Journal articles on the topic 'Clay peds'
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1
K. Essa, S., and Raid Shaalan Jarallah. "Role of Gypsum and Corn Cobs in Linkage of Peds in Cracking Soils." Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN: 2077-5822 , E-ISSN: 2617-1479) 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33794/qjas.vol7.iss1.15.
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To study role of gypsum and corn cobs in linkage of fractions in cracking soils. Three soils (Al-Diwaniya , Al-Wihda and college of Agriculture / Abu Ghraib) were chosen for this study . They were treated with two levels of gypsum (0.5 and 1) % with one level (4%) of corncobs . In this experiment , 2 kg of each studied soil were treated with same levels of corn cobs and gypsum above and incubated at 30 + 2 °C for 90 days and 80% relative moisture content at 33 kpa. And then the soils were sieved with 1 mm sieve to measured the x-ray diffractions . The results showed : The intensity of clay minerals peaks which treated with gypsum and corn cobs were decreased comparing with control sample. We believed that the gypsum should be facculated on clay minerals surfaces and mask them to appear clearly , and suggested that the gypsum was played an important role in conjugated of soil particles. Results of X-ray diffractions showed that there was no evidence of interaction between organic matter (corn cobs) and clay mineral inter layers.
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DUVAL, J., G. R. MEHUYS, G. S. V. RAGHAVAN, and S. GAMEDA. "RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF COMPACTION AND TILLAGE ON THE SOIL PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CLAY-TEXTURED SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-041.
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Detailed soil profile descriptions were made to assess the residual effect of compaction and tillage treatments applied 10 yr ago on a Ste-Rosalie clay. The treatments applied consisted of five passes at a contact pressure of 61.8 kPa with no tillage, 15 passes of 61.8 kPa with chiselling, moldboard plowing, no tillage, subsoiling, and a control. The results were analyzed using nonparametric statistics. The untilled plots that received 15 wheel passes showed mottling that was more abundant and closer to the surface than the other plots while the subsoiled plots had a finer, less abundant and deeper mottling than the other plots. Peds in the Ae horizon were finer in the subsoiled and chiselled plots and coarser in the untilled plots and conventionally tilled plots that received 15 vehicle passes. It appears from this work that the effect of compaction is very persistent in clay soil and that subsoiling followed by reduced traffic can have a long-term effect on soil structure. Key words: Compaction, tillage, profile descriptions, clay soil
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COOK, JENNIFER S., MARY SEABURY STONE, and JAMES R. HANSEN. "Hypercalcemia in Association with Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn: Studies of Calcium-Regulating Hormones." Pediatrics 90, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.90.1.93.
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Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is an uncommon disorder that occurs during the first few weeks of life as firm subcutaneous nodules on the cheeks, buttocks, back, arms, and thighs. This disorder, which initially was described by Harrison and McNee in 1926,1 typically affects full-term newborns who have experienced perinatal distress. Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn usually resolves over a period of months, but may result in death due to its association with hypercalcemia. The association between subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn and hypercalcemia was first reported by Clay in 19562; however, the mechanism that results in hypercalcemia remains incompletely understood.3-7
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Musso, Guido, Arash Azizi, and Cristina Jommi. "A microstructure-based elastoplastic model to describe the behaviour of a compacted clayey silt in isotropic and triaxial compression." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 7 (July 2020): 1025–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0176.
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The paper focuses on the hydromechanical behaviour of an unsaturated compacted clayey silt, accounting for fabric changes induced by drying–wetting cycles occurring at low stress levels. The response along isotropic compression and triaxial compression (shear) at constant water content was investigated by laboratory tests on both as-compacted and dried–wetted samples. Compaction induces a microstructural porosity pertinent to clay peds and a macrostructural porosity external to the peds. Drying–wetting cycles decrease the microporosity and increase the macroporosity, which reduces the water retention capacity, increases the compressibility, and promotes higher peak strengths with more brittle behaviour during triaxial compression. A coupled double-porosity elastic–plastic model was formulated to simulate the experimental results. A nonassociated flow rule was defined for the macrostructure, modifying a stress–dilatancy relationship for saturated granular soils to account for the increase in dilatancy with suction observed in the experiments. The average skeleton stress and suction were adopted as stress variables. As correctly predicted by the model, the shear strength at critical state is not significantly influenced by the degree of saturation or by the hydraulic history. On the contrary, the higher peak strength, brittleness, and dilatancy of the dried–wetted samples are mostly explained by their reduced water-retention capacity.
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Bruand, Ary, and Robert J. Gilkes. "Subsoil bulk density and organic carbon stock in relation to land use for a Western Australian Sodosol." Soil Research 40, no. 6 (2002): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01051.
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It has been demonstrated that the high bulk densities of clayey subsoils of Sodosols can result from a process involving shrink/swell cycles and the development of ped coatings containing topsoil material. Our objective was to study this process according to land use and to compute the amount of organic carbon introduced into the subsoil as a consequence of ped coating in the subsoil. In an area located east of Katanning, we carried out an intensive soil survey and selected 2 closely adjacent sites with similar soils but differing in their land use: a cultivated soil and a never cultivated soil in an undisturbed strip of land. Pit faces and horizontal planes of the top of the subsoil were studied. The polygonal network corresponding to the cross-section of the prismatic peds was described. The clay content and bulk density of the prisms was determined. The carbon contents of the coatings and of the sandy material rich in organic carbon that corresponded to remnants of native vegetation was measured. Results showed that the coating process has occurred under native vegetation but is more active when the land has been used for agricultural and pastoral activities, as indicated by thicker sandy-clay coatings on the vertical faces of prisms and the higher bulk densities in the subsoil. The mean bulk density was 1.71 g/cm3 at 20-25 cm depth at the undisturbed site and was 1.86 and 1.82 g/cm3 at 20-25 and 25-30 cm depth, respectively, at the cultivated site. The total soil organic carbon stock was estimated to be close to 68.9 and 61.0 Mg/ha at the undisturbed and cultivated sites, respectively. The organic carbon stock in the subsoil was 38.5 and 23.3% of the respective total stocks. One fourth of the carbon stock in the subsoil corresponded to materials rich in organic carbon that originated from roots of native vegetation. The organic carbon stock in the ped coatings was <1% of the total stock at the 2 sites. Finally, our results support the adoption of zero-till agricultural system for the soil studied to restrict subsoil densification.
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Kim, Seok, J. Y. Kang, Sung Goo Lee, Jae Rock Lee, and Soo Jin Park. "Influence of Clay Addition on Ion Conductivity of Polymeric Electrolyte Composites." Solid State Phenomena 111 (April 2006): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.111.155.
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In this work, the polymeric electrolyte composites (PECs) based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), ethylene carbonate (EC) as a plasticizer, and lithium montmorillonite (Li-MMT) clay were fabricated, and investigated for understanding the effects of Li-MMT/EC in the polymer matrix on the ionic conductivity. For a lithium battery application, the native sodium cations in MMT were exchanged for lithium cations. As a result, the lithium ion was intercalated into the layer of the MMT clay, and thus PEO entered the galleries of MMT clay. The ionic conductivity was enhanced with increasing MMT contents due to the immobile MMT clay serving as the anion species and the decreased crystallinity of PEO.
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Keshavarzi, Ali, Vinod Kumar, Eduardo Leonel Bottega, and Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. "Determining Land Management Zones Using Pedo-Geomorphological Factors in Potential Degraded Regions to Achieve Land Degradation Neutrality." Land 8, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8060092.
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The proper delineation of site-specific management zones is very important in the agricultural land management of potentially degraded areas. There is a necessity for the development of prospective tools in management plans to correctly understand the land degradation processes. In order to accomplish this, we present a pedo-geomorphological approach using soil texture, land elevation and flow vector aspects to distinguish different management zones and to discretize soil micronutrients. To achieve this goal, we conducted the study in the Neyshabur plain, Northeast Iran. For data collection, grid sampling (500 × 500 m) was used with 70 specific points. Soil samples were collected in triplicates from various sites as composite samples (0–30 cm) to analyse clay, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe. Using the altitude information (obtained with GPS at each sampling point), flow vectors were also modelled for all selected points. Based on the values of altitude, flow vectors and clay, management zones were delimited using geographic information systems. The best data organization was obtained from the combination of clay + elevation + flow vector attributes, generating two different management zones. In this circumstance, the lowest fuzzy performance index (FPI) and modified partition entropy (MPE) values were generated. It can be observed that the management zone 1 (MZ1) is located in the areas with a lower elevation and higher content of clay. On the other hand, the MZ2 was characterized by areas with a higher elevation and lower clay content. This study concluded that the design of management zones, using pedo-geomorphological information could reduce the time and cost of sampling necessary to assess potentially degraded areas of land.
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Chen, You-Yi, Yu-Yun Hsiao, Chung-I. Li, Chuan-Ming Yeh, Nobutaka Mitsuda, Hong-Xing Yang, Chi-Chou Chiu, Song-Bin Chang, Zhong-Jian Liu, and Wen-Chieh Tsai. "The ancestral duplicated DL/CRC orthologs, PeDL1 and PeDL2, function in orchid reproductive organ innovation." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 15 (May 7, 2021): 5442–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab195.
