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Academic literature on the topic 'Clay-Based mixtures'

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Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Clay-Based mixtures":

1

Lu, Zhen, Aimin Sha, and Wentong Wang. "Permeability Evaluation of Clay-quartz Mixtures Based on Low-Field NMR and Fractal Analysis." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051585.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology has been widely used for predicting permeability coefficients of porous medium, such as shales, sandstones, and coals. However, there have been limited studies on the prediction model of clay-quartz mixtures based on NMR technology. In this study, evaporation tests at 40 °C and NMR tests were simultaneously performed on eight clay-quartz mixtures with different mineral compositions. The results show that during the evaporation process, the decay rate of T2 total signal amplitudes was constant at first, and then decreased to 0 after a period of time. Based on the decay rate, the evaporation process was divided into two stages: the constant rate stage and the falling rate stage. Based on the two stages, the T2 cut-offs of eight mixtures were determined. The water in the mixture was divided into two parts by the T2 cut-off: the free water and the bound water. The prediction model of permeability coefficients of clay-quartz mixtures was established based on the Timur-Coates model. In order to simplify the process of predicting the permeability coefficient, fractal analysis was used to develop the relationship between the T2 cut-off and fractal dimension of the T2 spectrum of saturated mixture. A simplified method for predicting permeability coefficients of clay-quartz mixtures based on NMR technology without centrifugal and evaporation experiments was also proposed.
2

Gao, Xiaojing, Qiusheng Wang, and Guowei Ma. "Experimental Investigation on the Erosion Threshold and Rate of Gravel and Silty Clay Mixtures." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 4 (2019): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13290.

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Abstract. The field of cohesive and noncohesive mixture erosion is not fully understood because of the numerous factors that influence soil erodibility. In this study, erosion experiments were conducted on mixtures of gravel and silty clay in proportions varying from 0% to 100% by weight. The critical shear stress of erosion and the erosion rate were quantified using an erosion function apparatus (EFA). Experimental data revealed that the mixture critical shear stress first decreased and then increased with an increasing cohesive fraction for mixtures with silty clay contents up to 50%. The critical shear stress of the mixture showed an increasing trend as the silty clay content varied from 60% to 100%. A transition from noncohesive to cohesive erosion behavior occurred at silty clay contents between 30% and 35%. The appropriateness of a dimensionless nonlinear excess shear stress model and the Wilson model was tested based on the EFA experimental data. The dimensionless excess shear stress model was shown to be appropriate for noncohesive mixtures, while the Wilson model performed better than the dimensionless excess shear stress model for cohesive mixtures. Keywords: Critical shear stress, Erosion rate, Dimensionless nonlinear excess shear stress, Soil mixture, Wilson model.
3

Dafalla, Muawia. "Predicting Swell in Clay-Sand Mixtures Used in Liners." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2023): 11161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011161.

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A method to predict the swellability of clay-sand mixtures is proposed. This model is a modified form of the Studds (1997) prediction model for clay-sand mixtures. The new proposed model uses the laboratory fall cone penetration technique to produce a characterization chart. This chart presents slope levels that can be used to obtain an equation for the final clay void ratio versus the vertical effective stress for clays. The porosity of the clay-sand mixtures was worked out based on a correction factor obtained from compression and porosity measurements in the laboratory. The porosity of the mixture was merged into the clay profile equation to compute the final clay void ratio at a specified stress level, which made it possible to predict the swelling behavior for different and variable stress levels. The swellability slope was obtained using fall cone tests conducted on the fine portion. Mixtures of kaolinite and bentonite were introduced to represent soils with different swell potentials. The fall cone measurements of a few points can be used to establish the swellability relationships for natural clay. Merging fall cone points with the swellability slope chart can define the profile of the vertical effective stress versus the clay void ratio.
4

Panchenko, Alexander I., Vitaliy N. Solov’ev, Nikita A. Tretyakov, Alexander D. Chernov, and Ilmir R. Shaykhalov. "Evaluation of thixotropy of clay-gypsum based plaster." Stroitel stvo nauka i obrazovanie [Construction Science and Education], no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2019.4.6.

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Introduction. Requirements for mineral based plasters are divided into two groups: technological and performance properties. Plasticity and ease of application are attributed to the technological properties. This determines the requirements for rheological characteristics and, first of all, for the thixotropy of mixtures. The technique is developed and tested on plaster compositions based on clay-gypsum binder which belongs to the category of local binders. Russia has significant reserves of this raw material, but at present it is not used industrially. The main reason is the lack of a scientifically based theory of hardening of the clay-gypsum binder and the formation of its properties without and with modifying additives. The purpose of this research is to develop the composition and technology of application of interior plaster compositions based on stabilized binder. The methodology of studying the rheological properties of dry plaster mixtures based on clay gypsum for interior work and wet rooms is presented. The study of the rheology of clay gypsum mixtures is carried out for the first time, it determines scientific novelty. Recommendations for the use of clay gypsum plaster mixtures determine the practical significance of the research. Materials and methods. Methods of evaluation of thixotropic properties of plaster mixtures based on clay-gypsum binder in laboratory environment are realized. Results. The valid intervals of the water-cement ratio are established which ranged from 0.46 to 0.50, determined by the limiting shear stress and the actual sliding from the vertical wall. Conclusions. The possibility of using a clay-gypsum binder in dry plaster mixtures for interior decorative works in the premises, in particular, confirmed by research. It allows us to assess the actual adhesion of plaster coatings to the concrete based surfaces and to brickwork.
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Alqenaee, Amnah Y., Ali M. Memari, and Maryam Hojati. "TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL COB CONSTRUCTION TO 3D PRINTING OF CLAY HOMES." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.4.3.

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ABSTRACT 3D printing of cementitious material can provide an affordable, sustainable, and optimized approach for the construction of homes, without compromising quality or craftsmanship. While most of the current research and development efforts in this field are focused on cement-based concrete printing, this paper focuses on the current state-of-the-art literature review of designing and developing a sustainable clay-based mixture design that mainly includes clay, sand, straw, lime, and water. The goal of this paper is to bridge the gap between typical traditional earth construction, specifically cob construction, and emerging 3D printing of cementitious materials. The specific objective of this paper is to offer some possible changes in the typical cob mixture so that it can be used for 3D printing of clay-based mixtures with sufficient flowability, buildability, strength, and open time (i.e., the time period between printing of one layer and printing of another layer deposited on a layer below). The paper describes typical clay-based mixtures and their traditional process and then specifies the challenges in going from traditional cob construction to advanced computer-controlled robotic 3D printing.
6

Liutyi, R., M. Fyodorov, M. Fesenko, and D. Liuta. "REGULATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF SAND-CLAY MOLDING MIXTURES BY SODIUM PHOSPHATE ADDITIONS." New Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2023-2-6.

