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Journal articles on the topic "Clay products"
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Bastos, Carla Marina, and Fernando Rocha. "Assessment of Some Clay-Based Products Available on Market and Designed for Topical Use." Geosciences 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120453.
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The establishment of quality requirements of clay-based products, for medicinal, wellness, and aesthetic purposes, is mainly sustained by the good interactions between the clay-based formulation and the skin. The release of ionizable elements and their availability to percutaneous absorption should be, ideally, physiologically effective during passive percutaneous absorption. Clay-based products are promoted in the European market as therapeutic clays or aesthetics, which is labeling that combines characteristics of medicinal products along with cosmetics. Different countries regulate these products under different legal frameworks. This study focuses on the mineralogical, chemical, and technological characterization of some clay-based products available on the market, designed for topical use, framed in the peloids concept, and claimed as natural products. The main goals are to contribute to the establishment of clay-based products quality criteria as reliable scientific information, aiming for the compliance of intended use, the information for the potential health hazards and toxicological effects of clay-based products, and the distinction in what concerns therapeutic compliance and aesthetic or wellbeing product certification. There were 13 clayed products for cosmetic purposes, available online and in commercial stores, together with three thermal peloids, that were studied. Mineralogical composition of the 16 studied samples reveals a polymineralic association with the presence of variable quantities of quartz, calcite, and feldspars, whereas clay minerals are not predominant and characterized by the presence of clay-based fraction content, composed mainly by illite, smectite, and kaolinite in variable amounts and with several mineral associations. The clay-based products contain median values of 17 ppm As, 315 ppm Ba, 79 ppm Cr, 11 ppm Co, 29 ppm Pb, 26 ppm Ni, and 62 ppm Zn. One sample presented 4.1 ppm of Cd. The studied samples have safety concerns about specific limits of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb, Ni, and Zn which are above the regulated avoidable limits. Samples’ pH is out of range of skin’s natural pH as well.
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Šál, Jiří. "Testing of brick clay modifications as a raw material for building ceramic products." MATEC Web of Conferences 279 (2019): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927902022.
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Brick clay is nowadays modified by various procedures to achieve the best properties when used for building ceramic products. In the treatment of these clays, the properties are regulated by changing the quantity of water, sharpening, lightening, venting, settling, using additives, but also by consistent homogenization, crushing, grinding and mixing. This article compares several clay bricks before and after treatment and also compares them with ceramic clay. Comparative parameters are bulk density, porosity, water absorption, compressive strength and flexural strength, long-term changes in burning and weight loss by burning.
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Hettiarachchi, P., J. T. S. Motha, and H. M. T. G. A. Pitawala. "Identification of an appropriate body composition for red clay products." Cerâmica 56, no. 339 (July 2010): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132010000300012.
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This study focuses on the identification of an appropriate composition of raw materials for ceramic products from commonly available red clays in Sri Lanka. The raw materials were characterized in terms of particle size distribution, chemical and mineralogical composition. Different formulations of samples were prepared, and the linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength of the final products were measured. Microstructures of fired samples were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The best quality product was obtained when the sample contains a high amount of illite clay in a mixture of 80 wt.% clay-silt and 20 wt.% sand. The presence of higher concentrations of the metal oxides Na2O, K2O and Fe2O3 (total ~21 wt.%) in the clay-silt fraction of samples has resulted in obtaining higher technological properties of the body. The flexural strength and the water absorption of the product are 26.82 MPa and 6.51% respectively. If the raw materials contain lower amounts of the oxides Na2O, K2O and Fe2O3, higher amounts of clay-silt fraction (up to 90 wt.%) must be added to obtain an optimum quality product.
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Singh, Nakshatra Bahadur. "Clays and Clay Minerals in the Construction Industry." Minerals 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030301.
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Clay is a naturally occurring material that can be converted to different clay minerals through thermal treatments, and can be used for the development of different products. Clays and clay minerals have been used for different applications in different sectors. Detailed information regarding the applications of these materials in the construction industry are described. Clay has been used as a supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement (OPC) mortars and concretes. These minerals decrease raw materials and CO2 emissions during the production of Portland cement clinker and, at the same time, increase the compressive strength of concrete at a later age. Therefore, they are conducive to the sustainability of construction materials. A new type of cement, Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), and a binding material geopolymer cement have also been developed using clay minerals. The properties of these binders have been discussed. Applications of clay products for making bricks have are also described in this article.
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Sadik, Chaouki, Abderrahman Albizane, and Iz Eddine el Amrani. "Composition and Ceramic Characteristics of Cretaceous Clays from Morocco." Advances in Science and Technology 92 (October 2014): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.92.209.
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Investigations were undertaken to assess the chemical and technological characteristics in clay products from the Cretaceous deposit (Moroccan Meseta), in order to use them in refractory products. We have focused mainly on this clay because of its high content of alumina, silica and magnesium oxide, which are very favorable for the synthesis of refractory and ceramic materials. That is why the study has used several techniques of analysis (FX, XRD, SEM and technological tests. The samples were dry pressed on clay bodies and sintered at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1200°C. The relationship between water absorption, shrinkage and flexural strength as a function of the firing temperature was examined in order to enhance the quality of the final products and to optimize the production process. The results revealed that these clays have qualities necessary for the manufacture of ceramic and refractory products.
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Murray, H. H. "Applied clay mineralogy today and tomorrow." Clay Minerals 34, no. 1 (March 1999): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985599546055.
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AbstractThe clay minerals kaolin, smectite and palygorskite-sepiolite are among the world's most important and useful industrial minerals. Clay minerals are important in a number of geological applications such as stratigraphic correlations, indicators of environments of deposition and temperature for generation of hydrocarbons. In agriculture, the clay minerals are a major component of soils and determinant of soil properties. The clay minerals are important in construction where they are a major constituent in brick and tile. The physical and chemical properties of the clay minerals determine their utilization in the process industries.What about tomorrow? Processing techniques will be improved and new equipment will be available so that improved clay mineral products will be available. Pillared clays and nanocomposites will become important. Further developments in organoclay technology and surface treatments will provide new usages for these special clays. Tomorrow will see further growth and utilization of the clay minerals.
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Wonghom, Yannawut, Siripan Nilpairach, Charusporn Mongkolkachit, Thanataon Pornphatdetaudom, and Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong. "Effects of Bituminous Coal Ash Addition in Pottery Products." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.242.