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Abstract Orchid gynostemium, the fused organ of the androecium and gynoecium, and ovule development are unique developmental processes. Two DROOPING LEAF/CRABS CLAW (DL/CRC) genes, PeDL1 and PeDL2, were identified from the Phalaenopsis orchid genome and functionally characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most recent common ancestor of orchids contained the duplicated DL/CRC-like genes. Temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated that PeDL genes are specifically expressed in the gynostemium and at the early stages of ovule development. Both PeDLs could partially complement an Arabidopsis crc-1 mutant. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of PeDL1 and PeDL2 affected the number of protuberant ovule initials differentiated from the placenta. Transient overexpression of PeDL1 in Phalaenopsis orchids caused abnormal development of ovule and stigmatic cavity of gynostemium. PeDL1, but not PeDL2, could form a heterodimer with Phalaenopsis equestris CINCINNATA 8 (PeCIN8). Paralogous retention and subsequent divergence of the gene sequences of PeDL1 and PeDL2 in P. equestris might result in the differentiation of function and protein behaviors. These results reveal that the ancestral duplicated DL/CRC-like genes play important roles in orchid reproductive organ innovation.
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Barros, Henrique Seixas, and Philip Martin Fearnside. "PEDO-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS FOR ESTIMATING SOIL BULK DENSITY IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 2 (April 2015): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140358.
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Under field conditions in the Amazon forest, soil bulk density is difficult to measure. Rigorous methodological criteria must be applied to obtain reliable inventories of C stocks and soil nutrients, making this process expensive and sometimes unfeasible. This study aimed to generate models to estimate soil bulk density based on parameters that can be easily and reliably measured in the field and that are available in many soil-related inventories. Stepwise regression models to predict bulk density were developed using data on soil C content, clay content and pH in water from 140 permanent plots in terra firme (upland) forests near Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. The model results were interpreted according to the coefficient of determination (R2) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) and were validated with a dataset consisting of 125 plots different from those used to generate the models. The model with best performance in estimating soil bulk density under the conditions of this study included clay content and pH in water as independent variables and had R2 = 0.73 and AIC = -250.29. The performance of this model for predicting soil density was compared with that of models from the literature. The results showed that the locally calibrated equation was the most accurate for estimating soil bulk density for upland forests in the Manaus region.
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Mesrar, Laila, Ahmed Banamar, Mariam Akdim, and Raouf Jabrane. "Physical and Chemical Improvement of Clay Parameters Using Doped Marl with the Pozzolan in Fez Vicnity (Morocco)." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2018-0022.
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Abstract Given the increasing exploitation of clay in Morocco for ceramic industry and for the purpose of the benefit reuse of this resource, a study is conducted in order to carry out the identification and characterization of Miocene clay after doping with pozzolan. The objective of this work is to improve the physicalchemical characteristics of Miocene clay of Fez region, by doping it pozzolan at different contents: 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Physical and chemical characterization of this clay was carried out before and after doping with pozzolan following various analytical technics, such as the X- ray fluorescence and geotechnical investigation. The result of geochemical analysis showed a higher rate of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO2). Further characterization of Atterberg limits have shown that the plasticity of doped materials increases. Similarly the mechanical behaviour of marls doped with pozzolan have significantly improved, providing a mechanical strength of obtained materials up to 670N when firing at 1000 °C, compared to the raw marls.
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Kozlov, A. V., A. H. Kulikova, O. V. Selitskaya, and I. P. Uromova. "Change of gydrolase and oxide reductase fermental complex activity and indicators of fertility to sod-podsolic soil under action of bentonite clay." SOCIALNO-ECOLOGICHESKIE TECHNOLOGII 9, no. 1 (2019): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2961-2019-9-1-58-78.
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In aspect of modern direction of potential impact assessment of alternative fertilizer materials on properties of soils variability of activity of the main gydrolase and oxide reductase enzymes in sod-podsolic sandy loamy soil (by WRB Retisols) and indicators of its effective fertility under influence of meliorative doses of bentonite clay is determined. Microfield research was conducted during 2015–2017 in conditions of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Breed was brought once (2014) in an arable layer of earth in doses at rate of 3, 6 and 12 t/hectare. In years of carrying out research grew up winter wheat (Moskovskaya 39), barley (Veles) and peas of sowing campaign (Chishminsky 95). When determining enzymatic activity of soil and maintenance of batteries of plants in it used classical biochemical and agrochemical methods used in soil science. Under influence of bentonite clay high doses in soil observed considerable activization of enzymatic activity (protease (to 90%), cellulase (almost twice), phosphatase (up to 140%), phenol oxidase (up to 30%) and catalase (up to 70%)). As result, improvement of its agrochemical indicators is revealed, including increase in content of mobile compounds of phosphorus (on 21–31 mg/kg), exchange forms of potassium (on 32–41 mg/kg), available silicates (by 2–8 times in α-form and at 1,5–3,0 time in β-form), strengthening of nitrifying ability (on 2,6–4,1 mg/kg) and also relative persistence of maintenance of humic substances at level of control is established. Received results can be basis for introduction of bentonite in production field experiments and in subsequent for development of technology of bentonite clays use in agriculture of the Non-chernozem zone as meliorative substance, optimizing enzymatic activity of soils.
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White, PF, and AD Robson. "Emergence of lupins from a hard setting soil compared with peas, wheat and medic." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890529.
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The formation of a hard crust on a soil can severely decrease seedling emergence. The magnitude of the effect depends on a number of characteristics of the seed and seedling.The emergence of two species of lupin was compared with that of peas, wheat and medics. Seeds were sown into a sandy-clay loam where a hard crust was allowed to develop and where crust formation was reduced by the application of CaSO4.Emergence of seedlings with an epigeal pattern of emergence was reduced by crust formation. Emergence of Lupinus angustifolius and medics was severely reduced by crust formation, whereas emergence of the larger seeded L. albus was only slightly affected. In contrast to the epigeal seedlings, emergence of peas and wheat was unaffected by crust formation. Sowing lupins deeper exacerbated the problem.Seed size and pattern of emergence appeared to be the major factors determining the success of establishment of these species.
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Lopes, Thaís Cristina de Souza, Jeane Cruz Portela, Rafael Oliveira Batista, Diego José da Costa Bandeira, Isaque de Oliveira Leite, Luirla Bento Ramalho, Joaquim Emanuel Fernandes Gondim, et al. "Clay Fraction Mineralogy and Structural Soil Attributes of Two Soil Classes under the Semi-Arid Climate of Brazil." Land 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122192.
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Mineralogical studies are incipient and necessary in the Apodi Plateau, Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the interrelationship between the mineralogy of the clay fraction and its structural and chemical attributes and to differentiate two important pedo-environments in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil (Ferralsol and Cambisols of the Apodi Plateau-RN) using the multivariate technique. We evaluated the interrelationships between mineralogy and the structural and chemical attributes of the soil and differentiated between agroenvironments. We collected soil samples from six profiles in diagnostic horizons of the Ferralsols and Cambisols. In the mineralogical analysis of the clay fraction, X-Ray Diffraction was used to identify mineral peaks of clay and iron oxides. The physical and chemical properties of the soils were determined. The multivariate statistical technique was applied to process the data. The clay minerals identified were hematite, goethite, kaolinite, and illite. The principal component analysis allowed for the separation of environments according to soil density, Fed and Mg2+ for developed soils, and potassium, weighted average diameter, microporosity, total organic carbon, sodium, the sum of bases, calcium, total porosity, aeration, potential acidity, and Feo discriminated developing soils. This study revealed that the clay fraction influenced the structural attributes of the soil according to the degree of soil development. Two profiles presented atypical situations: High contents of crystallized iron in Cambisols and illite peaks in Ferralsolos. These mineralogical results are not commonly found in the literature, highlighting the potential for further studies. The answers concerning the mineralogy of semiarid soils in Brazil and the world show similarity.
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Mmbaga, M. T., and J. B. Oliver. "Effect of Biopesticides on Foliar Diseases and Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) Adults in Roses (Rosaspp.), Oakleaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia), and Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.025.
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This study evaluated efficacy of biopesticides for reducing foliar diseases and feeding damage from Japanese beetle adults on hybrid T rose (Rosa spp.), oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia), and crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica). The materials tested included household soaps with Triclosan active ingredient (Equate® and Ajax®), kaolin clay (Surround®), neem seed oil extract (Triact 70® and Neem Gold®), potassium salt of fatty acids (M-Pede®), horticultural oil (UltraFine® Sunspray oil), and bicarbonate salt (Armicarb®) applied to plants grown under greenhouse, shadehouse, and field conditions. Two fungicides, trifloxystrobin (Strobilurin) and triadimefon (Triazole), and the insecticide carbaryl were included for comparison. All materials tested were effective in controlling black spot (Marssonina rosae, anamorph Diplocarpon rosae) and powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) of roses. Kaolin was effective in reducing disease severity of bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris) on oakleaf hydrangea and powdery mildew of crapemyrtle. Based on data from repeated trials, the biopesticides were as effective as conventional fungicides in suppressing foliar diseases. Kaolin clay was as effective as carbaryl in controlling Japanese beetle adult feeding damage on oakleaf hydrangea, roses, and crapemyrtle, but other products were not effective. Results from this study indicate kaolin clay may be an alternative product to conventional pesticides in foliar diseases and insect pest management for roses, oakleaf hydrangea, and crapemyrtle.
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Tuba, Géza, Györgyi Kovács, and József Zsembeli. "Investigation of soils of stubbles of winter wheat and winter peas in conventional and reduced tillage systems." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 67 (February 3, 2016): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/67/1761.
