Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clay intercalation

Academic literature on the topic 'Clay intercalation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Clay intercalation"

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Ullah, Hameed, and Ahmad Imtiaz. "Morphological Evaluation of Variously Intercalated Pre-baked Clay." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 16, no. 2 (June 26, 2014): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2014-0022.

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Abstract The use of porous materials is enjoying tremendous popularity and attention of the advance scientific communities due to their excellent adsorptive and catalytic activities. Clays are one of the most important candidates in the porous community which shows the above mentioned activities after modifing with a different intercalating agent. The paper is focused on the infiuence of some inorganic intercalating agents (NaOH) on the morphology of the variously intercalated clay samples. The alkali metal was used as the inorganic intercalating agent. The effect of intercalation temperature, intercalation agent concentration and intercalation time on the pre-baked clay morphology were also part of the study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study was performed to evaluate the morphological changes of the resultant intercalates. Different morphological properties were improved significantly in the case of the inorganically modified clay samples. Thus, such intercalations are suggested to be effective if the clays under study are to be used for different industrial process at elevated conditions.
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Heydari, Abolfazl, and Hassan Sheibani. "Fabrication of poly(β-cyclodextrin-co-citric acid)/bentonite clay nanocomposite hydrogel: thermal and absorption properties." RSC Advances 5, no. 100 (2015): 82438–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra12423a.

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Pannirselvam, Muthu, R. K. Gupta, S. N. Bhattacharya, and Robert A. Shanks. "Intercalation of Montmorillonite by Interlayer Adsorption and Complex Formation." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.295.

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Clays are essentially composed of crystalline particles of one or more members of a small group of minerals. The ability of clays to intercalate certain organic substances has been known for a very long time. There is a scope in these clay structures for isomorphous replacement, that is, for substitution of Na+ by cations of similar size but usually of lower valency. This research aims at identifying suitable additives for pretreatment of clay and determining the effect of different classes of compounds (intercalants) on the d-spacing expansion of clay layers. This paper addresses a different approach to ion exchange for treatment of sodium montmorillonite, with different functional groups: aldehyde, ether, alcohol, glycol, and stearates. The results were compared with commercially available clays, Cloisite 25A and Cloisite 30B (Southern Clay Products), which are montmorillonite (MMT) clays intercalated with quaternary ammonium salts. The d-spacing increment in this research was consistent with the d-spacing achieved in commercially available clays. Future research will be to utilize the treated clay to produce polymer composites.
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Cao, Xiao Chun, Yi Qin, Yan Na Zhao, and Kun Ke. "Basic Performance Research of Polymer Intercalation Clay." Advanced Materials Research 578 (October 2012): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.578.183.

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Using the preliminary research of the polymer properties, the different between the physical and chemical properties of new polymer-clays nanometer composites and clay have been studied. Different polymers are used to evaluate experiment. Based on a large number of lab experiments, the changes of rheological property and API filtration property of polymer-clay drilling fluids nanometer composites are studied. The results show that clay particles could become smaller and the composites drilling fluid have the role of controlling loss and enhancing cake quality. The prepared composites could be used to solve the technical problems in drilling fluid.
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Trubača-Boginska, Anna, Rūta Ādiņa, Guntars Vaivars, and Janis Švirksts. "A Study on Acidification and Intercalation of Illite Clay Minerals and their Potential Use as a Filler in SPEEK Composite Membranes." Key Engineering Materials 762 (February 2018): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.762.186.

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The acidification and intercalation of illite containing clays were studied for potential use as fillers for sulphonated poly (ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) composite membrane preparation and future proton exchange membrane fuel cells application. The acidification and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intercalation of illite clays have been studied by powder X-ray diffractometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. SPEEK composite membranes were made with 1, 3 and 5% purified, acidified, DMSO intercalated clay fillers. SPEEK/clay composite membranes were characterized by proton conductivity, water uptake, and mechanical strength.
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Solin, S. A. "CLAYS AND CLAY INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS:Properties and Physical Phenomena." Annual Review of Materials Science 27, no. 1 (August 1997): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.27.1.89.

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Iminova, R. S., Sh N. Zhumagalieva, M. K. Beisebekov, Zh A. Abilov, and G. A. Mun. "Structure and swelling of polymer-clay composites." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 11, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj283.

