Journal articles on the topic 'Clay-Based mixtures'
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1
Lu, Zhen, Aimin Sha, and Wentong Wang. "Permeability Evaluation of Clay-quartz Mixtures Based on Low-Field NMR and Fractal Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051585.
Abstract:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology has been widely used for predicting permeability coefficients of porous medium, such as shales, sandstones, and coals. However, there have been limited studies on the prediction model of clay-quartz mixtures based on NMR technology. In this study, evaporation tests at 40 °C and NMR tests were simultaneously performed on eight clay-quartz mixtures with different mineral compositions. The results show that during the evaporation process, the decay rate of T2 total signal amplitudes was constant at first, and then decreased to 0 after a period of time. Based on the decay rate, the evaporation process was divided into two stages: the constant rate stage and the falling rate stage. Based on the two stages, the T2 cut-offs of eight mixtures were determined. The water in the mixture was divided into two parts by the T2 cut-off: the free water and the bound water. The prediction model of permeability coefficients of clay-quartz mixtures was established based on the Timur-Coates model. In order to simplify the process of predicting the permeability coefficient, fractal analysis was used to develop the relationship between the T2 cut-off and fractal dimension of the T2 spectrum of saturated mixture. A simplified method for predicting permeability coefficients of clay-quartz mixtures based on NMR technology without centrifugal and evaporation experiments was also proposed.
2
Gao, Xiaojing, Qiusheng Wang, and Guowei Ma. "Experimental Investigation on the Erosion Threshold and Rate of Gravel and Silty Clay Mixtures." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13290.
Abstract:
Abstract. The field of cohesive and noncohesive mixture erosion is not fully understood because of the numerous factors that influence soil erodibility. In this study, erosion experiments were conducted on mixtures of gravel and silty clay in proportions varying from 0% to 100% by weight. The critical shear stress of erosion and the erosion rate were quantified using an erosion function apparatus (EFA). Experimental data revealed that the mixture critical shear stress first decreased and then increased with an increasing cohesive fraction for mixtures with silty clay contents up to 50%. The critical shear stress of the mixture showed an increasing trend as the silty clay content varied from 60% to 100%. A transition from noncohesive to cohesive erosion behavior occurred at silty clay contents between 30% and 35%. The appropriateness of a dimensionless nonlinear excess shear stress model and the Wilson model was tested based on the EFA experimental data. The dimensionless excess shear stress model was shown to be appropriate for noncohesive mixtures, while the Wilson model performed better than the dimensionless excess shear stress model for cohesive mixtures. Keywords: Critical shear stress, Erosion rate, Dimensionless nonlinear excess shear stress, Soil mixture, Wilson model.
3
Dafalla, Muawia. "Predicting Swell in Clay-Sand Mixtures Used in Liners." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2023): 11161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011161.
Abstract:
A method to predict the swellability of clay-sand mixtures is proposed. This model is a modified form of the Studds (1997) prediction model for clay-sand mixtures. The new proposed model uses the laboratory fall cone penetration technique to produce a characterization chart. This chart presents slope levels that can be used to obtain an equation for the final clay void ratio versus the vertical effective stress for clays. The porosity of the clay-sand mixtures was worked out based on a correction factor obtained from compression and porosity measurements in the laboratory. The porosity of the mixture was merged into the clay profile equation to compute the final clay void ratio at a specified stress level, which made it possible to predict the swelling behavior for different and variable stress levels. The swellability slope was obtained using fall cone tests conducted on the fine portion. Mixtures of kaolinite and bentonite were introduced to represent soils with different swell potentials. The fall cone measurements of a few points can be used to establish the swellability relationships for natural clay. Merging fall cone points with the swellability slope chart can define the profile of the vertical effective stress versus the clay void ratio.
4
Panchenko, Alexander I., Vitaliy N. Solov’ev, Nikita A. Tretyakov, Alexander D. Chernov, and Ilmir R. Shaykhalov. "Evaluation of thixotropy of clay-gypsum based plaster." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.4.6.
Abstract:
Introduction. Requirements for mineral based plasters are divided into two groups: technological and performance properties. Plasticity and ease of application are attributed to the technological properties. This determines the requirements for rheological characteristics and, first of all, for the thixotropy of mixtures. The technique is developed and tested on plaster compositions based on clay-gypsum binder which belongs to the category of local binders. Russia has significant reserves of this raw material, but at present it is not used industrially. The main reason is the lack of a scientifically based theory of hardening of the clay-gypsum binder and the formation of its properties without and with modifying additives. The purpose of this research is to develop the composition and technology of application of interior plaster compositions based on stabilized binder. The methodology of studying the rheological properties of dry plaster mixtures based on clay gypsum for interior work and wet rooms is presented. The study of the rheology of clay gypsum mixtures is carried out for the first time, it determines scientific novelty. Recommendations for the use of clay gypsum plaster mixtures determine the practical significance of the research. Materials and methods. Methods of evaluation of thixotropic properties of plaster mixtures based on clay-gypsum binder in laboratory environment are realized. Results. The valid intervals of the water-cement ratio are established which ranged from 0.46 to 0.50, determined by the limiting shear stress and the actual sliding from the vertical wall. Conclusions. The possibility of using a clay-gypsum binder in dry plaster mixtures for interior decorative works in the premises, in particular, confirmed by research. It allows us to assess the actual adhesion of plaster coatings to the concrete based surfaces and to brickwork.
5
Alqenaee, Amnah Y., Ali M. Memari, and Maryam Hojati. "TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL COB CONSTRUCTION TO 3D PRINTING OF CLAY HOMES." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.4.3.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT 3D printing of cementitious material can provide an affordable, sustainable, and optimized approach for the construction of homes, without compromising quality or craftsmanship. While most of the current research and development efforts in this field are focused on cement-based concrete printing, this paper focuses on the current state-of-the-art literature review of designing and developing a sustainable clay-based mixture design that mainly includes clay, sand, straw, lime, and water. The goal of this paper is to bridge the gap between typical traditional earth construction, specifically cob construction, and emerging 3D printing of cementitious materials. The specific objective of this paper is to offer some possible changes in the typical cob mixture so that it can be used for 3D printing of clay-based mixtures with sufficient flowability, buildability, strength, and open time (i.e., the time period between printing of one layer and printing of another layer deposited on a layer below). The paper describes typical clay-based mixtures and their traditional process and then specifies the challenges in going from traditional cob construction to advanced computer-controlled robotic 3D printing.
6
Liutyi, R., M. Fyodorov, M. Fesenko, and D. Liuta. "REGULATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF SAND-CLAY MOLDING MIXTURES BY SODIUM PHOSPHATE ADDITIONS." New Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2023-2-6.
Abstract:
Purpose. Study of the effect of sodium phosphate additives on the properties of a reversible sand-clay mixture in the green and dry state to improve the quality of castings from iron-carbon and aluminum alloys.
Research methods. A reversible molding mixture based on quartz sand and kaolin clay was used. The effect of three additives (sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate) in amounts from 0.5 to 2.0% was studied. Properties of mixture were determined using standard methods: clay component content, strength, gas permeability, crumbleness, flowability, formability, packing.
Results. Effective additives have been studied to ensure the possibility of multiple use of reversible molding sand-clay mixtures. Special attention is paid to the regulation of the properties of the mixture in the dry state, since this issue has been much less researched today. For this purpose, sodium phosphates, which are produced by the chemical industry in sufficient quantities, were used for the first time. As materials that affect the properties of the mixture as a whole, they have not been considered before.
Scientific novelty. For the first time, the positive effect of sodium phosphate additives on the physical and mechanical properties such as strength and crumbleness of reversible sand-clay mixtures was established. This effect is manifested in the fact that additives contribute to a slight improvement of properties of the green mixture and a very significant improvement of these properties of the dry mixture. There is practically no effect on important technological properties (flowability, formability, packing).
Practical value. Based on the results of the experiments, it is recommended to use sodium tripolyphosphate or hexametaphosphate additives in the amount of 0.5 to 1.0 % to significantly improve the properties of dry sand-clay foundry molds. The use of these additives eliminates the appearance of surface defects in cast parts from aluminum and iron-carbon alloys.
7
Ni, Jing, Gang-Lai Hao, Jia-Qi Chen, Lei Ma, and Xue-Yu Geng. "The Optimisation Analysis of Sand-Clay Mixtures Stabilised with Xanthan Gum Biopolymers." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073732.