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The effect of reduced and conventional tillage on soil compaction, soil moisture status and carbon-dioxide emission of the soil was studied on a meadow chernozem soil with high clay content in the soil cultivation experiment started in 1997 at Karcag Research Institute. Our investigations were done on stubbles after the harvest of winter wheat and winter peas after the very droughty vegetation period of 2014/2015.
We established that the soil in both tillage systems was dry and compacted and the CO2-emission was very low. The positive effects of reduced tillage could be figured out only in the soil layer of 40–60 cm in the given weather conditions of that period.
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Kaschuk, Glaciela, Julio Cesar Pires Santos, Jaime Antonio Almeida, Deise Cristina Sinhorati, and João Francisco Berton-Junior. "Termite activity in relation to natural grassland soil attributes." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 6 (December 2006): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000600013.
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Soil-feeding termites transport soil for mound building, and this process can affect soil characteristics. To verify the influence of soil termite activity on soil characteristics, samples were collected from top, bottom and center of termite mounds, and of the adjacent area, to assess chemical and physical properties and mineralogical composition. Four replicates of termite mounds and respective adjacent areas were randomly sampled in Lages, Capão Alto, Painel, São José do Cerrito and Coxilha Rica (State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil). Results of chemical analyses showed a greater content of K, P, Ca, Mg and organic C in the inner part of termite mounds, accompanied by lower pH in relation to soil of the adjacent area. There were no differences regarding clay mineral composition between termite mounds and adjacent soil, however the proportion of sand and clay differed between them. It is concluded that termites modify soil characteristics due to great volume of soil transported per ascensum for mound construction (varying from 20.9 m³ ha-1 to 136.6 m³ ha-1, in this study) which promotes a strong pedo-bio-perturbation and affects nutrient cycling and soil physical properties.
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Karamanos, R. E., N. A. Flore, and J. T. Harapiak. "Response of field peas to phosphate fertilization." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-110.
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Canadian Prairie Provinces in general, and Saskatchewan in particular are major producers of peas worldwide. Individual provincial criteria for P application are considerably different from each other. Further introduction of new pea varieties and the adoption of direct seeding practices prompted us to re-evaluate these criteria. To this end, two experiments with field peas (Pisum sativum L. var. Carneval) were carried out between 1994 and 1998 at nine different locations in Alberta. The first experiment was carried out in 1994 and consisted of three trials with six rates of P (0, 4.4, 8.7, 13, 17.5 and 21.8 kg P ha-1) in the form of monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (12-51-0). To eliminate the impact of varying N rates along with P, a series of 21 trials and a uniform design that included five rates of P (0, 6.5, 13, 19.5 and 26 kg ha-1) in the form of triple super phosphate (0-45-0) and two methods of placement (seed placement or side banding) were subsequently carried out. There was a significant response to P application at all 13 sites of both experiments that contained 10 or less mg of a Modified Kelowna (MK) extractable-P kg-1 of soil. Side banding resulted in significantly higher yield in only three trials. Maximum average yield increase of 645 kg seed ha-1 was obtained with application of 19.5 kg P ha-1; it was influenced by soil texture as the magnitude of response was greater on loamy (535 kg seed ha-1) than on clay loam soils (285 kg seed ha-1). There was no significant yield increase in the trials that contained greater than 10 mg MK-P kg-1 soil. Reduction in plant population was more frequent as a result of seed placement (nine cases with P < 0.1) than side banding in both experiments. The impact of P fertilization on seed moisture was not consistent. The ability to side band or to seed with an increased seed bed utilization may fulfil the need for application of greater rates of P than the ones currently recommended for prairie soils. Key words: Seed placement, side banding, triple super phosphate, monoammonium phosphate
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Knudtzon, Jørgen, and Dagfinn Aarskog. "Growth Hormone Deficiency Associated With the Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome and Isolated Absent Septum Pellucidum." Pediatrics 79, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.79.3.410.
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Two growth hormone-deficient patients with particular developmental defects are presented. One patient had the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome with lobster-claw deformities of the hands; thin, blond, and dry hair and enamel hypoplasia; and a facial raphe on the right side of the philtrum. The other patient had isolated absence of the septum pellucidum. The facial raphe and the absent septum pellucidum are related to cleft lip and septooptic dysplasia, conditions that have been associated with growth hormone failure. The association of the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome with isolated growth hormone deficiency has not been described previously.
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Durn, Goran. "Terra Rossa in the Mediterranean Region: Parent Materials, Composition and Origin." Geologia Croatica 56, no. 1 (2003): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2003.06.
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In the past, the term “terra rossa” became quite a common indication for all limestone derived red soils in the Mediterranean region. Today, in some classification systems based on the Mediterranean climate as the major soil differentiating criterion, the term terra rossa is used as a name for the soil subclass “Modal Fersiallitic Red soil” when situated on limestones (DUCHAUFOUR, 1982). However, several national soil classifications (e.g. Croatian, Italian, Israeli) retained the term “terra rossa” for the hard limestone derived red soils. The nature and relationship of terra rossa to underlying carbonates is a long-standingproblem which has resulted in different opinions with respect to the parent material and origin of terra rossa. Terra rossa is a reddish clayey to silty-clay material, which covers limestone and dolomite in the form of a discontinuous layer ranging in thickness from a few centimetres to several metres. It is also found along cracks and between bedding surfaces of limestones and dolomites. Thick accumulationsof terra rossa like material are situated in karst depressions in the form of pedo-sedimentary complexes. A bright red colour is a diagnostic feature of terra rossa and is a result of the preferential formation of haematite over goethite, i.e. rubification. Terra rossa can be considered as soil, vetusol, relict soil (non-buried-paleosol), paleosol or pedo-sedimentary complex (soil-sediments) among differentauthors. Most authors today believe that terra rossa is polygenetic relict soil formed during the Tertiary and/or hot and humid periods of the Quaternary. However, some recent investigation in the Atlantic coastal region of Morocco (BRONGER & SEDOV, 2002) show that at least some terra rossa previously referred to as polygenetic relict soils should be regarded as Vetusols. In some isolated karst terrain, terra rossa may have formed exclusively from the insoluble residue of limestoneand dolomite but much more often it comprises a span of parent materials including, for example, aaeolian dust, volcanic material or sedimentary clastic rocks which were derived on carbonate terrain via different transport mechanisms. BOERO & SCHWERTMANN (1989) concluded that it is of little relevance for the process of rubification whether the primary Fe sources are autochthonous or allochthonous as long as the general pedoenvironment remains essentially suitable for the formation of terra rossa. This pedoenvironment is characterised by an association of Mediterranean climate, high internal drainage due to the karstic nature of a hard limestone and neutral pH conditions. Terra rossa is formed as a result of: (1) decalcification, (2) rubification and (3) bisiallitization and/or monosiallitization. Since Fed/clay ratios are relatively uniform in most terra rossa, translocation of clay particles is responsible for the distribution of the red colour throughout the whole profile. However, since terra rossa soils have been exposed to various climatic fluctuations they can be affected by eluviation, yellowing and secondary hydromorphy. Erosion and deposition processes which were superimposed on karst terrains and induced by climatic changes, tectonic movements and/or deforestation might be responsible for both the patchy distribution of terra rossa and thick colluvial or alluvial terra rossa accumulations in uvala and dolina type of karst depressions (pedo-sedimentary complexes, soil-sediments).
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COOLER, JOSEPH O., MARTIN B. KLEIMAN, KAREN WEST, and JAY GROSFELD. "Retained Spur Following a Rooster Attack." Pediatrics 90, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.90.1.106.
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In many rural areas, families raise poultry as a source of income and food. Chickens are often kept close to living quarters. Children, especially those who are young and unaware of the territorial behavior displayed by roosters, are especially vulnerable to attacks. Although such injuries are common, most do not require medical attention. However, serious claw-and peck-induced injuries to the face and upper torso may occur. Injuries caused by rooster attacks have been reported rarely.1-3 We recently have cared for a child with extensive facial lacerations who developed a polymicrobial, chronic wound infection. Evaluation revealed a retained rooster spur, an unexpected and previously unreported complication of such injuries.
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Pączka, Grzegorz, Anna Mazur-Pączka, Mariola Garczyńska, Edmund Hajduk, Joanna Kostecka, Izabela Bartkowska, and Kevin R. Butt. "Use of Vermicompost from Sugar Beet Pulp in Cultivation of Peas (Pisum sativum L.)." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100919.
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A properly conducted vermicomposting process is an environmentally friendly technology used to transform selected organic waste into vermicompost. This organic fertilizer is increasingly used in agriculture and horticulture as an alternative to mineral fertilizers. Research has investigated the use of vermicompost made from the waste mass of sugar beet pulp as a soil additive in the cultivation of peas (Pisum sativum L.). Experimentally, five treatments consisted of: a heavy clay soil as control (SL); the same soil with 10, 25, and 50% substitution of vermicompost, (V10, V25, and V50, respectively); and a standard peat-based horticulture substrate (GS) for comparison. Analyzed pea characteristics and the content of macro and microelements in their biomass were most favorably influenced by 25 and 50% vermicompost addition, and the values obtained were similar to those in the GS treatment. The lowest values of analyzed traits for P. sativum were found in the SL group. Thus, appropriate addition of vermicompost in the construction of plant growing substrates can reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers and be an alternative to peat in the medium, contributing to reduced use of this valuable environmental resource.
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Hallenberger, A., C. F. Poets, W. Horn, A. Seyfang, and M. S. Urschitz. "Closed-Loop Automatic Oxygen Control (CLAC) in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial." PEDIATRICS 133, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): e379-e385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1834.
