Journal articles: 'Clay-based additive'

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Roupec, J., L. Michal, Z. Strecker, M. Kubík, O. Macháček, and H. J. Choi. "Influence of clay-based additive on sedimentation stability of magnetorheological fluid." Smart Materials and Structures 30, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 027001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/abd345.

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Eyo, E. U., S. Ng'ambi, and S. J. Abbey. "Incorporation of a nanotechnology-based additive in cementitious products for clay stabilisation." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 12, no. 5 (October 2020): 1056–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.12.018.

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Youssef, Nicolas, Andry Zaid Rabenantoandro, Zoubeir Lafhaj, Zakaria Dakhli, Fadi Hage Chehade, and Laure Ducoulombier. "A novel approach of geopolymer formulation based on clay for additive manufacturing." Construction Robotics 5, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41693-021-00060-1.

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Kodzoev, M.-B., S. Isachenko, S. Kosarev, A. Basova, A. Skvortzov, M. Asamatdinov, and A. Zhukov. "Modified gypsum binder." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817003022.

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Gypsum-based binder modified by clay has properties close to the gypsum binder and can be used as plaster formulations or mortars. There are several reasons and chief among them is the lack of scientific based theory of formation and hardening properties of gypsum-based binder modified by clay without additives and that modified by additives. One of the classic ways of studying the mechanism of hydration of gypsum binders is the analysis of the heat liberation: hydration heat of the binder. With the thermos method of determining the heat liberation the ambient temperature is constant and the temperature of the sample which was at the beginning of the experiment changes as a result of the released heat of hydration of the gypsum; heat exchange between sample and the environment. Heat transfer is minimized through the use of thermos technology and effective insulation. The article presents the results of studying the dynamics of heat liberation during hydration of gypsum-based binder modified by clay without additives, with addition of superplasticizer and with the addition of setting retarder. Results in all cases are satisfactory. The highest degree of hydration evaluated by kinetics of heat liberation from a binder is with the addition of the superplasticizer. Application of setting retarder somewhat reduces the maximum degree of hydration and increases the hydration time. The degree of hydration of the binder with the addition of C3 additive and retarder is observed to be higher than that of gypsum-based binder modified by clay without additives. The studies confirm the possibility of using gypsum-based binder modified by clay in the composition of dry plaster mixtures for interior decoration works in premises.

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Revelo, Carlos, and Henry Colorado. "3D printing of kaolinite clay with small additions of lime, fly ash and talc ceramic powders." Processing and Application of Ceramics 13, no. 3 (2019): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1903287r.

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Direct ink writing technique, an extrusion based additive manufacturing process, has been used to fabricate kaolinite clay based-ceramics with several inexpensive ceramic powders: lime, fly ash and talc. All the above materials are commonly used in the traditional ceramics industry, in both small and large industries, and therefore available worldwide. This research shows the simplicity of the process feasible not only for companies but also for individual users. The samples were fabricated with water to clay ratios (W/C) between 0.68 and 0.72. Additives were tested in 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0wt.% with respect to the clay contents, although 3 wt.% of additives worked best. Cylindrical samples were fabricated with 20mm in diameter and 20mm in height in order to test their compressive strength and density. Measurement samples were previously cured for three days at room temperature and then exposed to 1100?C for 1 h. The powdered additives and their corresponding mixtures with clay were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results showed that samples with 0.70 W/C ratio and using fly ash as an additive were the best in terms of workability, mechanical properties and surface finishing.

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Kokunešoski, Maja, Aleksandra Šaponjić, Vesna Maksimović, Miroslav Stanković, Mirjana Pavlović, Jelena Pantić, and Jelena Majstorović. "Preparation and characterization of clay-based porous ceramics with boric acid as additive." Ceramics International 40, no. 9 (November 2014): 14191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.06.007.

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Adpakpang, Kanyaporn, Seung Mi Oh, Boyeon Park, and Seong-Ju Hwang. "Exfoliated clay nanosheets as an efficient additive for improving the electrode functionality of graphene-based nanocomposites." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 3 (2017): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6qi00446f.

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Ermilova, Elizaveta, and Zagira Kamalova. "The influence of calcined mixture cooling method on hydration products composition of blended cement stone." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404011.

