Journal articles: 'Clay products'

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Bastos, Carla Marina, and Fernando Rocha. "Assessment of Some Clay-Based Products Available on Market and Designed for Topical Use." Geosciences 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120453.

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The establishment of quality requirements of clay-based products, for medicinal, wellness, and aesthetic purposes, is mainly sustained by the good interactions between the clay-based formulation and the skin. The release of ionizable elements and their availability to percutaneous absorption should be, ideally, physiologically effective during passive percutaneous absorption. Clay-based products are promoted in the European market as therapeutic clays or aesthetics, which is labeling that combines characteristics of medicinal products along with cosmetics. Different countries regulate these products under different legal frameworks. This study focuses on the mineralogical, chemical, and technological characterization of some clay-based products available on the market, designed for topical use, framed in the peloids concept, and claimed as natural products. The main goals are to contribute to the establishment of clay-based products quality criteria as reliable scientific information, aiming for the compliance of intended use, the information for the potential health hazards and toxicological effects of clay-based products, and the distinction in what concerns therapeutic compliance and aesthetic or wellbeing product certification. There were 13 clayed products for cosmetic purposes, available online and in commercial stores, together with three thermal peloids, that were studied. Mineralogical composition of the 16 studied samples reveals a polymineralic association with the presence of variable quantities of quartz, calcite, and feldspars, whereas clay minerals are not predominant and characterized by the presence of clay-based fraction content, composed mainly by illite, smectite, and kaolinite in variable amounts and with several mineral associations. The clay-based products contain median values of 17 ppm As, 315 ppm Ba, 79 ppm Cr, 11 ppm Co, 29 ppm Pb, 26 ppm Ni, and 62 ppm Zn. One sample presented 4.1 ppm of Cd. The studied samples have safety concerns about specific limits of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Ni, and Zn which are above the regulated avoidable limits. Samples’ pH is out of range of skin’s natural pH as well.

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Šál, Jiří. "Testing of brick clay modifications as a raw material for building ceramic products." MATEC Web of Conferences 279 (2019): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927902022.

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Brick clay is nowadays modified by various procedures to achieve the best properties when used for building ceramic products. In the treatment of these clays, the properties are regulated by changing the quantity of water, sharpening, lightening, venting, settling, using additives, but also by consistent homogenization, crushing, grinding and mixing. This article compares several clay bricks before and after treatment and also compares them with ceramic clay. Comparative parameters are bulk density, porosity, water absorption, compressive strength and flexural strength, long-term changes in burning and weight loss by burning.

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Hettiarachchi, P., J. T. S. Motha, and H. M. T. G. A. Pitawala. "Identification of an appropriate body composition for red clay products." Cerâmica 56, no. 339 (July 2010): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132010000300012.

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This study focuses on the identification of an appropriate composition of raw materials for ceramic products from commonly available red clays in Sri Lanka. The raw materials were characterized in terms of particle size distribution, chemical and mineralogical composition. Different formulations of samples were prepared, and the linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength of the final products were measured. Microstructures of fired samples were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The best quality product was obtained when the sample contains a high amount of illite clay in a mixture of 80 wt.% clay-silt and 20 wt.% sand. The presence of higher concentrations of the metal oxides Na2O, K2O and Fe2O3 (total ~21 wt.%) in the clay-silt fraction of samples has resulted in obtaining higher technological properties of the body. The flexural strength and the water absorption of the product are 26.82 MPa and 6.51% respectively. If the raw materials contain lower amounts of the oxides Na2O, K2O and Fe2O3, higher amounts of clay-silt fraction (up to 90 wt.%) must be added to obtain an optimum quality product.

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Singh, Nakshatra Bahadur. "Clays and Clay Minerals in the Construction Industry." Minerals 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030301.

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Clay is a naturally occurring material that can be converted to different clay minerals through thermal treatments, and can be used for the development of different products. Clays and clay minerals have been used for different applications in different sectors. Detailed information regarding the applications of these materials in the construction industry are described. Clay has been used as a supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement (OPC) mortars and concretes. These minerals decrease raw materials and CO2 emissions during the production of Portland cement clinker and, at the same time, increase the compressive strength of concrete at a later age. Therefore, they are conducive to the sustainability of construction materials. A new type of cement, Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), and a binding material geopolymer cement have also been developed using clay minerals. The properties of these binders have been discussed. Applications of clay products for making bricks have are also described in this article.

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Sadik, Chaouki, Abderrahman Albizane, and Iz Eddine el Amrani. "Composition and Ceramic Characteristics of Cretaceous Clays from Morocco." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.209.

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Investigations were undertaken to assess the chemical and technological characteristics in clay products from the Cretaceous deposit (Moroccan Meseta), in order to use them in refractory products. We have focused mainly on this clay because of its high content of alumina, silica and magnesium oxide, which are very favorable for the synthesis of refractory and ceramic materials. That is why the study has used several techniques of analysis (FX, XRD, SEM and technological tests. The samples were dry pressed on clay bodies and sintered at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200°C. The relationship between water absorption, shrinkage and flexural strength as a function of the firing temperature was examined in order to enhance the quality of the final products and to optimize the production process. The results revealed that these clays have qualities necessary for the manufacture of ceramic and refractory products.

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Murray, H. H. "Applied clay mineralogy today and tomorrow." Clay Minerals 34, no. 1 (March 1999): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985599546055.

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AbstractThe clay minerals kaolin, smectite and palygorskite-sepiolite are among the world's most important and useful industrial minerals. Clay minerals are important in a number of geological applications such as stratigraphic correlations, indicators of environments of deposition and temperature for generation of hydrocarbons. In agriculture, the clay minerals are a major component of soils and determinant of soil properties. The clay minerals are important in construction where they are a major constituent in brick and tile. The physical and chemical properties of the clay minerals determine their utilization in the process industries.What about tomorrow? Processing techniques will be improved and new equipment will be available so that improved clay mineral products will be available. Pillared clays and nanocomposites will become important. Further developments in organoclay technology and surface treatments will provide new usages for these special clays. Tomorrow will see further growth and utilization of the clay minerals.

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Wonghom, Yannawut, Siripan Nilpairach, Charusporn Mongkolkachit, Thanataon Pornphatdetaudom, and Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong. "Effects of Bituminous Coal Ash Addition in Pottery Products." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.242.