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Grant, C. A., and G. P. Lafond. "The effects of tillage systems and crop sequences on soil bulk density and penetration resistance on a clay soil in southern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-024.
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Concern has been expressed that reduced tillage systems may lead to excess soil compaction, negatively impacting on crop growth. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of tillage systems zero (ZT), minimum (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) and crop rotations on soil bulk density and penetration resistance after 4 yr on an Indian Head heavy clay soil, in southeastern Saskatchewan. Moisture content was similar among tillage systems, except for slight differences in the lower soil depths with crop rotation. Penetration resistance and bulk density of a heavy clay soil were increased in the surface 10 cm of the soil by ZT as compared to CT management. However, in the deeper soil zones, tillage system did not consistently influence either bulk density or penetration resistance. Inclusion of peas in the crop rotation had a moderating effect on bulk density and penetration resistance, while inclusion of flax in a continuous rotation increased bulk density and penetration resistance in the surface soil profile. At the 30- to 45-cm depth, ZT had a lower bulk density than CT or MT in the rotation which included fallow, possibly because the tillage operations associated with the cultivated fallow led to compaction in the deeper soil zone. Penetration resistance was great enough in the deeper soil zone in all tillage systems to restrict rooting, but difference due to tillage treatment or cropping rotation was not sufficient to markedly influence crop production. Key words: Penetration resistance, bulk density, crop rotation, tillage
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Hamza, M. A., and W. K. Anderson. "Improving soil physical fertility and crop yield on a clay soil in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 5 (2002): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01099.
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In the low rainfall area of Western Australia, clay soils with massive soil structure form a major part of the area sown to wheat. Yield increases on such soils have been poor in the last decade compared with those on other soil types. An experiment was conducted over 4 years (1997–2000) using a factorial combination of soil ripping to 0.4 m, application of commercial grade gypsum at 2.5 t/ha, and addition of complete nutrients based on soil test each year. All crop residues were retained after harvest and returned to the soil. The experiment was conducted in a wheat–field pea rotation at Merredin, WA. Soil water infiltration rate, soil strength, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, cation exchange capacity, and wheat yields were measured. Grain yields of wheat and field peas were increased by deep ripping, the addition of gypsum, or the addition of complete nutrients in some years. The main treatment effects on yield were additive, as significant interactions between the treatments on yield were seldom found. However, all the main treatments also significantly improved many of the soil physical properties related to crop growth. In 2000, 4 years after the treatments were applied, soil water infiltration rate was increased by more than 200%, strength of the topsoil decreased by around 1600 kPa, and soil bulk density decreased by 20%. Gypsum application increased water-stable aggregates, but soil mixing caused by deep ripping reduced them. The combination of soil ripping and gypsum application in the presence of complete nutrients and annual return of crop residues to the soil is suggested to improve crop grain yield and soil physical fertility on a range of Western Australian soils.
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McEwen, J., R. J. Darby, M. V. Hewitt, and D. P. Yeoman. "Effects of field beans, fallow, lupins, oats, oilseed rape, peas, ryegrass, sunflowers and wheat on nitrogen residues in the soil and on the growth of a subsequent wheat crop." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 2 (October 1990): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075146.
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SUMMARYThe effects on a winter wheat test crop of a preliminary year of winter or spring field beans (Vicia faba), winter oats, winter oilseed rape, winter or spring peas (Pisum sativum), winter wheat, spring lupins (Lupinus albus), spring sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) or a cultivated fallow were compared in three 2-year experiments on clay-with-flints soil at Rothamsted from 1986 to 1989. In one experiment, autumn-sown ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and an uncultivated fallow, given weedkiller, were also included in the first year. Plots of test-crop wheat were divided to compare no N fertilizer with an optimal amount estimated from a predictive model.Amounts of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) in the test crop of wheat following wheat were very slight in the first experiment, but large in the second and third. All the break crops reduced takeall to none or very slight amounts.Amounts of NO3-N in the soil in autumn after the first-year crops ranged from 7 to 95 kg N/ha. On average, they were least after oats, and most after cultivated fallow. In autumn 1988they were least after autumn-sown ryegrass. In early spring, amounts of NO3-N were generally less, ranging from 7 to 55 kg N/ha, depending on preceding crops, sowing date of the wheat and the weather. Amounts of NH4-N in soil were little affected by preceding crops or weather and were generally smaller in spring.The estimated average N fertilizer requirement of test-crop wheat following winter wheat was 230kg N/ha. This was increased by 10 kg N/ha following winter oats, decreased by 40 kg N/ha after spring peas and by 30 kg N/ha after winter rape, winter peas, spring beans and cultivated fallow. Other preliminary crops not represented every year had effects within this range.Grain yields of test-crop wheat given optimal N averaged 7·2 t/ha after winter wheat, c.1·5 t/ha less than the average after most of the break crops. The yield after oats was limited by self-sown ‘volunteers’ and that after ryegrass by limited soil N after ploughing.Of the break crops tested, winter and spring beans, winter oats, winter rape and spring peas all gave satisfactory yields. A farmer should choose between these on the basis of local farm circumstances and current economics of the break crops. Differences between effects on take-all and savings on fertilizer N were too small to influence this decision.
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Husein, Hussam H. M., Tareq Nammora, Ibrahim Zaghtiti, Anwar Al-Khateeb, and Ehsan Zenyah. "Soil Catena Properties of Daher Al- Jabal in South Syria." International Journal of Environment 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v6i1.16870.
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Soil catena concept is a sequence of soils extends across relief positions and is developed from similar parent material. This study highlighted on the important aspects and properties of soil catena of Daher El-Jabal in Jabal Al-Arab mountainous area South eastern of Syria, by implementing pedologic study in 2010-2012. Six soil profiles have been studied along pedo-genetic transect in order to highlight the soil catena prevailing properties. The results reveal that the soil has formed from igneous basaltic parent casts, related to Neogen era, where reliefs had the key role in the developing of soil solum. Consequently, Entisols were dominated on eroded summits, Inceptisols on back slops and mountain flanks, Mollisols on depressions. Both water erosion of soil surface and leaching inside soil solum processes were responsible for variation of soil texture, as such soils showed evident of changing in particles size distribution as well as in clay content. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was less than moderate with domination of Magnesium cation. Soil trace elements were poor to somewhat poor. Soil pH values in general were low; which reflect the pedo-genic character of igneous parent material in which soil drifted from. In some cases, where soil body subjected to continuous leaching of soil bases, in particular calcium cation; soil profiles became totally freed from calcium carbonates. Accordingly soil problems related to downing of soil reaction (pH) are more expected to be increasing by time. This is main reason for some physical diseases, which beginning arise on pomes fruits, particularly bitter pit.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT Volume-6, Issue-1, Dec-Feb 2016/17, page: 87-107
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Gorbanenko, S. A., S. A. Gorbanenko, and A. N. Merkulov. "GRAIN FARMING OF THE MIDDLE DON POPULATION AT THE SCYTHIAN TIME." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, no. 2 (June 22, 2018): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.29.
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For the reconstruction of ancient societiesґ farming systems it is very important to have information about their grains farming. This article is a summary of the data from the Middle Don population during the Scythian period. The materials were obtained from floating plants and fingerprint analysis of clay products, all the collections are from settlement, burial and religion monuments. The materials comprise all areas of the Middle Don and fully reflect its chronology and culture.
The typical established compounds of cereals cultivated by tribes from the Middle Don during the early Iron Age culture in palaeoethnobotany spectrum are: millet, emmer wheat, barley and rye. The detected legumes were: peas and vetch. The statements and gathered evidences are: prints plum and blackthorn on the bottom from different pottery and fragments of hazel nut shell from the flotation samples.
Among the prints on ceramics there are negatives of weeds growing in spring and winter crops. This combination of weed in the materials of monuments allowed the authors to suggest the presence of multi-crop farming and rather complex cropping system (two-, three-field).
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Wilson, W. S., K. L. Moore, A. D. Rochford, and L. V. Vaidyanathan. "Fertilizer nitrogen addition to winter wheat crops in England: comparison of farm practices with recommendations allowing for soil nitrogen supply." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 1 (August 1996): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077339.
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SUMMARYMeasurements were made during 1987/88 on 20 winter wheat crops grown in Essex, four on each of five soil types – sandy loam, sandy silt loam, silt loam, calcareous clay loam and clay loam – where winter wheat, dried peas, winter faba beans or winter oilseed rape was the previous crop in 1986/87. The sites had a wide range of soil mineral N (SNS), 40–198 kg/ha N, as NH4 plus NO3, in the 0–90 cm soil profile. Optimum grain yield and fertilizer N could not be estimated but yields measured in the absence of fertilizer N enabled evaluation of the use of SNS on its own and the response to fertilizer N (187 ± 32 kg/ha). For crops receiving fertilizer N, each tonne of grain was associated with 35kg of total available N in the soil profile (SNS + fertilizer N); a little over 63% of this N was found in the above-ground parts of the crops at harvest. Fertilizer N requirement was predicted as:Fertilizer N needed (kg/ha) = [35 × predicted grain yield (t/ha)]–SNS (kg/ha)An arbitrary assumption of 8 t/ha grain for every site (fortuitously the same as the average of 8·07t/ha measured in crops given fertilizer N) showed that differences between added and predicted amounts of N differed by c. 30 kg/ha for only seven of the 20 sites, mostly because of large SNS or yields much less than 8 t/ha. Measuring SNS and using the formula would be justified in the majority of winter wheat crops, provided reliable yield estimates could be made in time.