Abstract:
Sand–clay mixtures can be encountered in both natural soils (e.g., residual soils, clay deposits and clinosols) and artificial fills. The method of utilising biopolymers in ground improvement for sand–clay mixtures has emerged recently. However, a full understanding of the strengthening effect of biopolymer-treated sand–clay mixtures has not yet been achieved due to a limited number of relevant studies. In this study, xanthan gum (XG), as one of the eco-friendly biopolymers, was used to treat reconstituted sand–clay mixtures that had various compositions in related to clay (or sand) content and clay type (kaolin and bentonite). A series of laboratory unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests were conducted to probe the performances of XG-treated sand–clay mixtures from two aspects, i.e., optimum treatment conditions (e.g., XG content and initial moisture content) to achieve the maximum strengthening effect and strengthening efficiency for the sand–clay mixtures with different compositions. The experimental results indicated that the optimum initial moisture content decreased as the sand content increased. The optimum XG content, which also decreased with the increasing sand content, remained approximately 3.75% for all sand–kaolin mixtures and 5.75% for all sand–bentonite mixtures if calculated based on clay fraction. While untreated sand–kaolin mixtures and sand–bentonite mixtures had comparable UCS values, XG-treated sand–kaolin mixtures seemed to have better improved mechanical strength due to higher ionic (or hydrogen) bonds with XG and low-swelling properties compared with bentonite. The deformation modulus of XG-treated sand–clay mixtures were positively related with UCS. The variation in UCS and stiffness for each treatment condition increased as the sand content was elevated for both sand-kaolin and sand-bentonite mixtures. An increment in the proportion of the heterogeneous composite formed by irregular sand particles conglomerated with the XG–clay matrix in total soil might be responsible for this phenomenon.
8
Asamatdinov, Marat, Ekaterina Shokodko, Andrey Ushakov, Igor Bessonov, Sergey Kozlov, and Artem Zhukov. "Composition and rheological characteristics of plaster mixtures." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199702006.
Abstract:
The applying of local building materials is an effective contribution to the savings of mineral resources, which are used for the production of basic building materials. Clay and gypsum compositions are the local raw materials in many regions of the country and some neighboring countries. The article discusses the method for determining the clay fraction in the clay and gypsum composition, as well as the method for assessing the rheological characteristics of the plaster mixtures for interior work based on clay and gypsum binder. It was established that the content of the clay fraction in the studied clay and gypsum composition is in the range of 30–32%. Plaster mixtures based on clay and gypsum binder can be considered as optimal compositions under the following conditions. The grade of mobility is not less than PK3 (8–12 cm) in cone penetration test, the ultimate shear stresses in the first seconds of the thixotropic hardening ensure no runoff for the adjusted thickness of the applied layer. With the mentioned mobility, the “creeping” on the concrete surface is 10% and less, and the “creeping” on the brick surface is no more than 5%. The allowable water-solid ratio is 0,46–0,50.
9
Bensalem, Sara, Mohamed Lyes Kamel KHOUADJIA, Kamel Abdou, Ahmed Abderraouf Belkadi, and Oussama Kessal. "Experimental Evaluation of Workability Compressive Strength and Freeze-Thaw Durability of Concrete Containing Expanded Clay Aggregates." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (September 5, 2022): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.11.2.25028.
Abstract:
The development of the building materials industry in Algeria and worldwide has opened up new commercial opportunities for waste recovery. Using recycled materials and natural resources such as expanded clay aggregates are increasingly seen as a solution for the future to meet the gap between production, consumption and environmental protection. The present study investigates the effect of expanded clay aggregate (ECA) on a concrete slump, porosity, softening coefficient, compressive strength, and Freeze-thaw durability. Tests were conducted according to Russian National State Standard (GOST) 10060-2012 of concrete mixtures with expanded clay aggregate (ECA). A total of 7 mixtures were prepared. One is considered a reference mixture based on limestone aggregates. The other six mixtures were prepared by replacing the limestone aggregates with expanded clay aggregates, using two substitution rates (15%, 30% by weight) and three aggregates sizes (Sand 0/4, Gravel 8/16, and 16/25) while maintaining the same w/b ratio. The results indicate that ECAs can be used for concrete production. Furthermore, concrete containing 30% ECA (0/4) has the best properties and is the most freeze-thaw resistant than the other mixtures with ECA.
10
Asamatdinov, Marat, Аlexey Zhukov, Andrey Medvedev, and Vitaly Mukhametzyanov. "Fire protection systems using clay-gypsum plaster in agriculture." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017511008.
Abstract:
The article substantiates using a modified binder based on clay-gypsum as the main component of dispersed reinforced and plasters mixtures. The rheological properties of such mixtures and the performance characteristics of plaster coatings have been studied. It is proved that the use of clay-gypsum as part of a modified dispersed reinforced binder contributes to the creation of favorable environmental conditions and the formation of a comfortable climate inside the agricultural premises, as well as increases the degree of protection of structures in fire conditions. It is established that the technological properties of dispersed reinforced plaster mixtures depend primarily on the composition of the modified clay-gypsum binder and the consumption of mineral fiber and its length. The fiber diameter within 3.2-3.4 microns does not significantly affect the properties of mixtures. Dispersed reinforcement in the range from 1 to 5% slightly affects the average density of clay-gypsum mixtures and plaster coatings based on them. Dispersed reinforcement has the greatest effect on the mobility of the mortar plaster mixture and, to a lesser extent, on its thixotropy. The introduction of mineral fibers has a significant impact on the strength characteristics of plaster coatings, and, to the greatest extent, on the strength of bending, the compressive strength is most affected by the content of semi-aqueous gypsum in the composite binder. An increase in bending strength by 20% determines the greater resistance of plaster coatings to temperature influence and this allows us to state an increase in the duration of the functioning of clay plaster barriers when protecting load-bearing structures and insulation systems from the effects of high temperatures.
11
Ibragimov, Marat A., Nelli N. Shishkina, and Elena G. Zinovjeva. "Reinforcement of Elastomers Based on Butadiene Rubbers and their Mixtures with Layered Silicates." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.158.
Abstract:
The rubber compounds based on BR and on mixtures BR with EPDM containing experimental organoclay samples based on bentonites from the “Sarinskoye” deposit (Orenburg Region, Russia), additives to polymers Cloisite® 10A manufactured by Southern Clay Prod. () were compared. The increase of tensile strength at break by introduction of organoclay in rubber compounds based on BR and on mixtures BR with EPDM was determined. The compatibility of rubbers with the introduction of organoclay in the mixture BR with EPDM was improved
12
Khadzhishalapov, G. N., T. A. Khezhev, A. M. Gadzhiev, R. G. Radjabov, and U. I. Isaeva. "Investigation of the effect of electric heating of expanded clay concrete mixture on the structure and properties of lightweight expanded clay concrete exposed to high temperatures." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 48, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2021-48-4-187-196.
Abstract:
Objective. The aim of the study is to study the effect of preliminary electrical heating of the concrete mixture on the structure and properties of heat-resistant expanded clay concrete on a composite binder before drying at a temperature of 105°C. Method. It is based on domestic and foreign experience in studying the effect of preliminary electrical heating on the properties and structure of various concretes, including heat-resistant ones. Result. A laboratory stand for preliminary electrical heating of mixtures has been developed and tested. The influence of preliminary electric heating on the process of self-steaming of heat-resistant expanded clay concrete has been studied. A mode of preliminary electric heating of a heat-resistant expanded clay concrete mixture in time has been developed. Stress dependences are obtained due to the difference in the temperature coefficients of linear expansion of coarse and fine aggregates and the mortar part on the heating temperature, as well as the dependences of the ultimate strength of expanded clay concrete on the heating temperature of the expanded clay concrete mixture under various modes of preheating with a composite binder with a ratio of components: Portland cement 70%, mineral additive 30%. Conclusion. Based on the results obtained and the analysis of the studies carried out in the field of preliminary electrical heating of concrete mixtures, it can be concluded that the preliminary electrical heating of a mixture for heatresistant concrete with expanded clay filler based on an activated composite binder will make it possible to obtain concrete with higher physico-thermal and operational characteristics, as well as to reduce the technological process of manufacturing heat-resistant products, the drying period and bringing the thermal unit to the operating mode.
13
Korolev, V. A., E. N. Samarin, V. A. Panfilov, and I. V. Romanova. "Sorption Properties of Brucite and Brucite-Based Clay Mixtures." Ecology and Industry of Russia 20, no. 1 (January 16, 2016): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2016-1-18-24.