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Bituminous coal ash, fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA), from coal power plant were studied in this research for utilizations in ceramic and pottery industries. Both fly ash and bottom ash mixed with four different ball clays from two kinds of ceramic pottery products such as flowerpot and construction brick, Ratchaburi, Chantaburi, Angthong and Chonburi ball clay. The mixtures were varying ratio between ashes and clays depend on clay sources. After mixing, the bodies were formed to test pieces and were then fired at 800-1200 °C. The results indicated that, added fly ash 0-40 wt% significantly decreased water absorption and increased bending strength when fired at 1150 °C or above. For color effect, CIE L*a*b* color space, both fly ash and bottom ash revealed the samples less lightness, more red and yellow appearance. These results are obvious when fired at 1150oC or above. Following the results, fly ash is possible to be used in ceramic pottery industries replaced with other addition such as sand and pottery stone.

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Giouri, K., A. Papadopoulos, A. Bourliva, E. Tzamos, L. Papadopoulou, and A. Filippidis. "Trace element content and morphological characteristics in microscale of commercially available clays used as cosmetic products." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11117.

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Two kinds of clays (one white and one green) available in pharmacies and herbalist’s shops in the Greek market have been studied for their concentrations in trace elements, namely As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Te, Tl and Zr. According to EC Regulation 1223/2009, the presence of the analyzed trace elements and their compounds, are prohibited in cosmetics. The most abundant trace elements of the white clay are P (330 ppm), Pb (220 ppm) and Zr (11 ppm), while for the green clay are P (1250 ppm), As (43 ppm), Cr (31 ppm), Pb (30 ppm) and Ni (23 ppm). Compared to the global shale average concentration of elements, Pb is enriched 11-times in the white clay and As is enriched 3-times in the green clay. The depleted trace elements of the white clay are As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, P, Sb, Se, Te, Tl and Zr, while of the green one are Cr, Hg, Ni, Sb, Te, Tl and Zr. Concerning the morphological characteristics, differences were observed in the particle size and shape between the white and green clay aggregates.

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Couillard, Martin, Daniel D. Tyo, David M. Kingston, Bussaraporn Patarachao, Andre Zborowski, Samson Ng, and Patrick H. J. Mercier. "Structure and Mineralogy of Hydrophilic and Biwettable Sub-2 µm Clay Aggregates in Oil Sands Bitumen Froth." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2020): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111040.

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A primary concern of commercial mined oil sands operations is the extent to which one can minimize the content of water and solids contaminants in the solvent-diluted bitumen products resulting from the bitumen production processes. During bitumen production, particles of about 2 µm or less may be responsible for the stabilization of water-in-bitumen emulsions that form during aqueous extraction of bitumen and purification of bitumen froth subsequently during the froth treatment processes, thus leading to the presence of those contaminants in solvent-diluted bitumen products. In this study, we separate and analyze sub-2 µm clay solids isolated from typical bitumen froth fed to a froth treatment plant at a commercial mined oil sands operation. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with spatially-resolved energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) demonstrate key differences in morphology and composition between sub-2 µm clay aggregates with two distinct wettability characteristics: hydrophilic vs. biwettable particle surfaces. In particular, clay platelets with <200 nm lateral dimensions and thicknesses of a few atomic layers, which are intermixed within coarser sub-2 µm clay aggregates, are found to confer clear differences in morphological characteristics and wettability behaviors to the sub-2 µm clay aggregates. The <200 nm clay platelets found within sub-2 µm biwettable clays tend to arrange themselves with random orientations, whereas <200 nm clay platelets within sub-2 µm hydrophilic clays typically form well-ordered face-to-face stacks. Moreover, in biwettable sub-2 µm clay aggregates, <200 nm clay platelets often cover the surfaces of ~1–2 µm sized mineral particles, whereas similarly sized mineral particles in hydrophilic sub-2 µm clay aggregates, in contrast, generally have exposed surfaces without clay platelet coverage. These biwettable vs. hydrophilic behaviors are attributed to a difference in the surface characteristics of the <200 nm clay platelets caused by toluene-unextractable organic carbon coatings. Nanometer-scale carbon mapping reveals an inhomogeneous toluene-unextractable organic carbon coating on the surfaces of <200 nm platelets in biwettable clays. In contrast, hydrophilic clays have a significantly lower amount of toluene-unextractable organic carbon, which tends to be concentrated at steps or near metal oxide nanoparticles on clay particle surfaces. Mixing surface-active organic species, such as asphaltene, resin, or carboxylic organic acids of various types with inorganic solids can lead to a dramatically enhanced emulsion stability. Consequently, understanding the origin and characteristics of sub-2 µm clay solids in bitumen froth is important to (i) clarify their potential role in the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions during bitumen production and (ii) improve froth treatment process performance to further reduce contaminant solids in solvent-diluted bitumen products. We discuss the implications of our results from these two perspectives.

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La Noce, Michele, Alessandro Lo Faro, and Gaetano Sciuto. "Clay-Based Products Sustainable Development: Some Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031364.

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Clay has a low environmental impact and can develop into many different products. The research presents two different case studies. In the first, the clay is the binder of raw earth doughs in order to produce clay-bricks. We investigate the effects of natural fibrous reinforcements (rice straws and basalt fibers) in four different mixtures. From the comparison with a mix without reinforcements, it is possible to affirm that the 0.40% of basalt fibers reduce the shrinkage by about 25% and increase the compressive strength by about 30%. Future studies will focus on identifying the fibrous effects on tensile strength and elastic modulus, as well as the optimal percentage of fibers. In the second study, the clay, in form of brick powder (“cocciopesto”), gives high alkaline resistance and breathability performance, as well as rendering and color to the plaster. The latter does not have artificial additives. The plaster respects the cultural instance of the original building. The research underlines how the use of a local (and traditional) material such as clay can be a promoter of sustainability in the contemporary building sector. Future studies must investigate further possible uses of clay as well as a proper regulatory framework.

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Pannirselvam, Muthu, R. K. Gupta, S. N. Bhattacharya, and Robert A. Shanks. "Intercalation of Montmorillonite by Interlayer Adsorption and Complex Formation." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.295.

