X-ray fluorescence element analysis, X-diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope, electron probe, rock pyrolysis, and other techniques are performed to systematically analyze the morphology, structure, thickness, mineral compositions, and organic matter content of the shale lamina in the Chang 73 submember. Five types of lamina are identified: silty felsic lamina (SF), tuffaceous lamina (TF), organic-rich clay lamina (ORC), organic-bearing clay lamina (OBC), and homogeneous clay lamina (HC), which are further subdivided into eight subtypes. The lamina types change greatly vertically in the Chang 73 submember, in which the lower part is mainly silty felsic lamina, organic-rich clay, and tuffaceous lamina, the middle part is mainly organic rich and organic clay lamina and organic-bearing clay lamina, and the upper part is mainly homogeneous clay lamina and a small amount of silty felsic organic-bearing clay lamina and organic-bearing clay lamina. Different laminae show various organic matter types, organic matter content (TOC), and organic matter occurrence states which can be divided into four occurrence types. The TOC in organic-rich clay lamina and part of homogeneous clay lamina is high, while that of silty felsic lamina is lower. The relationship between shale lamina and organic matter enrichment is established according to the correlation analysis of laminar characteristics, mineral content, and organic matter content. Among them, the organic-rich lamina is richest of TOC and is a favorable “sweet point” for shale oil exploration.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay-Shale"

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Alkhammali, Sultan A. "Geochemical and clay mineralogical characteristics of the Woodford Shale, Payne County, Oklahoma." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19166.

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Master of Science
Geology
Sambhudas Chaudhuri
Chemical and mineralogical compositions of < 2 µm-size fraction clays of the shale source rocks of Devonian-Mississippian age in northern Oklahoma were determined to find any link between the minerals and the generation of petroleum. Ten samples of clay separates were analyzed for their mineral composition, major element contents, K/Rb ratios, and REE contents. XRD analyses and SEM showed the presence of discrete illite, the most dominant clay mineral, with smaller amounts of mixed-layer illite/smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite. The non-clay minerals found in the Woodford Shale from this study include quartz, dolomite, calcite, pyrite, feldspar (albite and microcline), and apatite. The clays in these rocks have a range of K/Rb ratios between 160 and 207. These ratios are considerably lower than the ratios of average silicate minerals (clays), with expected ratios between 250 and 350. It could be that clays received K and Rb from a solution, which was partly involved in oil generation by which oil received more K relative to Rb making the aqueous phase depleted in K/Rb ratios (Alvarez, 2015). Thus, the low K/Rb ratios for these clays may be reflecting signatures of reactions involving oil generation. The total REE contents ranged between 13 and 30 ppm. The low total REE contents of < 2 µm-size fraction clays in the Woodford Shale as compared to average sedimentary rocks which may be represented by values given either PAAS 184 ppm or NASC with 178 ppm, may suggest that the formation of the clays was linked to oil generation, having known of the face from the study of Alvarez (2015) that crude oils could have higher specific REE concentrations than the associated formation waters. PAAS-normalized REE patterns for these samples display positive Gd anomalies. Two out of the ten samples had prominent Ce anomalies. Only three out of ten samples had Eu positive anomalies, one of which was quite prominent. All samples had MREE enrichment, superimposed on either a flat REE distribution patterns with enrichment in LREE. Only one pattern showed the distribution with a distinct HREE enrichment. The MREE anomalies could be from the effect of phosphate mineralization. In fact, the X-ray diffraction patterns of random powder samples showed the presence of fluorapatite and chlorapatite in most of the studied samples. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of the whole rocks ranged from 0.5 to 6.54 wt.%. Thus, it can be concluded that hydrocarbon generation potential of the Woodford shale (0.8-4.44 wt.%) is significantly higher than Mississippian Lime unit (0.5 wt.%). Only one sample, which belonged to pre-Woodford Shale Hunton group, had the highest value of TOC. The available K-Ar dates of < 2 µm-size fraction clays suggest that the clays are authigenic (illites) for at least some samples. The dates ranged from 318.6 ± 7.9 Ma (Serpukhovian) to 353.9 ± 7.9 Ma (Tournaisian). All dates are younger than the times of deposition of the Woodford Shale. Assuming there is a genetic link between formation of authigenic illite and hydrocarbon generation, this study suggests that oil generation may have taken place on an average about 30 Ma after the deposition of the Woodford Shale.
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Hu, Yue. "Total Organic Carbon and Clay Estimation in Shale Reservoirs Using Automatic Machine Learning." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/105040.