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Complex additives based on combinations of calcined clays, including kaolinite with limestone, due to the synergetic effect play a major role in the creation of blended cements. Usually carbonate rocks contain clay impurities with adverse effects on the properties of the resultant cements and concretes. At the same time calcium carbonate contained in marl clays during calcination allows getting high-quality pozzolanic material. The effective complex additive based on the calcined mixture of clay and limestone was created. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of fast and slow cooling methods of the artificial mixture after calcination on the hydration products composition of blended cement stone with complex additives of calcined mixtures of clays and carbonates. Obtained results allow determining the conditions for obtaining effective complex additives based on calcined mixtures of ubiquitous clays and carbonate rocks for their application in blended Portland cement, and thus to expand the range of the latter. It is found that the preferred method is the fast cooling of the resulting mixture, which contributes to obtaining a complex additive with higher pozzolanic properties, compared with the additive obtained by the slow cooling method.

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Ermilova, Elizaveta, and Zagira Kamalova. "The influence of complex additives based on calcined clays and carbonate fillers on hydration products composition of blended cement stone." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404004.

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One of the most effective and recognizable way to solve energy and resource consumption problems in cement industry is the development of blended Portland cement with different combinations of mineral additives. The development of complex additives based on combination of calcined clays and limestone is one of the promising directions. The aim of this work was to study the influence of complex additives based on calcined kaolinitic clay with kaolinite content of 80 % and limestone with calcite content of 99 % on the blended cement stone hydration products at the age of 28 days. Using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry the composition of blended cement stone hydration products was studied. It is established that the introduction of 20 % of the complex additive based on calcined clay and limestone leads to a significant decrease of the portlandite content, increase in the number of new growths in form of low-calcium hydrosilicates and calcium hidrocarboalumosilicates, stabilization of ettringiteand calcium hydrocarbosilicates in amorphous phase, that significantly increases the compressive strength. This effect was amplified due to the additional alumina provided by calcined clay reaction.

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Rumi, M. Kh, Sh K. Irmatova, Sh A. Fayziev, M. A. Zufarov, E. P. Mansurova, E. M. Urazaeva, and G. M. Arushanov. "Phase composition, microstructure and properties of aluminosilicate lightweight materials obtained by the method of burnable additives." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 10 (January 23, 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2019-10-3-9.

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The nature of phase formation and the properties of aluminosilicate lightweight materials created from raw materials from the Angren and Samarkand deposits of Uzbekistan are studied. The phase composition, microstructure, and physicotechnical properties of the compositions with the addition of plastic black clay and a burnable additive in the form of coke of various fractional composition were determined. It is shown that the materials of the Angrenskoye deposit are more prone to cristobalitization, which is due to the low content of alkaline oxides and a fine-grained structure. The optimum complex of properties is possessed by lightweights based on cracked clay with a burnable additive in the form of polyfraction coke. Ill. 3. Ref. 13. Tab. 2.

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Bolander, Peter. "Chemical Additives for Dust Control: What We Have Used and What We Have Learned." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1589, no. 1 (January 1997): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1589-07.

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The Pacific Northwest region of the USDA Forest Service has been using chemical additives for dust abatement for many years. The traditional additives include dust oils, lignin sulfonate, and chlorides. Increased product costs, environmental concerns, and the continual quest for improved performance has led to consideration of other additives, including synthetic polymer emulsions, tall oil emulsions, clay additives, and penetrating asphalt emulsions. Some road tests have been performed to evaluate their suitability and cost-effectiveness. From these tests and experience, it has been learned that lignin sulfonate, chlorides, and clay additives, when properly matched to the site, have a consistent and predictable performance; polymer and tall oil emulsions, based on limited use, have provided inconsistent performance. The reason for this inconsistency has not been addressed other than the speculation that in some situations the additive did not completely cure, that the cured additive may be water soluble, or there might be variability in the quality of the manufactured product.

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Ruscitti, A., C. Tapia, and N. M. Rendtorff. "A review on additive manufacturing of ceramic materials based on extrusion processes of clay pastes." Cerâmica 66, no. 380 (December 2020): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663802918.

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Abstract This paper aims to present a state of the art of additive manufacturing (AM) of ceramic materials based on extrusion processes of clay pastes, reviewing the definitions and classifications of the AM field under current international standards. A general overview on the AM category ‘material extrusion’ is provided and the class ‘paste deposition modeling’ is proposed for those techniques based on the extrusion of pastes that are solidified by solvent vaporization, with the aim of distinguishing it from the class ‘fused deposition modeling’, which is applied to extruded polymers through temperature plasticization. Based on the survey of background information on 3D printing technology by ceramic paste extrusion, a classification and historization of the innovations in the development of this technology are proposed.