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<p>Composition gels on the basis of bentonite clay of Manrak deposit (East-Kazakhstan region) and nonionogenic polymers - poly-2-hydroxyethyl-acrylate and polyacrylamide were synthesized by radical intercalative polymerization in situ with various content o f cross-linking agent N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide and with time of intercalation about 8 hours. The morphological structure, the nature of interaction of components and the swelling ability of composition gels were studied by scanner electron microscopy, equilibrium swelling and IR- spectroscopy methods. By studying of morphological structure it was determined, that the polymer-clay composition gels, synthesized by intercalative polymerization, are most homogenous and interconsistency in case of “acrylamide-clay” composition in contrast with “2-hydroxyethylacrylate-clay” composition. For “acrylamide-clay” gels the swelling degree of gels was stated to decrease with the increase in the content of cross-linking agent and ionic strength, but “2-hydroxyethylacrylate -clay” compositions have the extremely character of swelling, where maximum degree of swelling account for gel with content of cross-linking agent 1*10<sup>-2</sup>М. Interaction of composition components was realized on account of hydrogen bonds with formation of chemically cross-linked complex polymer-clay. Decrease of swelling degree of compositions in physiological solution points to acquisition of polyelectrolyte nature of composition gels on account of combination of nonionogenic macromolecules of polymers with negatively charged particles of bentonite clay. For intercalated samples of polymer-clay compositions, the degree of swelling at all degrees of cross-linking is between those for pure polymers and pure clay, that in turn, agrees with the conclusion on the great composition homogeneity of samples with preliminary intercalation. As of results of holding investigation fit is safe to say, that obtained polymer-clay composition gels are potential sorbents and prolongated carriers of medicine</p>
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Moma, John, Jeffrey Baloyi, and Thabang Ntho. "Synthesis and characterization of an efficient and stable Al/Fe pillared clay catalyst for the catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol." RSC Advances 8, no. 53 (2018): 30115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra05825c.

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Wiratama, Ristiya Adi, Eko Hanudin, and Benito Heru Purwanto. "Intercalation and calcination as methods to reduce expansive soil properties." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 18, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v18i1.46735.

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The expansive ability of soil causes a series of problems in various sectors. The dominance of smectite clay minerals significantly affects expansive ability because they have an unstable interlayer structure. Cation intercalation and calcination is a treatment method that can increase the stability of the clay interlayer structure. This research investigated the effects of intercalation cations and calcination treatment on the swelling ability and cracking properties in the clay from vertisols; the cations used for intercalation were aluminum and iron. The intercalation tested doses were based on the equivalent weight of 0x, 0.5x, and 1x cation exchange capacity (CEC) clay value. The calcination treatments used were 200°C, 300°C, and no calcination. Each treatment interaction was repeated three times. Parameters observed were the total area, average crack width, average lump area, total number of lumps, moisture content, swelling volume, and pH after treatment. The results showed that each treatment had a significant effect. Clay with an Al intercalation dose of 1x CEC without calcination treatment had the highest total area after drying, which was 41.035 cm<sup>2</sup>; the lowest average crack width was 0.153 cm, and the smallest swelling volume was 3.6 cm<sup>3</sup>. In contrast, the clay without intercalation and calcination treatments had a swelling volume up to 10 cm<sup>3</sup> on the 7<sup>th</sup> day. The clay with an Al intercalation dose of 1x CEC with 200°C calcination exhibited the best results in reducing the expansive clay ability and can be used as a guideline for further testing to reduce the soil’s expansive ability.
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Zeng, Xiong Feng, Wen Li Zhang, and Ying Na Zhao. "Rheological Property of Intercalated Modification Clay." Key Engineering Materials 591 (November 2013): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.591.26.

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In this paper, the clay was intercalated with polyacrylic acid, and then studied the influences of intercalation on rheological property of ceramic billet. The study indicated that the intercalation changed the properties of clay interlayer domains, such as the interlayer bonding water, the content of free water and the bonding force between the layers, etc. The plasticity index of ceramic billet increased significantly when the amount of intercalation is more than 3.0 wt. The plasticity index increased from 1.09m·N to 4.19m·N when the additive is 5.0wt, increased by 383%. And also its yield strength has improved significantly, the fracture pressure increased from 100N to 600N. These phenomena indicate that the machinability of billet improved significantly.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay intercalation"

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Rolseth, Erlend Granbo. "Carbon Dioxide Intercalation in Sodium Fluorohectorite Clay." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for fysikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12793.