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High total organic carbon (TOC) and low clay content are two criteria to identify the "sweet spots" in shale gas plays. Recently, machine learning has been proved to be effective to estimate TOC and clay from well loggings. The remaining questions are what algorithm we should choose in the first place and whether we can improve the already built models. Automatic machine learning (AutoML) appears as a promising tool to solve those realistic questions by training multiple models and compares them automatically. Two wells with conventional well loggings and elemental capture spectroscopy are selected from a shale gas play to test the AutoML's ability in TOC and clay estimation. TOC and clay content are extracted from the Schlumberger's ELAN interpretation and calibrated to cores. Generalizability is proved in the blind test well and the mean absolute test errors for TOC and clay estimation are 0.23% and 3.77%. 829 data points are used to generate the final models with the train-test ratio of 75:25. The mean absolute test errors are 0.26% and 2.68% for TOC and clay, respectively, which are very low for TOC ranging from 0-6% and clay from 35-65%. The results show the AutoML's success and efficiency in the estimation. The trained models are interpreted to understand the variables effects in predictions. 235 wells are selected through data quality checking and feed into the models to create TOC and clay distribution maps. The maps provide guidance on where to drill a new well for higher shale gas production.
Master of Science
Locating "sweet spots", where the shale gas production is much higher than the average areas, is critical for a shale reservoir's successful commercial exploitation. Among the properties of shale, total organic carbon (TOC) and clay content are often selected to evaluate the gas production potential. For TOC and clay estimation, multiple machine learning models have been tested in recent studies and are proved successful. The questions are what algorithm to choose for a specific task and whether the already built models can be improved. Automatic machine learning (AutoML) has the potential to solve the problems by automatically training multiple models and comparing them to achieve the best performance. In our study, AutoML is tested to estimate TOC and clay using data from two gas wells in a shale gas field. First, one well is treated as blind test well and the other is used as trained well to examine the generalizability. The mean absolute errors for TOC and clay content are 0.23% and 3.77%, indicating reliable generalization. Final models are built using 829 data points which are split into train-test sets with the ratio of 75:25. The mean absolute test errors are 0.26% and 2.68% for TOC and clay, respectively, which are very low for TOC ranging from 0-6% and clay from 35-65%. Moreover, AutoML requires very limited human efforts and liberate researchers or engineers from tedious parameter-tuning process that is the critical part of machine learning. Trained models are interpreted to understand the mechanism behind the models. Distribution maps of TOC and clay are created by selecting 235 gas wells that pass the data quality checking, feeding them into trained models, and interpolating. The maps provide guidance on where to drill a new well for higher shale gas production.
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Strong, Zachary M. "Evaluating Clay Mineralogy as a Thermal Maturity Indicator for Upper Devonian Black and Grey Shales and Siltstones within the Ohio Appalachian Basin." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1447684617.

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MacDonald, Elaine. "Lead and copper retention by a shale derived artificial illite clay soil : a multicomponent study." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38078.

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A multicomponent study of Pb and Cu retention was performed using a selective contamination technique. Soil components were selectively extracted from a multicomponent illite clay artificial soil using extractants commonly utilized in sequential extraction studies. Pb and Cu retention by the soil components: carbonates, amorphous oxides, natural organic matter and the clay minerals, were examined. It was found that the clay minerals are the most important contributor to the retention of Pb and Cu, which in this case is predominantly illite. Adsorption and not precipitation is believed to be the controlling mechanism of retention although retention by precipitation increased with increasing pH.
Pb and Cu retention from a single metal solution as well as competitive retention of Pb and Cu from a mixed metal solution on each of the untreated and treated artificial soils were examined. Competitive adsorption experiments found that Pb was preferred over Cu for adsorption by the untreated and treated artificial soils and greater quantities of Pb were retained than Pb applied in composite with Cu or Cu applied as a single metal. Pb removed from the artificial soil, using sequential extraction analysis, was compared to Pb retained and mass balance was observed.
The artificial soil was found to contain both variable and constant charge surfaces but the artificial soil contaminant interaction was modelled best using only the variable charge surface. The presence of ion exchange adsorption and Ca competition are examined.
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Whittington, II Richard Allen. "Clay Mineralogy and Illite Crystallinity in the Late Devonian to Early Mississippian Woodford Shale in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, USA." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/13.