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Lovarelli, Daniela, Jacopo Bacenetti, and Marco Fiala. "A new tool for life cycle inventories of agricultural machinery operations." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.480.
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The interest in environmental assessments about agricultural processes is fast growing and asking for new tools for accurate impact evaluations. The methodology commonly used to go through these studies is the life cycle assessment, of which the inventory phase (life cycle inventory, LCI) is an essential step. For studies focusing on agricultural productions, the completion of LCI is particularly complex: taking into account the pedo-climatic and mechanical operative variability is evidently difficult. However, the prediction of the environmental impact of mechanical operations caused by the agricultural sector is essential to quantify the impact categories for which it is responsible. A new tool, ENVIAM, was developed to complete LCI to guarantee the availability of local data that describe the mechanical and pedo-climatic conditions occurring in the Po Valley area and widely applicable as well. It calculates mechanical power requests, directly consumed inputs (<em>i.e</em>., fuel, lubricant) and material consumption of a productive system by taking into account soil texture, specific machinery operations and coupling solutions as defined by the user. A subdivision of working time and defined engine load have been considered to calculate fuel consumption; with regard to outputs, exhaust gases emissions from internal combustion engines have been assessed by evaluating the emissive stages of belonging as stated by the EU Directive. A case study was also performed to highlight the differences that occur when an analysis is fulfilled in a context with features different from the average, and resulted in significant variations for the inventory. In more details, a comparison was carried out both with Ecoinvent database and within ENVIAM. With regard to fuel consumption, by changing the soil texture, the analysis showed a range between 64%-184% for sandy and clay soils, respectively, if compared with medium texture ones. With this tool, local contexts defined either as real or as optimised coupling solutions can be investigated to assess their environmental impact.
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Bethlenfalvay, Gabor J., and José-Miguel Barea. "Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. I. Effects on seed yield and soil aggregation." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005919.
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AbstractVesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi colonize plant roots and the surrounding bulk soil. They transport mineral nutrients from the soil to the plant and carbon compounds from the plant to the soil, and have pervasive effects on plant form and function and on the composition of the soil microbiota. This experiment evaluated VAM effects on plants and soil to determine if VAM fungi mediate a relationship between changes in seed yield and soil aggregation. In a pot experiment with peas, an isolate of the VAM fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe did not significantly affect seed yield (8%), but improved soil aggregation by 400% in one soil, a gray silt-loam high in organic matter (OM) and phosphorus. In another soil, a yellow clay-loam low in OM and phosphorus, seed yield was enhanced significantly (57%), but there was only a small change (50%) in aggregation. The results suggest that carbon allocation between the plant (measured as seed yield) and the soil (measured as the formation of water-stable aggregates) is influenced by this VAM fungus. The soil appeared to gain carbon at the expense of carbon lost by the plant Mycorrhizal fungi thus seem to affect two biologically controlled aspects of sustainable agriculture: plant production and soil quality.
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Ayele, Gebiaw T., Solomon S. Demissie, Mengistu A. Jemberrie, Jaehak Jeong, and David P. Hamilton. "Terrain Effects on the Spatial Variability of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties." Soil Systems 4, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010001.
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Understanding topography effects on soil properties is vital to modelling landscape hydrology and establishing sustainable on-field management practices. This research focuses on an arable area (117 km2) in Southwestern Ethiopia where agricultural fields and bush cover are the dominant land uses. We postulate that adapting either of the soil data resources, coarse resolution FAO-UNESCO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) soil data or pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) is not reliable to indicate future watershed management directions. The FAO-UNESCO data does not account for scale issues and assigns the same soil property at different landscape gradients. The PTFs, on the other hand, do not account for environmental effects and fail to provide all the required data. In this regard, mapping soil property spatial dynamics can help understand landscape physicochemical processes and corresponding land use changes. For this purpose, soil samples were collected across the watershed following a gridded sampling scheme. In areas with heterogeneous topography, soil is spatially variable as influenced by land use and slope. To understand the spatial variation, this research develops indicators, such as topographic index, soil topographic wetness index, elevation, aspect, and slope. Pearson correlation (r), among others, was used to investigate terrain effects on selected soil properties: organic matter (OM), available water content (AWC), sand content (%), clay content (%), silt content (%), electrical conductivity (EC), moist bulk density (MBD), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat). The results show that there were statistically significant correlations between elevation-based variables and soil physical properties. Among the variables considered, the ‘r’ value between topographic index and soil attributes (i.e., OM, EC, AWC, sand, clay, silt, and Ksat) were 0.66, 0.5, 0.7, 0.55, 0.62, 0.4, and 0.66, respectively. In conclusion, while understanding topography effects on soil properties is vital, implementing either FAO-UNESCO or PTFs soil data do not provide appropriate information pertaining to scale issues.
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Armstrong, R. D., C. Eagle, V. Matassa, and S. D. Jarwal. "Application of composted pig bedding litter on a Vertosol and Sodosol soil. 1. Effect on crop growth and soil water." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 6 (2007): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05156.
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Trials were undertaken at two sites with contrasting soil types in the Wimmera region of Victoria: a well-structured grey cracking clay soil (Vertosol) at Traynors Lagoon and a poorly structured sodic clay soil (Sodosol) at Gre Gre. The effect of a once-off application of three different types of bedding litter (wheat straw and two types of rice hulls) applied at three rates (20, 30 and 40 t/ha) was compared with that of a control (no amelioration), nitrogen fertiliser (46 kg N/ha) applied to each crop, or nitrogen plus a once-off application of gypsum (2.5 t/ha). The growth of three subsequent crops and soil water was examined. Pig bedding litter (rice hulls 1, rice hulls 2 or wheat straw) produced marked improvements in the dry matter production and grain yield of the first crop (wheat) in 1997 and a following canola crop in 1998. In 1999, bedding litter significantly improved the growth of an oats crop at Gre Gre, but had no effect on a crop of field peas at Traynors Lagoon. The beneficial effects of bedding litter on grain yields, however, were matched by small but significant reductions in grain quality resulting from soil water limitations for the yield potential. Although crop growth was improved by the addition of nitrogen fertiliser each year or both nitrogen plus gypsum, the effect was usually small compared with that of adding litter and provided minimal residual value in the following year. There was a general trend for gravimetric soil water to be higher at sowing where bedding litter had been applied, especially at Gre Gre. In contrast, soil water tended to be lower at grain maturity at Traynors Lagoon, where bedding litter or nitrogen fertiliser had been applied, reflecting the enhanced crop growth in these treatments compared with the control. There was no consistent effect of treatments on soil water at maturity in either 1998 or 1999 at Gre Gre.
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Chandran, P., S. K. Ray, T. Bhattacharyya, P. Srivastava, P. Krishnan, and D. K. Pal. "Lateritic soils of Kerala, India: their mineralogy, genesis, and taxonomy." Soil Research 43, no. 7 (2005): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04128.
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In this study, we report the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of 4 benchmark Ultisols of Kerala to elucidate their genesis and taxonomy. The taxonomic rationale of the mineralogy class of Ultisols and other highly weathered soils on the basis of the contemporary pedogenesis is also explained. The Ultisols of Kerala have low pH, low cation exchange capacity, low effective cation exchange capacity and base saturation, with dominant presence of 1 : 1 clays and gibbsite. Presence of gibbsite along with 2 : 1 minerals discounts the hypothesis of anti-gibbsite effect. Since the kaolins are interstratified with hydroxy-interlayered vermiculites (HIV), the formation of gibbsite from kaolinite is not tenable. Thus, gibbsite is formed from primary minerals in an earlier alkaline pedo-environment. Therefore, the presence of gibbsite does not necessarily indicate an advanced stage of weathering. On the basis of a dominant amount of gibbsite, a mineralogy class such as allitic or gibbsitic does not establish a legacy between the contemporary pedogenesis and the mineralogy. The dominance of kaolin–HIV in the fine clays of Ultisols and their persistence, possibly since early Tertiary, suggests that ‘steady state’ may exist in soils developed on long-term weathered saprolite. Since the present acid environment of Ultisols does not allow desilication, the chemical transformation of Ultisols to Oxisols with time is difficult to reconcile as envisaged in the traditional model of tropical soil genesis.
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Mesrar, Laila, Mariam Akdim, Mohamed Lakrim, Omar El Aroussi, Iatimad Akhrif, and Raouf Jabrane. "The Physico-Mechanical Characteristics of the Clays in and After Doping With Metal Oxide Al2O3 in the Region of Fez (Morocco)." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2015-0006.
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Abstract Miocene marl is one of the widespread geological substrates in Fez vicinity (Central Morocco). In this study we proceed by a physicochemical characterization of the marl after doping with metal oxides, by various analytical techniques, namely the X-ray fluorescence, the mineralogical analysis, and dielectric property. The doping of these marl was conducted by solid oxides of Al2O3 at different percentages (5%, 10% and 15%). The results of chemical analysis showed the Al2O3 increase during doping. So, the mineralogical analysis of doped clays shows peaks' increases for kaolin. The marl doped acquired the property of their good electrical conductor compared to crass marl.
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Upadhaya, Arjun, Guiping Yan, Julie Pasche, and Audrey Kalil. "Occurrence and distribution of vermiform plant-parasitic nematodes and the relationship with soil factors in field pea (Pisum sativum) in North Dakota, USA." Nematology 21, no. 5 (2019): 445–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003225.