14
Akbarimehr, Davood, Alireza Rahai, Abolfazl Eslami, and Moses Karakouzian. "Deformation Characteristics of Rubber Waste Powder–Clay Mixtures." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 15, 2023): 12384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612384.
Abstract:
With the increasing accumulation of rubber waste, the potential reuse of rubber fillers offers a promising solution to enhance the engineering properties of low-plasticity soils while promoting environmental sustainability. In this study, the effect of rubber waste powders (RWPs) on the consolidation and deformation properties of low-plasticity clay soil (CS) was investigated using a fully automated consolidation testing procedure for clay–rubber mixtures. The study involved adding 2% up to 30% RWPs to Tehran clay, and various parameters were evaluated through consolidation, compaction, and uniaxial strength tests. The results revealed that the consolidation volume of the mixture differed from that of the CS due to the elastic nature of the rubber wastes (RWs). To achieve higher precision, a new equation was proposed to determine the void ratio, along with modified e-log p’ curves for the clay–rubber mixture. Furthermore, the addition of RWPs to the CS resulted in moderated free swelling of the soil while enhancing ductility, compression index (Cc), swelling index (Cs), and recompression index (Cr). However, it was observed that the strength and modulus of elasticity of the mixture decreased with the increase in rubber content. Considering the variations in geotechnical parameters with different rubber contents, the appropriate rubber content can be selected based on specific applications in soil and rubber mixtures, considering the required geotechnical parameters. This study highlights the potential applications of RWPs as a material in civil and geotechnical engineering projects, providing valuable insights for sustainable and eco-friendly engineering practices.
15
Mollins, L. H., D. I. Stewart, and T. W. Cousens. "Predicting the properties of bentonite-sand mixtures." Clay Minerals 31, no. 2 (June 1996): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1996.031.2.10.
Abstract:
AbstractOne-dimensional swelling tests and hydraulic conductivity tests have been performed at vertical effective stresses up to 450 kPa on Na-bentonite powder and compacted sand/Na-bentonite mixtures (5, 10 and 20% bentonite by weight) to investigate the use of bentonite-improved soils for waste containment. It was found that bentonite powder swells to reach a final state described by a single straight line on a plot of void ratio against the logarithm of vertical effective stress, regardless of preparation technique. Swelling of sand/bentonite mixtures expressed in terms of the clay void ratio show a deviation from bentonite behaviour above a stress which depends on the bentonite content. Hydraulic conductivity data for bentonite and sand/bentonite mixtures indicate an approximately linear relationship between logarithm of hydraulic conductivity and logarithm of void ratio. A design model based on the clay void ratio, and the sand porosity and tortuosity is presented enabling the hydraulic conductivity of a mixture to be estimated.
16
Dalmacija, Milena, Bozo Dalmacija, Dejan Krcmar, Miljana Prica, Ljiljana Rajic, Srdjan Roncevic, and Olivera Gavrilovic. "Solidification/stabilization of metal polluted sediment of Krivaja river." Chemical Industry 66, no. 4 (2012): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind111031110d.
Abstract:
The Krivaja River is the longest natural water body (109 km) that flows completely within the borders of Serbian province of Vojvodina. In the absence of national legislation, the sediment quality was assessed in accordance with the Dutch classification methodology. It was found that the river sediment is highly contaminated with copper and zinc (192 mg kg-1 and 1218 mg kg-1 respectively), and as such is an extreme risk to the environment and human health. The solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment with local clay, that has high capacity of cation exchange 70.2 meq/100 g and specific surface area of 630 m2 g-1, was employed for remediation of the contaminated sediment. The sequential extraction procedure showed that the copper and zinc have medium risk for the environment, with the percentage in the carbonate fraction of 18 and 22% respectively. The results of sequential extraction are not in full agreement with the results of pseudo-total metal concentration in the sediment, which only confirms that the total metal concentration is not sufficient to define the real danger to the environment. Based on the pseudo-total metals concentration, the sediment is of Class 4 (Dutch standards). However, judging from the results of sequential extraction, the metals show medium risk. Obviously, these results have to be taken into account in the assessment of the sediment quality, remediation procedures and sediment disposal in general. After the treatment, the proportion of these two metals in the first fraction is significantly reduced (Cu less than 2%, Zn 10%) in most of samples. In order to determine the long-term behavior of S/S mixtures, leaching tests were conducted in accordance with semi-dynamic ANS diffusion test for 90 days. The results indicated that clay can effectively immobilize Cu and Zn: the cumulative leached fraction of copper in mixtures with clay was in the range from 0.001% (mixture with 80% clay) to 0.15% (mixture with 10% clay), and the cumulative leached fraction of zinc in the range of 0.06% (mixture with 80% clay) to 0.10% (mixture with 10% clay). The diffusion coefficients, ranging from 1.5?10-12 cm2s-1 to 3.7?10-14 cm2s-1, showed an effective immobilization of both metals which suggests that these metals are practically immobilized in S/S mixtures even if the level of clay is low. From the point of LX values, all S/S mixtures can be used for the controlled utilization, because the leaching indices ranged from 11.8 to 13.4 for both metals. In all clay and sediment mixtures the dominant leaching mechanism is diffusion (slope values of 0.35 to 0.60), which once again confirms the effectiveness of the applied treatment and can be expected that only a very small amount of contaminants would leach into the environment over time. Future research is heading in the direction of troubleshooting the accumulation of used natural adsorbent after treatment, the possibility of permanent disposal, its regeneration or the possibility of its application as construction material.
17
Asamatdinov, M. O., I. I. Popov, S. P. Chernukhin, and Alexey D. Zhukov. "Modified Gypsum Binder for Plastering Systems." Key Engineering Materials 887 (May 2021): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.428.
Abstract:
A natural gypsum binder or its analogs, which are the products of local raw materials recycling or by-products of other industries, is used as a basic component in the composition of interior plastering mixtures. Plaster coatings based on a gypsum binder have two main features. The first is the ability to control room humidity and absorb harmful emissions. The second is the ability to implement the barrier protection function in case of fire.Improvement of plastering works quality and optimization of their cost is related to the development of modified gypsum-based compositions, the justified use of waste, and local building materials, which include a clay-gypsum binder. Clay gypsum as a natural material of sedimentary origin is widespread both in Russia and in post-Soviet countries. In terms of energy intensity and manufacturability, raw materials recycling into clay-gypsum binder does not differ from the conditions of traditional processing of natural gypsum. Compared with lime or cement mortars, mortars based on clay-gypsum binders have greater elasticity and plasticity. Such properties as convenient masonry and thixotropy as well as the interval for maintaining the viability of the mixture are related to application technology and regulated by the insertion of modifying additives, which formulation was the aim of the research. The research results are presented in this article. Studies have shown that varying the recipe parameters allows us to control both the strength and operating characteristics of clay-based mixtures, as well as their application technology.
18
Al Allam, Allam Musbah, Ahmed Suliman B. Ali, Hassan M. Hassan Ali, and Isa Ali Almuhktar. "Effect of Soft Clay on the Volumetric and Mechanical Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt." مجلة الجامعة الأسمرية: العلوم التطبيقية 6, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/aujas.v6i5.1085.
Abstract:
Abstract. To define the behaviour of asphalt mixture including various penetration grade bitumen has been a major subject of paving engineering. This search investigated the volumetric and mechanical properties of a hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture with the Superpave mix design. The mixture was added with powdered soft clay at five different percentages based on the bitumen weight (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). Performance tests were then conducted to determine the resilient modulus and volumetric properties of the mixture. Results show that bulk specific gravity increased after adding soft clay to the asphalt mixture. The amount of air and mineral aggregate voids also decreased with increasing SC contents. Furthermore, the addition of 4% SC improved mixture stiffness, as determined through indirect resilient modulus test under aging conditions. Therefore, soft clay can be added to asphalt mixtures to improve their volumetric and mechanical properties, such as strength and durability.
19
Ermilova, Elizaveta, and Zagira Kamalova. "The influence of calcined mixture cooling method on hydration products composition of blended cement stone." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404011.