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Commonly the thermal maturity of the Late Devonian to Early Mississippian Woodford shale found on the flanks of the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma is determined by vitrinite reflectance, values ranging from 0.3-1.5%. Using phyllosilicate minerals, specifically diagenetic mixed layer illite/smectite and diagenetic illite, an understanding of the extent and processes leading to the thermal maturation may be developed. Analysis by XRD of the clay mineralogy of the Woodford shale found kaolinite and mixed layer illite/smectite with <5% smectite and R≥3 stacking order. Modeling of the Woodford shale also suggests the percentage of smectite present in mixed layer illite/smectite to be <5% and commonly <2.5%. Deconvolution of the illite (001) peak supports the low smectite content and high illite crystallinity. The long range ordered illite, R≥3, and high illite crystallinity values are indicative of diagenesis to anchizone conditions suggesting a higher thermal maturity relative to previously measured values of vitrinite reflectance.
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Tas, Baki Tugrul. "An Experimental Investigation Of The Shale Inhibition Properties Of A Quaternary Amine Compound." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615554/index.pdf.

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Depleting oil reserves and increased costs of the oil and gas recoveries have created the need to drill in challenging formations. When drilled through, shale formations in particular always generated a wide variety of problems if conventional water-based muds are used. Furthermore, the complexity and variations in shales have compounded the task of developing suitable drilling fluids. In light of these problems, the study of shale properties and their interactions with fluids will continue to be a muchneeded source of information in drilling industry. In this study a low molecular weight quaternary amine compound, which is provided by KarKim Drilling Fluids Inc., and its mixtures with sodium and potassium chloride is investigated in the aspects of capillary suction times, hot rolling recoveries, methylene blue capacities and one-dimensional free swelling properties in order to compare performances of salts and amine compound. For all test methods quaternary amine concentration from 1% to 6% by volume were studied and seen that less amount of quaternary amine compound is needed in order to obtain close shale recoveries and shale volume change potential if compared with sodium and potassium chloride. This prevents the usage of high concentration of chlorides and hence provides environmental sensitiveness. Furthermore, it was concluded that combining an amount of salt with quaternary amine compound gives the system enhanced shale inhibition properties.
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BONINI, MARIACRISTINA. "Mechanical behaviour of Clay-Shales (Argille Scagliose) and implications on the design of tunnels." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2376323.