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Bituminous coal ash, fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA), from coal power plant were studied in this research for utilizations in ceramic and pottery industries. Both fly ash and bottom ash mixed with four different ball clays from two kinds of ceramic pottery products such as flowerpot and construction brick, Ratchaburi, Chantaburi, Angthong and Chonburi ball clay. The mixtures were varying ratio between ashes and clays depend on clay sources. After mixing, the bodies were formed to test pieces and were then fired at 800-1200 °C. The results indicated that, added fly ash 0-40 wt% significantly decreased water absorption and increased bending strength when fired at 1150 °C or above. For color effect, CIE L*a*b* color space, both fly ash and bottom ash revealed the samples less lightness, more red and yellow appearance. These results are obvious when fired at 1150oC or above. Following the results, fly ash is possible to be used in ceramic pottery industries replaced with other addition such as sand and pottery stone.
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Giouri, K., A. Papadopoulos, A. Bourliva, E. Tzamos, L. Papadopoulou, and A. Filippidis. "Trace element content and morphological characteristics in microscale of commercially available clays used as cosmetic products." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 2 (January 24, 2017): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11117.
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Two kinds of clays (one white and one green) available in pharmacies and herbalist’s shops in the Greek market have been studied for their concentrations in trace elements, namely As, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, Te, Tl and Zr. According to EC Regulation 1223/2009, the presence of the analyzed trace elements and their compounds, are prohibited in cosmetics. The most abundant trace elements of the white clay are P (330 ppm), Pb (220 ppm) and Zr (11 ppm), while for the green clay are P (1250 ppm), As (43 ppm), Cr (31 ppm), Pb (30 ppm) and Ni (23 ppm). Compared to the global shale average concentration of elements, Pb is enriched 11-times in the white clay and As is enriched 3-times in the green clay. The depleted trace elements of the white clay are As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, P, Sb, Se, Te, Tl and Zr, while of the green one are Cr, Hg, Ni, Sb, Te, Tl and Zr. Concerning the morphological characteristics, differences were observed in the particle size and shape between the white and green clay aggregates.
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Couillard, Martin, Daniel D. Tyo, David M. Kingston, Bussaraporn Patarachao, Andre Zborowski, Samson Ng, and Patrick H. J. Mercier. "Structure and Mineralogy of Hydrophilic and Biwettable Sub-2 µm Clay Aggregates in Oil Sands Bitumen Froth." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2020): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10111040.
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A primary concern of commercial mined oil sands operations is the extent to which one can minimize the content of water and solids contaminants in the solvent-diluted bitumen products resulting from the bitumen production processes. During bitumen production, particles of about 2 µm or less may be responsible for the stabilization of water-in-bitumen emulsions that form during aqueous extraction of bitumen and purification of bitumen froth subsequently during the froth treatment processes, thus leading to the presence of those contaminants in solvent-diluted bitumen products. In this study, we separate and analyze sub-2 µm clay solids isolated from typical bitumen froth fed to a froth treatment plant at a commercial mined oil sands operation. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with spatially-resolved energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) demonstrate key differences in morphology and composition between sub-2 µm clay aggregates with two distinct wettability characteristics: hydrophilic vs. biwettable particle surfaces. In particular, clay platelets with <200 nm lateral dimensions and thicknesses of a few atomic layers, which are intermixed within coarser sub-2 µm clay aggregates, are found to confer clear differences in morphological characteristics and wettability behaviors to the sub-2 µm clay aggregates. The <200 nm clay platelets found within sub-2 µm biwettable clays tend to arrange themselves with random orientations, whereas <200 nm clay platelets within sub-2 µm hydrophilic clays typically form well-ordered face-to-face stacks. Moreover, in biwettable sub-2 µm clay aggregates, <200 nm clay platelets often cover the surfaces of ~1–2 µm sized mineral particles, whereas similarly sized mineral particles in hydrophilic sub-2 µm clay aggregates, in contrast, generally have exposed surfaces without clay platelet coverage. These biwettable vs. hydrophilic behaviors are attributed to a difference in the surface characteristics of the <200 nm clay platelets caused by toluene-unextractable organic carbon coatings. Nanometer-scale carbon mapping reveals an inhomogeneous toluene-unextractable organic carbon coating on the surfaces of <200 nm platelets in biwettable clays. In contrast, hydrophilic clays have a significantly lower amount of toluene-unextractable organic carbon, which tends to be concentrated at steps or near metal oxide nanoparticles on clay particle surfaces. Mixing surface-active organic species, such as asphaltene, resin, or carboxylic organic acids of various types with inorganic solids can lead to a dramatically enhanced emulsion stability. Consequently, understanding the origin and characteristics of sub-2 µm clay solids in bitumen froth is important to (i) clarify their potential role in the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions during bitumen production and (ii) improve froth treatment process performance to further reduce contaminant solids in solvent-diluted bitumen products. We discuss the implications of our results from these two perspectives.
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La Noce, Michele, Alessandro Lo Faro, and Gaetano Sciuto. "Clay-Based Products Sustainable Development: Some Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031364.
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Clay has a low environmental impact and can develop into many different products. The research presents two different case studies. In the first, the clay is the binder of raw earth doughs in order to produce clay-bricks. We investigate the effects of natural fibrous reinforcements (rice straws and basalt fibers) in four different mixtures. From the comparison with a mix without reinforcements, it is possible to affirm that the 0.40% of basalt fibers reduce the shrinkage by about 25% and increase the compressive strength by about 30%. Future studies will focus on identifying the fibrous effects on tensile strength and elastic modulus, as well as the optimal percentage of fibers. In the second study, the clay, in form of brick powder (“cocciopesto”), gives high alkaline resistance and breathability performance, as well as rendering and color to the plaster. The latter does not have artificial additives. The plaster respects the cultural instance of the original building. The research underlines how the use of a local (and traditional) material such as clay can be a promoter of sustainability in the contemporary building sector. Future studies must investigate further possible uses of clay as well as a proper regulatory framework.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay products"
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Umar, I. M. "Uptake of fission products onto clay minerals." Thesis, University of Salford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376882.
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Michael, Paul J. "Studies of clay minerals and their decomposition products." Thesis, Aston University, 1989. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9813/.