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Wide angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) measurements of the layered synthetic silicatesodium fluorohectorite (NaFh) when exposed to pressurized carbon dioxideare reported. With a custom made sample holder placed on top of a coolingsystem, measurements of the NaFh were taken at diferent conditions for temperatureand pressure. The interlamellar spacing of the clay particles is observedto expand approximately 2:4Å in the 001-direction when the sample is held at -20 degrees Celsius and exposed to 15 bar of CO2 for over 9 days, indicating the intercalation of CO2. The d-spacing after intercalation is indistinguishable from the d-spacing of NaFh in the 1WL hydration state. The rate of intercalation process is reported to be dependent on the temperature and the pressure of CO2, with the decreaseof temperature and the increase of pressure beeing favorable for intercalatingCO2. Through various measurements the possibillity of water as the observedintercalated guest substance has been ruled out. Molecular models based onthe swelling free energy are proposed to explain some of the features observedin the experiment.
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Carreyette, Shuaijin Chen. "Solid intercalation to produce polymer/clay nanocomposites." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396366.

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Villemure, Gilles. "Photochemical applications of the intercalation of organic cations in clay minerals." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/21389.

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Zhang, Yongcheng. "Part I. Natural fiber / thermoplastic composites Part II. Studies of organo-clay synthesis and clay intercalation by epoxy resins /." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11032008-094748.

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Blank, Katrin. "Incorporation of Organic Molecules in the Tunnels of the Sepiolite Clay Mineral." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20219.

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Sepiolite is a clay mineral, a complex magnesium silicate, a typical formula for which is (OH2)4(OH)4Mg8Si12O30•8H2O. It is formed by blocks and cavities (tunnels) growing in the direction of the fibres. The tunnels, 3.7 x 10.6 Å in cross-section, are responsible for the high specific surface area and sorptive properties of sepiolite. The co-intercalation of 3-methyl cyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), the Douglas-Fir beetle anti-aggregation pheromone, with methanol, ethanol, acetone, or benzene into sepiolite tunnels was studied. The resulting nanohybrid materials were characterized by means of various techniques, such as multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy, porosity studies and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). This was done in the hope of obtaining slow and controlled release of MCH from the sepiolite tunnels. It was demonstrated by 13C MAS NMR (carbon-13 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) that at room temperature there are two different MCH molecules: one MCH inside the tunnels and the other one outside the tunnels of the sepiolite. Heating nanohybrid materials at 60˚C for 20 hours removes the external MCH molecules from the sepiolite. 13C MAS NMR showed that by further heating nanohybrid materials at 120˚C for 20 hours, methanol, ethanol, or acetone peaks were greatly reduced; however, the benzene peak was not reduced. To better understand how benzene acts inside sepiolite, intercalation of d6-benzene, and co-intercalations of d6-benzene with MCH and d6-benzene with pyridine into sepiolite tunnels were carried out, and these samples were studied by the same techniques. Another technique was used in order to see whether the slow and controlled release of MCH from the sepiolite tunnels could be obtained: sepiolite-MCH nanohybrids were treated with 20 ml of 0.5 M HCl solution. It was found that when 1 gram of MCH-sepiolite sample was acid treated at room temperature, about 35% of intercalated MCH was removed from the sepiolite. The role of sepiolite clay was also studied in Maya-Blue representative structure sepiolite-indigo adduct. It is known that upon heating the sepiolite and indigo mixture, the stability that is present in Maya-Blue is achieved. It is still a mystery, however, how exactly indigo and sepiolite interact with each other.
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Fafard, Jonathan. "Functionalized Materials Based on the Clay Mineral Kaolinite." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37307.