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Purpose. Study of the effect of sodium phosphate additives on the properties of a reversible sand-clay mixture in the green and dry state to improve the quality of castings from iron-carbon and aluminum alloys. Research methods. A reversible molding mixture based on quartz sand and kaolin clay was used. The effect of three additives (sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate) in amounts from 0.5 to 2.0% was studied. Properties of mixture were determined using standard methods: clay component content, strength, gas permeability, crumbleness, flowability, formability, packing. Results. Effective additives have been studied to ensure the possibility of multiple use of reversible molding sand-clay mixtures. Special attention is paid to the regulation of the properties of the mixture in the dry state, since this issue has been much less researched today. For this purpose, sodium phosphates, which are produced by the chemical industry in sufficient quantities, were used for the first time. As materials that affect the properties of the mixture as a whole, they have not been considered before. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the positive effect of sodium phosphate additives on the physical and mechanical properties such as strength and crumbleness of reversible sand-clay mixtures was established. This effect is manifested in the fact that additives contribute to a slight improvement of properties of the green mixture and a very significant improvement of these properties of the dry mixture. There is practically no effect on important technological properties (flowability, formability, packing). Practical value. Based on the results of the experiments, it is recommended to use sodium tripolyphosphate or hexametaphosphate additives in the amount of 0.5 to 1.0 % to significantly improve the properties of dry sand-clay foundry molds. The use of these additives eliminates the appearance of surface defects in cast parts from aluminum and iron-carbon alloys.
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Ni, Jing, Gang-Lai Hao, Jia-Qi Chen, Lei Ma, and Xue-Yu Geng. "The Optimisation Analysis of Sand-Clay Mixtures Stabilised with Xanthan Gum Biopolymers." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073732.

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Sand–clay mixtures can be encountered in both natural soils (e.g., residual soils, clay deposits and clinosols) and artificial fills. The method of utilising biopolymers in ground improvement for sand–clay mixtures has emerged recently. However, a full understanding of the strengthening effect of biopolymer-treated sand–clay mixtures has not yet been achieved due to a limited number of relevant studies. In this study, xanthan gum (XG), as one of the eco-friendly biopolymers, was used to treat reconstituted sand–clay mixtures that had various compositions in related to clay (or sand) content and clay type (kaolin and bentonite). A series of laboratory unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests were conducted to probe the performances of XG-treated sand–clay mixtures from two aspects, i.e., optimum treatment conditions (e.g., XG content and initial moisture content) to achieve the maximum strengthening effect and strengthening efficiency for the sand–clay mixtures with different compositions. The experimental results indicated that the optimum initial moisture content decreased as the sand content increased. The optimum XG content, which also decreased with the increasing sand content, remained approximately 3.75% for all sand–kaolin mixtures and 5.75% for all sand–bentonite mixtures if calculated based on clay fraction. While untreated sand–kaolin mixtures and sand–bentonite mixtures had comparable UCS values, XG-treated sand–kaolin mixtures seemed to have better improved mechanical strength due to higher ionic (or hydrogen) bonds with XG and low-swelling properties compared with bentonite. The deformation modulus of XG-treated sand–clay mixtures were positively related with UCS. The variation in UCS and stiffness for each treatment condition increased as the sand content was elevated for both sand-kaolin and sand-bentonite mixtures. An increment in the proportion of the heterogeneous composite formed by irregular sand particles conglomerated with the XG–clay matrix in total soil might be responsible for this phenomenon.
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Asamatdinov, Marat, Ekaterina Shokodko, Andrey Ushakov, Igor Bessonov, Sergey Kozlov, and Artem Zhukov. "Composition and rheological characteristics of plaster mixtures." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199702006.

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The applying of local building materials is an effective contribution to the savings of mineral resources, which are used for the production of basic building materials. Clay and gypsum compositions are the local raw materials in many regions of the country and some neighboring countries. The article discusses the method for determining the clay fraction in the clay and gypsum composition, as well as the method for assessing the rheological characteristics of the plaster mixtures for interior work based on clay and gypsum binder. It was established that the content of the clay fraction in the studied clay and gypsum composition is in the range of 30–32%. Plaster mixtures based on clay and gypsum binder can be considered as optimal compositions under the following conditions. The grade of mobility is not less than PK3 (8–12 cm) in cone penetration test, the ultimate shear stresses in the first seconds of the thixotropic hardening ensure no runoff for the adjusted thickness of the applied layer. With the mentioned mobility, the “creeping” on the concrete surface is 10% and less, and the “creeping” on the brick surface is no more than 5%. The allowable water-solid ratio is 0,46–0,50.
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Bensalem, Sara, Mohamed Lyes Kamel KHOUADJIA, Kamel Abdou, Ahmed Abderraouf Belkadi, and Oussama Kessal. "Experimental Evaluation of Workability Compressive Strength and Freeze-Thaw Durability of Concrete Containing Expanded Clay Aggregates." Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (September 5, 2022): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/aijst.11.2.25028.

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The development of the building materials industry in Algeria and worldwide has opened up new commercial opportunities for waste recovery. Using recycled materials and natural resources such as expanded clay aggregates are increasingly seen as a solution for the future to meet the gap between production, consumption and environmental protection. The present study investigates the effect of expanded clay aggregate (ECA) on a concrete slump, porosity, softening coefficient, compressive strength, and Freeze-thaw durability. Tests were conducted according to Russian National State Standard (GOST) 10060-2012 of concrete mixtures with expanded clay aggregate (ECA). A total of 7 mixtures were prepared. One is considered a reference mixture based on limestone aggregates. The other six mixtures were prepared by replacing the limestone aggregates with expanded clay aggregates, using two substitution rates (15%, 30% by weight) and three aggregates sizes (Sand 0/4, Gravel 8/16, and 16/25) while maintaining the same w/b ratio. The results indicate that ECAs can be used for concrete production. Furthermore, concrete containing 30% ECA (0/4) has the best properties and is the most freeze-thaw resistant than the other mixtures with ECA.
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Asamatdinov, Marat, Аlexey Zhukov, Andrey Medvedev, and Vitaly Mukhametzyanov. "Fire protection systems using clay-gypsum plaster in agriculture." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017511008.