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Eyo, E. U., S. Ng'ambi, and S. J. Abbey. "Performance of clay stabilized by cementitious materials and inclusion of zeolite/alkaline metals-based additive." Transportation Geotechnics 23 (June 2020): 100330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100330.

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Wu, Dazhi, Keyu Chen, Zilong Zhang, and Lifu Chang. "Influence of Some Additives on the Properties of OPC Solidified Sandy Silt." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 7252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167252.

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The ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based solidification process is used extensively to reinforce soils due to its available and good bonding properties. Alternative products are used in cementitious materials to enhance the strength and to reduce OPC consumption. In this study, the effect of additive type and mass fraction on the microstructure and mechanical properties of solidified sandy silt are investigated. There are four types of additives (gypsum, lime, clay particles, and fly ash) at mass fractions of 2, 3, and 4% that are considered in order to study their mechanical properties (unconfined compression, indirect tensile, flexural strength, and compressive resilient modulus) at 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days. The optimal contents of additive gypsum, clay particles, and fly ash are determined to be 2%, 4%, and 4%, respectively. Such improvement of additive-modified OPC solidified sandy silt is due to the formation of the crystalline compound or the gradation composition improvement via field emission scanning electron and X-ray diffraction analysis.

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Zhang, Jun Rui, Meng Dan Xu, Georgios E. Christidis, and Chun Hui Zhou. "Clay minerals in drilling fluids: functions and challenges." Clay Minerals 55, no. 1 (March 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2020.10.

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AbstractThe addition of clay minerals in drilling fluids modifies the dispersion's viscosity. In this article, scientific advances related to the use of clays and clay minerals (bentonite, palygorskite, sepiolite and mixtures of clay minerals) in drilling fluids are summarized and discussed based on their specific structure, rheological properties, applications, prevailing challenges and future directions. The rheological properties of drilling fluids are affected by the temperature, type of electrolytes, pH and concentration of clay minerals. Bentonites are smectite-rich clays often used in drilling fluids, and their composition varies from deposit to deposit. Such variations significantly affect the behaviour of bentonite-based drilling fluids. Palygorskite is suitable for use in oil-based drilling fluids, but the gelation and gel structures of palygorskite-added drilling fluids have not received much attention. Sepiolite is often used in water-based drilling fluids as a rheological additive. Dispersions containing mixtures of clays including bentonite, kaolin, palygorskite and sepiolite are used in drilling fluids requiring specific features such as high-density drilling fluids or those used in impermeable slurry walls. In these cases, the surface chemistry–microstructure–property relationships of mixed-clay dispersions need to be understood fully. The prevailing challenges and future directions in drilling fluids research include safety, ‘green’ processes and high-temperature and high-pressure-resistant clay minerals.

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Delavi, D. G. G., A. De Noni, and D. Hotza. "Deflocculant consumption of clay suspensions as a function of specific surface area and cation exchange capacity." Clay Minerals 48, no. 3 (June 2013): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2013.048.3.04.

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AbstractCeramic tile production by the wet route requires clay suspensions with a high solid content and low viscosity. In this work the deflocculation of clays in aqueous suspensions was investigated by varying the type of clay and additive. Three kaolinitic and two illitic clays were characterized and dispersed with deflocculants based on lithium, sodium and potassium silicates and polyacrylates. The clays were characterized by chemical and mineralogical analyses, particle size distribution, zeta potential, organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and specific surface area (BET). Deflocculation curves were determined by measuring the viscosity for 50 wt.% clay slips. The results indicate that additive consumption is closely related to CEC and BET, which correspond respectively to the chemical and physical characteristics of the clay mineral's surface. Moreover, viscosity values at the deflocculation point are closely related to BET.

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Chandler, Neil, John Palson, and Todd Burns. "Capillary rise experiment to assess effectiveness of an enzyme soil stabilizer." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 10 (October 2017): 1509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0511.

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An experimental program to assess of the attributes of an enzyme soil stabilizer is described. The focus of the program was two 1 year capillary rise experiments designed to test the influence of the soil additive on the soil’s adsorption of water. The enzyme additive is typically applied to marginal clay-based soils to improve the performance of road subgrades. The study investigated the potential increase in shear strength and the reduction in swelling. The two long-term soil column tests were conducted to measure water absorption due to capillary rise for soil specimens with, and without, enzyme treatment. The test results demonstrated that the addition of the enzyme soil additive had the effect of reducing water retained in the pore spaces of a partially saturated soil. The soil treated with the enzyme additive absorbed a lower quantity of water in the capillary rise test, and at a slower rate of absorption. The results from a concurrent suite of tests suggested that partially saturated clay having lower moisture content was linked to an increase in shear strength.