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In the framework of Geotechnical Engineering and Rock Mechanics many cases are known (described in either the classical or the modern tunnelling bibliography) where, even during construction, large deformations and high stresses in the lining are observed. This is the result of natural phenomena identified with swelling and/or squeezing conditions. This thesis is devoted to the study of tunnelling in difficult conditions, with particular attention to the development of large time-dependent deformations. These deformations may develop either during the construction stage, causing instabilities of the tunnel face and unsafe working conditions, or remain hidden during the “short-term”, thus leading to complex problems when the tunnel is put into service. Under these circumstances the construction costs may rise due to the delays in excavation time, the stabilising and heavy support measures to install. Though the physic-chemical reactions which are the basis of these phenomena have been studied for nearly one century, during the last thirty years the research work concentrated on the rigorous identification, quantification and prediction of the models of behaviour associated with them. In particular, during the last few years, two Research Programmes on these topics (“Tunnelling in difficult conditions” and “Mechanised excavation of tunnels”, co-ordinated by Professor Giovanni Barla) were carried out with the financial support of the Italian Ministry for University and Research. Into this contest, a Ph. D. thesis [Barla M., 1999] was dedicated to the determination of the typical stress-paths around a tunnel and the application to laboratory testing by means of a newly developed triaxial cell (Soft Rocks Triaxial Apparatus, SRTA). The samples of a stiff clay came from the Caneva-Stevenà quarry, near Pordenone (Italy), where swelling induced deformations and instabilities caused failure of the 30 cm thick unreinforced concrete lining of the adits. The decision to further investigate these phenomena came from the growing world-wide interest on the subject and from the availability of a new relevant case study. Several cubic samples of tectonized clay shales (Chaotic Complex) were, in fact, obtained at the face of Raticosa tunnel and Osteria access adit, along the new high speed railway line Bologna-Florence. The present study deals with the models of behaviour which were proposed in recent years, with the aim to identify the most significant factors involved in the selection and design of stabilizing measures of the tunnel face and supports to be installed along the heading. The testing programme performed on the clay shales had the task of identifying similarities and/or differences with respect to the previous research. Moreover, the characterisation studies performed allowed for the determination of significant influence of expandable minerals, complex structure and low mechanical properties of these geomaterials. The testing programme included triaxial tests performed on natural material in closely controlled conditions; oedometer type tests were performed on reconstituted samples. The SRTA was modified for the purpose of testing the new material. Other characterization tests (Atterberg limits, X-ray diffraction analyses, oedometer tests on natural material, etc.) were performed in other laboratories (Enel-Hydro, Milan and Seriate). An extended and critical bibliographic study was carried out with the intent of describing the principal available methods for modelling and predicting the swelling behaviour and their consequences. Though several methods are presently available in literature, they are often very specific and effective for particular case studies. Moreover, the models of swelling behaviour are often embedded in relatively simple elastic and elasto-plastic constitutive laws, which do not allow one to take into account time-dependent deformations. Further investigation in the field of advanced models was carried out, with the intent of determining the significant factors influencing the real mechanical behaviour. The second part of this study was devoted to the numerical modelling at the sample scale and at the tunnel scale. Numerical analyses were performed by the Finite Difference Method and an axi-symmetric coupled model reproducing the sample behaviour at laboratory scale. The stress-paths of the triaxial tests reproduced the behaviour of a point located on the tunnel sidewalls during construction with initial isotropic state of stress. Three elasto-plastic laws were assumed for the ground: Drucker-Prager, modified Cam Clay and Nova-Lagioia model [Nova & Lagioia, 2000]. The stress-strain curves obtained from the laboratory tests could be represented in a satisfactory way, but the corresponding excess pore pressure at low stress level (positive) or at incipient failure (negative) could not be predicted reliably. Since any attempt of reproducing the tectonized clay shales behaviour by means of either simple or more complex elasto-plastic models has been shown to be not effective, an alternate way for the purpose of modelling was represented by time-dependent models of visco-elastic plastic type. Considering that the clay shales exhibit at low stress level a significant time-dependent response, the visco-elastic plastic Burgers’ model with Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion (CVISC) as available with the FDM code Flac [Itasca, 1999] was used. The parameters describing the time-dependent response of the specimens (as evidenced during the laboratory tests) were determined by means of closed-from solutions (Burgers’ visco-elastic model) and numerical analyses with the CVISC constitutive equation. In both cases a satisfactory description of the mechanical behaviour could be achieved. Numerical analyses were performed with the intent of reproducing the deformational response of the Raticosa tunnel, for which monitoring data were available (radial and longitudinal displacements). Numerical analyses were performed by the FDM and an axi-symmetric coupled model reproducing the full excavation sequence of an equivalent circular tunnel. The geotechnical parameters entering the CVISC model for the clay shales at the tunnel scale needed to be assessed in terms of the parameters obtained at laboratory scale. In fact, the parameters based on laboratory testing were not likely to reproduce the tunnel behaviour as observed during excavation. This was the case for deformability, strength, and time dependent parameters, which were evaluated on the basis of experience and in situ observations. The tunnel response in terms of plastic zone extension, radial and longitudinal displacements versus time could be reproduced satisfactorily. Based on of the present work, the following conclusions can be drawn: (a) the time-dependent behaviour of the clay shales is a significant factor to be taken under close consideration for the assessment of the tunnel response to excavation (the elasto-plastic constitutive laws are not capable of reproducing the full range of behaviour of the tunnel); (b) laboratory testing is necessary in order to determine the relevant features of the mechanical behaviour of the material, however the parameters determined from laboratory tests cannot be directly used for appropriate prediction of tunnel behaviour; (c) monitoring is essential for the assessment of the tunnel response (stability of the face and of the core ahead of the face), including the effectiveness of the stabilization measures and of the primary lining, and the time of its installation.
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Thapa, Keshab Bahadur. "An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Swelling Clays and Clay-Kerogen Interactions in Oil Shale: A Molecular Modeling and Experimental Study." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31719.