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Summary Plant-parasitic nematodes restrict crop growth and cause yield loss in field pea (dry edible pea). A 4-year survey of commercial pea fields was conducted in North Dakota, one of the leading producers of field pea in the USA, to investigate nematode distribution, prevalence, abundance and association with soil properties. Beginning in 2014, a total of 243 soil samples were collected from 16 counties, and soil properties of 115 samples were analysed to determine the association of nematodes with soil factors (texture, organic matter, nutrients). The plant-parasitic nematode genera, Paratylenchus (absolute frequency = 58-100%; mean density = 470-1550 (200 g soil)−1; greatest density = 7114 (200 g soil)−1) and Tylenchorhynchus (30-80%; 61-261; 1980, respectively), were the most frequent and widely distributed. Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus were identified in one-third of the counties surveyed with mean densities ranging from 43 to 224 and 36 to 206 (200 g soil)−1, respectively. Xiphinema was found relatively frequently but at low densities. Hoplolaimus and Paratrichodorus were rarely detected at lower densities. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that soil factors explained 19% of the total variance of nematode genera abundance. The relationship between nematode abundance and soil sand content and pH was significant, while clay, silt, organic matter and nutrients were not significantly related to nematode abundance. This is the first multi-year study investigating nematodes associated with field peas and their relationship with soil factors in a major field pea production region of the USA.
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Papastylianou, I. "Response of Pure Stands and Mixtures of Cereals and Legumes to Nitrogen Fertilization and residual effect on subsequent barley." Journal of Agricultural Science 115, no. 1 (August 1990): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007386x.
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SUMMARYTwo rotation field experiments of a single forage–cereal cycle each were conducted on a clay loam soil (Vertic Cambisols) in Cyprus in 1982–85. The forages in the first cycle (1982–84) were pure stands of vetch (Vicia saliva L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) and mixtures of each of the two legumes with oats at sowing ratios of 90:10, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 grown with 15, 30, 60, and 90 kg fertilizer N/ha. For the second cycle (1983–85) the same crops were used but with only two mixture ratios (legume:oats 90:10 and 75:25), and with 0, 15, 45 and 90 kg N/ha. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was the test crop after the forages in both cycles. Legumes did not respond to N fertilization, whereas the yields of the pure stand of oats and the mixtures increased. The legumes yielded more N but less dry matter than the cereals. The grain and N yields of barley were higher after legumes than after oats, with intermediate yields after the mixtures. Barley responded to residual N fertilizer, irrespective of whether it was applied on legumes, oats or mixtures in the previous year. When choosing the forage to be grown, farmers should consider (a) the need for roughage and protein, (b) the costs of N fertilizer for crops and of protein for animal feed stuff and (c) the rotational role of the crop.
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Launiainen, Samuli, Antti-Jussi Kieloaho, Antti-Jussi Lindroos, Aura Salmivaara, Hannu Ilvesniemi, and Juha Heiskanen. "Water Retention Characteristics of Mineral Forest Soils in Finland: Impacts for Modeling Soil Moisture." Forests 13, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13111797.
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Soil hydraulic properties are central for soil quality and affect forest productivity and the impacts of climate change on forests. The water retention characteristics (WRC) of mineral forest soils in Finland are not well known, and practical tools to predict them for hydrological, biogeochemical and forest models are lacking. We statistically analyzed mineral forest soils WRC from over 130 sites in Finland, focusing on the humus layer and main root zone (0–19 cm depth). We showed that mineral forest soils can be grouped into five WRC classes that are well predictable from soil bulk density, organic matter content and clay fraction. However, the majority of the forest soils are hydrologically rather similar. We found that neither topsoil maps nor any combination of open geospatial data were able to predict WRC. Thus, in the absence of site-specific soil data, parameterizing WRC as a function of forest site fertility type was proposed. We demonstrated the approach in soil moisture modeling at a small forest headwater catchment and showed that the soil moisture response to weather conditions is jointly affected by WRC, stand attributes and topography. We showed that drought risks are highest for dense mature forests at nutrient-poor, coarse-textured sites and lower for young stands on peatlands and lowland herb-rich sites with groundwater influence. The results improve hydrological predictions for Finnish forests, and the open dataset can contribute to the larger synthesis and development of boreal forest soil pedo-transfer functions.
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Rowland, IC, MG Mason, IA Pritchard, and RJ French. "Effect of field peas and wheat on the yield and protein content of subsequent wheat crops grown at several rates of applied nitrogen." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 5 (1994): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940641.
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The responses of wheat to various rates of N fertiliser were compared following field peas (PW) or wheat (WW) in the previous year. Seventeen trials were carried out at 5 sites between 1986 and 1991. The trials were on medium- and fine-textured soils (clay loams or shallow duplex soils). The overall grain yield of PW appeared greater than WW in 11 trials [was significantly greater in 9 (P<0.05)], and did not appear different in 6 trials. When no N was applied the yield advantage of PW was 41% (PW 1.91 t/ha cf. WW 1.37 t/ha). Quadratic response curves were fitted to all yield data. Rotation x N rate interaction was significant (P<0.05) in 10 comparisons. In 5 trials, while there was a yield increase to N fertiliser with WW, the yields decreased with PW. In 3 trials while there was an increase with WW there was no response with PW or a reduction at higher rates of N. In the remaining 2 trials there were responses with both PW and WW, but this was greater for WW. The response curves in these 10 trials either converged and met, indicating that the difference between rotations was due to N availability, or converged but did not meet, indicating that N was important but did not explain the whole difference. Where there was no interaction between rotation and N rate the response curves were parallel. The type of response could not be predicted. It was not profitable to apply N fertiliser to wheat in the PW rotation in 11 of the 17 trials. The average yield advantage of PW over WW, in the absence of N was 540 kg/ha, while there was an average increase of 1.7% grain protein.
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Hussien, Foziya Mohammed, Mareamlak Mengistie Dagnaw, Aragaw Yimer Ahmed, and Hamid Yimam Hassen. "Lathyrism and Socioeconomic Disparities: A Neglected Public Health Problem in Northeast Ethiopia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1480.
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ABSTRACTLathyrism is an incurable neurological disorder, resulting from excessive consumption of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), which clinically manifests as paralysis of lower limbs. Because of the high production of grass peas, a large number of people are expected to be affected by the disease in Northeast Ethiopia. However, there is no comprehensive study that quantified the magnitude of the problem. Therefore, in this study, we determined the prevalence of lathyrism and socioeconomic disparities in Northeast Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was used which used a quantitative method of data collection from January to February 2019. Data were collected from a total of 2,307 inhabitants in the study area using structured questionnaires. Lathyrism cases were identified using a case definition of symmetrical spastic leg weakness, and subacute or insidious onset, with no sensory deficit, and with a history of grass pea consumption before and at the onset of paralysis. The majority (56.8%) of participants were male, and 34.7% were aged 45 years or older. Overall, the prevalence of lathyrism was 5.5%, and it was higher in males (7.9%) than in females (2.5%). Moreover, the prevalence was higher among farmers (7.0%) than merchants (0.3%), very poor economic status (7.2%) than very rich (1.1%), who produced (9.6%) grass pea than not produced (0.9%), and those who used clay pottery (6.2%) than metal (4.8%) for cooking. The prevalence of lathyrism in Northeast Ethiopia is remarkably high. Therefore, we recommend lathyrism to be among the list of reportable health problems and incorporated in the national routine surveillance system.
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Vakali, Christina, Johann G. Zaller, and Ulrich Köpke. "Reduced tillage in temperate organic farming: Effects on soil nutrients, nutrient content and yield of barley, rye and associated weeds." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 3 (February 20, 2014): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000015.
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AbstractIn temperate regions, reduced tillage is still not broadly accepted in organic farming although the guidelines often recommend the reduction of tillage intensity. During the years 5–7 of a long-term experiment, we studied the effects of the three tillage systems moldboard plowing (MP, soil inversion to 30 cm depth), two-layer plowing (TP, inversion to 15 cm, loosening to 30 cm) and layer cultivation (LC, loosening to 30 cm) on soil nutrients, nutrient content of barley, rye and associated weeds, and yield on a clay loam soil. Crops were cultivated within a five-course crop rotation consisting of green fallow, winter wheat, field peas, winter rye and spring barley; no additional fertilizers were applied. Tillage affected only soil nitrate under barley, which decreased with decreasing tillage intensity. Soil humus, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were unaffected by tillage under both crops. Barley shoot nitrogen content was significantly influenced by tillage, with, across years, 38 and 83% higher values under MP than under TP or LC, respectively. Weeds in barley had a higher P and K content at LC than at MP or TP. This resulted, across years, in 73% higher barley yields in MP than in LC. The TP showed a 29% higher barley yield than the LC. Tillage methods had no effect on rye nutrient contents, rye yields or on weeds associated with rye. The significant interaction between tillage and year for rye yield suggests that weather conditions in a given year (e.g., amount of rainfall) can considerably alter the effect of reduced tillage.
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Nachimuthu, Gunasekhar, Peter Lockwood, Chris Guppy, and Paul Kristiansen. "Phosphorus uptake in faba bean, field pea, and corn cultivars from different sources: preliminary studies of two options for organic farmers." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 2 (2009): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08103.