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Clays are essentially composed of crystalline particles of one or more members of a small group of minerals. The ability of clays to intercalate certain organic substances has been known for a very long time. There is a scope in these clay structures for isomorphous replacement, that is, for substitution of Na+ by cations of similar size but usually of lower valency. This research aims at identifying suitable additives for pretreatment of clay and determining the effect of different classes of compounds (intercalants) on the d-spacing expansion of clay layers. This paper addresses a different approach to ion exchange for treatment of sodium montmorillonite, with different functional groups: aldehyde, ether, alcohol, glycol, and stearates. The results were compared with commercially available clays, Cloisite 25A and Cloisite 30B (Southern Clay Products), which are montmorillonite (MMT) clays intercalated with quaternary ammonium salts. The d-spacing increment in this research was consistent with the d-spacing achieved in commercially available clays. Future research will be to utilize the treated clay to produce polymer composites.

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Pavlova, Irina, Maria Sapozhnikova, and Elena Farafontova. "The Use of Overburden Clay in Ceramic Production." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.1044.

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How the degree of grinding of clays with carbonate inclusions in the form of dolomite affects the quality of ceramic products, is examined. It is shown that unusable clay with large dolomite inclusions can be used in ceramic production after grinding particles to a size of less than 0.5 mm. It has been established that fine grinding of clay can eliminate the formation of “blowing” defect, while the frost resistance of ceramics increases. Clay unsuitable in the ceramic production can be used after fine processing to produce facing building bricks with a compressive strength above 15 MPa and frost resistance of more than 50 cycles, ceramic roof tiles with frost resistance of more than 100 cycles, majolica and water-proof pottery products.

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Maestrelli, Sylma Carvalho, C. D. Roveri, N. A. Mariano, L. M. Faustino, G. F. Aielo, L. P. A. Pinto, C. Manochio, A. G. P. Nunes, T. M. L. Cal, and F. F. Ribeiro. "Study of the Application of Non-Plastic Clays from Poços De Caldas - MG." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1490.

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The manufacture of ceramic products involves the knowledge of the whole process, starting with the raw materials that are traditionally treated as clays. The term clay according to Santos [1] means a material with earthy texture and low grain size, which develops plasticity when mixed with a limited amount of water. The clay (or mudstone from the geological point of view) is a finely divided rock, consisting mainly of clay minerals, plastic materials and minerals that may contain non-plastic, and some materials which are not considered clay minerals, such as calcite, dolomite, gibbsite, quartz, alumina, pyrite, and others. Chemically, clays are composed of hydrated silicates of aluminum and iron, containing also a certain amount of alkaline and earth alkaline elements.

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Whiteside, Tanya E., Wei Qu, Michael J. DeVito, Sukhdev S. Brar, Karen D. Bradham, Clay M. Nelson, Gregory S. Travlos, Grace E. Kissling, and David M. Kurtz. "Elevated Arsenic and Lead Concentrations in Natural Healing Clay Applied Topically as a Treatment for Ulcerative Dermatitis in Mice." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000068.

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Ulcerative dermatitis in laboratory mice remains an ongoing clinical problem and animal welfare issue. Many products have been used to treat dermatitis in mice, with varying success. Recently, the topical administration of healing clays, such as bentonite and green clays, has been explored as a viable, natural treatment. We found high concentrations of arsenic and lead in experimental samples of therapeutic clay. Given the known toxic effects of these environmental heavy metals, we sought to determine whether the topical administration of a clay product containing bioavailable arsenic and lead exerted a biologic effect in mice that potentially could introduce unwanted research variability. Two cohorts of 20 singly housed, shaved, dermatitis free, adult male CD1 mice were dosed daily for 2 wk by topical application of saline or green clay paste. Samples of liver, kidney and whole blood were collected and analyzed for total arsenic and lead concentrations. Hepatic and renal concentrations of arsenic were not different between treated and control mice in either cohort; however, hepatic and renal concentrations of lead were elevated in clay treated mice compared to controls in both cohorts. In addition, in both cohorts, the activity of δ-aminolevulinate acid dehydratase, an enzyme involved with heme biosynthesis and a marker of lead toxicity, did not differ significantly between the clay-treated mice and controls. We have demonstrated that these clay products contain high concentrations of arsenic and lead and that topical application can result in the accumulation of lead in the liver and kidneys; however, these concentrations did not result in measurable biologic effects. These products should be used with caution, especially in studies of lead toxicity, heme biosynthesis, and renal α2 microglobulin function.

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Michailidis, K., G. Trontzios, and E. Sofianska. "CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CLAYS FROM PELOPONNESE (S. GREECE) AND THEIR EVALUATION FOR UTILIZATION IN CERAMICS INDUSTRY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11673.

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Mineral constituents, particle size and chemistry of ceramic raw materials may control the way ceramic products are formed and fired. Three compound (combined mixtures of 20 raw samples) clay samples from Chanakia area, Pelloponnese (S. Greece), were mineralogically and chemically investigated and their utilization as raw materials for the ceramic industry was evaluated. These samples come from different clay formations, they have red, blue and green colors and constitute the raw materials for a local brick plant. Particle size distribution analysis showed that the percentage of clay size fraction (d<2μm) ranges from 28.3 to 36.3 wt.%. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the main mineral constituents are quartz, micas, feldspars (plagioclases, orthoclase), calcite (except the red - clay) and clay minerals (discrete illite, mixed - layered illite/smectite, chlorite and traces of smectite and vermiculite). Projection of their bulk chemistry on some triangular discrimination diagrams has aided us to evaluate their suitability for ceramics production, namely majiolica (earthenware), cottoforte, gres and bricks were evaluated. In conclusion, all the studied materials are proved unsuitable for high quality ceramic products. Specifically, the blue and green clays were found suitable for earthenware ceramics as are high porosity building bricks, roofing tiles and similar products, while the red clay is appropriate for gres ceramics as are the low porosity tiles and bricks.

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ABDRAKHIMOV, V. Z. "PRODUCTION OF CERAMIC WALL MATERIALS BASED ON MONTMORILLONITE CLAY AND "TAILINGS" OF POLYMETALLIC ORES ENRICHMENT." Building and reconstruction 102, no. 4 (2022): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2022-102-4-132-138.

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Studies have shown that it is not recommended to introduce thinning materials of more than 10-15% into clay masses with a number of 12-15. The introduction of more than 15% of thinners into ceramic masses (charge) reduces the plasticity of the charge with subsequent deterioration of molding properties, and less than 15% does not improve the drying properties of raw bricks (semi‒finished products). Taking into account the emerging problem associated with the reduction of clay materials with a plasticity number of more than 12-15, it is necessary to study and explore the possibilities of replacing such traditional clay materials with montmorillonite clays. Montmorillonite clays, added even in small quantities, significantly improve the molding properties of ceramic masses, in which non-plastic mineral components predominate. To obtain the wall material, montmorillonite clay was used as a clay binder, and "tails" of polymetallic ore enrichment were used as a thinner". To get a ceramic brick from montmorillonite clay without thinners prak.