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Mõssbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction of five coals revealed the presence of pyrite, illite, kaolinite and Quartz, together with other minor phases. Analysis of the coal ashes indicated the formation of hematite and an Fe (3+) paramagnetic phase, the latter resulting from .the dehydroxylation of the clay minerals during ashing at 700 to 750 C. By using a combination of several physicochemical methods, different successive stages of dehydroxylation, structural consolidation, and recrystallisation of illite, montmorillonite and hectorite upon thermal treatment to 1300 C were investigated. Dehydroxylation of the clay minerals occurred between 450 and 750 C, the X-ray crysdallinity of illite and montmorillonite remaining until 800 C. Hectorite gradually recrystallises to enstatite at temperatures above 700°C. At 900 C the crystalline structure of all three clay minerals had totally collapsed. Solid state reactions occurred above 900 C producing such phases as spinel, hematite, enstatite, cristobalite and mullite. Illite and montmorillonite started to melt between 1200 and 1300°C, producing a silicate glass that contained Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) ions. Ortho-pnstatite, clino-enstatite and proto-enstatite were identified in the thermal products of hectorite, their relative proportions varying with temperature. Protoenstatite was stabilised with respect to metastable clinoenstatite upon cooling from 12000 C by the presence of exchanged transition metal cations. Solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy of thermally treated transition metal exchanged hectorite indicated the levels at which paramagnetic cations could be loaded on to the clay before spectral resolution is significantly diminished.
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Bogahawatta, Vedananda Tilakasiri Loku. "The influence of fabrication effects on the strength of fired clay products." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1990. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/25783.
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A study has been made of the enhancement of the mechanical strength of bricks fabricated from five Sri Lankan Quaternary and post-Quaternary brick clays with the objective of identifying and optimising those factors which control the quality and performance characteristics of fired clay products of this type. Mineralogical investigations have shown that the clays are predominantly kaolinitic. Of the accessory minerals, feldspars and gibbsite are the chief constituents. The experimental programme involved the development of feasible processing techniques for clay bodies, the establishment of optimum heat treatments for their firing, and the testing and evaluation of material properties of the fired products. The microstructures of fired materials have been characterized using optical and electron microscopical techniques, as well as X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis and chemical analysis. A limited study was also made of the durability of laboratory fired specimens. Methods of strength enhancement included use of the reactions of phosphates with natural clays, use of mineralizers to induce mullitization and surface coating by an efflorescence process. A kinetic analysis based on the first order kinetics is proposed for the estimation of optimum firing conditions for kaolinitic clays. The study has shown that surface coating of bricks increases the load at the elastic limit by up to 30% and the ultimate failing load by 19% in the clays examined. The measured increases in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity are over 33% and 40% respectively. A fabrication technique which requires the incorporation of phosphates has been developed. This provides the possibility of lowering the peak temperature of firing to 500°C. Flexural strength increase of up to 60% over the normally fired unbonded specimens can be achieved using this technique. Relevant compatibility relations in the ternary system Si02- P205-AI203 at 500'C are proposed. The presence of an optimum amount of mineralizer in a clay body may alter its sintering characteristics resulting in an increase in modulus of rupture up to 55%. However, uncontrolled additions exceeding 4 wt% cause deleterious effects. Microstructural analysis provides evidence that liquid phase sintering, development of mullite, development of pores and bloating are the dominant strength determining features in these clays. An empirical equation correlating the functional relation between modulus of rupture, mullite content and porosity is proposed. Mechanisms of strength development are discussed in the light of these findings.
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Nelson, Tiffany S. "Synthesis and Characterization of Crosslinked Polysiloxane-Clay Nanocomposites for Uses in Skin Care Products." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1154620091.
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Al-Fouzan, Abdulrahman M. "Polyethylene Terephthalate / clay nanocomposites. Compounding, fabrication and characterisation of the thermal, rheological, barrier and mechanical properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate / clay nanocomposites." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5283.
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Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is one of the most important polymers in use today for packaging due to its outstanding properties. The usage of PET has grown at the highest rate compared with other plastic packaging over the last 20 years, and it is anticipated that the increase in global demand will be around 6% in the 2010-2015 period. The rheological behaviour, thermal properties, tensile modulus, permeability properties and degradation phenomena of PET/clay nanocomposites have been investigated in this project. An overall, important finding is that incorporation of nanoclays in PET gives rise to improvements in several key process and product parameters together - processability/ reduced process energy, thermal properties, barrier properties and stiffness. The PET pellets have been compounded with carefully selected nanoclays (Somasif MAE, Somasif MTE and Cloisite 25A) via twin screw extrusion to produce PET/clay nanocomposites at various weight fractions of nanoclay (1, 3, 5, 20 wt.%). The nanoclays vary in the aspect ratio of the platelets, surfactant and/or gallery spacing so different effect are to be expected. The materials were carefully prepared prior to processing in terms of sufficient drying and re-crystallisation of the amorphous pellets as well as the use of dual motor feeders for feeding the materials to the extruder. The rheological properties of PET melts have been found to be enhanced by decreasing the viscosity of the PET i.e. increasing the 'flowability' of the PET melt during the injection or/and extrusion processes. The apparent shear viscosity of PETNCs is show to be significantly lower than un-filled PET at high shear rates. The viscosity exhibits shear thinning behaviour which can be explained by two mechanisms which can occur simultaneously. The first mechanism proposed is that some polymer has entangled and few oriented molecular chain at rest and when applying high shear rates, the level of entanglements is reduced and the molecular chains tend to orient with the flow direction. The other mechanism is that the nanoparticles align with the flow direction at high shear rates. At low shear rate, the magnitudes of the shear viscosity are dependent on the nanoclay concentrations and processing shear rate. Increasing nanoclay concentration leads to increases in shear viscosity. The viscosity was observed to deviate from Newtonian behaviour and exhibited shear thinning at a 3 wt.% concentration. It is possible that the formation of aggregates of clay is responsible for an increase in shear viscosity. Reducing the shear viscosity has positive benefits for downstream manufacturers by reducing power consumption. It was observed that all ii three nanoclays used in this project act as nucleation agents for crystallisation by increasing the crystallisation temperature from the melt and decreasing the crystallisation temperature from the solid and increasing the crystallisation rate, while retaining the melt temperature and glass transition temperatures without significant change. This enhancement in the thermal properties leads to a decrease in the required cycle time for manufacturing processes thus potentially reducing operational costs and increasing production output. It was observed that the nanoclay significantly enhanced the barrier properties of the PET film by up to 50% this potentially allows new PET packaging applications for longer shelf lives or high gas pressures. PET final products require high stiffness whether for carbonated soft drinks or rough handling during distribution. The PET/Somasif nanocomposites exhibit an increase in the tensile modulus of PET nanocomposite films by up to 125% which can be attributed to many reasons including the good dispersion of these clays within the PET matrix as shown by TEM images as well as the good compatibility between the PET chains and the Somasif clays. The tensile test results for the PET/clay nanocomposites micro-moulded samples shows that the injection speed is crucial factor affecting the mechanical properties of polymer injection moulded products.
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Taylor, Garth Vivian Asquith. "The use of microwave energy to initiate autogenous combustion for the firing of heavy clay products." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244378.