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Low soil phosphorus (P) availability commonly limits yield in Australian broadacre organic production systems where superphosphate fertiliser is not permitted, and alternative P nutrition strategies are sought. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to investigate the potential of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) (FB), or field peas (Pisum sativum L.) (FP), grown in acidic sandy loam or alkaline clay, to accumulate P, which could then be supplied to a subsequent crop as part of a green manure rotation or after harvest. Another experiment investigated differences in growth and P acquisition between corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars: Hycorn 424 (a modern hybrid), and four traditional cultivars used in organic production. The experiments were carried out under conditions of P stress and had rock phosphate (RP), poultry manure (PM), or single superphosphate (SP) applied at 50 kg P/ha. For FP, maximum P input to the soil from incorporation would occur at or after pod initiation. However, P uptake by both legumes in both soils from sparingly soluble RP was low, with fertiliser P-use efficiencies of 0–1.3% compared with 1.8–12.7% for PM and 6.1–9.9% for SP. In the corn experiment, P fertiliser source had much larger effects than cultivar on plant biomass and P uptake, with responses generally ranked SP > PM > > RP > Control. Hycorn 424 generally produced higher dry matter and P uptake than the traditional cultivars under all P treatments. The implications of these preliminary investigations for Australian broadacre organic agriculture are discussed.
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Masumi, Hiroki, Yutaka Takemura, Norihiro Inoue, and Tsukasa Takemura. "Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in a 6-year-old girl after ingestion of short-neck clam and squid." Pediatrics International 60, no. 4 (February 26, 2018): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ped.13509.
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Parent, Jason R., Chandi Witharana, and Michael Bradley. "Classifying and Georeferencing Indoor Point Clouds With ArcGIS." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 88, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.21-00048r2.
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This study aimed to develop and apply a manual procedure for clas-sifying and georeferencing indoor point clouds that we created using Paracosm's PX-80 handheld three-dimensional laser scanner. We collected data for 11 buildings in Connecticut, USA and focused on classifying features-of-interest to public safety personnel (i.e., doors, windows, fire alarms, etc.). ArcGIS Desktop was used to manually digitize features that were easily identified in the point cloud and Paracosm's Retrace was used to digitize small features for which imag-ery was needed for identification. We developed several tools in Python to facilitate point cloud classification and georeferencing. The procedure allowed accurate mapping of features as small as a sprinkler head. Point cloud classification and georeferencing for a 14 000 m2 building took 20–40 hours, depending on building characteristics and the types of features mapped. The methods can be applied in map-ping a wide variety of features in indoor or outdoor environments.
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Kaur, Ravinder, Sanjeev Kumar, and H. P. Gurung. "A pedo-transfer function (PTF) for estimating soil bulk density from basic soil data and its comparison with existing PTFs." Soil Research 40, no. 5 (2002): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01023.
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Collection of non-destructive soil core samples for determination of bulk densities is costly, difficult, time- consuming, and often impractical. To overcome this difficulty, several attempts have been made in the past to estimate soil bulk densities through pedo-transfer functions (PTFs), requiring soil texture and organic carbon (OC) content data. Although many studies have shown that both organic carbon and texture predominantly determine soil bulk density, a majority of the PTFs developed so far are a function only of organic matter (OM)/OC. In addition, no attempts have been made to test and compare the applicability of these PTFs on an independent soil data set. Thus, through this study efforts have been made not only to develop a robust soil bulk density estimating PTF, based on both soil texture and organic carbon content data, but also to compare its predictive potential with the existing PTFs on an independent soil data set from 4 ecologically diverse micro-watersheds in Almora district of Uttaranchal State in India. Effects of varying levels of soil particle size distributions and/or OC/OM contents on the absolute relative errors associated with these PTFs were also analysed for assessing their applicability to the independent soil data set. Amongst the existing PTFs, Curtis and Post, Adams, Federer, and Huntington-A methods were found to be associated with positive bias or mean errors (ME) and root mean square prediction differences (RMSPD) ranging between 0.10 and 0.38, and between 0.23 and 0.45, respectively, whereas Alexander-A, Alexander-B, Manrique and Jones-A, Manrique and Jones-B, and Rawls methods were found to be associated with negative ME and RMSPD values ranging between -0.08 and -0.15, and 0.18 and 0.23, respectively. In contrast, Bernoux, Huntington-B, and Tomasella and Hodnett-PTFs, with RMSPD values ranging between 0.18 and 0.20, were the only methods associated with little or no bias. However, on comparing the predictive potential of the existing PTFs, in terms of their 1 : 1 relationships between the observed and predicted soil bulk densities and ME and RMSPD values, only Manrique and Jones-B (ME: -0.08; RMSPD: 0.18), Alexander-A (ME: -0.08; RMSPD: 0.19), and Rawls (ME: -0.11; RMSPD: 0.22) methods were observed to give somewhat more realistic soil bulk density estimations. The study revealed very limited predictive potential of the existing PTFs, due to their development on specific soils and/or ecosystems, use of an indirectly computed organic matter (instead of directly measured organic carbon) content as a predictor variable, poor predictive potential of developed regression model(s), and/or subjective errors. In contrast to this, the new soil bulk density estimating PTF was found to be associated with far better 1 : 1 relationship between the observed and predicted soil bulk densities and zero ME (or bias) and lowest (0.15 g/cm3) RMSPD values. The absolute relative errors associated with both the new and the existing soil OC/OM and texture-dependent PTFs were observed to be almost insensitive to the varying levels of silt and clay. However, compared with the existing PTFs, these errors associated with the new PTF were observed to be much more insensitive to the varying levels of OC/OM, thereby indicating the applicability of the new PTF to a wide range of soil types.
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Mojid, Mohammad Abdul, and A. B. M. Zahid Hossain. "Comparative performance of multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models in estimating solute-transport parameters." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v18i1.49207.
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Indirect estimate of solute-transport parameters through pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) is becoming important due to expensive and time-consuming direct measurement of the parameters for a large number of soils and solutes. This study evaluated the relative performance of PTFs of multiple linear regression (MLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models in predicting velocity (<em>V</em>), dispersion coefficient (<em>D</em>) and retardation factor (<em>R</em>) of CaCl<sub>2</sub>, NaAsO<sub>2</sub>, Cd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>9</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (carbendazim) in five agricultural soils. <em>V</em>, <em>D</em> and <em>R</em> of the solutes were determined in repacked soil columns under steady-state unsaturated water flow conditions. Textural class, particle size distribution, bulk density, organic carbon, relative pH, clay%, grain size, and uniformity coefficient of the soils were determined. MLR and ANN models were calibrated with the measured data of four soils and verified for another soil. Root-Mean Square Error (RMSE) is significantly smaller (0.015) and modelling efficiency (EF) is significantly larger (0.999) for ANN model than those (0.096 and 0.954, respectively) for MLR model. Negative Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (-0.0002) of MLR model indicates overestimation, while positive MAE (0.00003) of ANN model indicates minimal underestimation. The ANN model is less biased than the MLR model during prediction. Thus, the ANN model can significantly enhance pollution transport prediction through soils with good accuracy.
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Klitgaard, Kirstine, Martin W. Nielsen, Hans-Christian Ingerslev, Mette Boye, and Tim K. Jensen. "Discovery of Bovine Digital Dermatitis-Associated Treponema spp. in the Dairy Herd Environment by a Targeted Deep-Sequencing Approach." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 14 (May 9, 2014): 4427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00873-14.
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ABSTRACTThe bacteria associated with the infectious claw disease bovine digital dermatitis (DD) are spirochetes of the genusTreponema; however, their environmental reservoir remains unknown. To our knowledge, the current study is the first report of the discovery and phylogenetic characterization of rRNA gene sequences from DD-associated treponemes in the dairy herd environment. Although the spread of DD appears to be facilitated by wet floors covered with slurry, no DD-associated treponemes have been isolated from this environment previously. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge about the spread of this disease among cows within a herd as well as between herds. To address the issue of DD infection reservoirs, we searched for evidence of DD-associated treponemes in fresh feces, in slurry, and in hoof lesions by deep sequencing of the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene coupled with identification at the operational-taxonomic-unit level. Using treponeme-specific primers in this high-throughput approach, we identified small amounts of DNA (on average 0.6% of the total amount of sequence reads) from DD-associated treponemes in 43 of 64 samples from slurry and cow feces collected from six geographically dispersed dairy herds. Species belonging to theTreponema denticola/Treponema pedis-like andTreponema phagedenis-like phylogenetic clusters were among the most prevalent treponemes in both the dairy herd environment and the DD lesions. By the high-throughput approach presented here, we have demonstrated that cow feces and environmental slurry are possible reservoirs of DD-associated treponemes. This method should enable further clarification of the etiopathogenesis of DD.
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Puflea, Suzana Mirela, and Ion Ioniţă. "Characteristics of the Land Degradation in the Stavnic River Basin." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2016-0017.
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Abstract Located in the Central Moldavian Plateau, the Stavnic catchment is associated to a left tributary of the upper Barlad River, and extends on 21,341 ha of which 39% is under forest. The typical hilly landforms, the alternation of permeable and impermeable rocks (clays, sands, loess-like deposits), the unrolling of wetted and dry periods, the sequence of freeze and thaw cycles, and the influence of the anthropogenic factor triggered the acceleration of land degradation processes. The present day geomorphic processes such as soil erosion, gullying, mass movements and silting of reservoirs represent a major threat to the local environment. Soil erosion on the agricultural land covers mainly the land with slopes of over 5%, and it highlights through different stages of intensity. By data processing, gained from the soil surveys undertaken by O.J.S.P.A. Iasi and Vaslui, it is obviously that moderate-excessive soil erosion extends on 52% of the surveyed area. The gully erosion apparently plays secondary role in the Stavnic catchment. However, there has been identified a total number of 330 gullies, most of them being included into discontinuous gullies class, often located on the hillslopes. Landslides are the most representative geomorphologic processes and they extend on 12,006 ha, which represents 56% of the Stavnic catchment. One mention must be made, that in the context of climate aridisation occurred during the last three decades, the landslides are almost all stabilized. The majority of the few active landslides have frequently formed through the reactivation of the old landslide diluvia. By using the Cesium-137 technique in dating the recent sediments from the Cazanesti accumulation, within the lower Stavnic catchment, the mean siltation rate of 4.5 cm yr-1 after the Chernobyl nuclear accident was estimated.