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This work provides an insight into how the molecular interactions influence macroscale properties of two materials: swelling clay and oil shale. Swelling clays cause enormous damage to infrastructure: buildings, roads, and bridges. Understanding the mechanisms are essential to prevent the detrimental effects and use of these clays for engineering applications. Our group studied the effect of fluid polarity on sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) swelling clay mineral using molecular modeling and experiments for bridging the molecular level behavior with the microstructure, swelling pressure, permeability, and compressibility. Various polar fluids (Dielectric Constant 110 to 20) found in landfill leachates are used. Our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that the nonbonded interactions of Na-MMT with polar fluids are higher than with low and medium polar fluids. These results are consistent with the results from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments. The polarity of the fluids and the fluid content influence the interlayer spacing, interlayer modulus, nonbonded interactions, and conformation as well as the shear strength parameters, the angle of internal friction (φ) and cohesion (c). Furthermore, the unconfined compressive strength experiments are used to evaluate the undrained cohesion at various swelling level. The nanomechanical properties, the modulus of elasticity (E) and hardness (H), of the undisturbed dry and saturated Na-MMT at various level of swelling are evaluated using nanoindentation experiments for the first time. The undrained cohesion, modulus of elasticity, and hardness decrease with increase in swelling level. Swelling controls the microstructure of Na-MMT clay, and the clay particles breakdown into smaller sizes with increase in swelling level. The Green River Formation located in the United States is the richest oil shale deposit in the world. Oil shale contains clay minerals, bitumen, and kerogen—a precursor to crude oil. A three-dimensional (3D) kerogen model is built from seven fragments, and the interactions of kerogen with Na-MMT is investigated using MD simulations to understand how the kerogen is bound to the clay mineral. The nonbonded interactions between Na-MMT and kerogen as well as among kerogen fragments are found. This work seeks to develop new methods to extract kerogen economically and efficiently.
Department of Energy (DoE)
Mountain Plains Consortium (MPC)
North Dakota Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (ND EPSCoR)
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Zemánek, David. "Žárovzdorné ostřivo se zvýšeným obsahem mullitu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392323.

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Refractory aggregate manufactured from common clays, claystones and shales in Czech Republic are mostly classified as fireclay. For specific applications are these grogs not suitable and there is a need to use grogs with higher content of alumina oxide. Theoretical part of this thesis is focused on the mineral mullite, which is one of the basic minerals in Al2O3 - SiO2 system. Research is focused on methods of mullite production, manufacture of recfractory grog and new possibilities in modification of current raw materials. In experimental part is carried out a verification of possible production of grogs with increased alumina content according to the designed composition.
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Gautam, Tej P. "An Investigation of Disintegration Behavior of Mudrocks Based on Laboratory and Field Tests." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1352922708.

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Books on the topic "Clay-Shale"

1

C, Haneberg William, Anderson Scott A, and Geological Society of America. Division of Engineering Geology., eds. Clay and shale slope instability. Boulder, Colo: Geological Society of America, 1995.

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O'Connor, Bruce J. Ceramic and structural clays, and shales of Walker County, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, 1988.

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O'Connor, Bruce J. Ceramic and structural clays and shales of Floyd County, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, 1986.

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Heinrich, Ries. Les dépôts d'argile et de schistes de la Nouvelle-Écosse et d'une partie du Nouveau-Brunswick. Ottawa: Impr. du gouvernement, 1997.

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Ontario. Ministry of Natural Resources. The Clay and shale industries of Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 1987.

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Keele, Joseph. Clay and shale deposits of New Brunswick. Ottawa: Govt. Print. Bureau, 1997.

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O'Connor, Bruce J. Ceramic and structural clays, shales, and slates of Murray County, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, 1986.

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O'Connor, Bruce J. Ceramic and structural clays, shales and slates of Gordon County, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, 1987.

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O'Connor, Bruce J. Ceramic and structural clays and shales of Whitfield County, Georgia. Atlanta, Ga: Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Geologic Survey, 1988.