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The use of kaolinite for preparing functionalized materials for specialized applications is still a relatively niche research subject. This is in spite of its low cost, high availability, and the potential for covalently grafting organic functional groups to its inner and outer surfaces. These grafted compounds have been shown to be highly resistant to heat and solvents, making them very useful for certain applications, for example in polymer nanocomposite materials that require high thermal resistance during polymer processing. Solid state NMR has been shown to play an essential role in solving the structure of functionalized kaolinite materials, however the current knowledge base for these functionalized kaolinites is notably lacking for some nuclei such as 1H, 27Al and 17O. Research was undertaken to address these concerns by developing new synthetic strategies for preparing kaolinite based materials for use as nanocomposites and to examine commonly prepared modified kaolinite precursors materials by 1H and 27Al MAS NMR in an attempt to demonstrate their utility for characterizing kaolinite intercalated and grafted complexes. Solid state 1H NMR of a natural kaolinite, kGa-1b, identified two main proton signals attributed to inner and inner surface hydroxyl protons. The different affinity of these two types of hydroxyl groups towards exchange with deuterium was used to differentiate between the two. The 1H NMR spectra of a DMSO intercalated kaolinite, kDMSO, and a methanol grafted kaolinite, kmethoxy, were fitted with high accuracy using models consistent with the known structures of these materials. The 27Al MAS NMR spectra of a natural kaolinite, kGa-1b, a DMSO intercalated kaolinite, kDMSO, and a methanol grafted kaolinite, kmethoxy measured at 21.1T showed little difference between one another, while noticeable differences could be seen at 4.7T. 27Al MQMAS experiments found almost no difference between these materials in the multiple quantum dimension, suggesting the differences that were observed are a result of differences in quadrupolar parameters rather than chemical shifts. The 27Al NMR spectra of kGa-1b, kDMSO and kmethoxy were fitted with good accuracy using models consistent with known structures of these materials. Different Al(III) sites with CQ values varying by up to 0.6MHz were found. The 27Al NMR spectra of two different methanol grafted kaolinites were also compared and it was found that the intensities of the sites with lower values of CQ were dependent on the quantity of grafted aluminum sites. The interlayer space of kaolinite was functionalized with a block copolymer: poly(ethylene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) using a kaolinite pre-intercalated with DMSO, kDMSO, and with a biodegradable polymer: poly(lactide) using a kaolinite pre-intercalated with urea, kurea, both by using melts of the polymer. The polymers were found to completely displace their precursors from the interlayer space giving a monolayer type arrangement of the polymer. Attempts were made to graft compounds containing polymerizable functional groups: 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol and ethylene glycol vinyl ether to kaolinite’s inner surfaces using a kaolinite pre-intercalated and grafted with methanol, kmethoxy, and a kaolinite pre-intercalated with DMSO, kDMSO, respectively. Both compounds were found to displace their precursors from the interlayer space, adopting a monolayer type arrangement. 13C and 29Si NMR results suggest 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol’s allyl group remains intact and partially keys into the clay mineral’s siloxane rings. Ethylene glycol vinyl ether was found to undergo intramolecular cyclization to form an acetal product, consuming its vinyl group in the process. This reaction was observed using an unmodified kaolinite, kGa-1b, suggesting that the clay mineral’s surfaces, both inner and outer, act as an acid catalyst.
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Jamuna, Sivathasan, and jsivathasan@yahoo com. "Preparation of Clay-dye pigment and its dispersion in polymers." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090219.160137.