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Bories, Cécile. "Etude des caractéristiques d'un porogène d'origine biosourcée et mécanismes mis en oeuvre pour l'obtention d'une brique de construction micro-poreuse à haute performance thermique et mécanique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0015/document.
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L’objectif de ces travaux consiste à développer de nouvelles briques de terre cuite à base d’agents porogènes biosourcés dans le but d’obtenir des matériaux à haute performance thermique. Les matières premières, argile et biomasse, ont d’abord été caractérisées de manière individuelle. L’utilisation de co-produits agricoles (paille de blé, tourteau de tournesol et farine de noyaux d’olive) en tant qu’agents porogènes pour l’obtention de briques de terre cuite porosées a ensuite été étudiée. L’intérêt d’ajouter des éléments biosourcés entraînant une augmentation de la porosité, une augmentation de la résistance thermique malgré une diminution des propriétés mécaniques a alors été démontré. Toutefois, des problèmes de plasticité causant des soucis de mise en forme au niveau des échantillons ont été identifiés. Après avoir optimisé le taux de sable, l’impact de la granulométrie des matières végétales ainsi que leur taux d’incorporation ont été évalués. Une porosité maximale de 34,4 %, constituée de macropores, a été obtenue dans les conditions expérimentales optimales conduisant à une conductivité thermique de 0,45 W/m.K, soit une diminution de 15 % par rapport à un échantillon de référence sans matière végétale. Afin de continuer à améliorer les propriétés du matériau argileux obtenu, il a ensuite été envisagé de créer une microporosité en modifiant chimiquement les matières végétales qui seraient ensuite dégradées lors de la cuisson. Pour cela, les matières végétales ont été modifiées soit par imprégnation directe de carbonates soit par greffage de nouvelles fonctions carbonates ou esters. Les matières ainsi modifiées ont ensuite été incorporées dans les formulation de terre cuite et les propriétés des matériaux obtenus ont été mesurées (physiques, mécanique et thermique). Enfin, l’impact environnemental potentiel des échantillons contenant des additifs modifiés a été étudié à travers une Analyse de Cycle de Vie. Les différents scénarios, simples (avec un seul agent porogène) ou combinés (avec un agent végétal et un agent de synthèse) ont été comparés avec la méthode ReCiPe. Les étapes présentant les impacts les plus importants ont été mises en exergue. Il a également été démontré que le choix de l’unité fonctionnelle pouvait modifier radicalement les conclusions de l’étudeThe objective of this work is to develop new clay bricks with biobased pore-forming agents in order to obtain materials with high thermal performance. The raw materials, clay and biomass, were first characterized individually. The use of agricultural by-products (wheat straw, sunflower seed cake and olive stone flour) as pore-forming agents for the production of porous clay bricks was then studied. The benefits of the addition of biobased components that increase the porosity and the thermal resistance was demonstrated even if it results in a decrease of mechanical properties. However, problems of plasticity causing trouble during the extrusion of samples were identified. After optimizing the sand rate, the impact of the particle size of the biomass and the rate of incorporation were assessed. A maximum porosity of 34.4%, made up of macropores was obtained under optimal experimental conditions, leading to a thermal conductivity of 0.45 W/m.K, representing a decrease of 15 % compared to the reference brick without additive. In order to improve the properties of the resulting material, it was considered to create microporosity, thanks to the chemical modification of the vegetable materials that will be degraded during the firing process. For this, the agricultural by-products were modified either by direct impregnation of carbonates or by grafting of new chemical moieties (carbonate or ester). These modified matters were then incorporated into the clay formulation and the properties of the obtained bricks were measured (physical, mechanical and thermal ones). Finally, the potential environmental impact of the modified samples containing additives was studied through a Life Cycle Assessment. Different scenarios, simple (with one pore-forming agent) or combined (with a crude vegetable agent and a synthesized one) were compared with the ReCiPe method. The steps from the process with the most significant impacts were highlighted. It was also shown that the choice of the functional unit could radically alter the conclusions of the study
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Tavakkoli, Osgouei Yashar. "An Experimental Study On Steam Distillation Of Heavy Oils During Thermal Recovery." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615574/index.pdf.
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Thermal recovery methods are frequently used to enhance the production of heavy crude oils. Steam-based processes are the most economically popular and effective methods for heavy oil recovery for several decades. In general, there are various mechanisms over steam injection to enhance and have additional oil recovery. However, among these mechanisms, steam distillation plays pivotal role in the recovery of crude oil during thermal recovery process.
In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to investigate the role of various minerals present in both sandstone and carbonate formations as well as the effect of steam temperature on steam distillation process. Two different types of dead-heavy crude oils were tested in a batch autoclave reactor with 30 % water and the content of the reactor (crude oil, 10 % rock and mineral). The results were compared as the changes in the density, viscosity and chemical composition (SARA and TPH analyses) of heavy crude oil. Five different mineral types (bentonite, sepiolite, kaolinite, illite and zeolite) were added into the original crude oil and reservoir rocks to observe their effects on the rheological and compositional changes during steam distillation process.
Analysis of the results of experiments with Camurlu and Bati Raman heavy crude oils in the presence of different minerals such as Bentonite, Zeolite, Illite, Sepiolite, and Kaolinite in both sandstone and limestone reservoir rocks indicate that steam distillation produces light end condensates which can be considered as solvent or condensate bank during steam flooding operation. It was also illustrated that minerals in reservoir formations perform the function of producing distilled light oil compounds, resulting in enhancement of heavy crude oils recovery in steam flooding. Measurements showed that the remaining oil after steam distillation has higher viscosity and density. On the other hand, the effect of steam distillation is more pronounced in limestone reservoirs compared to sandstone reservoirs for the given heavy crude oil and steam temperature. Among the five different minerals tested, kaolinite found to be the most effective mineral in terms of steam distillation.