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Lakevičs, Vitālijs, Valentīna Stepanova, and Augusts Ruplis. "Thixotropic Properties of Latvian Clays." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 5, 2015): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol1.903.

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This research studies Latvia originated Devon (Tūja, Skaņkalne), quaternary (Ceplīši), Jurassic, (Strēļi) and Triassic (Vadakste) deposit clays as well as Lithuania originated Triassic (Akmene) deposit clays. Thixotropic properties of clay were researched by measuring relative viscosity of clay in water suspensions. Relative viscosity is measured with a hopper method. It was detected that, when concentration of suspension is increased, clay suspension’s viscosity also increases. It happens until it reaches a certain boarder point when viscosity increases significantly – a dramatic rise is shown on the curve. It means that clay particles make a lace-like, easily broken structure. Impact of chemical reagents on clay suspensions’ thixotropic properties is researched. Experimental results obtained on the new materials with thixotropic properties will allow precise definition of production technologies and usage of a new approach in development of motivation products. Likewise, the results will make an important investment in establishing a thixotropic material description methodology.

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Chrzanowski, Wojciech, Sally Yunsun Kim, and Ensanya Ali Abou Neel. "Biomedical Applications of Clay." Australian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 11 (2013): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13361.

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Traditional applications of clay mineral mainly revolved around cosmetics and industrial products, but their scope of application is continuously expanding into pharmaceutics including drug delivery and tissue engineering. The interest in clays amongst the scientific community has increased dramatically in recent years due to its composition and structure which can be easily modified to serve different purposes. Largely due to structural flexibility and its small particle size, clay nanostructure can be modified to tune rheological and mechanical properties, and can entrap moisture to suit a particular application. Additionally, interest in the synthesis of polymer-clay nanocomposites in tissue engineering is growing as it is cheap, easily available, and environmentally-friendly. The structure of clay allows the interclaysion of different biomolecules between the clay layers. These biomolecules can be released in a controlled manner which can be utilised in drug delivery and cosmetic applications.

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Wilson, Ian Richard. "The constitution, evaluation and ceramic properties of ball clays." Cerâmica 44, no. 287-288 (August 1998): 88–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69131998000400002.

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Ball clay is a fine-grained highly plastic, mainly kaolinitic, sedimentary clay, the higher grades of which fire to a white or near white colour. The paper will review the origin of the term "Ball Clay" and the location and origins of several deposits with particular emphasis on the mineralogical, physical and rheological properties which make the clays so important in ceramics bodies. Particular attention will be paid to the well known bay clay deposits of Devon and Dorset in southwest England, which are mined by ECC International Europe and Watts Blake Bearne & Company PLC, and brief descriptions from elsewhere in the world of ball clays from the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina and China. The evaluation of deposits will be covered along with a description of the main types of ball clay for ceramics with details of the mining, processing and blending techniques which are necessary to ensure long term consistency of products. A brief description in given of the ceramic properties of some Brazilian ball clays. The location of some ball clay deposits is shown in Fig. 1.

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Bhatnagar, J. M., R. G. Gupta, and S. K. Mehta. "Heavy Clay Products from Red and Coastal Clays of Cuttack District (Orissa)." Transactions of the Indian Ceramic Society 52, no. 6 (January 1993): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0371750x.1993.10804613.

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Tansripraparsiri, Sekporn. "The Development of Pottery Products from Nong Suea Clay." Key Engineering Materials 608 (April 2014): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.608.346.

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The development of pottery products was emphasized as the research and development project. The main ingredient was Nong Suea clay, Pathumthani province. Normally, Nong Suea clay was used for land-fill industries. However, the way to use Nong Suea clay as materials for pottery products could be a value added technology. In addition, the pottery products created from Nong Suea clay were used as the decorative materials. From the line blend method, six mixing ingredients were focused. The researcher found that the suitable mixing ingredient was the third formula that contained Nong Suea clay (80%) and Ranong white clay (20%). This formula was processed into five types of pottery products. Two temperatures were monitored for firing. First, the temperature at 850 °C was used for three different types of pots. This product was normally shaped by hand with a throwing wheel that led to the industrial process level. Second, the temperature at 1,200 °C was used for two different types of vases. The product decorations of these groups were applied by the flowing glaze technique which was suitable for long-term research and development. The craftmen in should be highly skilled, tool uses, and higher temperature capacity of kiln.

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Banks, P. J. "Cracking of Extruded Clay Products during Drying." Key Engineering Materials 53-55 (January 1991): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.53-55.433.

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Kukko, Heikki. "Stabilization of Clay with Inorganic By-Products." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 12, no. 4 (November 2000): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2000)12:4(307).

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H. Murray, Haydn, and Jessica Elzea Kogel. "Engineered clay products for the paper industry." Applied Clay Science 29, no. 3-4 (June 2005): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2004.12.005.

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Gooding, James L. "Clay-mineraloid weathering products in Antarctic meteorites." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, no. 10 (October 1986): 2215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90076-1.

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Comelli, Nora, Maria Avila, Cristina Volzone, and Marta Ponzi. "Hydration of α-pinene catalyzed by acid clays." Open Chemistry 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0217-4.

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AbstractThe hydration reaction of α-pinene in the presence of natural clays treated with monochloroacetic acid as catalyst to obtain oxygenated compounds was studied. Catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, programmed thermal desorption of adsorbed pyridine, and infrared spectroscopic analysis of adsorbed pyridine to determine Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. Catalytic tests revealed that treatment of the natural clay with the acid improved the catalytic activity and the selectivity toward oxygenated products by increasing the acidity of the catalyst. The selectivity toward oxygenated compounds increased with the augment of the α-pinene conversion because of greater contact between water molecules with the remaining α-pinene molecules. The natural clay without treatment produced compounds resulting from α-pinene isomerization, whereas the treated clays produced alcohols and other products in addition to isomerization compounds. After a certain time, the α-terpineol was isomerized into cineols. Studies of the reusability of the JAL catalyst were performed (clay treated with monochloroacetic acid). As the number of reuses increased, the percent conversion decreased; however, the selectivity toward oxygenated compounds increased.