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The article substantiates using a modified binder based on clay-gypsum as the main component of dispersed reinforced and plasters mixtures. The rheological properties of such mixtures and the performance characteristics of plaster coatings have been studied. It is proved that the use of clay-gypsum as part of a modified dispersed reinforced binder contributes to the creation of favorable environmental conditions and the formation of a comfortable climate inside the agricultural premises, as well as increases the degree of protection of structures in fire conditions. It is established that the technological properties of dispersed reinforced plaster mixtures depend primarily on the composition of the modified clay-gypsum binder and the consumption of mineral fiber and its length. The fiber diameter within 3.2-3.4 microns does not significantly affect the properties of mixtures. Dispersed reinforcement in the range from 1 to 5% slightly affects the average density of clay-gypsum mixtures and plaster coatings based on them. Dispersed reinforcement has the greatest effect on the mobility of the mortar plaster mixture and, to a lesser extent, on its thixotropy. The introduction of mineral fibers has a significant impact on the strength characteristics of plaster coatings, and, to the greatest extent, on the strength of bending, the compressive strength is most affected by the content of semi-aqueous gypsum in the composite binder. An increase in bending strength by 20% determines the greater resistance of plaster coatings to temperature influence and this allows us to state an increase in the duration of the functioning of clay plaster barriers when protecting load-bearing structures and insulation systems from the effects of high temperatures.
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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay-Based mixtures":

1

Nejmeh, Kassem. "Enhancing adhesion and Water Resistance in Clayey adhesives Mixtures : Strategies for Vertical and Horizontal Applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UEFL2012.

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Le matériau argileux est depuis longtemps privilégié dans la construction pour ses caractéristiques respectueuses de l'environnement. Les fines particules d'argile jouent un rôle crucial dans l'amélioration de la cohésion de ces matériaux. Cette recherche se concentre sur l'exploration de mélanges à base d'argile en tant que substituts potentiels aux adhésifs traditionnels pour carreaux utilisés sur des dalles de béton. L'objectif est de développer un matériau présentant une forte résistance à l'adhérence et maintenant son intégrité même lorsqu'il est immergé dans l'eau. Étant donné la nature poreuse du mélange d'argile, il est crucial de respecter des conditions de séchage spécifiques et des périodes d'immersion. La phase initiale de l'étude consiste à réaliser un test mécanique pour mesurer la contrainte d'adhérence du matériau avant et après immersion dans l'eau. Un échantillon de sol de référence sert de référence pour évaluer cette contrainte. Pour influencer les propriétés mécaniques, nous introduisons une quantité proportionnelle de polymères ou de fibres dans le sol de référence, dans le but de modifier ses propriétés de cohésion. La sélection de polymères ou de fibres est stratégique, dans le but d'induire des changements dans les propriétés mécaniques du matériau et sa résistance à l'eau. Dans la phase suivante, l'étude se concentre sur la compréhension du processus de séchage et de la cinétique d'imbibition après l'ajout de polymères. De plus, nous apportons des preuves que le choix du polymère affecte significativement la cinétique d'immersion et le degré d'absorption d'eau. L'approche de recherche se déroule en trois scénarios distincts : tout d'abord, nous renforçons la résistance du mortier en incorporant divers polymères et fibres ; deuxièmement, nous visons à empêcher l'absorption d'eau dans l'adhésif ; et enfin, nous nous efforçons de développer un adhésif réversible capable de retrouver sa résistance mécanique après avoir subi une perte due à l'immersion, uniquement grâce à un processus de séchage. De plus, nous concevons des stratégies spécifiques pour les différentes méthodes d'application, en abordant à la fois les applications verticales et horizontales
Earthen material has long been favored in building construction for its eco-friendly characteristics. Fine clay particles play a crucial role in enhancing the cohesion of such materials. This research focuses on exploring clay-based mixtures as potential substitutes for traditional tile adhesives used on concrete slabs. The objective is to develop a material that exhibits strong adhesion resistance and maintains its integrity even when submerged in water. Considering the porous nature of the clay mixture, adherence to specific drying conditions and immersion periods becomes crucial.The initial stage of the investigation involves conducting a mechanical test to measure the adhesive stress of the material before and after water immersion. A reference soil sample serves as the baseline for evaluating this stress. To influence the mechanical properties, we introduce a proportional amount of polymers or fibers into the reference soil, aiming to alter its cohesive attributes. The selection of polymers or fibers is strategic, intended to induce changes in the material's mechanical properties and its resistance to water.In the subsequent phase, the study focuses on understanding the drying process and imbibition kinetics following the addition of polymers. Additionally, we provide evidence that the choice of polymer significantly affects the kinetics of immersion and the degree of water absorption.The research approach unfolds in three distinctive scenarios: firstly, we enhance the strength of the mortar by incorporating diverse polymers and fibers; secondly, we aim to impede water absorption into the adhesive; and finally, we endeavor to develop a reversible adhesive capable of reclaiming its mechanical strength after experiencing loss due to immersion, solely through a drying process. Moreover, we devise strategies specific to different application methods, addressing both vertical and horizontal applications
2

Terner, Mark Robert. "The production of low-cost α-sialons via carbothermal reduction-nitridation of slag-based mixtures." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9577.

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Book chapters on the topic "Clay-Based mixtures":

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Huang, G., Y. Zhuge, T. Benn, and Y. Liu. "Optimisation of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement Based on Response Surface Method." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 103–12. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_13.