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Keele, Joseph. Dépôts d'argile et de schistes du Nouveau-Brunswick. Ottawa: Impr. du gouvernement, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Clay-Shale"

1

Bennett, Richard H., Neal R. O’Brien, and Matthew H. Hulbert. "Determinants of Clay and Shale Microfabric Signatures: Processes and Mechanisms." In Frontiers in Sedimentary Geology, 5–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4428-8_2.

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O’Brien, Neal R., and Roger M. Slatt. "Formation of Shale by Compaction of Flocculated Clay--A Model." In Argillaceous Rock Atlas, 91–95. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3422-7_7.

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Wan, Huiwen, and Zhifei Gao. "Calcined Coal Gangue and Clay Shale for Cementitious Materials Without Clinker." In RILEM Bookseries, 169–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9939-3_21.

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Abd Ellatief, M., M. Mahmoud, and H. Abdo. "Geotechnical Properties of Expansive Clay Shale in El-Mahrowsa, Qena, Egypt." In Engineering Geology and Geological Engineering for Sustainable Use of the Earth’s Resources, Urbanization and Infrastructure Protection from Geohazards, 41–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61648-3_3.

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Shuang, Liu, and Wang Chuan. "Research on Low Dosage Clay Stabilizer for Shale Gas Fracturing Fluid." In Proceedings of the International Field Exploration and Development Conference 2021, 1979–85. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2149-0_184.

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Sagitaningrum, Fathiyah Hakim, Samira Albati Kamaruddin, Ramli Nazir, Budi Susilo Soepandji, and Idrus M. Alatas. "Lesson Learned from Weathering Clay Shale Residual Interface Shear Strength Testing Method." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, 523–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9348-9_46.

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Liu, Xue-wei, Gui-fu Duan, Chun-ming He, and Gang Wu. "Study on Hybrid Volume Fracturing and Its Application of High Clay Carbonate Shale Oil Reservoirs." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 2431–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0761-5_229.

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"shale clay." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_192624.

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"clay shale." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 232. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_32237.

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"paper(y) (clay) shale." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 963. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_160177.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clay-Shale"

1

Carman, Paul Scott, and Kimberly Spurlock Lant. "Making the Case for Shale Clay Stabilization." In SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/139030-ms.

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Vipulanandan, C., and Moon S. Nam. "Drilled Shafts Socketed in Uncemented Clay Shale." In International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41021(335)19.

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Siggins, A. F., and D. N. Dewhurst. "Elastic Wave Attenuation in a Clay Rich Shale." In EAGE Shale Workshop 2010. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20145374.

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Vipulanandan, C., and Swapnil Kaulgud. "Behavior of ACIP Piles Socketed in Clay-Shale." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40778(157)4.

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Maley, Darren, Grant Farion, Gabriela Giurea-Bica, and Bill O'Neil. "Non-Polymeric Permanent Clay Stabilizer for Shale Completions." In SPE European Formation Damage Conference & Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/165168-ms.

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Santra, Ashok, Hasmukh Patel, Arthur Hale, Nicolas Osorio, Arfaj Mohammad, Ramaswamy Jothibasu, and Elahbrouk Ehab. "Field Deployment of Nanomaterial Based Shale Inhibitors." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213743-ms.