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Santis, Bruno Carlos de. "Concretos leves com agregados inovadores de argila vermelha calcinada e subprodutos agroindustriais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74133/tde-22022017-105250/.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo de concretos leves com agregados inovadores de argila vermelha calcinada e subprodutos agroindustriais. A argila utilizada na pesquisa foi caracterizada por meio das técnicas de limites de liquidez (LL) e plasticidade (LP), análise granulométrica, análise química e difração de raios X (DRX). Foram confeccionados corpos de prova de argila vermelha calcinada com incorporações de serragem de madeira, cinza do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e silicato de sódio. Os corpos de prova de argila vermelha calcinada, queimados à temperatura de 900 °C, foram caracterizados por meio da avaliação da retração linear, absorção de água, porosidade aparente, massa específica aparente, expansão por umidade e resistência à compressão. Após a caracterização dos corpos de prova de argila vermelha calcinada, foram produzidos dois tipos de agregados, sendo o primeiro composto por 57% de argila e 43% de cinza do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, conformados com água e silicato de sódio (proporção 1:1), e o segundo composto por 70% de argila e 30% de serragem de madeira. Os corpos de prova de concreto leve foram caracterizados pelos ensaios de slump, massa específica fresca, resistência à compressão, módulo de deformação, retração por secagem, absorção de água, índice de vazios e massa específica aparente e condutividade térmica. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam a viabilidade da produção de agregados leves de argila vermelha calcinada com incorporações de subprodutos agroindustriais para utilização em concretos, uma vez que, mesmo com grande quantidade de utilização de subprodutos agroindustriais na produção dos agregados leves, os concretos produzidos com esses agregados apresentaram características similares aos concretos produzidos com agregados comerciais, apresentando um ganho econômico e energético significativo.This paper aims to study lightweight concrete with innovative calcined clay lightweight aggregates made with agro-industrial by-products. The clay used in this research was characterized by techniques of liquid and plastic limits, particle size analysis, chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Calcined clay specimens were made with incorporations of wood sawdust, sugar cane ash and sodium silicate. These specimens, burned at a temperature of 900°C, were characterized by evaluating of linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, specific mass, moisture expansion and compressive strength. After characterization of calcined clay specimens, two types of calcined clay lightweight aggregates with agro-industrial by-products were produced, wherein the first made with 57% of clay and 43% of sugar cane ash, mixed with water and sodium silicate (proportion 1:1) and the second made with 70% clay and 30% wood sawdust, mixed with water and burned at 900 °C. Specimens of lightweight concrete were characterized by slump test, fresh specific mass, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption, voids and bulk density and thermal conductivity. Results of this research indicates the viability to produce calcined clay lightweight aggregates made with agro-industrial by-products to use in concrete, even using large amount of agro-industrial by-products, once concretes made with lightweight aggregates with agro-industrial by-products presented similar characteristics than those made with commercial aggregates, presenting significant energetic gain.
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BRENT, TAYLOR NICHOLAS. "The Feasibility of Wood and its Derivatives as a Bicycle Frame Building Material." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/63663.
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[EN] ABSTRACT
Nicholas Brent Taylor: The Feasibility of Wood and its Derivatives as a Bicycle Frame Building Material
The bicycle is often considered as one of the most important inventions of all time. In addition, it is the most efficient form of human transport in the world. It is non pollutant, uses no fuel other than human power and its carbon footprint is neutralised in a short time. Today, faced with the threat of global warming brought about by fossil fuels, countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Columbia actually encourage the use of the bicycle as a viable means of urban transport, and in the city of Paris there are financial incentives for cycling commuters. In China alone there are 450 Million bicycles. The form of the bicycle is universally recognisable, it is easy to use and simple to maintain. However, in spite of its apparent simplicity, the bicycle is made up of numerous components and sub-assemblies.
Over the years these components and sub-assemblies have undergone a succession of changes and modifications. As with the evolution, development, and life cycle of any product, some of the modifications were relatively short lived. Others for various reasons have been adopted almost universally, such as steel ball bearings, the roller chain, pneumatic tires, tension spoked wheels, etc.
In order to more fully understand the bicycle, its advantages, its shortcomings, and its place in the modern world, the first part of this study aims to address the various criteria which apply to bicycle typology, differentiation, use and construction. However, although numerous types of Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs) exist, the initial part of this research is constrained to the evolution and development of the "Safety" type bicycle - attributed to J. K. Starley of Coventry in 1895 - up to the present day, taking into account such factors as; design, material selection, manufacturing technology, and diversity.
The first part of the study is a comprehensive overview of the bicycle which identifies crucial technological aspects and categorises bicycle by type and intended use. Due to the huge quantities and types of bicycles produced worldwide this research identifies generic types of each category irrespective of origin or manufacturer.
The second part of this dissertation is devoted to the study of wooden bicycles and the specific requirements of this type of bicycle such as the use of wood and its derivatives e.g. engineered wood, as a bicycle frame construction material and some of the solutions arrived at and the special parts or components required. Contemporary and historical bicycles made from wood, other organic material and its derivatives have been investigated and conclusions drawn regarding their functionality and purpose.
Part three is dedicated to the Design, Development, and Evaluation of a Wooden Bicycle prototype undertaken by the Author with the assistance of three Industrial Design Students.
Part four describes the design, construction and testing of subsequent prototypes in detail including the fabrication of pre-production bicycles and proposals for manufacture on a commercial level.
Parts five and six outline the empirical findings from the previous section and attempt to define strategies for marketing bicycles manufactured from wood and its derivatives as an alternative to conventional materials with a view to reanimating small local industries which have a strong base of expertise and knowhow working with wood, such as producers of furniture and similar products (broom handles, tool handles, boxes etc.).
Part seven is devoted to the potential diversification of wooden framed bicycles which are electrically assisted. The fabrication of a prototype is discussed but no conclusions were made due to constraints beyond my control.
Keywords: Design, Product, Frame, Bicycle[ES] RESUMEN Nicholas Brent Taylor: La Viabilidad de la Madera y sus Derivados como Material de Fabricación de Cuadros de Bicicletas La bicicleta es frecuentemente considerada como una de las invenciones más importantes de todos los tiempos. Es también una de las formas de transporte humano más eficiente en el mundo. Hoy en día, por la amenaza del calentamiento global provocado por las fuentes de energía no renovables, países como Dinamarca, Holanda y Colombia animan a usar la bicicleta como un medio de transporte urbano. La figura de la bicicleta es universalmente reconocida, es fácil de usar y su mantenimiento es simple. A pesar de su aparente simplicidad, la bicicleta está compuesta de numerosos componentes y subconjuntos. A lo largo de los años, los subconjuntos sufrieron una serie de cambios y transformaciones. Como en cualquier evolución y desarrollo, los cambios influyen en el ciclo de vida de cualquier producto, a pesar que algunas de estas aportaciones tuvieron una vida efímera. Otras, por razones varias, fueron adoptadas casi universalmente. Entre estas podemos citar los rodamientos de esferas de azor, la cadena, los neumáticos, etc. Para comprender mejor el producto bicicleta, se ha considerado como objetivo en la primera parte de este estudio, abordar varios criterios que se aplican de acuerdo con la tipología, diferenciación, uso y construcción de la bicicleta. A pesar de existir numerosos tipos de Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs), la primera parte de esta investigación se limita al estudio de la evaluación y desenvolvimiento de la bicicleta "Safety" atribuida A J.K. Starley de Coventry UK.1895, desde su aparición hasta nuestros días, tomando en consideración la selección de materiales, las tecnologías de fabricación, el diseño, y el estatus de la bicicleta en la sociedad. La segunda parte de esta tesis está dedicada por completo al estudio de la madera y sus derivados como material de construcción de la bicicleta. Bicicletas contemporáneas e históricas de madera y sus derivados, que han sido investigados y se han presentado los resultados en relación a su funcionalidad y propósito. La tercera parte describe con detalle el diseño, desarrollo y evaluación de una bicicleta prototipo de madera, los prototipos posteriores y las bicicletas prototipo o de pre-producción de madera y sus derivados fabricados por el autor con la ayuda de los Estudiantes finalistas del grado de Diseño Industrial (ESTGAD CR, Portugal) En la cuarta parte se describe el diseño, construcción y prueba de prototipos posteriores en detalle, incluyendo la fabricación de bicicletas de pre-producción y propuestas para la fabricación a nivel comercial. La quinta y sexto partes resume los resultados empíricos de la sección anterior y trata de definir estrategias de marketing, para bicicletas fabricadas a partir de la madera y sus derivados como una alternativa a los materiales convencionales, con el fin de animar a producción industrial a las pequeñas industrias locales, que poseen una base sólida de experiencia en el trabajo con la madera, como productores de muebles y productos similares. En la última parte, se ha dedicado a la diversificación potencial de cuadros de bicicletas en madera que están asistidas eléctricamente. La fabricación de un prototipo forma parte de la discusión y pretende ser una proyección de futuro. Palabras Clave: Diseño, Producto, Madera, Bicicleta.