Abstract:
Complex additives based on combinations of calcined clays, including kaolinite with limestone, due to the synergetic effect play a major role in the creation of blended cements. Usually carbonate rocks contain clay impurities with adverse effects on the properties of the resultant cements and concretes. At the same time calcium carbonate contained in marl clays during calcination allows getting high-quality pozzolanic material. The effective complex additive based on the calcined mixture of clay and limestone was created. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of fast and slow cooling methods of the artificial mixture after calcination on the hydration products composition of blended cement stone with complex additives of calcined mixtures of clays and carbonates. Obtained results allow determining the conditions for obtaining effective complex additives based on calcined mixtures of ubiquitous clays and carbonate rocks for their application in blended Portland cement, and thus to expand the range of the latter. It is found that the preferred method is the fast cooling of the resulting mixture, which contributes to obtaining a complex additive with higher pozzolanic properties, compared with the additive obtained by the slow cooling method.
20
Alves, Hugo P. A., Jaquelígia B. Silva, Liszandra F. A. Campos, Sandro M. Torres, Ricardo P. S. Dutra, and Daniel A. Macedo. "Preparation of mullite based ceramics from clay–kaolin waste mixtures." Ceramics International 42, no. 16 (December 2016): 19086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.068.
21
Matteson, A., J. P. Tomanic, M. M. Herron, D. F. Allen, and W. E. Kenyon. "NMR Relaxation of Clay/Brine Mixtures." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, no. 05 (October 1, 2000): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/66185-pa.
Abstract:
Summary Effective interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs in shaly sands requires an understanding of the NMR contribution of clays. Of particular importance is the role of clays in the rapidly relaxing part of the NMR signal. In this study we measured the transverse relaxation time spectrum T2 of brine mixed with four clays (illite, smectite, kaolinite and glauconite) as a function of compaction. The Larmor frequency was 2 MHz and the echo spacing 0.16 ms. Mild compaction was achieved by centrifuging the clay slurry at three successive pressures ranging from 1 to 125 psi. Highly compacted samples were produced in a uniaxial press at six sequential pressures ranging from 500 to 16,000 psi. Each clay/brine slurry and its associated compacted sample showed a single peak in the T2 distribution spectrum. A second peak, which could be interpreted as the "clay-bound water," was never observed. The T2 peak position shifted to faster relaxation times as compaction increased, in proportion to the pore volume-to-surface ratio, Vp/As. The single peak and Vp/As proportionality are consistent with fast diffusion between the pore water and the monolayer of water on the clay surface. Surface relaxivity varied among the four clay minerals; glauconite, the clay with the highest magnetic susceptibility and iron content had the largest surface relaxivity. These results have important implications for the interpretation of NMR logs in shaly sands. Because of the effects of compaction and to a lesser extent the iron content on a clay's T2 peak position, it is not possible to independently determine clay type from some characteristic relaxation time. These data also imply that it is not feasible to estimate the cation exchange capacity from a single time cutoff of the T2 distribution without additional information such as laboratory measurements or other log data. Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance logging has become an important tool in evaluating a formation's petrophysical properties. The unique and valuable advantage that NMR provides is pore size distribution information. No other logging method provides these data, which are the key component of log-based estimates of capillary-bound water volume, and permeability to flow.1 It has been proposed that NMR logging can be extended to estimate clay-bound water volumes, and identify clay minerals. Clay-bound water volume, important in determining water saturation from resistivity, has been correlated with the short-T2 less than 3 ms, porosity of 45 oilfield sandstones.2 Prammer et al.'s3 NMR clay/brine study found that the T2 distribution of clay-bound water associated with kaolinite and chlorite was greater than 3 ms, for illite it ranged between 1 and 2 ms and for smectite it was less than 1 ms. Observed T2 's were then used as an indicator of cation exchange capacity (CEC) because the number of available exchange sites is proportional to a clay's specific surface area. CEC is fundamental to converting bulk resistivity measurements into water saturation. The ability to estimate clay-bound water, and to identify the clay type, from NMR T2 distributions is not compatible with the ability to determine pore size distribution from the same data. In the first two cases the molecular diffusion rate of water in the pores must be slow, whereas in the latter case it is assumed to be fast. For example, consider a monolayer of water on the surface of room-dry clay. The monolayer has a short relaxation time, less than a millisecond, because of its interaction with the solid rock. Now fill the void space between the clay particles with water and consider the two extreme cases. In the first case, there is no molecular diffusion (exchange) between the surface-monolayer water and bulk water. Thus, the T2 spectrum will contain two separate peaks, one associated with the surface-monolayer water at less than a millisecond and one associated with the bulk water. In the opposite case, molecular diffusion is highly effective, and both the surface monolayer and bulk water have a common relaxation time, a single peak in the T2 spectrum with time constant: 1 T 2 = ρ s ( A s V p ) . ( 1 ) In this equation, which provides the fundamental connection between T2 and pore size, the term ?2 is the surface relaxivity parameter that indicates the capacity of the rock to cause the decay of magnetization in the water. Fig. 1 is a conceptual drawing of a T2 distribution for a sandstone that includes fluid in small pores that are typically associated with clays, capillary-bound and producible fluid. The objective of this study was to determine whether it is possible to infer a clay-bound water volume (peak or T2 cutoff), or clay type, and a pore size distribution from a NMR distribution spectrum. To achieve this goal we designed a set of experiments that examined the NMR relaxation of clay/brine mixtures at various compaction states. In contrast to shaly sands, the clay/brine mixtures provided the means to minimize the pore volume-to-surface ratio, so that any water-monolayer-related signal might be detected. The pore volume-to-surface ratio was easily varied through compaction, and the monomineralic samples enable the NMR response of individual clay types to be evaluated. We chose to study four clays commonly found in oil-bearing sedimentary environments: kaolinite, illite, smectite and glauconite. Experimental Procedures Samples of illite and glauconite were obtained from Wards Natural Science Establishment. Kaolinite and smectite (Ca Montmorillonite) were procured from ECC Intl., Georgia Kaolin Co. and the Source Clay Minerals Repository, respectively. Various physical properties of the clays were measured. Prior to the surface area and magnetic susceptibility measurements, the clays were dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 100°C. Surface area measurements were collected using the Micromeritics Gemini 2360 with nitrogen gas as adsorbate, and magnetic susceptibilities were measured on a Johnson Matthey MSB-AUTO magnetic susceptibility balance. CEC measurements were taken using the ammonium acetate/ammonium ion-specific electrode method by David K. Davies & Assoc., Inc. Table 1 is a summary of clay type, clay origin and clay physical properties. The samples were analyzed for mineralogy using dual-range Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.4 In addition, the samples were sent to X-Ray Assay Laboratories for chemical analyses (Table 2). The mineralogy data indicate the presence of quartz in the illite sample. Consequently, a <2 ?m fraction of the sample was extracted by centrifuging the illite and drying the supernatant. The physical properties for these clays are in good agreement with those in the literature.5 The clay samples used for the room-dry and clay/brine mixture NMR experiments were kept at room temperature and at typical laboratory humidity conditions of 50%. To evaluate whether clay samples have a measurable NMR signal at room-dry conditions, samples were prepared by placing the clay in a test tube and sealing it off with a stopper and Teflon tape.
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Hamidifar, Hossein, and Mohammad Hossein Omid. "Local scour of cohesive beds downstream of a rigid apron." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 11 (November 2017): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0398.
Abstract:
In this paper, the physics of scour hole in a mixed sand–clay bed downstream of an apron is studied experimentally. Seven combinations of sand–clay mixtures including clay contents, Cc, ranging from 0 to 0.4 were used. The results show that Cc = 0.4 can reduce the maximum scour depth, εm, up to about 80% for all the densimetric Froude numbers in the range of the present study. An empirical equation has been proposed for calculation of εm in sand–clay mixtures with the mean error of 0.12. The removal mechanism of sediments from the bed was different based on the Cc. For low clay contents, i.e., Cc ≤ 15%, individual particles were detached from the bed. At higher Cc, clusters of particles were separated and moved downstream with the flow. A new equation has been proposed to predict the dimensionless scour hole profile in mixed sand–clay sediments. Dimensionless graphs have been presented for incorporating the effect of tailwater depth and sediment grain size on the main characteristics lengths in sand–clay mixtures.
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Kidalov, Nikolay A., Anna S. Adamova, and Viktoria V. Smirnova. "Effect of Temperature Calcinations of Clay on Strength of Moulding Mixture." Materials Science Forum 973 (November 2019): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.973.26.