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Gani, Nurul Amerah, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Mohamad Bashree Abu Bakar, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, and Muhammad Azwadi Sulaiman. "Characterizations of Pergau River Clay as Comparison to Mambong and Sayong." Materials Science Forum 888 (March 2017): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.888.141.

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Clay as pottery’s raw material is a major factor that is affecting the quality and reliability of any pottery product. The clay source areas need to be well determined their geochemical properties in order to control the end properties of clay product. Pergau river is located in the northwest of Kelantan, a state in Malaysia. In this study, elemental and phase analysis of Pergau river clay was carried out. The baked clay products were characterized their density and toughness. X-ray fluorescence showed the clay is rich with Fe and X-ray diffraction showed low concentration of feldspar compared to other known clay source areas, which are Sayong and Mambong. Fewer feldspar content decrease toughness of the pottery product. However, some location showed the comparable result with the Sayong and Mambong. The clay is high in density, low in shrinkage percentage and excellent in mechanical strength compare to other clays collected from Pergau River.

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Abramova, Elena, Nadezhda Popova, Grigoriy Artemiev, Viktoria Zharkova, Elena Zakharova, and Alexey Safonov. "Characteristics and Rates of Microbial Processes in Clays of Different Mineral and Elemental Composition in Relation to Safety Prediction for ESB Clay Materials." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041843.

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Microbial activity in clay barrier materials during radioactive waste disposal can lead to a violation of important physicochemical properties of the barrier system as a whole, thereby reducing the safety of the storage facility. This work evaluates the activity of the microbial complex of five bentonite and two kaolin clays. All clay materials were found to contain microorganisms, mostly with organotrophic aerobic and anaerobic metabolism capable of forming hydrogen sulfide and transforming basic and impurity clay minerals. The activity of microorganisms can increase with the ingress of degradation products of aluminophosphate matrices and cement barriers, as well as radiolysis products. For all clay the rates of microbial processes were shown to exhibit a direct correlation with the content of organic matter, kaolinite, and potassium feldspar, and an inverse correlation with montmorillonite content. A systematic methodological approach is proposed for clay materials and their susceptibility to microbial processes. The approach makes it possible, based on the content of organic matter, biophilic elements in the samples, parameters of the respiratory activity of the microbial complex, the formation of hydrogen sulfide, and other parameters, to assess in advance the possibility of using them in barriers.

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Ermilova, Elizaveta, and Zagira Kamalova. "The influence of calcined mixture cooling method on hydration products composition of blended cement stone." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404011.

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Complex additives based on combinations of calcined clays, including kaolinite with limestone, due to the synergetic effect play a major role in the creation of blended cements. Usually carbonate rocks contain clay impurities with adverse effects on the properties of the resultant cements and concretes. At the same time calcium carbonate contained in marl clays during calcination allows getting high-quality pozzolanic material. The effective complex additive based on the calcined mixture of clay and limestone was created. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of fast and slow cooling methods of the artificial mixture after calcination on the hydration products composition of blended cement stone with complex additives of calcined mixtures of clays and carbonates. Obtained results allow determining the conditions for obtaining effective complex additives based on calcined mixtures of ubiquitous clays and carbonate rocks for their application in blended Portland cement, and thus to expand the range of the latter. It is found that the preferred method is the fast cooling of the resulting mixture, which contributes to obtaining a complex additive with higher pozzolanic properties, compared with the additive obtained by the slow cooling method.

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Koriko, Moursalou, Dodji Zounon, Agbegnigan Degbe, Sanonka Tchegueni, Diyadola Diheenane Bafai, Koffi Fiaty, Gado Tchangbedji, and Patrick Drogui. "CARACTERISATIONS PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES ET MINERALOGIQUES DE LARGILE DAKLAKOU UTILISEE DANS LA POTERIE EN VUE DE SON APPLICATION DANS LA FORMULATION DES AGREGATS LEGERS." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 09 (September 30, 2021): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13471.

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In order to contribute to the enhancement of local materials, Aklakou clays taken from the quarry and used for pottery have been characterized from a physicochemical and mineralogical point of view. Thus, the samples taken from the quarry were subjected to chemical and mineralogical analyzes. Several qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used (chemical analysis, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and analysis by I.R. spectroscopy). These results demonstrated the richness of this quartz clay, resulting in a high proportion of silica (77.62%). This study was therefore essential before any application of this type of clay in the formulation of aggregates and pottery products or even ceramics in the broad sense. We can therefore conclude that the clays mined at the Aklakou quarry are very favorable materials for formulations of pottery products and in other fields such as the formulation of light aggregates.

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Amboro, J. L., A. Purwasito, and Warto. "The characteristics of teapots made of plastic and clay: what are their designs, functions, and impacts on the environment?" IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012110.

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Abstract Currently, people are starting to reduce the use of traditional products and switch to ready-to-use products made from plastic, such as teapots. Nevertheless, clay crafts still maintain their existence in the widespread use of plastic products. Bayat is one of the subdistricts in Klaten Regency, Central Java, which is famous for its ceramics and pottery craft centres. Most artisans in the Bayat make crafts with clay as raw materials. This research focused on the advantages of Bayat pottery over other plastic products. This study aimed to increase public awareness to reduce plastic products’ use in daily life. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. The research was conducted in Bayat, Klaten, from March – June 2022. The results showed that clay crafts were considered more eco-friendly than plastic products. The development of Bayat pottery from clay has implications for design, function, usability, and environmental aspects. In the design aspect, the Bayat teapot can increase the aesthetic value of the craft. In terms of function and usability, the clay teapot functions as a water storage container as well as interior decoration. Meanwhile, in the environmental aspect, raw clay materials are easier to decompose, while plastic products are difficult to decompose.

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Galán Arboledas, Rosendo J., Aarón Merino García, and Salvador Bueno. "Lighter Structural Clay Ceramics Manufactured with Marble Cutting Dust and Paperboard Based Packaging Waste." Key Engineering Materials 663 (September 2015): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.663.105.