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AbstractLimestone calcined clay cement (LC3) is a new type of cement that contains Portland cement, calcined clay, and limestone. Compared with traditional cement clinker, LC3 reduces CO2 emissions by up to 40%, and is a promising technology for the cement industry to achieve its emission target. We used a numerical approach to predict the optimum composition of LC3 mortar. The experiments were performed using central composite rotational design under the response surface methodology. The method combined the design of mixtures and multi-response statistical optimization, in which the 28-day compressive strength was maximized while the CO2 emissions and materials cost were simultaneously minimized. The model with a nonsignificant lack of fit and a high coefficient of determination (R2) revealed a well fit and adequacy of the quadratic regression model to predict the performance of LC3 mixtures. An optimum LC3 mixture can be achieved with 43.4% general purpose cement, 34.16% calcined clay, 20.6% limestone and 1.94% gypsum.
2

Beigh, Mirza A. B., Venkatesh N. Nerella, Christof Schröfl, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "Studying the Rheological Behavior of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Mixtures in the Context of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printing." In RILEM Bookseries, 229–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2806-4_26.

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Gharzouni, Ameni, Clément Alizé, and Sylvie Rossignol. "Fire Resistant Geopolymers Based on Several Clays Mixtures." In Clay and Clay Minerals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98566.

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This chapter aims to highlight the effect of clay mixture mineral composition and alkali concentration of potassium alkaline solutions on the thermal behavior of geopolymer materials. For this, three mixtures composed of kaolin (pure, impure kaolin or mixture of both), calcium carbonate, sand and potassium feldspar and three potassium alkaline silicate solutions with different concentrations were used (5, 6 and 7 mol.L−1). At first, the effect of rotary calcination parameters at 750°C such as the dwell time (30, 60, 120 and 180 min) and weight powder (100, 400 and 500 g) was investigated. It was demonstrated that the kaolin dehydroxylation is quasi complete (> 90%) and do not significantly depend on the dwell time and powder weight. Whereas the carbonate decomposition degree increases with the increase of dwell time and the decrease of powder weight but still not complete (<80%). These differences influence the feasibility of consolidated materials. Indeed, a flash setting occurs for samples based mixtures with high calcium carbonate decomposition degree (> 50%) and low wettability values (500 μL/g) for the three used alkaline solutions. The thermal behavior at 1000°C depends on the chemical composition of the aluminosilicate source and the concentration of alkaline solution. A conservation of the compressive strength at 43 MPa after thermal treatment at 1000°C of geopolymers based on mixture of pure and impure kaolin and a low potassium concentration solution (5 mol.L−1) was evidenced.
4

Cui, Yu-Jun, Anh-Minh Tang, Cyril Loiseau, and Pierre Delage. "A microstructure-based constitutive model for the hydro-mechanical coupling in compacted clay/sand mixtures." In Geomechanics and Geotechnics, 23–27. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10528-7.

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Hernando Aramburo Varela, Carlos, Luiz Felipe de Pinho, César Pedrajas Nieto-Márquez, and Rafael Talero Morales. "Activated Clays and Their Potential in the Cement Industry." In Clay and Clay Minerals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99461.

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The thermal activation of clays to produce highly reactive artificial pozzolans on a large scale is one of the most important technologies developed on an industrial scale to reduce CO2 emissions in cement manufacture. This technical document deals with the scientific basis for the thermal activation of clays to produce an extraordinarily high quality supplementary cementitious material (SCM) based on the contents of its hydraulic factors, reactive silica (SiO2r–) and reactive alumina (Al2O3r–). The production process and the optimization of its use in the new cements offers better performance, features and durability. Furthermore, its mixture with Portland cement is much more appropriate when carried out in a blending station after both components, activated clay and Portland cement, are ground separately and not jointly in a single mill.
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Bohacs, K. M., O. R. Lazar, R. D. Wilson, and J. H. S. Macquaker. "12 Mowry Shale–Belle Fourche Shale, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA—A Mesozoic Clastic-Biosiliceous Shelf System: A Prolific Source Rock with Associated Mudstone Reservoir Potential." In Sequence Stratigraphy: Applications to Fine-Grained Rocks, 395–474. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Brazilpetrostudies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/137123071283.