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Ducasse, Etienne, Karine Adeline, Xavier Briottet, Audrey Hohmann, Anne Bourguignon, and Gilles Grandjean. "Montmorillonite Estimation in Clay–Quartz–Calcite Samples from Laboratory SWIR Imaging Spectroscopy: A Comparative Study of Spectral Preprocessings and Unmixing Methods." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111723.
Abstract:
Clay minerals play an important role in shrinking–swelling of soils and off–road vehicle mobility mainly due to the presence of smectites including montmorillonites. Since soils are composed of different minerals intimately mixed, an accurate estimation of its abundance is challenging. Imaging spectroscopy in the short wave infrared spectral region (SWIR) combined with unmixing methods is a good candidate to estimate clay mineral abundance. However, the performance of unmixing methods is mineral-dependent and may be enhanced by using appropriate spectral preprocessings. The objective of this paper is to carry out a comparative study in order to determine the best couple spectral preprocessing/unmixing method to quantify montmorillonite in intimate mixtures with clays, such as montmorillonite, kaolinite and illite, and no-clay minerals, such as calcite and quartz. To this end, a spectral database is built with laboratory hyperspectral imagery from 51 dry pure mineral samples and intimate mineral mixtures of controlled abundances. Six spectral preprocessings, standard normal variate (SNV), continuum removal (CR), continuous wavelet transform (CWT), Hapke model, first derivative (1st SGD) and pseudo–absorbance (Log(1/R)), are applied and compared with reflectance spectra. Two linear unmixing methods, fully constrained least square method (FCLS) and multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA), and two non-linear unmixing methods, generalized bilinear method (GBM) and multi-linear model (MLM), are compared. Global results showed that the benefit of spectral preprocessings occurs when spectral absorption features of minerals overlap for SNV, CR, CWT and 1st SGD, whereas the use of reflectance spectra performs the best when no overlap is present. With one mineral having no spectral feature (quartz), montmorillonite abundance estimation is difficult and gives RMSE higher than 50%. For the other mixtures, performances of linear and non-linear unmixing methods are similar. Consequently, the recommended couple spectral preprocessing/unmixing method based on the trade-off between its simplicity and performance is 1st SGD/FCLS for clay binary and ternary mixtures (RMSE of 9.2% for montmorillonite–illite mixtures, 13.9% for montmorillonite–kaolinite mixtures and 10.8% for montmorillonite–illite–kaolinite mixtures) and reflectance/FCLS for binary mixtures with calcite (RMSE of 8.8% for montmorillonite–calcite mixtures). These performances open the way to improve the classification of expansive soils.
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Brown, Philip J., Lambert B. McCarty, Virgil L. Quisenberry, L. Ray Hubbard, and M. Brad Addy. "Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand." HortScience 54, no. 11 (November 2019): 2063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14110-19.
Abstract:
Drainage is important to golf and athletic facilities trying to avoid lost play time. Native soil containing clay is sometimes incorporated into sand profiles with the intent to increase water and nutrient holding capacities. However, mixes high in silt and/or clay often have drainage problems. Research was conducted on soil physical properties from incremental 10% v/v additions of silt and clay (fines) to a U.S. Golf Association (USGA)-specification sand. Soils were evaluated based on volumetric water retention from 0 to 50 cm matric potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), porosity, and bulk density. The soil water characteristic (SWC) for 100:0 (sand:fines) had lower volumetric water content (θv) throughout the profile than any other mixture. Addition of 10% fines increased θv to more than 0.17 cm3·cm–3 throughout the 0- to 50-cm matric potential range, whereas 20% fines increased θv to more than 0.26 cm3·cm–3. The 70:30 mixture had greater θv throughout the profile than mixtures containing more than 70% sand. Mixtures with less than 70% sand produced similar SWCs. Increasing sand content increased bulk density, which altered saturated volumetric water content. Ksat was reduced from more than 265 cm·h–1 in 100:0 mixtures to 43 cm·h–1 for 90:10 mixtures, and to less than 5 cm·h–1 with ≥20% fines. The addition of ≥20% by volume of fines to a USGA sand increased water content in the soil to the point it was rendered unacceptable for trafficked turf sites. This research illustrates the influence fine particles, even in small amounts, can have on a USGA sand, and why they should not be added without prior evaluation.
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Joo, Incheol, and Jongmuk Won. "Influence of Sand Grain Size and Clay Mineralogy on Suffusion of Sand-Clay Mixtures." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 23, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2023.23.2.91.
Abstract:
Suffusion is a type of internal erosion caused by the detachment of fine particles. Additionally, continuous suffusion reduces the stability of geotechnical infrastructures. In this study, the impact of clay mineralogy and sand grain size on the suffusion of sand-clay mixtures was investigated using two-dimensional laboratory experiments on nine different sand-clay mixtures made of three types of sands (K3, K4, and K5) and clays (kaolinite, illite, and bentonite). The breakthrough curve for each sample was obtained for the top/middle/bottom outlets of the designed cell to measure and analyze the amount of detached clay. It was observed that as the sand grain size decreased, the amount of detached clay was more and clays with kaolinite exhibited greater suffusion than those with illite. Bentonite exhibited the lowest amount of detached clay owing to its high swelling potential. The influence of clay mineralogy and sand grain size on the suffusion has been discussed based on the obtained breakthrough curves.
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Mousavi, Seyed Sina, Chandrasekhar Bhojaraju, and Claudiane Ouellet-Plamondon. "Clay as a Sustainable Binder for Concrete—A Review." Construction Materials 1, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 134–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/constrmater1030010.
Abstract:
The negative environmental impacts of Portland cement as a binder in the construction industry have created a growing impetus to develop sustainable alternative binders. Various types of clay have been considered as potential cement replacements. The impact of clays as cement replacement depends on the dosage and treatment methods. This paper presents a comprehensive review to determine the effects of different types of clay on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete mixtures by analyzing the experimental database reported by the literature, including raw, calcined, modified, nano, and organo. This study intends to show the process of optimizing the use of clay in concrete, the reason behind converting raw clay to modified types, and research gaps through a comparison study between different types of clays. The present review study shows that clay-based concrete mixtures have higher thixotropy and yield stress values, improving shape stability. This results in lower early-age shrinkage of the concrete. However, the high floc strength of clay-based concrete causes a reduction in flowability. Treatment methods of raw clay, such as calcination and nano-sized clay particles, improve concrete compressive strength. General results of the previous studies highlight that all types of clay investigated positively affect the resistance of concrete to environmental attack.
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Konrad, Jean-Marie, and Martin Samson. "Hydraulic conductivity of kaolinite-silt mixtures subjected to closed-system freezing and thaw consolidation." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 857–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-003.
Abstract:
Kaolinite-silt mixtures at different clay contents were subjected to closed-system freezing and thaw consolidation to obtain data on the hydraulic conductivity of thawed samples. A simplified void ratio model was developed based on the compressibility characteristics of the clay aggregates and the freezing-induced suctions. The close agreement between predictions and observations suggests that the assumptions of the model are reasonable, especially that maximum freezing-induced suctions developed in the clay aggregates are related to the temperature at which no significant change in unfrozen water content occurs rather than the actual freezing temperature. Furthermore, the compression characteristics of thawed mixtures is essentially controlled by the recompression of the clay aggregates in the overconsolidated domain. The void ratio model is linked to a permeability model that suggests that the hydraulic conductivity of thawed mixtures can be defined by a reference value of the unfrozen soil and a parameter specific to each mixture.Key words: freeze-thaw, laboratory, hydraulic conductivity, conceptual model, silt, kaolin.
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Khedidja, Belaidi, Zedjaoui Abdeljalil, Mekerta Belkacem, Bassoud Abdelkader, and Allal Mohamed-Amine. "Evaluation of the Permeability of Clay-Lime Mixtures for Hazardous Waste Insulation Barriers, Case of Southern Algeria (Adrar)." Trends in Sciences 21, no. 7 (May 10, 2024): 7725. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2024.7725.