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This work evaluates some preliminary results of adding two kinds of wastes in two characteristics clay mixtures with the aim of producing lighter structural ceramic products. The selected wastes are marble cutting dust and a packaging waste mainly composed by paperboard and polyethylene. In the case of clay mixtures, they are focused to the manufacture of both common and facing bricks. New waste based formulations are proposed on the basis of chemical and mineralogical compositions of clays and wastes and previous experiences in literature. Especial attention is paid to initial carbonate content in the selected clays, since marble waste is almost exclusively formed by calcite. Dynamic sintering tests and technological properties characterization were performed to analyse the feasibility of waste incorporation. Sintering behaviour shows a larger influence of marble dust waste and it is radically changed in the case of clay mixtures for facing products. Technology properties of unfired specimens are in general adequate for the industrial practice. Final technological properties of sintered specimens shows lower density for the new waste bearing products but not unique trends with sintering temperature for another properties as bending strength or water absorption capacity. These properties are mainly conditioned by the sintering behaviour associated to marble dust addition and, thus additional microstructure and mineralogy test would be necessary for a better knowledge of these materials and their optimised formulation.

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Zhang, You Xian, Hai Tao Liu, and Ya Bin Hou. "Experimental Research on Products Preparation by Hongquan Bentonite from Gansu." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1094–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1094.

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We selecte two bentonite products: activated clay and organo-bentonite, and introduce the related content of them like industrial applications, technology and raw materials of producting at the same time. After that, we choose the preparation processes of activated clay and organo-bentonite. Choose conditions of the prepared samples, arranging test methods by orthogonal test program, and preparing of the activated clay and organo-bentonite samples in accordance with the different test conditions. Finally, we draw this conclusion according to the test analysis and demonstration results. We propose the recommendations of the development of activated clay and organo-bentonite by Hongquan bentonite, pointing out that the shortcomings of this study and proposing pilot study of future.

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Low, N. M. P., P. Fazio, and P. Guite. "Development of light-weight insulating clay products from the clay-sawdust-glass system." Ceramics International 11, no. 4 (October 1985): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-8842(85)90294-9.

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Sverguzova, S. V., Zh A. Sapronova, and R. R. Valiev. "The Use of Water Treatment Petroleum Sludge in the Manufacture of Ceramic Products." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.235.

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The paper presents the results of studies of the possibility of utilization of petroleum sludge, obtained during the purification of oil-water emulsions, using gabbro-diabase powder in the production of ceramic building products. The sludge is proposed to add to the clay mass as an entrained additive. The influence of the sludge additive mass on such physical and mechanical indicators of ceramic samples, as density, compressive strength, water absorption, air shrinkage and fire shrinkage, and density, is studied. Ceramic samples were prepared using natural clays, deposits Bessonovka (Belgorod region) and Podgornoye (Voronezh region). It is shown that the addition of 2% mass to the clay mass of the sludge leads to an increase in the compressive strength of the samples up to 90%, an air shrinkage of 1%, an increase in water absorption 1-2%. The value of the fire shrinkage remains unchanged. With an increase in the proportion of sludge additive to 7%, all indicators slightly change. Water absorption and air shrinkage increase, compressive strength, fire shrinkage and density decrease. However, further, when there is 7% of sludge in the clay mixture, the strength of ceramic samples corresponds to a grade not lower than 150, according to GOST 530-2012.

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36

Bernard, Ellina. "Research progress on magnesium silicate hydrate phases and future opportunities." RILEM Technical Letters 7 (September 1, 2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2022.162.

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This short letter summaries the latest research on the structure and thermodynamic modelling of the magnesium silicate hydrates (M-S-H) phases. M-S-H structure is comparable to hydrated clays, with a smaller and rounder microstructures compared to clay platelets. Similar to clay minerals, M-S-H can incorporate ions such as aluminium and hydrated exchangeable cations to compensate the negative surface charge. This fundamental understanding of M-S-H structure allowed to develop structure-based thermodynamic models, which can further help to optimise the conditions for M-S-H formation and its use as cementitious materials. Optimized binders containing M-S-H have the advantages of presenting: i) good mechanical properties, ii) dense microstructure and potentially good resistances to leaching and iii) low pH values. These types of binders could therefore be used for cement products with non-steel reinforcement, for the encapsulation of specific wastes, for products containing natural fibres or for the clay stabilisation, etc.

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Lakevičs, V., J. Brovkina, V. Stepanova, I. Dušenkova, J. Ozoliņš, G. Šuļga, and L. Bērziņa-Cimdiņa. "Solving Environmental Problems with Latvian Clay-Based Sorbents." Latvian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10161-012-0029-4.

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Currently there is an increasing interest in application of natural clay minerals in production of various products, including sorbents for waste water treatment. For practical application of clay as a sorbent, it is significant not only to establish its properties, but also to be able to modify them. Only during the last twenty years, an increasing effort has been directed to systematic studies of clay sorption properties. A special attention has been devoted to improvement of clay sorption properties, which could allow to scientifically develop various sorbents for collection of oil products, such as oil spills from water surface, water processing and cleaning of waste waters from heavy metal ions, organic and inorganic admixtures, etc. In this study, surface properties of Latvian Triassic (Vadakste deposit) smectite-containing clay samples were examined, in order to develop cheap, clay-based sorbents of high quality. Using sedimentation method, the granulometric composition of natural clay samples was determined. Surface morphology of the obtained samples was studied by using scanning electron microscopy. Sorption properties of natural Vadakste deposit clay samples were modified by thermal treatment, as well as by adding a natural modifier based on hemicellulose and lignin (HLS). This type of clay modification has almost never been used in practice. Optimal thermal treatment conditions and HLS modification conditions were determined for the natural clay samples. It was found that water absorption decreased with increasing the thermal treatment temperature from 300 to 500 and 800 °C, however silicone oil and rapeseed oil absorption doubled at the same time. After adding HLS to clays within the range of 0.053% to 0.13%, both water and oil absorption doubled. The ability of natural and modified clay samples to adsorb copper and zinc ions from the corresponding salt solutions was investigated. The obtained results proved that the developed clay-based sorbent granules can be used for removal of copper and zinc ions from waste water, for collection of oil and oily substances; and as a cheap, environmentally safe pet litter.

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Chopenko, Nina, Vladimir Muravlev, and Olga Skorodumova. "Technology of Molding Masses for Architectural and Artistic Ceramics Using Low-Aluminate Clays." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14595.

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The article deals with the main technological problems arising in the manufacture of large-scale ceramic products for architectural and artistic purposes. The influence of low-burned chamotte obtained from low-alumina clay on the physical and mechanical properties of molding masses based on the Oposhnya clays is investigated. It is shown that the firing medium of the developed molding masses significantly affects the properties of ceramic products.