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Mavimbela, S. S. W., and L. D. van Rensburg. "Evaluating models for predicting hydraulic characteristics of layered soils." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2012): 301–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-301-2012.
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Abstract. Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K-coefficient) are critical hydraulic properties governing soil water activity on layered soils. Sustainable soil water conservation would not be possible without accurate knowledge of these hydraulic properties. Infield rainwater harvesting (IRWH) is one conservation technique adopted to improve the soil water regime of a number of clay soils found in the semi arid areas of Free State province of South Africa. Given that SWCC is much easier to measure, most soil water studies rely on SWCC information to predict in-situ K-coefficients. This work validated this practice on the Tukulu, Sepane and Swartland layered soil profiles. The measured SWCC was first described using Brooks and Corey (1964), van Genuchten (1980) and Kasugi (1996) parametric models. The conductivity functions of these models were then required to fit in-situ based K-coefficients derived from instantaneous profile method (IPM). The same K-coefficient was also fitted by HYDRUS 1-D using optimised SWCC parameters. Although all parametric models fitted the measured SWCC fairly well their corresponding conductivity functions could not do the same when fitting the in-situ based K-coefficients. Overestimates of more than 2 orders of magnitude especially at low soil water content (SWC) were observed. This phenomenon was pronounced among the upper horizons that overlaid a clayey horizon. However, optimized α and n parameters using HYDRUS 1-D showed remarkable agreement between fitted and in-situ K-coefficient with root sum of squares error (RMSE) recording values not exceeding unity. During this exercise the Brooks and Corey was replaced by modified van Genuchten model (Vogel and Cislerova, 1988) since it failed to produce unique inverse solutions. The models performance appeared to be soil specific with van Genuchten-Mualem (1980) performing fairly well on the Orthic and neucutanic horizons while its modified form fitted very well the prismatic and pedo-cutanic horizons. The lognormal distribution model of Kasugi (1996) showed an extraordinary good fit among the Swartland profile horizons especially the saprolite rock layer. It was therefore concluded that in-situ KL-coefficient estimates from SWCC parameters could be acceptable if only rough estimates were required. Optimization of parameters for in-situ conditions especially for HYDRUS 1-D carried much prospects in characterising the hydraulic properties of most of the layered soils earmarked for IRWH in the province.
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Finney, Fred, Basma Khoury, Jaron Scott, Ken Kozloff, Todd Irwin, James Holmes, and Paul Talusan. "Angiology of the Plantar Plate." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 2473011417S0001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000168.
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Category: Basic Sciences/Biologics, Lesser Toes, Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Hammertoes, crossover toes, and claw toes are common deformities and can be a major source of pain and dysfunction. These deformities result from instability of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint due to incompetence of the plantar plate and/or collateral ligaments. Non-operative management is the first line of treatment. When non-operative treatment is unsuccessful, surgical interventions have been described. Newer surgical techniques focus on performing anatomic repairs of plantar plates. The vasculature of the foot has been well studied, but the vascular supply of the plantar plate has not been described. This study presents a new technique for imaging the microvasculature of the lesser toe plantar plates through micro- computed tomography (micro-CT) in order to better understand tear pathology and the capacity of healing with plantar plate repairs. Methods: The posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries of a fresh frozen human cadaver foot were dissected and cannulated at the ankle for perfusion distally. After administration of an anticoagulant, each artery was perfused with Microfil® Silicone Rubber, a contrast agent. The compound was then allowed to cure, and the foot was fixed in formalin. The foot was sectioned through the metatarsal shafts for imaging, and imaging of the lesser toe MTP joints was performed using a Bruker Skyscan 1176 micro-CT scanner at 18 micron slices. Computerized reconstruction of the images was performed for three dimensional visualization of the vasculature. Results: Post-perfusion imaging of the lesser toe MTP joints using micro-CT allows for visualization of the plantar plate microvasculature. Preliminary imaging suggests that micro-CT is a useful modality for analysis of the blood supply of the plantar plate. Conclusion: Anatomic repair of the plantar plate has become a viable treatment option for MTP joint instability. One important question that remains to be answered is whether plantar plate tears have the capacity to heal. We present a novel technique for imaging of lesser toe plantar plate microvascularity using micro-CT. Preliminary results of post-perfusion imaging of the plantar plate are promising for developing a better understanding of its blood supply. Further definition of the plantar plate vascular supply will help clinicians understand the capacity for healing after repairs and may provide some insight to the biological causes plantar plate tears.
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Hotun, I. A., and A. M. Kazymir. "RESULTS OF THE WORKS OF THE LAST SEASONS IN THE SETTLEMENTS OF OUTSKIRTS OF KIEV." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 140–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.12.
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Works of the last quarter of XX century, persuasively proved that the socio-economic development of the villages of the south-Russ reached a high level, having conditioned their parity relations with towns. Unlike the West European model, in the cities of Eastern Europe, according to experts, they were the centers of the agricultural surrounding, which facilitated their determination as collective feudal castles. Therefore, researchers should not set villages against towns, but consider them in a formational unity. An example of a rural agglomeration where the resources of the capital of the principality were concentrated is a group of settlements between the Dnieper and the lower reaches of the Desna, providing the necessary raw materials and products for the Chernigov dynasty. Undoubtedly, the capital metropolis had an analogue of such a resource zone, but it has been studied much worse.
Until recently, the rural district of Kiev was represented in Predslavyne and Teremky, not documented in Kremenyshche, an early stage of the excavations of the Sophiyivska Borshchagivka and small works on a few other monuments, which were explored in small volumes, and some of them could represent the outskirts of neighboring fortified centers, not of Kiev. Therefore, excavations since 2007 by the Northern Expedition of the IA NASU of the Hodosivka-Roslavske settlement, and since 2010 — of the Sofiyivska Borshchagivka have provided a large incremental of the sources on this topic. Sufficiently science-intensive materials have also been obtained in the recent studies.
In course of the works, residential buildings were studied: a part of them had small room as an additional premises next to the main chamber, one of the constructions on the Borshchagivka settlement consisted of two main chambers. The dwellings were heated with clay ovens, located, where it was possible to trace them, in the corner near the entrance. Noted was one case of placing the heating structure in the far corner with its further transferring to the near one. Near the residential buildings household, grain buildings and pits were erected.
Characteristics of agricultural activities can be understood from the findings of the tips of tools for soil handling and harvesting. The paleoethnobotanical spectrum is represented by six types of cereals and peas. Animal breeding is marked by spits and bones belonging to a horse, a pig, large and small cattle. Bones of cats and dogs were also found. Prey for hunters from S. Borshchagivka and Hodosivka were 4 and 15 species of mammals, as well as 4 and 13 species of birds, 5 more species of ornithofauna from Hodosivka were unlikely to be an object of hunting. Fixed are 14 species of fish, of rodents — 8, 5 of herpetofauna. arrowheads attribute to hunting, —hooks — to fishing, nets — to sinkers, other tools attributing to ice chisels. The tools found indicate the development of spinning, weaving, making clothes and shoes, processing products.
In the studied settlements, developing were ferrous metallurgy, processing of non-ferrous metals, wood, bones, wood chemical industries, and the population of Hodosivka-Roslavske was also engaged in making beads, inserts and crosses made of amber.
The ceramic complex includes various types of kitchen, dining and container ware, among which some very fine specimens are found. Some of the products are covered with a layer of watering, in Hodosivka there are quite a few, even more — with its individual stripes, drops and sprays. Fragments of imported vessels, as well as glass cups were fixed, and in S. Borshchagivka — wooden products of the specific purpose. Among the findings are household appliances, universal tools, tools of crafts, decorations and costume elements. The number of fragments of glass bracelets in Hodosivka exceeds the figures of many similar towns. There are imported things: beads of oriental origin, in Hodosivka settlement — fibula of bronze sheet, characteristic for the synchronous population of the Baltic lands, a pin with topping shaped as a little duck, a ring-shaped brooch with inserts of glass, a knife-shaped pendant with a pointed ending, which findings in the south of Russia are sporadic. At both spots fragments of plinth and floor tiles were found, on Borshchagivka — also cubes of smalt. A lot of items of armament and harness of the battle horse have been found. A range of subjects of personal piety of Christians and things of pagan cults is collected. Remarkable are, from Borshchagivka — a steatite cross of a pilgrim to the Holy Land, from Hodosivka — a sewn metal cross with the Crucifixion of Volto Santo — a sign of a pilgrim to a shrine in Tuscany and a copy of the mother-of-pearl cross of a visitor to Palestine from a clam that inhabits the northern rivers of Europe and America. Numerous keys and fragments of locks evidence quite a high wealth of the population.
In addition to the materials of the Old Rus and Mongolian-Lithuanian times, those related to the preceding epochs were also found.
The data obtained makes it possible to trace the development of the material and some aspects of the spiritual culture of inhabitants of the Kiev surroundings of the Middle Ages.