Abstract:
Containment of hazardous waste is one of the methods that can be used today for its disposal worldwide, especially in landfills. In order to preserve groundwater, landfills are constructed on a natural or reconstituted clay layer of low permeability, known as a passive safety barrier. This paper presents an experimental laboratory study that aims to upgrade local materials for use as a passive barrier in the bottoms of hazardous waste storage facilities (HWSCs). The basic materials are clays from the Adrar region in southern Algeria. An experimental study based on physical-chemical characterization and mechanical tests was performed on 2 samples of clayey soils (AA, Adrar clay, and AB, Bouda clay). Physico-chemical and mechanical characterization of Adrar clay (AA) mixtures with lime was conducted to minimize swelling and improve the studied soil. The permeability criterion allowed the adoption of an optimal mixture of Adrar clay + 6 % lime for a permeability lower than 10–12 m/s. HIGHLIGHTS Ideal solution to protect natural groundwater resources using local materials, clay and lime Large area exceeding 30 km2 of clay sources and including sources of oil pollution Noticeable improvement in clay properties thanks to the addition of lime to reduce swelling The treated clay has a very low permeability value, lower than 10−12 m/s and is ideal for hazardous waste storage centers GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
30
Laaroussi, N., G. Lauriat, M. Garoum, A. Cherki, and Y. Jannot. "Measurement of thermal properties of brick materials based on clay mixtures." Construction and Building Materials 70 (November 2014): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.104.
31
Firstov, A. P., and O. I. Shevchenko. "Core mixture based on modified lignosulfonate." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 79, no. 5 (June 26, 2023): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2023-5-401-405.
Abstract:
Technical lignosulfonates (LST) are a by-product in the production of cellulose by the sulfite method. Lignosulphonates are the third most widely used binder in foundries (after clay and liquid glass). They are used for rawforming, dryforming, making rods in heated tooling, non-stick paints, etc. Molding mixtures with only one LST are not used, as they have low strength due to the occurrence of stresses and cracks in the films of this binder. In addition, LST, like all water-soluble binders, have a suspended hygroscopicity, which reduces thestrength of the rod (mold) during storage. However, when hydrophobic additives are introduced into the LST, the latter disadvantage decreas-es.Previously, calcium hydrosulfate (cooking acid with a calcium base) was used for sulfite cooking of cellulose and calcium lignosulfanates were in the LST. Now mainly cooking acids with sodium mixed with Ca–Na are used, and an-yway, the strength properties for mixtures are insufficient. In order to eliminate these disadvantages, plasticisers and modifiers are added to LST. For forming raw, dry and making rods, LST with a sodium base is used, lignosulfonate modified with hexavalent chromium (CrO3) is used, clay mixtures are introduced, LST is used with other binders, as a combined binder (for example, USK). The aim of the work is to develop a modifying additive based on the binder LST-USK, a component of the core mixture used at JSC “NTKRZ”, which is not inferior to the known core compositions, with its subsequent possible use in production. As a second additive, and the possibility of introducing it in production, the composition of the core mixture with sunflower oil was tested on the casting radiator MS-140-M2-500.
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Zhang, Jun Rui, Meng Dan Xu, Georgios E. Christidis, and Chun Hui Zhou. "Clay minerals in drilling fluids: functions and challenges." Clay Minerals 55, no. 1 (March 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2020.10.
Abstract:
AbstractThe addition of clay minerals in drilling fluids modifies the dispersion's viscosity. In this article, scientific advances related to the use of clays and clay minerals (bentonite, palygorskite, sepiolite and mixtures of clay minerals) in drilling fluids are summarized and discussed based on their specific structure, rheological properties, applications, prevailing challenges and future directions. The rheological properties of drilling fluids are affected by the temperature, type of electrolytes, pH and concentration of clay minerals. Bentonites are smectite-rich clays often used in drilling fluids, and their composition varies from deposit to deposit. Such variations significantly affect the behaviour of bentonite-based drilling fluids. Palygorskite is suitable for use in oil-based drilling fluids, but the gelation and gel structures of palygorskite-added drilling fluids have not received much attention. Sepiolite is often used in water-based drilling fluids as a rheological additive. Dispersions containing mixtures of clays including bentonite, kaolin, palygorskite and sepiolite are used in drilling fluids requiring specific features such as high-density drilling fluids or those used in impermeable slurry walls. In these cases, the surface chemistry–microstructure–property relationships of mixed-clay dispersions need to be understood fully. The prevailing challenges and future directions in drilling fluids research include safety, ‘green’ processes and high-temperature and high-pressure-resistant clay minerals.
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Kohno, Masanori, Yoshitaka Nara, Masaji Kato, and Tsuyoshi Nishimura. "Effects of clay-mineral type and content on the hydraulic conductivity of bentonite–sand mixtures made of Kunigel bentonite from Japan." Clay Minerals 53, no. 4 (December 2018): 721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2018.52.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTClay-mineral type and content, bulk mineralogical composition and alteration of bentonite are very important factors for the ultra-long-term stabilization of barriers and backfills in radioactive waste disposal. This study investigates the effects of clay-mineral type and content on the swelling characteristics and permeability of bentonite–sand mixtures with clay minerals using one-dimensional swelling-pressure and constant-pressure permeability tests. The hydraulic conductivity of bentonite–sand–clay mineral mixtures increased with increasing content of non-swelling alteration products of montmorillonite. Furthermore, hydraulic conductivity was comparable to that determined with the Kozeny–Carman equation for a specific surface area, suggesting that hydraulic conductivity may be estimated based on the abundance of expected alteration products of montmorillonite. This study provides a basis for evaluation of the hydraulic conductivity of bentonite–sand mixtures with known quantities of expected alteration products of montmorillonite.
34
Yin, Kexin, Anne-Laure Fauchille, Khaoula Othmani, Giulio Sciarra, Panagiotis Kotronis, Yannick Benoit, Francois Bertrand, and Samuel Branchu. "Influence of sample preparation on the multi scale structure of sand-clay mixtures." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199201007.
Abstract:
This paper focuses on the influence of sample preparation on the multi scale structure of sand-clay mixtures. Three different protocols to mix silica and kaolinite were tested in the laboratory to identify the one providing the most homogeneous microstructure. From the macroscopic to the microscopic scales, optical observation, 3D X-ray tomography, 2D scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 2D environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) were carried out on wet and dry samples. This paper provides a first insight on the mechanisms of sand clay mixing from the cm to μm scale. Preliminary results demonstrate that the microstructures of the samples prepared by the three procedures have similar macroporosities based on imaging techniques. However, the preparation which consists in mixing the sand firstly, followed by water and clay provides a more homogeneous microstructure with silica grains well-surrounded by an oriented clay layering, probably due to a geometrical effect. Understanding the formation of the oriented clay layering brings microstructural features that will help to better explain the grain displacements and rotations during direct shear tests, the behaviour at the pile sand-clay soil interfaces and to formulate sand clay microstructure models.
35
Chen, Chenghao, Shengshui Chen, Shiang Mei, Shaoyang Han, Xian Zhang, and Yi Tang. "An Improved Large-Scale Stress-Controlled Apparatus for Long-Term Seepage Study of Coarse-Grained Cohesive Soils." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 6280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186280.
Abstract:
Clay–gravel mixture has been widely used in high embankment dams and understanding its seepage characteristics is critical to dam safety. From the instrumental perspective, the realization of continuous pressurized water supply becomes a key technical challenge, significantly restricting the working conditions replicated in previous seepage apparatuses. To this end, a novel water provision system, relying on parallel-disposed sensor-based pressure devices, was introduced, so that the application of an existing large-scale stress-controlled apparatus can be expanded to long-term seepage tests regarding coarse-grained cohesive soils. Constant-head permeability tests were conducted on original-graded clay–gravel mixtures to investigate their hydraulic properties, incorporating the influence of stress relaxation. Test results show that with 35% gravel content, the clay–gravel mixture is suitable for dam construction as the core material. The stress relaxation holds a marginal effect on the hydraulic conductivity of soil. The functionality of this improved apparatus is verified, especially under long-term seepage conditions.
36
Ghorbani, Ali, and Meysam Salimzadehshooiili. "Evaluation of Strength behaviour of Cement-RHA Stabilized and Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Clay-Sand Mixtures." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 2628. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091187.
Abstract:
In this paper, regarding the high availability of rice husk ash (RHA) in Guilan province, also, to decrease the geo-environmental issues caused by dumping RHA in the environment, different clay-sand mixtures are stabilized using the combination of cement and RHA. Polypropylene (PP) fibers are also used to decrease the growth of tensile cracks and increase the overall strength of samples. As the main scope, effect of sand content (in different conditions: with and without presence of RHA) on the compressive strength of stabilized and reinforced samples is investigated. In this regard, 28 day cured clay-sand samples are prepared and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests are conducted and the results are compared. It is obtained that with addition of 20% sand to the clay samples, their UCS increases in both cases of non-RHA and RHA-stabilized samples. Moreover, such behavior has been observed with the length of studied PP fibers. As the second scope, based on the conducted UCS tests on the 7-, 28- and 90- day cured clay samples, compressive strength of non-RHA samples are almost completely achieved in a 28-day curing period, while samples containing RHA continue to strengthening after such a period toward a 90-day curing period. Next, a simple relationship for the prediction of UCS of cement-RHA stabilized and PP reinforced clay is presented based on the evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR) technique. This relationship can be efficiently applied by construction engineers to obtain the appropriate mixture design for the stabilization of clay with cement, RHA and PP fibers.