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This thesis is concerned with an experimental study of clay intercalation by organic dye molecule which is crucial for the successful development of a stable clay-dye pigment with combined advantages of organic dye and inorganic clay. Clay-dye pigments were prepared by two different methods. Two different organic dyes were used with unmodified clay and modified clay to study the intercalation. Characteristics of clay-dye pigment have been investigated using X-Ray Diffraction, Thermo-gravimetric Analysis and Transmission Electron Microscopy. In this thesis it is shown that the absorption of cationic dye by unmodified clay in aqueous medium mainly takes place in the interlayer clay surface. More likely the dye molecules with aromatic quaternary ammonium cation intercalate the clay layer and strongly interacts with the clay interlayer oxygen plane, where solvent dye (which is hydrophobic in nature) adsorption by unmodified clay mainly takes place on outer surface of the clay. Dye molecules are weakly interacted with outer surface oxygen plane by hydrogen bonding or Vander Waals forces. Modified clay enabled the solvent dye to intercalate inside the clay interlayer surface with the suitable non-aqueous medium (because of its expanded structure). The modified clay suspension in the selected non-aqueous medium shows only partial desorption of alkyl ammonium molecule from the clay layer with the presence of both cationic dye and solvent dye. Therefore the penetrated dye molecules must have weakly interacted with the interlayer oxygen plane as well as the remaining alkyl ammonium molecule present inside the clay layer. It is believed that the thermal and UV stability of organic dye can only be facilitated by a specific interaction (Ĉ-interactions) between aromatic alkyl ammonium cation of organic dye molecule and the interlayer oxygen plane of clay minerals. This interaction possibly enables the high thermal energy or the energy of the UV radiation to transmit immediately into the clay layer. Therefore organic dye molecules are protected from high energy loading and hence thermal and UV stability are improved.
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Ratnayake, Upul Nishantha. "Polypropylene-clay nanocomposites : effects of incorporating short chain amide molecules on rheological and mechanical properties." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11600.