[CAT] RESUM Nicholas Brent Taylor: La Viabilitat de la Fusta i els seus Derivats com Material de Fabricacio de Quadros de Bicicletes La bicicleta es freqüentment considerada com una de les invencions mes importants de tots els temps. Es tambe una de les formes de transport huma mes eficient en el mon. Hui en dia, per l'amenaça del calfament global provocat per les fonts d'energia no renovellables, països com Dinamarca, Holanda i Colombia animen a usar la bicicleta com un mig de transport urba. La figura de la bicicleta es universalment reconeguda, es facil d'usar i el seu manteniment es simple. A pesar de la seua aparent simplicitat, la bicicleta està composta de numerosos components i subconjuntos. A lo llarc dels anys, els subconjuntos patiren una serie de canvis i transformacions. Com en qualsevol evolucio i desenroll, els canvis influixen en el cicle de vida de qualsevol producte, a pesar que algunes d'estos aportaments tingueren una vida efimera. Atres, per raons varies, foren adoptades casi universalment. Entre estes podem citar els rodaments d'esferes d'azor, la cadena, els neumatics, etc. Per a comprendre millor el producte bicicleta, s'ha considerat com objectiu en la primera part d'este estudi, abordar varis criteris que s'apliquen d'acort en la tipología, diferenciacio, us i construccio de la bicicleta. A pesar d'existir numerosos tipos d'Human Powered Vehicles (HPVS), la primera part d'esta investigacio se llimita a l'estudi de l'evaluacio i desenvolupament de la bicicleta "Safety" atribuida A J.K. Starley de Coventry UK. 1895, des de la seua aparicio fins nostres dies, prenent en consideracio la seleccio de materials, les tecnologies de fabricacio, el disseny, i l'estat de la bicicleta en la societat. La segona part d'esta tesis està dedicada per complet a l'estudi de la fusta i els seus derivats com material de construccio de la bicicleta. Bicicletes contemporanees i historiques de fusta i els seus derivats, que han segut investigats i s'han presentat els resultats en relacio a la seua funcionalitat i proposit. La tercera part descriu en detall el disseny, desenroll i evaluacio d'una bicicleta prototip de fusta, els prototips posteriors i les bicicletes prototip o de PRE-produccio de fusta i els seus derivats fabricats per l'autor en l'ajuda dels Estudiants finalistes del grau de Disseny Industrial (ESTGAD CR, Portugal) En la quarta part se descriu el disseny, construccio i prova de prototips posteriors en detall, incloent la fabricacio de bicicletes de pre-produccio i propostes per a la fabricacio a nivell comercial. La quinta i sisè parts resumix els resultats empirics de la seccio anterior i tracta de definir estrategies de marketing, per a bicicletes fabricades a partir de la fusta i els seus derivats com una alternativa als materials convencionals, en el fi d'animar a produccio industrial a les menudes industries locals, que posseixen una base solida d'experiencia en el treball en la fusta, com productors de mobles i productes similars. En l'ultima part, s'ha dedicat a la diversificacio potencial de quadros de bicicletes en fusta que estan assistides electricament. La fabricacio d'un prototip forma part de la discussio i preten ser una proyeccio de futur. Paraules Clau: Disseny, Producte, Fusta, Bicicleta.
Brent Taylor, N. (2016). The Feasibility of Wood and its Derivatives as a Bicycle Frame Building Material [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63663
TESIS
Books on the topic "Clay products"
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Prud'homme, Michel. The clay products industry. Ottawa, Ont: Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, Minerals = Energie, mines et ressources Canada, Minéraux, 1986.
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Umar, Ibrahim Musa. Uptake of fission products onto clay minerals. Salford: University of Salford, 1987.
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DeSapio, Vincent. Refractory ceramic products. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993.
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DeSapio, Vincente. Refractory ceramic products. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1993.
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Carlson, Norma W. Industry wage survey: Structural clay products, October 1986. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1987.
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Michael, Paul John. Studies of clay minerals and their decomposition products. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 1989.
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Hugues, Theodor. Building with large clay blocks: Details, products, built examples. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2004.
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Klaus, Greilich, and Peter Christine, eds. Building with large clay blocks: Details, products, built examples. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2004.
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De clap en clap: Une vie de cinéma : récit. Paris: Harmattan, 2011.
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The Wagner clan. London: Faber and Faber, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Clay products"
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Verduch, Antonio Garcia. "Shaping Structural Clay Products." In Fundamentals of Ceramic Engineering, 73–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3836-9_5.
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Achaw, Osei-Wusu, and Eric Danso-Boateng. "Cement and Clay Products Technology." In Chemical and Process Industries, 135–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79139-1_5.
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Arsenović, Milica, Lato Pezo, Lidija Mančić, and Zagorka Radojević. "Prediction and Optimization of Heavy Clay Products Quality." In Advanced Materials for Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Safety, 87–120. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118773857.ch4.
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Barbosa de Lima, A. G., J. Barbosa da Silva, G. S. Almeida, J. J. S. Nascimento, F. V. S. Tavares, and V. S. Silva. "Clay Products Convective Drying: Foundations, Modeling and Applications." In Advanced Structured Materials, 43–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19767-8_3.