37
PETROV, A. M., and S. Y. SHEPTUN. "THE EFFECT OF MAN-MADE MICROFILLERS ON THE STRENGTH OF ADHESION TO THE BASE OF THE SOLUTION OF THE DRY CONSTRUCTION MIXTURE." Bridges and tunnels: Theory, Research, Practice, no. 24 (December 1, 2023): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/bttrp2023/291864.
Abstract:
Purpose. The study consists in increasing the adhesion of a cement-based dry mortar to a concrete base by modifying the composition with microfine waste from industrial production. When using microfine fillers of technogenic origin, the cost of production should decrease, the energy efficiency of production will increase, and the technogenic impact on the environment will decrease. Methodology. The study of dry mixtures for the installation of poured floors was carried out in accordance with DSTU B V. 2.7-126:2011 "Modified dry construction mixtures. General technical conditions". The basis was a cement-based dry building mix with the composition: cement, quartz sand, plasticizer, Bermocoll cellulose, redispersed copolymer powder. As modifiers: sludge from the wet gas cleaning of the ferrosilicon production of the Zaporizhia Ferroalloy Plant, water softening sludge from the Kharkiv Heat and Power Plant, expanded clay dust from the Kharkiv expanded clay plant. Findings. The dependence of the strength of adhesion with the base of the samples on the amount and type of microfillers of technogenic origin has been established. The effect of water softening sludge and expanded clay dust on the strength of adhesion to the base is analyzed. Originality. The impact of incorporating microdispersed fillers such as wet gas desulfurization sludge from ferrosilicon production, expanded clay dust, and water softening sludge into a cement-based dry construction mixture for self-leveling floors has been studied. Practical value. The use of industrial waste in warehouses of dry construction mixes for bulk floors helps to simultaneously reduce the harmful impact on the environment by industrial enterprises and increase the mechanical and economic indicators of cement mortars. When adding expanded clay dust and sludge from wet gas cleaning of ferrosilicon production, the contact zone between the solution and the concrete base increases. As a result, the adhesion strength of the solution to the base increases.
38
V.M. Kurduymova, M.U. Uranova, and M.A. Baituganova. "WALL PRODUCTS ON THE BASIS OF STRAW AND ALKALINE BINDERS." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2019.2.303-306.
39
Widomski, Marcin K., Anna Musz-Pomorska, and Wojciech Franus. "Hydraulic and Swell–Shrink Characteristics of Clay and Recycled Zeolite Mixtures for Liner Construction in Sustainable Waste Landfill." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137301.
Abstract:
This paper presents research considering hydraulic as well as swelling and shrinkage characteristics of potential recycled fine particle materials for compacted clay liner for sustainable landfills. Five locally available clay soils mixed with 10% (by mass) of NaP1 recycled zeolite were tested. The performed analysis was based on determined plasticity, cation exchange capacity, coefficient of saturated hydraulic conductivity after compaction, several shrinkage and swelling characteristics as well as, finally, saturated hydraulic conductivity after three cycles of drying and rewetting of tested specimens and the reference samples. The obtained results showed that addition of zeolite to clay soils allowed reduction in their saturated hydraulic conductivity to meet the required threshold (≤1 × 10−9 m/s) of sealing capabilities for compacted clay liner. On the other hand, an increase in plasticity, swelling, and in several cases in shrinkage, of the clay–zeolite mixture was observed. Finally, none of the tested mixtures was able to sustain its sealing capabilities after three cycles of drying and rewetting. Thus, the studied clayey soils mixed with sustainable recycled zeolite were assessed as promising materials for compacted liner construction. However, the liner should be operated carefully to avoid extensive dissication and cracking.
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La Noce, Michele, Alessandro Lo Faro, and Gaetano Sciuto. "Clay-Based Products Sustainable Development: Some Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031364.
Abstract:
Clay has a low environmental impact and can develop into many different products. The research presents two different case studies. In the first, the clay is the binder of raw earth doughs in order to produce clay-bricks. We investigate the effects of natural fibrous reinforcements (rice straws and basalt fibers) in four different mixtures. From the comparison with a mix without reinforcements, it is possible to affirm that the 0.40% of basalt fibers reduce the shrinkage by about 25% and increase the compressive strength by about 30%. Future studies will focus on identifying the fibrous effects on tensile strength and elastic modulus, as well as the optimal percentage of fibers. In the second study, the clay, in form of brick powder (“cocciopesto”), gives high alkaline resistance and breathability performance, as well as rendering and color to the plaster. The latter does not have artificial additives. The plaster respects the cultural instance of the original building. The research underlines how the use of a local (and traditional) material such as clay can be a promoter of sustainability in the contemporary building sector. Future studies must investigate further possible uses of clay as well as a proper regulatory framework.
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Gökalp, Z. "Engineering characteristics of sand-clay mixtures used for clay cores of earth-fill dams." Clay Minerals 44, no. 3 (September 2009): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2009.044.3.319.
Abstract:
AbstractClay is the main construction material for clay cores of earth-fill dams. Clay minerals swell when they become wet and shrink when they dry out; cracks develop as they lose moisture. If precautions are not taken to prevent seepage through these cracks, dam failures may result. In this study, sand was added to montmorillonite-dominant clay soils to investigate the effect of sand-inclusion rates on the engineering characteristics of clay soils used in the construction of clay cores of earth-fill dams. Changes in the consistency limits, compaction characteristics, permeability, stress-strain relationships and swelling characteristics with increasing sand inclusion rates were evaluated. Based on the results from experimental trials, a 30% sand inclusion rate appears to be the optimum proportion; most of the swelling occurred in the voids of grains and led to permeability levels below the allowable limits for earth-fill dams.
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Tarvornpanich, Tarnkamol, Guilherme P. Souza, and William E. Lee. "Microstructural Evolution in Clay-Based Ceramics II: Ternary and Quaternary Mixtures of Clay, Flux, and Quartz Filler." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 91, no. 7 (July 2008): 2272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02394.x.
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Okay, Gonca, Phillipe Leroy, Ahmad Ghorbani, Phillipe Cosenza, Christian Camerlynck, Justo Cabrera, Nicolas Florsch, and André Revil. "Spectral induced polarization of clay-sand mixtures: Experiments and modeling." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 6 (November 1, 2014): E353—E375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0347.1.
Abstract:
Spectral induced polarization or complex conductivity is a promising electric method in hydrogeophysics because of its sensitivity to water saturation, permeability, and particle size distribution (PSD). However, the physical and chemical mechanisms that generate the low-frequency complex conductivity of clays are still debated. To explain these mechanisms, the complex conductivity of kaolinite, smectite, and clay-sand mixtures was measured in the frequency range 1.4 mHz–12 kHz with various clay contents (100%, 20%, 5%, and 1% in volume of the clay-sand mixture) and salinities (distilled water, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] of NaCl in solution). The results indicated the strong impact of the cation exchange capacity of smectite upon the complex conductivity of the material. The quadrature conductivity increased steadily with the clay content and was fairly independent of the pore fluid salinity. A mechanistic induced polarization model was also developed. It combined a Donnan equilibrium model of the surface electrochemical properties of clays and sand, a conduction model of the Stern and diffuse layers, a polarization model of the Stern layer, and a macroscopic conductivity model based on the differential effective medium theory. It also included the effect of the PSD. Our complex conductivity model predicted very well the experimental data, except for very low frequencies ([Formula: see text]) at which membrane polarization may dominate the observed response.
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Nizhegorodov, A. I. "MIXING PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT. CONSTRUCTION MIXTURES AND MIXTURES FOR MANUFACTURING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. LECTURE 9." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 296 (November 2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2021.11.pp.052-059.