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Abstract Shale inhibition solutions that are commonly used in water-based fluids employ chemical systems that are not universally applicable. For example, kaolinite rich shales, can lose strength when exposed to KCl through cation exchange with potassium. In the United States, government regulations prohibit the disposal of greater than 3,000 ppm chloride on lease or 1,000 ppm chloride off lease. The hazardous nature of choline chloride restricts its use as shale inhibitor for water-based fluids. Nanosilica Based Shale Inhibitor (NSBSI) has been developed to mitigate the difficulties in clay stabilization in particularly challenging formations. NSBSI is used when drilling with low solids, non-dispersed muds, such as polymer and PAC muds. It can be used as an alternative to polyamine-based shale inhibitors and silicate-based shale inhibitors. Field trials were conducted in three wells. Commonly used shale inhibitor (polyamine based) were replaced by NSBSI in mud formulations in order to complete the field trials. Trouble-free drilling through problematic shale sections with no changes in mud properties, and no indications of lack of inhibition were experienced. Further addressing field requirements for shale inhibition in water-based muds, we have also developed a second shale-inhibiting product which is functionalized nanoplatelets composed of amine functionalities anchored on the nanometer-thick magnesium silicates (LMS-NH2). A facile synthetic approach was employed to synthesize lab-scale quantity of LMS-NH2 through combination of sol-gel and precipitation techniques. The structural characterization was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate generation of anticipated LMS-NH2. Shale stabilization characteristics of LMS-NH2 were tested and compared with other commercial shale inhibitors. Clay swelling and clay dispersion tests were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the impermeable coating of nano-platelets on to the clay-rich shales. The LMS-NH2 have demonstrated 87% recovery of swellable shales after dispersion tests. The microscopic study conducted on the treated shales reveals the formation of inorganic film on the shales, which provide impervious coating to protect the water susceptible clays. The linear swelling measurements were also performed to understand the effectiveness of LMS-NH2 over 72 hours demonstrating minimized the hydration and subsequent swelling of clay-rich shales. The newly developed inhibitor in the current study has outperformed conventional shale inhibitors wherein the presence of inorganic constituents aids stronger film formation compared to solely organic inhibitors. Comparative studies have been carried out against commercially used shale inhibitors using linear swell meter, dispersion test and pore pressure penetration test and the results will be presented.
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Smith, Ronald E., Doyle L. Smith, Jr., and Julie A. Griffin. "Top-Down Construction of a Bridge in Clay Shale." In International Foundation Congress and Equipment Expo 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41023(337)76.

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Sayers*, Colin M., and Lennert D. den Boer. "Shale anisotropy and the elastic anisotropy of clay minerals." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-0114.1.

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Soucey, Charles, and Sarah L. Dean. "INVESTIGATING GRAVITY-DRIVEN SHALE TECTONICS: RESULTS FROM CLAY MODELS." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-366124.

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Al-Arfaj, Mohammed K. "An Experimental Study on Shale-Fluid Interactions to Help Drill Stable Shale Formations." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22113-ms.

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Abstrac Drilling stable boreholes in shale formations is a challenging task due to the potential interactions of clay-rich shales with aqueous phase of drilling fluids. The objective of this paper is to look into some testing techniques utilized to characterize shale rock samples and assess the reactivity, recommend a strategy and best practices to overcome the wellbore instability problems when drilling shale formations. Wellbore instability associated with drilling shale formations is a major source of non-productive time in drilling operations. Inhibiting shale-fluid interactions and minimizing the scope of time-dependent shale problems are essential to mitigate this challenge. The solution is of two-fold: mechanical and chemical. This paper addresses the chemical aspects of the problem and recommends a novel type and combination of shale inhibitors to use in drilling. Different testing techniques were employed to assess the shale reactivity with different types of drilling fluids. After characterizing the shale samples in terms of mineralogy, petrography and inhibition testing has been carried out to reveal the reactivity extent of the shales. Dispersion test predict the shale-fluid interactions to help in optimizing the drilling fluid formulations to drill those shale formations. Two shale inhibitor combinations were tested against shale samples with different characteristics and clay mineralogy to develop a semi-universal type of inhibitive drilling fluid formulation.
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Reports on the topic "Clay-Shale"

1

Hardin, Ernest. Review of underground construction methods and opening stability for repositories in clay/shale media. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1146976.

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Hardin, Ernest. Review of Underground Construction Methods and Opening Stability for Repositories in Clay/Shale Media. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171453.

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Greenberg, H., J. Blink, and T. Buscheck. Repository Layout and Required Ventilation Trade Studies in Clay/Shale using the DSEF Thermal Analytical Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1088418.

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Liu, H. H., L. Li, L. Zheng, J. E. Houseworth, and J. Rutqvist. Investigations of Near-Field Thermal-Hydrologic-Mechanical-Chemical Models for Radioactive Waste Disposal in Clay/Shale Rock. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050698.

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Foscolos, A. E. Mass Transfer of Elements in Middle Triassic Shale / Sandstone Sequences, Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Islands, Part 2: Mineralogy, Clay Mineralogy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Chemistry of the Greater Than .2 Micron Fraction and Sem Studies On Thin Sections, East Drake L-06 and Sky Battle Bay M-11 Cores. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130812.

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