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Acchar, Wilson, and Raimundo Jorge Santos Paranhos. "Using Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash Into Clay Products." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm.2012.5.

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Jung, Sun Hye, Jin Yeong Heo, Ji Hee Oh, Na-Youn Park, and Younglim Kho. "Preservatives in Domestic and Imported Children’s Clay Products." Journal of Environmental Health Sciences 48, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2022.48.1.36.

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Zhang, Yong, Shoufeng Yang, and Julian R. G. Evans. "Solid Freeforming of Braille Patterns on Clay Products." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87, no. 12 (December 2004): 2301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2004.tb07511.x.

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Nevřivová, Lenka, and David Zemánek. "The Influence of Al₂O₃ Microparticles on the Pore Structure of Fired Clay." Solid State Phenomena 296 (August 2019): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.296.197.

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Contemporary demand after high-quality ceramics leads to the depletion of raw material deposits. The industry also produces waste secondary materials that cannot be used directly for the desired purposes. It is therefore necessary to find other uses for these materials. It is common practice in the ceramics industry to stockpile fine fractions of refractory clays prior to their firing in a shaft kiln. These fractions have the size of 35 mm and less and when stored in a mound are facing a risk of weathering. Finding a purpose for these unused materials will markedly slow down fresh clay mining and make the production more eco-friendly and cost-effective. This paper seeks a suitable technology of treating fine fractions of BC (Brezina Clay), sometimes called FBC (Fine Brezina Clay), prior to its being fired into grog. The stockpiles hold tens of thousands of tons of these fractions. The properties of the fired clay are determined by the length of time for which the material has been stockpiled, moisture content, of the clay, as well as the briquetting pressure before firing in a shaft kiln. FBC contains approx. 41 % of aluminium oxide. This amount is not high enough for certain applications. The aluminium oxide content can be increased by the addition of bauxite, corundum, mullite, kaolin, clays rich in Al2O3, or technical Al2O3. The experiment described in this paper tested how the addition of technical Al2O3 affects the pore structure of fired FBC, which is later used as a grog in both shaped and non-shaped refractory products. The influence of firing temperature on the material's mineralogy was examined as well

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Monteiro, Flanelson M., Tércio G. Machado, José Sousa, Eiji Harima, Samara M. Valcacer, and Rubens M. Nascimento. "Characterization of the City of Red Clay Apodi-RN." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.837.

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Ceramic products made from red clay to move the economy of Rio Grande do Norte. Among the most common ones are outstanding bricks, tiles and slabs in different sizes and shapes. In perspective to seek products with good quality in the ceramic industry, the characterization of the raw material is essential for obtaining an excite end product. The municipality of Apodi located in the Upper West Rio Grande do Norte has the ceramic industry as a sector of great economic importance in the site. However the absence of technology for characterization of the clays found in the region is the major problem for local entrepreneurs. The objective this study is to characterize the red clay one of the ceramics used by the municipality of Apodi-RN. The procedure will be done through the testing of Plasticity, Liquidity, linear shrinkage, absorption water, porosity, XRD and EDX.

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Yi, Yaolin, Liyang Gu, Songyu Liu, and Anand J. Puppala. "Carbide slag–activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag for soft clay stabilization." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 5 (May 2015): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0007.

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This study addresses the use of an industry by-product, carbide slag (CS), to activate another industry by-product, ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), for soft clay stabilization in comparison to Portland cement (PC). The properties of CS–GGBS stabilized clays were investigated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the optimum CS content for the CS–GGBS stabilized clay to yield the highest UCS was 4%–6%, varying slightly with curing age and GGBS content. The UCS of the optimum CS-GGBS stabilized clays was more than twice that of the corresponding PC stabilized clays. The main hydration products detected for the CS–GGBS stabilized clays included calcium silicate hydrates (CSH), calcium aluminate hydrates (CAH), and alumino-ferrite monosulfate (AFm).

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Ermilova, Elizaveta, and Zagira Kamalova. "The influence of complex additives based on calcined clays and carbonate fillers on hydration products composition of blended cement stone." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404004.

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One of the most effective and recognizable way to solve energy and resource consumption problems in cement industry is the development of blended Portland cement with different combinations of mineral additives. The development of complex additives based on combination of calcined clays and limestone is one of the promising directions. The aim of this work was to study the influence of complex additives based on calcined kaolinitic clay with kaolinite content of 80 % and limestone with calcite content of 99 % on the blended cement stone hydration products at the age of 28 days. Using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry the composition of blended cement stone hydration products was studied. It is established that the introduction of 20 % of the complex additive based on calcined clay and limestone leads to a significant decrease of the portlandite content, increase in the number of new growths in form of low-calcium hydrosilicates and calcium hidrocarboalumosilicates, stabilization of ettringiteand calcium hydrocarbosilicates in amorphous phase, that significantly increases the compressive strength. This effect was amplified due to the additional alumina provided by calcined clay reaction.

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Musfiroh, Hafshoh. "Kajian komparatif perancangan dan produksi peralatan saji (Studi kasus CV Estetika Indonesia)." Productum: Jurnal Desain Produk (Pengetahuan dan Perancangan Produk) 3, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/productum.v3i8.3326.

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The purpose of this study was to find out: (1) Comparison of the process of designing and producing serving serveware from wood and clay materials in CV Estetika Indonesia. (2) Types of food serveware products at CV Aesthetic Indonesia. (3) Comparison of design aspects of food and wood products from clay in CV Estetika Indonesia. This research was carried out at CV Estetika Indonesia and wood suppliers in Putat Wetan Village and Clay suppliers in Melikan Village, Klaten from 10 May to 10 June 2019. This study used a descriptive comparative method with a qualitative approach. The data used in this study are qualitative data with data sources in the form of informants, documents, observations, interviews, and documentation. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded: (1) The process of designing design serveware at CV Estetika Indonesia refers to the briefs given by the buyer. The process of designing food serveware products with wood material is carried out with machines so that it is more in line with the concept of the mass product or industrial products. While clay products are more directed at handicrafts because the products are produced manually using hands. (2) Types of fast food products CV Aesthetics of wood and clay materials include trays (tray), plates (cutting board), bowls (bowls), plates (plates), glass (glass), and coasters (coasters). (3) Design comparisons of serving serveware products include the design process, style and theme, finishing, color, ergonomics, and packaging.