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ABSTRACT The Cretaceous Mowry Shale and associated units in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming, illustrate the expression of sequence-stratigraphic surfaces and units in a Mesozoic epeiric sea in a proximal to distal, detrital-to-biogenic–dominated shelf setting. Associated units include the Muddy Sandstone, Belle Fourche Shale, and Frontier Formation and are of Albian–Cenomanian age. The Mowry Shale is a highly siliceous mudstone, significantly enriched in marine organic matter that served as a prolific source rock across the Western Interior basin of the United States. It is also a source of bentonite as well as a mudstone reservoir. Vertical and lateral variations of rock properties are predictable within a sequence-stratigraphic framework. The strata of the Mowry Shale and associated units record the interplay of intrabasin organic production (algal blooms) and associated surges in zooplankton population (mainly radiolaria) versus extrabasinal detrital siliciclastic input (a mixture of siliceous sand and clay minerals). Lowstand systems tracts are dominated by siliceous sandstone and minimal biogenic content because of poor primary production and dilution by extrabasinal detritus. The transgressive systems tract shows a marked change from a lower interval dominated by extrabasinal detrital argillaceous-siliceous mudstone to an upper interval dominated by intrabasinal biogenic siliceous and siliceous-carbonaceous mudstone. The intrabasinal biogenic siliceous and siliceous-carbonaceous mudstone continues into the lowermost interval of the highstand systems tract. Another distinct change, back to extrabasinal detrital argillaceous-siliceous mudstone to siliceous sandstone, marks the mid to upper highstand systems tract. This chapter illustrates how the sequence-stratigraphic approach can be scaled practically to the data and time available for investigation and does not depend necessarily on large amounts of original proprietary work. This systematic approach helps make full and appropriate use of published observations to complete a stratigraphic framework. This chapter also illustrates the construction of a provisional sequence-stratigraphic framework based on the type and amount of data commonly available early in the investigation of a basin: outcrop sections, well logs, and some published analyses (similar to our example of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in Bohacs et al. [2022d, Chapter 11 this Memoir]). Such a preliminary framework is useful to focus more detailed analyses on targeted intervals and rock properties, and to integrate information gained later by biostratigraphy, geochemistry, geomechanics, and petrography.
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"minutes retention depending on the oil processed. Then, Synthetic silica hydrogels: Described in the immediately the oil is heated to 70°C, (158°F) to assist "breaking" the preceding section. emulsion and the mixture is passed through a primary (first) centrifuge. The general dosage of acid-activated bleaching earths is 0.3-0.6%, depending on the quality of the oil and bleach-In contrast, the short-mix process, developed in Europe, ing earth. Bleaching earths provide catalytic sites for de-is conducted at 90°C (84°F), uses a more highly concen-composition of oxidation products. Peroxide values (mea-trated caustic, and a mixing time and primary centrifuging sure of aldehydes) and p-anisidine values (precursors for time of less than 1 minute [135]. Less heat damage to the oxidative degradation) first rise and then decrease during oil and higher refining yield are claimed by advocates of bleaching. Bleaching processes used include atmospheric the long mix process. batch, vacuum batch, and continuous vacuum. Vacuum 4. Silica Absorption bleaching has the advantage of excluding air, partially by In traditional refining, oil from the primary centrifuge is vaporization of water in the earth, and is recommended. A washed with warm soft water to remove residual soap and typical vacuum bleaching process is 20-30 minimum at passed through a (secondary) centrifuge. The washed oil 100-110°C (212-230°F) and 50 mmHg absolute [135]. then is dried under vacuum. However, disposal of wash The reactions catalyzed during bleaching continue into water is increasingly becoming a problem, and the indus-the filter bed and are known as the "press bleaching ef-try is shifting to a modified caustic "waterless" refining fect." The reactive components of oil remain in the bleach-process. Soaps poison the adsorption sites of clays in later ing bed. Care should be taken to "blow" the filter press as bleaching operations and are removed by silica hydrogels. free of oil as possible and to wet the filter cake (which can The oil may be degummed with use of chelating acids, be very dusty) to prevent spontaneous combustion [137]. caustic neutralized, passed through a primary centrifuge, At this point, the product is RB ("refined, bleached") and may be partially vacuum-dried. Synthetic silica hy-oil. If the intended product is an oil, it can be sent to the de-drogels, effective in removing 7-25 times more phos-odorizer and become RBD. If solids are desired, the solids-phatides and soaps than clay on a solids basis, and for re-temperature profile of the oil may be modified by hydro-moving phosphorus and the major metal ions, is added genation, interesterification, or chill fractionation, alone or and mixed with the oil. By absorbing these contaminants in combination. first, the bleaching clay is spared for adsorbing chloro-6. Hydrogenation phyll and the oxidation-degradation products of oil Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to satu-[136-138]. rate carbon-to-carbon double bonds. It is used to raise try-5. Bleaching glyceride melting points and to increase stability as by jective of bleaching is to remove various contami-converting linolenic acid to linoleic in soybean oil [141]. A The ob lighter, "brush" hydrogenation is used for the latter pur-nants, pigments, metals, and oxidation products before the pose. oil is sent to the deodorizer. Removal of sulfur is especial-Most of the catalysts that assist hydrogenation are nick-ly important before hydrogenation of canola and rapeseed el-based, but a variety is available for special applications. oils. Flavor of the oil also is improved. As mentioned in the "Selectivity" refers to ability of the catalyst and process to preceding section, silica hydrogels will adsorb many of sequentially saturate fatty acids on the triglycerides in the these contaminants and spare the bleaching earth. Howev-order of most unsaturated to the fully saturated. For row er, earths are still used for these purposes in installations crop oils, perfect selectivity would be: that have not adopted hydrated silicas. Types of bleaching materials available include [136,139,140]: C18:3 C18:2 C18:1 Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Oleic acid Neutral earths: Basically hydrated aluminum silicates, sometimes called "natural clays" or "earths," and C18:0 fuller's earth, which vary in ability to absorb pigments. Stearic acid Acid-activated earths: Bentonites or montmorillonites, Although typical hydrogenation is not selective, it can be treated with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid to improve favored to a limited degree by selection of catalyst and by their absorption of pigments and other undesirable temperature and pressure of the process. Efficient hydro-components, are most commonly used. genation requires the cleanest possible feed stock (without Activated carbon: Expensive, more difficult to use, but of soaps, phosphatides, sulfur compounds, carbon monoxide, special interest for adsorbing polyaromatic hydrocar-nitrogen compounds, or oxygen-containing compounds) bons from coconut and fish oils. and the purest, driest hydrogen gas possible [140]." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 361–73. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Clay-Based mixtures":

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Alkindi, Tawaddod, Mozah Alyammahi, and Rahmat Agung Susantyoko. "Investigation and Characterization of Clay Mixture Feedstock for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23715.

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Abstract The extrusion-based AM technique has been recently employed for rapid ceramic components fabrication due to scalability and cost-efficiency. This paper investigated aspects of the extrusion technique to print ceramic materials. Specifically, we assessed and developed a process recipe of the formulations (the composition of water and ethanol-based clay mixtures) and mixing processes. Different clay paste formulations were prepared by varying clay, water, ethanol ratios. The viscosity of clay paste was measured using a DV3T Viscometer. Afterward, the produced clay paste was used as a feedstock for WASP Delta 60100 3D printer for computer-controlled extrusion deposition. We evaluated the quality of the clay paste based on (i) pumpability, (ii) printability, and (iii) buildability. Pressure and flow rate were monitored to assess the pumpability. The nozzle was monitored for continuous material extrusion to assess printability. The maximum layer-without-collapse height was monitored to assess the buildability. This study correlated the mixture composition and process parameters, to the viscosity of the mixture, at the same printing speed. We found that 85 wt% clay, 5 wt% water, 10 wt% ethanol paste formulation, with the viscosity of 828000 cP, 202400 cP, 40400 cP at 1, 5, and 50 rpm, respectively, demonstrates good pumpability, as well as best printability and buildability.
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Stelescu, Maria Daniela, Mihai Georgescu, Maria Sonmez, Mihaela Nituica, and Adriana Stefan. "Elastomeric nanomaterials based on natural rubber for the food industry." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iv.23.