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The influence of low molecular weight additives containing polar groups and modified polyolefin-based compatibilisers on polypropylene (PP)-clay nanocomposites (PPCN) has been studied, in terms of intercalation and degree of exfoliation achievable by melt state mixing processes. PPCN were prepared by melt mixing of two commercial pp homopolymers with organically modified clay (OMMT) in the presence of maleic anhydride grafted pp (PP-MA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the interlayer spacing of clay increases dramatically, whilst transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show a significant improvement of clay dispersion in the PP matrix, when nanocomposites are prepared with commercial PP containing short chain organic additives with polar groups (amide-type slip and antistatic additives). Subsequent studies based upon customised PP formulations, with short chain amide molecules (AM), confirm the intercalation of this additive into clay galleries. The maximum interiayer spacing is achieved with low concentrations of this additive (0.5 wt. %). Contact angle measurements and low shear melt flow properties (MF!) further confirm the diffusion of this additive (AM) into the clay galleries rather than migrating away from the bulk of the PPCN. The interaction between the polar group (CONH2) of this additive and polar sites of the clay surface appears to be the driving force for the intercalation. Although this additive intercalates and allows the formation of an intercalated nanocomposite structure with non homogeneous dispersion of clay, an exfoliated PPCN structure is yet to be formed with this additive alone. A new preparation method for PPCN has therefore been developed by co-intercalation of AM and PP-MA. PPCN were prepared by this method with a significant reduction of overall PP-MA concentration in the nanocomposite structure, relative to conventional PPCN prepared with compatibiliser (PP-MA) only. XRD and TEM analysis showed that nanocomposite structures are formed with significantly improved clay dispersion, compared to PPCN prepared using the conventional method. Quantification of clay exfoliation, using image analysis software, showed that higher degrees of exfoliation can be achieved in PPCN from this new cointercalation method. Normalised melt flow index (n-MFI) data showed the relationship between low shear flow properties and clay structure and is an appropriate parameter to examine clay exfoliation and its interaction with pp in PPCN. Enhanced thennal stability of PPCN, in comparison to pure PP, further demonstrates the improved clay dispersion in nanocomposite structures prepared by the co-intercalation method. A possible mechanism for the co-intercalation of AM and PP-MA into clay galleries has been proposed, based upon hydrogen bonding between these additives and the silicate layers. Rheological characterisation of PPCN, using capillary rheometry experiments at high shear rates, shows a shear thinning, pseudoplastic behaviour similar to pure PP. However, a comparatively higher concentration of AM appears to reduce the shear viscosity of PPCN. Die swelling behaviour revealed a reduction in melt elasticity in PPCN melts in comparison to unmodified PP. Reduced die swell occurs as a result, together with a delay in the onset of melt fracture. Sheet extrusion was used to produce PPCN products with increasing clay loading levels that were evaluated for a range of mechanical properties. Significant enhancement of modulus in PPCN is achieved in comparison to pure PP whilst maintaining similar strength characteristics. However, impact resistance of extruded PPCN sheets is not improved in comparison to unmodified PP. Results have been interpreted with reference to the degree of exfoliation, additive content and differences in PP crystallinity.
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Kim, Sung-gi. "PET Nanocomposites Development with Nanoscale Materials." Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1178043237.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2007.
Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Engineering." Bibliography: leaves 200-205.
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Normand, Guillaume. "Nanocomposites à matrice polypropylène renforcée par argile lamellaire - Etude de la relation procédé-structure." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM053/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur la relation entre le procédé de préparation et la structure des nanocomposites polypropylène/argile. Les échantillons ont été préparés au mélangeur interne dans un premier temps. Des observations au microscope électronique à balayage, complétées par des analyses en diffraction des rayons X ainsi que des mesures rhéologiques ont permis de caractériser l’état de dispersion de l’argile à différentes échelles au sein du matériau. Nous avons comparé trois argiles organophiles et montré que la compatibilité chimique entre l’argile et la matrice est un facteur primordial afin d’obtenir une bonne dispersion : la Cloisite 20 et la Dellite 67G montrent de bons états de dispersion à toutes les échelles au contraire de la Cloisite 30B. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence l’influence de la vitesse de rotation ainsi que du temps de mélange sur l’état de dispersion de l’argile. Le seuil de percolation de l’argile dans le polypropylène a été déterminé. Le lien entre état de dispersion et cristallinité du polypropylène a également été étudié.Les échantillons ont ensuite été préparés par extrusion bivis. L’influence de la vitesse de rotation sur l’état de dispersion de l’argile a été mise en évidence, tout autant que la dégradation de la matrice aux plus fortes vitesses. L’évolution de l’état de dispersion le long de la vis a montré que si l’intercalation était rapidement atteinte sur la vis, l’exfoliation progressait linéairement avant de saturer sur les dernières zones. L’utilisation d’une température de régulation plus faible ou d’une matrice plus visqueuse n’ont pas permis d’améliorer l’état de dispersion de l’argile ni d’éviter la dégradation de la matrice. Enfin, l’utilisation du logiciel Ludovic© a permis de mieux appréhender les phénomènes thermomécaniques mis en jeu lors de l’extrusion, mais également d’optimiser le procédé
This PhD focuses on the relationship between the preparation process and the structure of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. First, the samples were prepared via an internal mixer. Scanning electron microscopy observations, completed by X-ray diffraction analysis and rheology measurements enabled us to characterize the clay dispersion state in the nanocomposite at different scales. Three organoclays were compared. It was shown that the chemical compatibility between the clay and the matrix was essential to ensure a good dispersion: Cloisite 20 and Dellite 67G showed good dispersion states at all scales, whereas Cloisite 30B did not. The influence of rotor speed and mixing time on the clay dispersion state was shown. The percolation threshold of the clay was determined. The link between dispersion state and crystallinity was also studied.The samples were then prepared via a twin-screw extruder. The influence of screw speed on the clay dispersion state was demonstrated, as well as the matrix degradation at high screw speed. The evolution of the dispersion state along the screw profile showed that intercalation was reached early in the screw profile, whereas exfoliation evolved linearly until the last mixing elements. A lower barrel temperature, as well as a more viscous matrix did not improve the clay dispersion state, and did not prevent the matrix degradation. Finally, the Ludovic© software allowed us to apprehend the thermomechanical phenomena involved during extrusion, but also to optimize the process
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Book chapters on the topic "Clay intercalation"

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Solin, S. A. "Alumino-Silicate Clays and Clay Intercalation Compounds." In Intercalation in Layered Materials, 145–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5556-5_9.

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Lee, S., H. Kim, S. A. Solin, and T. J. Pinnavaia. "Layer rigidity of clay intercalation compound: [Me4N+]1−x [Me3NH+]x −V." In Chemical Physics of Intercalation, 497–500. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9649-0_44.

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Solin, S. A. "The Structure, Morphology and Layer Rigidity of Clay Intercalation Compounds." In Chemical Physics of Intercalation II, 161–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2850-0_8.

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Sanchez, A., L. Cantón, I. Legórburu, and M. Montes. "Synthesis of Improved Adsorbents by Natural Clay Intercalation." In Contaminated Soil ’95, 1335–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0421-0_140.

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Costa, A. Santos, T. Imae, K. Takagi, and K. Kikuta. "Intercalation of dendrimers in the interlayer of hydrotalcite clay sheets." In Surface and Colloid Science, 113–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b97103.