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Yi, Yaolin, and Pengpeng Ni. "Stabilization of Marine Soft Clay with Two Industry By-products." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Ground Improvement and Geosynthetics, 121–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0122-3_14.
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Escobar, Karina Duverger, Adrián Alujas Díaz, and Luis Alberto Pérez García. "Pozzolanic Reactivity of the Calcination Products Obtained from Yaguajay Clay Deposit." In RILEM Bookseries, 47–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22034-1_6.
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Wolf, Dieter, Udo Wagenknecht, and Bernd Kretzschmar. "Nanocomposites of the Polyolefine Clay Type - New Products Using a Novel Compounding Technique." In Interface Controlled Materials, 189–93. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/352760622x.ch32.
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Zadvernyuk, Halyna. "Sorption Capacity of Clay Minerals for Oil and Oil Products from Water Areas." In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM), 789–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27682-8_95.
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Morton-Jones, David H., and John W. Ellis. "GRP-Clad Lorry Cab." In Polymer Products, 173–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4101-4_16.
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Krause, F. L., and J. Lüddemann. "Virtual Clay Modelling." In Product Modeling for Computer Integrated Design and Manufacture, 162–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35187-2_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Clay products"
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Simpson, Brian E. "Evaluation of Leachate Compatibility to Clay Soil for Three Geosynthetic Clay Liner Products." In Geo-Denver 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40515(291)8.
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Hesar, M. "Pipeline-Seabed Interaction in Soft Clay." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51425.
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Offshore pipelines laid on the seabed in a snake configuration and transporting hydrocarbon products under high pressure/high temperature are becoming a cost effective alternative to trenching and burial. However, there appears to be a major disparity between the level of sophistication and accuracies inherent in the structural FE models used for expansion and lateral buckling analysis of pipelines, and the degree of crudity in adopting and using Coulomb friction values. This Paper reports the findings of a programme of geotechnical finite element analyses performed for a project where some 91km of 26” gas pipeline was designed to be laid in a snake configuration. The seabed soils were predominantly very soft clay. The ABAQUS/Explicit finite element program was used with an adaptive meshing technique to analyse the embedment and large lateral ploughing movements of the pipelines by a distance of several diameters. It was found that the FE model predicts the initial pipeline embedment into soil accurately and rectifies the inaccuracies inherent in published plasticity-based closed form solutions. A new non-dimensional relationship is proposed for estimating pipeline embedment in soft clays. The effect of important parameters such as the soil-pipeline interface friction, operating submerged weight and initial embedment, were all captured. Predicted cyclic lateral ploughing showed similarities to the observed response in reported model tests. The results were used in the structural FE model of the pipelines to analyse the expansion and lateral buckling problems and hence design the number and critical lay curvature of snakes as well as other important features.
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Choi, Hae-Jin, Janet K. Allen, David Rosen, David L. McDowell, and Farrokh Mistree. "An Inductive Design Exploration Method for the Integrated Design of Multi-Scale Materials and Products." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85335.
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In this paper, we propose an Inductive Design Exploration Method (IDEM) which can be used to design materials and products concurrently and systematically. IDEM facilitates hierarchical materials and product design synthesis, which includes multi-scale material structure and product analysis chains, and uncertainty in models and its propagation through the chains. In this method, we sequentially identify a ranged set of feasible specifications, instead of an optimal point solution in each segment of a hierarchical design process. The feasible spaces are searched from top-level design requirements to product and materials specifications taking into account propagated uncertainty. Strategies for parallelizing computations and achieving a robust solution for uncertainty in models are also addressed. The method is demonstrated with a simple example of designing a clay-filled polyethylene cantilever beam.
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Hill, Jane P. "Direct Heat Cogeneration Applications for Kaolin Producers." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-179.
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Direct heat cogeneration using gas turbines presents an unusually attractive means of supplying two end products when both are required simultaneously. Most cogeneration applications involve steam as the thermal end product. While steam has many industrial and commercial uses, the conversion of thermal output to usable steam involves losses in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). When the heat rejected by a gas turbine can be used directly, system losses can be minimized. One such application exists in the kaolin industry. Kaolin is a white alumina-silicate clay used in many products, including paper, medicines, plastics and paints. One step in producing kaolin requires large spray dryers, the heat for which can be supplemented by cogeneration. This study outlines conditions necessary to achieve economic viability with cogeneration and suggests ways to maximize economic benefits. Risks associated with cogeneration ventures are also discussed.
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Garcia, Johnbrynner, Angelica Maria Ortega, Jesus Guillermo Perez, Daniela Martinez, Mairis Guevara, Johnny Bullon, and Ana Forgiarini. "Characterization of Organophilic Clays for Their Application in Cosmetic Formulations (hectorite)." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/xpqv8458.
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"Hectorite is a mineral of the phyllosilicate group based on layered clay, known as smectite. Among these phyllosilicates are montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite and hectorite. Organophilic clays are obtained by exchanging sodium cations with a cationic surfactant, such as quaternary ammonium-type surfactants. The main function of hectorite, as an ingredient in cosmetics, is as gelling/thickening agent, preventing the oil’s separation in the formulation and producing the suspension of pigments and other components. The great stability of these formulations is mainly due to an increased viscosity of the oily phase and in addition, it provides the product with spreadability. Among the cosmetic products that contain it are: cosmetic bases, masks, and in general, morphologies of the water-in-oil type or suspension of solids in oily bases. In this study, the swelling capacity, the rheological behavior and the phase diagram for hectorite/polar activator/isoparaffin systems for different hectorite/polar activator ratios are presented. Through the rheological study and the construction of the activator concentration map as a function of the amount of hectorite, the areas of colloidal solution, gel and gel with solid consistency are shown, as well as the transition line from colloidal solution to gel."
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Lemmens, Karel, Marc Aertsens, Véra Pirlet, Hélène Serra, Elie Valcke, Pierre De Cannière, and Pierre Van Iseghem. "Measurement of Glass Corrosion in Boom Clay Disposal Conditions." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1286.