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This paper presents the obtaining and characterization of new elastomeric nanocomposites based on natural rubber reinforced with plasticized starch, precipitated silica and layered clay, for obtaining consumer goods for the food industry. Obtaining nanocomposites was carried out by the technique of mixing and melt interleaving. The mixtures were vulcanized in the press, at high temperatures, using peroxides as vulcanizing agents, and triallyl cyanurate as vulcanizing coagent. In order to obtain products with improved characteristics, the influence of the amount of modified organic montmorillonite layered clay (OMMT) Nanomer I31PS and the adhesion promoter between mineral filler and polymer - bis-[3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl]-tetrasulfane (TEPS) on the characteristics of the mixtures, was analysed. The rheological characteristics of the samples show an increase of the minimum torque at the increase in the amount of OMMT type nanofiller and a decrease in the optimal vulcanization time by adding the adhesion promoter between the rubber and the filler. An improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the samples was observed at the introduction of both OMMT and TEPS. These changes may be due to both the nanofiller reinforcement effect and the changes in the morphology of the mixture. The samples showed a good behaviour after immersion in different environments specific to the food industry (water, ethyl alcohol, 10% glucose solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution and sunflower oil). SEM analyses indicate that the starch particles, together with the other ingredients of the mixture, are quasi uniform distributed in the elastomer matrix. Several superficial microcracks are observed, on the surface of the analysed material, without structural discontinuities or other defects.
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Duartey, K. O., A. K. Quainoo, and C. K. Darko. "Evaluation Studies of KCl and Amino Acid Mixtures for Clay Stabilization and Rheological Enhancement of Water-Based Fracturing Fluids." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217118-ms.

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Summary Conventional stabilizers such as inorganic salts in water-based fluids are restricted for use in gas and oil shales drilling and hydraulic fracturing for drilling due to environmental, economic and performance concerns. For example, 2% use of KCl, a commonly used inorganic salt, contains an excess of 9500ppm chloride. This is considered high and toxic. Apart from environmental problems, KCl inhibiting solutions tend to negatively affect the rheology of the water-based fluids, posing a dilemma for industry operators. The clay and rheological stabilizing effects of KCl and amino acid mixes for hydraulic fracturing operations were investigated in this study. The stabilizing and rheological potentials of mixes of KCl and organic compounds have proven to be superior to the separate compounds in studies. The KCl was used in the study at safe quantities (1%) to prevent toxicity concerns. In this study, the inhibition potentials of KCl+ Arginine and KCl + Alanine solutions, mixed approximately at ecologically safe quantities, were tested at different bentonite wafers using M4600 Linear swell at 25°C and 1000psi in the work. Furthermore, rheological studies on bentonite-based suspensions were carried out using a high-precision Discovery Hybrid Rheometer (DHR-1). This was done to monitor the flow parameters of the inhibiting suspensions and their anti-swelling effects on the bentonite component of the prepared fracturing fluid. The effects of the mixtures were also compared to that of KCl, Arginine and Alanine inhibition solutions. Herschel-Bulkley's model was also used to determine the flow characteristics. After 24 hours of testing, the swelling findings reveal that KCl+ Arginine/KCl + Alanine treated fracturing fluids significantly affect the clay stabilization and rheological properties of the fracturing fluid. The study provides basic information on the inhibition potentials of KCl and natural amino acid mixtures in water-based fracturing fluids for clean clay stabilization.
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Baghbani, A. "Predicting the strength of recycled glass powder-based geopolymers for improving mechanical behavior of clay soils using artificial intelligence." In Advanced Topics in Mechanics of Materials, Structures and Construction. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902592-66.

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Abstract. The paper investigates the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to predict the strength of recycled glass powder (RGP) and soil mixtures based on different input parameters. The study utilized a database of 57 sets with 5 inputs, including RGP percentage, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) percentage, molar concentration, curing temperature and time, and one output, mixed UCS. There were two artificial intelligence models used in this study, a support vector machines (SVM) and classification and regression random forest (CRRF). The results demonstrate the potential of RGP-based geopolymers to improve the mechanical behavior of clay soils, and the use of AI methods to predict the strength of RGP and soil mixtures with high accuracy. Using SVM model, the testing dataset had a mean absolute error (MAE) and R2 of 0.072 and 0.978, respectively. Also, CRRF had an accurate performance with a MAE of 0.075 and the R2 of 0.979. These results suggest that the AI models fits well with the data. Also, by analyzing the results of the SVM and CRRF models, it is found that curing time is the most important input parameter, while RGP and OPC are the least significant.
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Karlina, Olga K., Galina A. Varlakova, Sergei A. Dmitriev, Michael I. Ojovan, Valery V. Poluektov, and Vladislav A. Petrov. "Thermochemical Conditioning of Radioactive Waste: Structure and Properties of Final Processed Product." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4560.

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Thermochemical processing method is based on utilization of energy of chemical reactions between components of special exothermic mixtures (termed heat base) to melt radioactive waste and form a vitreous melt after cooling of which a durable monolith product is formed in which radionuclides are fixed. Compositions were studied, structure and properties of final products of thermochemical treatment of ash residue from incineration of solid radioactive waste, spent inorganic ion exchangers (e.g. clinoptililite and silica gel), contaminated clay and sand-based soils, Investigations showed that matrix material is dominantly amorphous and on compliesis to basic requirements to solidified radioactive wast of medium level of activity.
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Yudin, Alexey, Mohamed ElSebaee, Vladimir Stashevskiy, Omar Almethen, Ahmed AlJanahi, Sayed Abdelrady, Saeed Darwish, and Hassan AlMannai. "Fracturing Height Growth Restriction Technique Successfully Extended into Horizontal Wells in Ostracod Formation." In SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205239-ms.