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Sartori, Mariana N., Maiara S. Ferreira, Francisco R. Valenzuela Díaz, Vijaya K. Rangari, Shaik Jeelani, and Esperidiana A. B. Moura. "PBT/Brazilian Clay Nanocomposites Prepared by Melt Intercalation: Effects of Organophilic Clay Content and Ionizing Radiation Treatment." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2014, 33–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118888056.ch5.

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Pinnavaia, Thomas J. "Swelling clays and related complex layered oxides." In Chemical Physics of Intercalation, 233–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9649-0_12.

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Ferragina, C., A. Frezza, A. La Ginestra, M. A. Massucci, and P. Patrono. "Intercalation Properties of Layered Metal (IV) Phosphates Towards Organic Bases, Metal Complexes and Metal Oxides." In Expanded Clays and Other Microporous Solids, 263–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8866-1_13.

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Liu, Jia, and Jingshen Wu. "A Comprehensive Study on Intercalation and Exfoliation of Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites." In Composite Technologies for 2020, 725–30. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85573-831-7.50123-1.

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"Thermal Degradation and Combustion Behavior of the Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposite Prepared by Melt Intercalation." In Recent Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Characterisation, 411–26. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12170-16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clay intercalation"

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Gurmendi, U., J. I. Eguiazabal, and J. Nazabal. "Structure and Properties of Nanocomposites With a Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Matrix." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17087.

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Polymer nanocomposites based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET and with an intercalated and fairly dispersed nanostructure have been obtained in the melt state using a twin screw extruder. The intercalation and dispersion levels as well as the mechanical properties were studied varying the chemical nature and amount of the organic modification of the clay as well as the clay content. The intercalation level of PET into the organoclay galleries was measured by the increase in the interlayer distance upon mixing. The surfactant content did not influence the intercalation level but an interaction between the polymeric matrix and the surfactant, through a common polar character led to easier intercalation. The observed modulus increases and consequently the overall dispersion did not almost depend on either the amount or chemical nature of the used organic modification of the clay, suggesting that the parameters leading to high intercalation differ from those lead to a high modulus of elasticity and therefore to a high dispersion level. The obtained increases in the modulus of elasticity that reflect the dispersion level were large attaining a 41% increase with respect to that of the matrix after a 6wt% clay addition.
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Lee, Y. H., C. B. Park, and M. Sain. "Strategies for Intercalation and Exfoliation of PP/Clay Nanocomposites." In SAE 2006 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0132.

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Song, Chunfang, Weiwei Lin, Qi Wang, and Yiping Qiu. "Effect of Curing Process on Intercalation and Exfoliation Behavior of Epoxy/Clay Nanocomposites." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39483.

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Effects of curing agents, curing conditions, and curing degree on intercalation and exfoliation behavior of epoxy/clay nanocomposites were investigated. Epoxy was cured with five curing agents, DETA, DDM, DMP-30 and two modified amines, with different curing speeds at various temperatures (from low to high). Curing degree and distance between layers of clay were measured by FTIR, XRD and TEM respectively. It was found that it was easy to intercalate clay in epoxy resin, while clay exfoliation in epoxy resin was dependent more on the curing conditions than on curing agents. Under certain curing conditions when curing speed of interlayer epoxy resin is faster than that of extralayer and fully reaches curing, exfoliation easily takes place with all these curing agents and epoxy/clay nanocomposites can be prepared. At the same time, the distance between clay layers increased from 17.5Å to about 100Å. When the curing temperature was too low, diffusion speed of the epoxy resin and the curing agents can influence the clay exfoliation. When the curing temperature was too high, epoxy was cured too rapidly, such that the high viscosity and the resultant mechanical forces will stop the exfoliation process. Only under properly temperatures when the curing speed of the interlayer epoxy is higher than that of the extralayer epoxy can exfoliation take place.
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Mudzielwana, R., W. M. Gitari, and T. A. M. Msagati. "Intercalation of Mn2+ions onto bentonite clay: implications in groundwater defluoridation." In WATER POLLUTION 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp160141.

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Ahuja, Suresh K. "Visco-Elastic Modulus and Intercalation of Polymer Chains in Epoxy Nano-Composites." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42503.