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Abstract To estimate the life-time of vitrified high level waste (HLW-glass) in geological disposal conditions in Boom Clay, the dissolution behaviour of waste glass has been studied in experiments in surface laboratories and in the HADES underground research facility of SCK•CEN since the 1980’s. The programme consists mainly of dissolution tests. The purpose of these tests is to understand the basic glass dissolution mechanisms, and to demonstrate realistic long-term dissolution rates. The main experimental variables are glass composition, environmental materials, temperature, and test duration. The studied glasses are the COGEMA glass R7T7, and the PAMELA glasses with SM539, SM527 and SM513 glass frit. The environmental materials comprise Boom Clay, metallic corrosion products and engineered barrier materials. Dissolution tests have been performed at temperatures from 40 to 190°C, for test durations from days to several years. The tests are performed with inactive glasses, which can be doped with radionuclides of interest. Because of the importance of silica sorption by the environmental materials, the dissolution test programme was extended with silica diffusion- and sorption tests in Boom Clay and FoCa clay. The interpretation of the experimental results is supported by geochemical and kinetic modeling. In the area of kinetic modeling, both analytical and Monte Carlo codes are applied. The dissolution tests have demonstrated that, although the presence of Boom Clay initially increases the glass dissolution rate, the long-term dissolution rate decreases for diluted clay / clay water slurries. This decrease has not yet been demonstrated for the R7T7 glass in compact Boom Clay, but is expected to occur here also on the long term. The dissolution rate decreases faster after sufficient addition of glass powder to the medium. This was tested in experiments with the R7T7 glass at relatively high clay concentration (2000 g of humid Boom Clay per liter clay water, this is about half the solid/liquid ratio of compact Boom Clay), at 40 and 90°C. Linear interpolation of the long-term mass losses resulted in dissolution rates of ∼ 0.01 g.m−2.day−1. The statistical uncertainties on the dissolution test results did not allow to demonstrate smaller rates. The minimum statistically significant dissolution rate depends on the test conditions. Therefore, the present SCK•CEN programme includes dissolution tests at long-term near-field conditions (this is at 30°C, with compact Boom Clay and FoCa clay), which are considered more representee for the long-term situation. In view of the uncertainties on the experimental long-term dissolution rates and on the long-term dissolution mechanisms, rates smaller than 0.01 g.m−2.day1 (about 1 μ/year) should not be used as best estimate in the present performance assessment studies for disposal in Boom Clay. A constant dissolution rate of 0.01 g.m−2.day−1 would correspond to a dissolution time for a R7T7 glass package of approximately 150 000 years. The minimum dissolution time is of the order of 104 years.
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Karlina, Olga K., Galina A. Varlakova, Sergei A. Dmitriev, Michael I. Ojovan, Valery V. Poluektov, and Vladislav A. Petrov. "Thermochemical Conditioning of Radioactive Waste: Structure and Properties of Final Processed Product." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4560.
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Thermochemical processing method is based on utilization of energy of chemical reactions between components of special exothermic mixtures (termed heat base) to melt radioactive waste and form a vitreous melt after cooling of which a durable monolith product is formed in which radionuclides are fixed. Compositions were studied, structure and properties of final products of thermochemical treatment of ash residue from incineration of solid radioactive waste, spent inorganic ion exchangers (e.g. clinoptililite and silica gel), contaminated clay and sand-based soils, Investigations showed that matrix material is dominantly amorphous and on compliesis to basic requirements to solidified radioactive wast of medium level of activity.
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Long, Lamar, Jamie Wold, and James G. Clark. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL MINERALS DEPOSIT IN EASTERN LATAH COUNTY, IDAHO, PROCESSING PRIMARY CLAY TO PRODUCE PRODUCTS OF QUARTZ, K-FELDSPAR, KAOLINITE, AND HALLOYSITE." In 68th Annual Rocky Mountain GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016rm-275924.
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Bousbih, Safa, Mehrez Zribi, Zohra Lili Chabaane, Nicolas Baghdadi, Azza Gorrab, and Nadhira Ben Aissa. "Clay Content Mapping Using Soil Moisture Products Derived From a Synergetic Use of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data." In IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss39084.2020.9323773.
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Yavruyan, Kh S., A. S. Okhotnaia, V. D. Kotlyar, E. O. Lotoshnikova, E. S. Gaishun, K. P. Chanturia, and Kh S. Yavruyan. "Technology for Production of Highly Efficient Structural Clay Tiles From Coal Refuse Processing By-Products - Screenings and Coal Slurries." In Proceedings of the International Symposium "Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research" dedicated to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Ibragimov (ISEES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isees-19.2019.68.
Full textReports on the topic "Clay products"
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Bhattarai, Rabin, Yufan Zhang, and Jacob Wood. Evaluation of Various Perimeter Barrier Products. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-009.
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Construction activities entail substantial disturbance of topsoil and vegetative cover. As a result, stormwater runoff and erosion rates are increased significantly. If the soil erosion and subsequently generated sediment are not contained within the site, they would have a negative off-site impact as well as a detrimental influence on the receiving water body. In this study, replicable large-scale tests were used to analyze the ability of products to prevent sediment from exiting the perimeter of a site via sheet flow. The goal of these tests was to compare products to examine how well they retain sediment and how much ponding occurs upstream, as well as other criteria of interest to the Illinois Department of Transportation. The products analyzed were silt fence, woven monofilament geotextile, Filtrexx Siltsoxx, ERTEC ProWattle, triangular silt dike, sediment log, coconut coir log, Siltworm, GeoRidge, straw wattles, and Terra-Tube. Joint tests and vegetated buffer strip tests were also conducted. The duration of each test was 30 minutes, and 116 pounds of clay-loam soil were mixed with water in a 300 gallon tank. The solution was continuously mixed throughout the test. The sediment-water slurry was uniformly discharged over an 8 ft by 20 ft impervious 3:1 slope. The bottom of the slope had a permeable zone (8 ft by 8 ft) constructed from the same soil used in the mixing. The product was installed near the center of this zone. Water samples were collected at 5 minute intervals upstream and downstream of the product. These samples were analyzed for total sediment concentration to determine the effectiveness of each product. The performance of each product was evaluated in terms of sediment removal, ponding, ease of installation, and sustainability.
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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.
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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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Whalen-Shaw, M. Replacement of thermally produced calcined clay with chemically structured pigments and methods for the same. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/465260.
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Whalen-Shaw, M. Replacement of thermally produced calcined clay with thermally structured pigments and methods for the same. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/465307.
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.
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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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Whalen-Shaw, M. [Replacement of thermally produced calcined clay with chemically structured pigments and methods for the same]. Quarterly report, April 1, 1995--August 1, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/465306.
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Whalen-Shaw, M. Replacemernt of thermally produced calcined clay with chemically structured pigments and methods for the same, quarterly report, January 1, 1995-April 1, 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/495238.
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Whalen-Shaw, M. Replacement of thermally produced calcined clay with chemically structured pigments and methods for the same, quarterly report, May 1, 1996-August 1, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/495240.
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Whalen-Shaw, M. Replacement of thermally produced calcined clay with chemically structured pigments and methods for the same, Final technical report, Quarterly report, February 3, 1996-May 1, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/495239.
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Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.
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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.