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Abstract The Ostracod formation in the Awali brownfield is an extremely challenging layer to develop because the tight carbonate rock is interbedded with shaly streaks and because of the presence of a nearby water-bearing zone. Although the Ostracod formation has been in development since 1960, oil recovery has not yet reached 5% because past stimulation attempts experienced rapid production decline. The current project incorporated aggressive fracture design coupled with a unique height growth control (HGC) workflow, improving the development of Ostracod reserves. The HGC technology is a combination of an engineering workflow supported by geomechanical modeling and an advanced simulator of in-situ kinetics and materials transport to model the placement of a customized, impermeable mixture of particles that will restrict fracture growth. The optimized treatment design included injections of the HGC mixture prior to the main fracturing treatment. This injection was done with a nonviscous fluid to improve settling to create an artificial barrier. After the success of a trial campaign in vertical wells, the technique was adjusted for the horizontal wellbores. The high clay content within the Ostracod layers creates a significant challenge for successful stimulation. The high clay content prevents successful acid fracturing and leads to severe embedment with conventional proppant fracturing designs. We introduced a new approach to stimulate this formation with an aggressive tip-screenout design incorporating a large volume of 12/20-mesh proppant to obtain greater fracture width and conductivity, resulting in a significant and sustained oil production gain. The carefully designed HGC technique was efficient in avoiding fracture breakthrough into the nearby water zone, enabling treatments of up to 450,000 lbm to be successfully contained above a 20-ft-thick shaly barrier with small horizontal stress contrast. Independent measurements proved that the fracture height was successfully contained. This trial campaign in vertical wells proved that the combination of aggressive, large fracture designs with the HGC method could help unlock the Ostracod’s potential. Three horizontal wells were drilled and simulated, each with four stages of adjusted HGC technique to verify if this aggressive method was applicable to challenging sand admittance in case of transverse fractures. This rare implementation of HGC mixtures in horizontal wells showed operational success and proof of fracture containment based on pressure signatures and production monitoring. The applied HGC technique was modified with additional injections and improved by advanced modeling that only recently became available. These contributed to a significant increase of treatment volume, making the jobs placed in the Ostracod some of the world’s largest utilizing HGC techniques. The experience gained in this project can be of a paramount value to any project dealing with hydraulic fracturing near a water formation with insufficient or uncertain stress barriers.
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Bates, Ethan A., Jacopo Buongiorno, Emilio Baglietto, and Michael J. Driscoll. "Mechanical Stresses Affecting Deep Borehole Disposal of High Level Nuclear Waste." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31259.

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While extensive stress field data are available from crystalline rock boreholes drilled in France (Soultz), Germany (KTB), and the USA (Cajon Pass, Monticello Reservoir), Canada and Sweden, the data and methods used to analyze them have yet to be applied to very deep geologic disposal facilities. Typically, to alleviate the stress fields that are intensified in a borehole, muds (mixtures of clay and water) are a critical component and are widely used in the drilling industry. In the first portion of this paper, we review the available mechanical data and analysis methods. Based on the most applicable measurements (in Canada and Germany), we propose values of stress fields and rock properties to be used for generic assessment of deep borehole disposal. The minimum horizontal stress can be approximated as Sh=23.2D, the maximum horizontal stress as SH=43.1D, and the vertical stress as SV=27.5D, where the stresses are in MPa and D is depth in km. This analysis also incorporates the effect of thermal stresses (relieved) by the cool drilling mud. Using an average uniaxial compressive strength results (C=212 MPa) and conservatively neglecting the increase in strength of crystalline rock under polyaxial conditions, a stable borehole can be drilled to 4.55 km with mud density of 1020 kg/m3. This is based on a stability limit such that at the bottom of the hole, a significant portion of the wall (180°/360°) reaches a critical state of stress (i.e., experiences spalling). Using relations developed for shallow mines (which may be overly conservative) the spalled zone is estimated to have a radius that is approximately twice that of the borehole. To reach 5 km, the mud density should be raised to 1420 kg/m3, or be actively cooled (90°C) below the ambient temperature of the rock (∼135°C) at that depth.
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Ofei, Titus Ntow, Itung Cheng, Bjørnar Lund, Arild Saasen, and Sigbjørn Sangesland. "On the Stability of Oil-Based Drilling Fluid: Effect of Oil-Water Ratio." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19071.

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Abstract Drilling fluids are complex mixtures of natural and synthetic chemical compounds used to cool and lubricate the drill bit, clean the wellbore, carry drilled cuttings to the surface, control formation pressure, and improve the function of the drill string and tools in the hole. The two main types of drilling fluids are water-based and oil-based drilling fluids, where the oil-based also include synthetic-based drilling fluids. Many rheological properties of drilling fluids are key parameters that must be controlled during design and operations. The base fluid properties are constructed by the interaction of the emulsified water droplets in combination with organophilic clay particles. The rheological properties resulted from this combination, along with the particle size distribution of weight materials are vital in controlling the physical stability of the microstructure in the drilling fluid. A weak fluid microstructure induces settling and sagging of weight material particles. The presence of sag has relatively often been the cause for gas kicks and oil-based drilling fluids are known to be more vulnerable for sag than water-based drilling fluids. Hence, the shear-dependent viscosity and elasticity of drilling fluids are central properties for the engineers to control the stability of weight material particles in suspension. In this study, we examined the stability of typical oil-based drilling fluids made for North Sea oilfield drilling application with oil-water-ratios (OWR) of 80/20 and 60/40. The structural character of the fluid samples was analyzed both at rest and dynamic conditions via flow and viscosity curves, amplitude sweep, frequency sweep, and time-dependent oscillatory sweep tests using a rheometer with a measuring system applying a grooved bob at atmospheric conditions. A high precision density meter was used to measure the density of the drilling fluid samples before and after each test. The measurement criteria used to rank the fluids stability include the yield stress as measured from flow curves and oscillatory tests, flow transition index, mechanical storage stability index, and dynamic sag index. We observed that between the two drilling fluids, the sample with OWR = 60/40 showed a stable dispersion with stronger network structure as evidenced by higher yield stress and flow transition index values, while the mechanical storage stability index and dynamic sag index recorded lower values. The results of this study enable drilling fluid engineers to design realistic oil-based drilling fluids with stable microstructure to mitigate settling and sagging of weight material particles for North Sea drilling operation.
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Fay, Mathew, Augusto Correnti, Marisol Najera, Gabriel Formento, and Nicole Storni. "Geochemical Characterization of Vaca Muerta Produced Water and Shallow Aquifers in the Neuquén Basin." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210094-ms.