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Setiawan, Nugroho Imam, Indra Perdana, Vidya Syarifah, Pra Cipta Buana, Milzam Dzulfiqar Setyowiyoto, Rizki Istinanda, Didit Hadi Barianto, and Chusni Ansori. "Characterization and identification of clay-material provenance from Bayat ceramic home industry in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 325 (2021): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132506002.

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Bayat Ceramic Home Industry in Klaten, Central Java, Indonesia is produced from three primary locations of Melikan, Paseban, and Ndolon. The clay-sources of the ceramic were mined from Bayat and surrounding areas, which is geologically named Jiwo Hills. Characterization and identification of clay material sources of the ceramic products from these areas were done in to understand the correlation between provenance and production processes. This paper presents the first contribution on Bayat ceramic by investigating the mineralogical composition using petrography and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. Understanding the characteristics and compositions of clay material source of ceramic in Bayat can be used to determine other clay source locations or quarry that have the similar characteristics to current clay-materials. The clay minerals of ceramic products from Melikan and Paseban are halloysite, smectite, and kaolinite, while from Ndolon are smectite and kaolinite. Monoand poly-crystalline quartz with the lithic fragments of phyllites were found in Melikan and Paseban ceramics. Ceramic from Ndolon is rich in plagioclase and lithic andesite. Clay provenance of ceramic products from Melikan and Paseban might be derived from weathered low-grade metamorphic and igneous rocks from West Jiwo Hills. While from Ndolon might be derived from weathered igneous or volcanic rocks from Kebo-Butak Formation. The amorphous silica found in the ceramic from Melikan, Paseban, and Ndolon suggests the firing process between 700–800 °C. Thus, our results provide the database of clay source characteristics to determine the following possible clay-quarry location for the raw materials of ceramic products in this location.

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Borrego-Sánchez, Ana, Rita Sánchez-Espejo, Fátima García-Villén, César Viseras, and C. Ignacio Sainz-Díaz. "Praziquantel–Clays as Accelerated Release Systems to Enhance the Low Solubility of the Drug." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100914.

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Praziquantel is an antiparasitic drug indicated for the treatment of the schistosomiasis disease. This drug has very low aqueous solubility, requiring high oral doses for its administration which gives rise to side effects, therapeutic noncompliance and the appearance of resistant forms of the parasite. Clay minerals, like sepiolite and montmorillonite, are innocuous, non-toxic, biocompatible and low-cost excipients. Additionally, clays have high adsorbent properties that allow them to encapsulate drugs in nanometric spaces present in the channels in the case of the sepiolite or between the layers in the case of the montmorillonite. The interactions between the drug and clay minerals are studied experimentally with the strategy for preparing interactions products in organic solvents (ethanol, acetonitrile and dichloromethane) so that the interaction will be more effective and will be enhanced the aqueous solubility of praziquantel. The results showed that in the interaction products, the drug interacted with both clay minerals, which produced the loss of the crystallinity of the drug demonstrated by different techniques. This led to a significant increase in the dissolution rate of the praziquantel in all the interaction products in the simulated gastrointestinal tract media, except for the praziquantel–montmorillonite product prepared in dichloromethane that presented a controlled release in acid medium. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity and cell cycle studies were performed in the interaction products prepared with ethanol. The interaction product with sepiolite was biocompatible with the HTC116 line cells, and it did not produce alterations in the cell cycle. However, interaction products with montmorillonite did not produce cell death, but they showed affectation and damage of cells in the cell cycle study at the highest concentration tested (20–100 µM). Therefore, the different organic solvents used are adequate for the improvement of the biopharmaceutical profile of praziquantel. Drug–clay interaction products, specifically with sepiolite, showed very promising results in which new accelerated oral release systems of the praziquantel were obtained.

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Silva-Valenzuela, M. G., Flavio M. S. Carvalho, Isaac Jamil Sayeg, L. G. Sant’Anna, and F. R. Valenzuela-Díaz. "Purification and Characterization of a Natural Brazilian Clay Blend." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1439.

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Clay blends are products used in several industrial sectors, such as petrochemical or pharmaceutical. In this work we describe a natural clay blend occurring in northeastern Brazil. The aim was to purify and investigate their rheological and physical-chemical properties. Foster essays with water and organic solvents were utilized to access the swelling properties of the analyzed sample. Powder X-ray diffractograms (PXRD) were utilized to analyze qualitatively the clay minerals presents in the sample blend. Scanning eletronic microscopy (SEM) and Malvern techniques were used to investigate the sample clay morphology. The purification proceeding allowed separate distinct clay phases with different colors. PXRD analysis demonstrated that each clay phase presents similar structure. SEM and Malvern analysis showed distinct morphology and different size distribution for each clay phase. Our results revealed that the analyzed sample clay may be classified as smectite blend with strong potential for use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

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Ku Ishak, Ku Esyra Hani, Syed Fuad Saiyid Hashim, Khairun Azizi Mohd Azizli, Sam Palaniandy, and Hashim Hussin. "Effect of Quartz in Clay on Grindability of Raw Mixes for Cement Production." Journal of Physical Science 33, no. 2 (August 25, 2022): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/jps2022.33.2.3.

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High quartz content in clay substantially impacts the grinding of raw mix, quality of clinker and final cement produced. The presence of quartz requires very fine grinding and a long sintering time to react significantly, all of which are very expensive. This study assessed an extensive plant sample which involved a vertical roller mill to determine the correlation between quartz content in clay to the 90 μm residue, feed rate, clinker microstructure and mill power. The characterisation study performed on raw materials revealed three clay categories based on quartz content, namely low, normal and high quartz at (42.4%–48.8%), (57.1%–64.9%) and (81.5%–89.3%), respectively. The grinding test showed an increment of 90 μm residue for high-quartz clay. Meanwhile, high, medium and low feed rates generated the most coarse, coarse and fine products, respectively. Based on the distribution curve of mill products, high quartz content in clay significantly reduced the particles passing percentage. Coarser particles were observed to be present in mill products for the high-quartz category compared to the low-quartz clay and normal-quartz clay, signifying inadequate size reduction for the high-quartz clay in the vertical roller miller. The power consumption was higher (7.2 kWh/t–9.0 kWh/t) for grinding raw mixes that contained high-quartz clay than low-quartz clay. This study provided a significant relationship between grindability and the amount of quartz content in clay with the purpose of optimising the grinding process when dealing with high-quartz content in clay.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clay products'

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