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Polymer nano-composites (PNC) are polymers which are reinforced with less than 5% by volume of nano-sized particles with high aspect ratios (L/h > 300). Compared to conventional composites, where the reinforcement is on the order of microns, the nano-composites are reinforced on the order of a few nanometers with advantages in processing and toughness. Nano-composites of epoxy clay have been studied where epoxy is mixed at high shear rates with clay. In our method of making nano-composites, an epoxy, Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol (DGEBA) A was mixed under high shear with organically modified mica type silicate (OMTS) either of benzyl dimethyl stearyl ammonium (BDSMA) or of methyl bishydroxyethyl stearyl ammonium chloride ion exchange with sodium montmorillonite. Nano-composites of epoxy cured with hexahydrophthalic anhydride (70%) with polyether polyol (25%) were made also under high shear both at 90C and 120C. Heat of reaction and transition temperature of epoxy nano-composite was compared with cured epoxy nano-composite. Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction was used to determine peaks, spacing and interfacial region. Dynamic visco-elastic measurements were used to distinguish between the nano-composites from two organically modified mica type silicates. Effect of increase in concentration and temperature on visco-elastic modulus of nano-composites was analyzed in terms of intercalation of polymer chains.
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Katti, Kalpana S., Dinesh R. Katti, and Avinash H. Ambre. "Unnatural Amino Acids Modified Clays for Design of Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13242.

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Here, we incorporate the results of our new “altered phase theory” (Sikdar et al. 2008a) into design of new polymer clay nanocomposites (PCNs) for bone biomaterials applications. Montmorillonite (MMT) clay was modified using unnatural amino acids as potentially new biocompatible modifiers. The longer carbon chain structures of the unnatural amino acids are expected to enhance non bonded interactions with clay as well as maintaining the usefulness of functional groups of natural amino acids. The specific choice of amino acids is based on both the antibacterial activity reported in literature and also our previous studies on role of chain length, functional groups etc of modifiers in influencing mechanical behavior in PCNs. Biocompatibility studies using cell culture experiments as well as mechanical behavior is evaluated for the PCNs. FTIR spectroscopy is used to compare changes to molecular structure. The increase in d001 spacing of modified clay compared to pure clay obtained from XRD experiments confirms successful intercalation of modifier. The osteoblast cells were found to grow and proliferate over the substrates. The major contribution of this work is the design of novel amino acid biopolymer-clay nanocomposites for biomaterials applications. Porous scaffold structures were also designed and fabricated.
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Hassan, Mervat S., Hassan El-Shall, and Chearly Beaty. "Some Aspects on Thermal Degradation of Organo-Layer Silicates." In ASME 2008 2nd Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials International Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2008-47038.

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Naturally occurring silicates, like montmorillonite (MMT) have received much attention as reinforcement materials for polymers because of their potentially high aspect ratio and unique intercalation (exfoliation) characteristic. Montmorillonite is of particular interest because it has a layered structure typically about 1nm in thickness and a high aspect ratio ranging from 100 to 1500 that, with proper exfoliation, can lead to platelets with high stiffness and strength dispersed in the polymer matrix. In this paper, we studied the delamination of Egyptian bentonite and Cloisite Na+ (USA) using different onium ions. The organo-clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Derivativethermogravimetry (TGA), Thermogravimetry (TG), and Infrared spectroscopy (IR). Understanding the relationship between molecular structure of the modifying surfactant and the thermal stability of the organically modified layered silicates is critical to its processing and subsequent applications. Therefore, special emphasis is given to the study of the thermal degradation of the modified clays. The results of the thermal degradation of montmorillonite (MMT) and alkyl quaternary ammonium montmorillonite (OMMT) are discussed in this paper.
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Salih, A. M., Mansor Bin Ahmad, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Khairul Zaman Hj Mohd Dahlan, Rida Tajau, Mohd Hilmi Mahmood, and Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus. "Thermal and mechanical properties of palm oil-based polyurethane acrylate/clay nanocomposites prepared by in-situ intercalative method and electron beam radiation." In ADVANCING NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: Proceedings of the International Nuclear Science, Technology & Engineering Conference 2013 (iNuSTEC2013). AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4866116.

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