Abstract:
The article presents materials of Lecture 9 Theory of carrying and lifting, construction and road vehicles and equipment, which describes mixing machines, concrete mixtures, their dosage, quality and homogeneity. The process of concrete mixing and energy aspects of its production are described. The data on mixers used for producing mortars and clay suspensions are presented. The design of a special mixer for producing polystyrene-silicate mineralized granules and the production technology for hollow silicate spheres based on the working process of a special mixer are described.
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Mesboua, N., K. Benyounes, S. Kennouche, Y. Ammar, A. Benmounah, and H. Kemer. "Calcinated Bentonite as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Cement-Based Mortar." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2021-0004.
Abstract:
Abstract The construction industry consumes a large quantity of cement, which therefore leads to a high CO2 emission due to the cement manufacture. The partial replacement of cement by supplementary cementations materials (SCMs) is considered as the most promising alternative to reduce the environmental impact of this industry. This investigation aims to evaluate the performance of calcinated clay (calcined bentonite at 850 °C) used as partial replacement of cement in cement-based mortar. The evaluated performances include the physico-chemical and mechanical properties, as well as microstructural characteristics.. Various characterization tests, including laser granulometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) have been investigated. In addition, the hardened properties of different mortar mixtures were also investigated. Mortar mixtures incorporating different calcinated clay percentages corresponding to 8, 10, 12, and 14%, by mass of total binder content, were proportioned. Termogravimetric analysis (TGA) and its derivative (DTG), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and microstructural (Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) analysis were carried out on samples of mortar mixtures. Furthermore, the 28-d hardened properties were assessed to assess the pozzolanic activity of the investigated mixtures. Strength activity index (SAI), DSC, and TGA analyzes are presented. The obtained results showed that all the mixtures exhibited adequate pozzolanic activity conforming to the ASTM C618 specifications.
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Galán Arboledas, Rosendo J., Aarón Merino García, and Salvador Bueno. "Lighter Structural Clay Ceramics Manufactured with Marble Cutting Dust and Paperboard Based Packaging Waste." Key Engineering Materials 663 (September 2015): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.663.105.
Abstract:
This work evaluates some preliminary results of adding two kinds of wastes in two characteristics clay mixtures with the aim of producing lighter structural ceramic products. The selected wastes are marble cutting dust and a packaging waste mainly composed by paperboard and polyethylene. In the case of clay mixtures, they are focused to the manufacture of both common and facing bricks. New waste based formulations are proposed on the basis of chemical and mineralogical compositions of clays and wastes and previous experiences in literature. Especial attention is paid to initial carbonate content in the selected clays, since marble waste is almost exclusively formed by calcite. Dynamic sintering tests and technological properties characterization were performed to analyse the feasibility of waste incorporation. Sintering behaviour shows a larger influence of marble dust waste and it is radically changed in the case of clay mixtures for facing products. Technology properties of unfired specimens are in general adequate for the industrial practice. Final technological properties of sintered specimens shows lower density for the new waste bearing products but not unique trends with sintering temperature for another properties as bending strength or water absorption capacity. These properties are mainly conditioned by the sintering behaviour associated to marble dust addition and, thus additional microstructure and mineralogy test would be necessary for a better knowledge of these materials and their optimised formulation.
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Brito, B. M. A., P. M. Bastos, A. J. A. Gama, J. M. Cartaxo, G. A. Neves, and H. C. Ferreira. "Effect of carboxymethylcellulose on the rheological and filtration properties of bentonite clay samples determined by experimental planning and statistical analysis." Cerâmica 64, no. 370 (June 2018): 254–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643702332.
Abstract:
Abstract Over the past few years, considerable research has been conducted using the techniques of mixture delineation and statistical modeling. Through this methodology, applications in various technological fields have been found/optimized, especially in clay technology, leading to greater efficiency and reliability. This work studied the influence of carboxymethylcellulose on the rheological and filtration properties of bentonite dispersions to be applied in water-based drilling fluids using experimental planning and statistical analysis for clay mixtures. The dispersions were prepared according to Petrobras standard EP-1EP-00011-A, which deals with the testing of water-based drilling fluid viscosifiers for oil prospecting. The clay mixtures were transformed into sodic compounds, and carboxymethylcellulose additives of high and low molar mass were added, in order to improve their rheology and filtrate volume. Experimental planning and statistical analysis were used to verify the effect. The regression models were calculated for the relation between the compositions and the following rheological properties: apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, and filtrate volume. The significance and validity of the models were confirmed. The results showed that the 3D response surfaces of the compositions with high molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose added were the ones that most contributed to the rise in apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity, and that those with low molecular weight were the ones that most helped in the reduction of the filtrate volume. Another important observation is that the experimental planning and statistical analysis can be used as an important auxiliary tool to optimize the rheological properties and filtrate volume of bentonite clay dispersions for use in drilling fluids when carboxymethylcellulose is added.
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Tarvornpanich, Tarnkamol, Guilherme P. Souza, and William E. Lee. "Microstructural Evolution in Clay-Based Ceramics I: Single Components and Binary Mixtures of Clay, Flux, and Quartz Filler." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 91, no. 7 (July 2008): 2264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02393.x.
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Abuzeid, M. A., M. T. Bassuoni, and M. R. Sakr. "Effect of Polymer/Nano-Clay Coatings on the Performance of Concrete with High-Content Supplementary Cementitious Materials under Harsh Exposures." Materials 17, no. 5 (February 23, 2024): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17051030.
Abstract:
In recent concrete research, a novel category of coatings has emerged: polymers/nanoparticles blends. The efficacy of such coatings warrants extensive examination across various concrete mixtures, particularly those incorporating high-volume supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to mitigate carbon footprints, an industry imperative. This study used three vulnerable concrete mixtures to assess the effectiveness of ethyl silicate and high-molecular-weight methyl methacrylate blended with 2.5% and 5% halloysite and montmorillonite nano-clay. Findings from physical, thermal, and microstructural analyses confirmed vulnerabilities in concretes with a high water-to-binder ratio (0.6) under severe exposure conditions, notably with high SCM content (40% and 60% fly ash and slag, respectively). Neat ethyl silicate or high-molecular-weight methyl methacrylate coatings inadequately protected those concretes against physical salt attacks and salt–frost scaling exposures. However, the incorporation of halloysite nano-clay or montmorillonite nano-clay in these polymers yielded moderate-to-superior concrete protection compared to neat coatings. Ethyl silicate-based nanocomposites provided full protection, achieving up to 100% improvement (no or limited surface scaling) against both exposures, particularly when incorporating halloysite-based nano-clay at a 2.5% dosage by mass. In contrast, high-molecular-weight methyl methacrylate-based nano-clay composites effectively mitigated physical salt attacks but exhibited insufficient protection throughout the entire salt–frost scaling exposure, peeling off at 15 cycles.
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Húlan, Tomáš, Igor Štubňa, Ján Ondruška, and Anton Trník. "The Influence of Fly Ash on Mechanical Properties of Clay-Based Ceramics." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100930.
Abstract:
Elastic properties of mixtures of illitic clay, thermal power plant fly ash (fluidized fly ash—FFA and pulverized fly ash—PFA), and grog were investigated during the heating and cooling stages of the firing. The grog part in the mixtures was replaced with 10, 20, 30, and 40 mass% of the fly ash, respectively. The temperature dependence of Young’s modulus was derived using the dynamical thermomechanical analysis, in which dimensions and mass determined from thermogravimeric and thermodilatometric results were used. Flexural strength was measured at the room temperature using the three-point bending test. The following results were obtained: (1) Bulk density showed a decreasing trend up to 900 °C and a steep increase above 900 °C. During cooling, the bulk density slightly increased down to the room temperature. (2) Young’s modulus increased significantly during heating up to ~300 °C. Dehydroxylation was almost not reflected in Young’s modulus. At temperatures higher than 800 °C, Young’s modulus began to increase due to sintering. (3) During cooling, down to the glass transformation, Young’s modulus slightly increased and then began to slightly decrease due to microcracking between phases with different thermal expansion coefficients. (4) Around the β→α quartz transition, radial stresses on the quartz grain altered from compressive to tensile, creating microcracks. Below 560 °C, the radial stress remained tensile, and consequently, the microcracking around the quartz grains and a decreasing Young’s modulus continued. (5) With a lower amount of PFA and FFA, a higher Young’s modulus was reached after sintering. The final values of Young’s modulus, measured after firing, show a decreasing trend and depend linearly on the part of fly ash. (6) The flexural strength measured after firing decreased linearly with the amount of the fly ash for both mixtures.