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Abstract The objective of this study is to better understand the baseline aqueous chemistry and provenance of all groundwaters from the near surface shallow aquifers to the deeper Vaca Muerta shale ~ 2000 m depth subsea in the Neuquén Basin for water disposal monitoring. The regions included in this study are Cruz de Lorena, Coiron Amargo Sur Oeste and Sierras Blancas blocks that are operated by Shell Argentina. This integrated project utilized previous work on the detailed hydrogeologic characterization of aquifers from seismic, downhole petrophysical logs and pressures measurements, and adds further water sample geochemistry data and interpretations focused on water disposal monitoring. The baseline measured water ionic and isotopic compositions from 70 downhole and produced water samples from 8 vertical wells and 3 comingled processing facilities suggests that natural geochemical compositions can be used to distinguish potential mixtures of 1) shallow fresh potable water aquifers, 2) irrigation or industrial water sources, 3) industrial water disposal zones and 4) produced Vaca Muerta Formation water. 5% to 10% mixtures of injected Vaca Muerta produced water and the Centenario Formation (disposal zone) were reliably detected, plus Vaca Muerta produced water and the Rayoso Formation (monitor zone) with confidence. Some variability in formation water baseline compositions occur geographically within each formation, especially the Rayoso Formation that is mainly low salinity water less than 5000 mg/l but may naturally mix with Centenario brines in some areas. Overall, this baseline natural geochemical variability is interpreted to result from topographic driven meteoric water influx with subsequent groundwater mixing of potentially very old brines, mineral dissolution and rock water interactions. Interestingly, the Centenario water disposal zone is very saline many times that of sea water, and more saline than Vaca Muerta produced water. This high salinity in the Centenario Formation is interpreted to result from mixtures of meteoric water, paleo sea water and evaporitic brines. Salt and evaporite mineral dissolution are possible but no known formation has been identified as the source of the salinity. The Vaca Muerta shale produced water has a unique fingerprint similar to other shale flowback waters such as from the Duvernay Formation in Canada, both interpreted as mineral and clay bound water interactions that occur quickly with the frac make up water. A Python based algorithm called Pymix was utilized to test the end member mixing model sensitivity to assess potential cross formation groundwater mixing scenarios that could notionally occur due to water injection wells. Actual samples of Vaca Muerta and Rayoso water tested with a Pymix model came within 0% to 6.9% of their actual water composition end members (i.e. percent difference Pymix versus actual). In a second Pymix model, the actual samples of Vaca Muerta and Centenario water came within 0% to 10.2% of their actual water composition end members, with a larger uncertainty due to the more similar water ion and isotopic fingerprints of these more saline, deeper sourced groundwaters. This workflow is a good example of baseline aquifer data collection and interpretation for unconventional plays. This hydrogeologic and geochemical information can be used to perform water surveillance on water disposal and monitor wells, key for the development of the Vaca Muerta shale in Argentina.
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A., FEDORUK, IVANOV G., and FEDORUK O. "CERAMICS OF THE TRANSITIONAL TYPE FROM THE DEVELOPED BRONZE TO THE LATE BRONZE OF THE KALINOVKA-II SETTLEMENT (EASTERN KULUNDA)." In MODERN SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EURASIAN ARCHEOLOGY. Altai State Univercity, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/msapea.2023.3.27.

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The paper presents preliminary results of the study of ceramics of the transitional type from the developed Bronze Age to the Late of the Kalinovka-II settlement. The series is based on jars decorated with a stamp, fingers, rollers. The patterns consist of two, less often three, different motifs or one motif is repeated three or more times. Most of the specimens were made from medium ferrous raw materials. Five recipes for the manufacture of molding masses have been identified: clay + fireclay + organic solution, clay + fireclay + organic, clay + fireclay + grus + organic solution, clay + grus + organic solution, a mixture of two clays + fireclay + organic. As a result of comparison with the Andronovo and Sargarinsko-Alekseevskaya ceramics of the site, it is concluded that the studied dishes testify to the influx of a new population, its interaction with the local, Andronovo one, and adaptation to new conditions, which was reflected in the appearance of dishes of a syncretic type.

Reports on the topic "Clay-Based mixtures":

1

Shmulevich, Itzhak, Shrini Upadhyaya, Dror Rubinstein, Zvika Asaf, and Jeffrey P. Mitchell. Developing Simulation Tool for the Prediction of Cohesive Behavior Agricultural Materials Using Discrete Element Modeling. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697108.bard.

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The underlying similarity between soils, grains, fertilizers, concentrated animal feed, pellets, and mixtures is that they are all granular materials used in agriculture. Modeling such materials is a complex process due to the spatial variability of such media, the origin of the material (natural or biological), the nonlinearity of these materials, the contact phenomenon and flow that occur at the interface zone and between these granular materials, as well as the dynamic effect of the interaction process. The lack of a tool for studying such materials has limited the understanding of the phenomena relevant to them, which in turn has led to energy loss and poor quality products. The objective of this study was to develop a reliable prediction simulation tool for cohesive agricultural particle materials using Discrete Element Modeling (DEM). The specific objectives of this study were (1) to develop and verify a 3D cohesionless agricultural soil-tillage tool interaction model that enables the prediction of displacement and flow in the soil media, as well as forces acting on various tillage tools, using the discrete element method; (2) to develop a micro model for the DEM formulation by creating a cohesive contact model based on liquid bridge forces for various agriculture materials; (3) to extend the model to include both plastic and cohesive behavior of various materials, such as grain and soil structures (e.g., compaction level), textures (e.g., clay, loam, several grains), and moisture contents; (4) to develop a method to obtain the parameters for the cohesion contact model to represent specific materials. A DEM model was developed that can represent both plastic and cohesive behavior of soil. Soil cohesive behavior was achieved by considering tensile force between elements. The developed DEM model well represented the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force. Laboratory test results showed that wedge penetration resistance in highly compacted soil was two times greater than that in low compacted soil, whereas DEM simulation with parameters obtained from the test of low compacted soil could not simply be extended to that of high compacted soil. The modified model took into account soil failure strength that could be changed with soil compaction. A three dimensional representation composed of normal displacement, shear failure strength and tensile failure strength was proposed to design mechanical properties between elements. The model based on the liquid bridge theory. An inter particle tension force measurement tool was developed and calibrated A comprehensive study of the parameters of the contact model for the DEM taking into account the cohesive/water-bridge was performed on various agricultural grains using this measurement tool. The modified DEM model was compared and validated against the test results. With the newly developed model and procedure for determination of DEM parameters, we could reproduce the high compacted soil behavior and reaction forces both qualitatively and quantitatively for the soil conditions and wedge shapes used in this study. Moreover, the effect of wedge shape on soil behavior and reaction force was well represented with the same parameters. During the research we made use of the commercial PFC3D to analyze soil tillage implements. An investigation was made of three different head drillers. A comparison of three commonly used soil tillage systems was completed, such as moldboard plow, disc plow and chisel plow. It can be concluded that the soil condition after plowing by the specific implement can be predicted by the DEM model. The chisel plow is the most economic tool for increasing soil porosity. The moldboard is the best tool for soil manipulation. It can be concluded that the discrete element simulation can be used as a reliable engineering tool for soil-implement interaction quantitatively and qualitatively.

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