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Ramani, Anis Niza, Norsharol Sarmen, M. N. M. Nasir, and W. A. R. Intan Azmira. "Performance Analysis of Earth Battery Using Organic Waste Additive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.682.

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The usage of chemical battery is very critical nowadays because of their hazardous chemical contains that can cause pollution and need to dispose properly in order to avoid pollution towards the eco-system. Hence, the earth battery is an erstwhile concept designed to generate electricity by using two dissimilar electrodes buried in the ground or immersed in the sea. Although it has been proven to generate electricity, the voltage produced is quite low while the voltage intensity could not be sustained for a long period of time. This paper attempts to explore the potential of using organic wastes as additives in the soil of ground-based earth batteries to improve its performance. Three types of organic wastes were studied; Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), pineapple waste and lemon waste. Each organic waste is added into separate damped clay soil containers with a ratio of 20:80. Then a copper and an iron electrode are partially buried inside the soil and the electrical properties are measured by connecting a multimeter at the electrodes. The result shows that there is marginal improvement for all three organic wastes in terms of voltage compared to damped clay soil alone. The results also show that the voltage output of these samples could be sustained for seven days.

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Pereira, I. D. S., V. C. Silva, J. F. Duarte Neto, G. A. Neves, H. C. Ferreira, and R. R. Menezes. "Influence of the purification of bentonite clay from new deposits in the state of Paraíba-Brazil for use in water-based drilling fluids." Cerâmica 64, no. 372 (December 2018): 538–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643722402.

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Abstract Bentonite clay is used all around the world as an additive in drilling fluids. However, impurities present in this material can compromise the compatibility of the clay-fluid system. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of the purification of bentonite samples from new deposits in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, in order to make them usable in water-based drilling fluids. The samples were first purified by centrifugation, and their characteristics were determined using the following techniques: laser granulometry, X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, cation exchange capacity, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis. After these determinations, the polycationic clay samples were made sodic through the addition of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in the proportion of 125 meq/100 g of dry clay. The rheological and filtration properties (apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, and filtrate volume) were then tested. The results showed that the purification process was efficient for removing accessory minerals such as quartz, iron, and carbonates. With regard to rheological and filtration properties, the results following centrifugation showed that the material can be suitable for use in water-based drilling fluids.

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Hu, Zhi De, Hua Yan, Xue Mei Wang, and Hai Zhe Qiu. "The Effect of Lubricant on Tribological Properties of Carbonyl Iron-Based Magnetorheological Fluids." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.540.

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Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is a new kind of smart material, it is very necessary for us to study its tribological properties because it will be widely used in engineering application. In this paper, the tribological behavior of Carbonyl Iron-based magnetorheological fluid (MRF) was investigated on a four-ball tribological tester, the influence of lubricant on friction coefficient and wear scar diameter was discussed, the morphology of the wear steel surfaces lubricated with MRF were observed by a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the addition of MoS2can significantly improve the tribological properties of clay-based MRF. However, the friction and wear properties of silica-based MRF become bad after the addition of MoS2. The morphology of worn surface lubricated with the MRF added MoS2is similar to that without additive, but the groove of wear marks lubricated with clay-based MRF is more shallower and the area of the worn surface is smaller in the condition of adding MoS2.

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Yuan, Haiping, Weiqiang Li, Yixian Wang, Hang Lin, and Yan Liu. "Resilient Modulus—Physical Parameters Relationship of Improved Red Clay by Dynamic Tri-Axial Test." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061155.

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As one of the important parameters used in the analysis and design of subgrade, resilient modulus is directly related to the safety, economic and life time of subgrade structure. In this paper, the characteristics of resilient modulus of improved red clay at different additive content were studied through conducting laboratory repeated load tri-axial tests. The influence of stress state, moisture content, compactness, additive types, and content on resilient modulus were analyzed. In addition, the regression analysis of resilient modulus, was carried out referencing three existing prediction models. The results showed that the Andrei model can better fit the resilient modulus of red clay and have a higher determination coefficient. However, the Andrei model and other existing prediction models, reflect only the influence of stress state on resilient modulus, without considering the influence of moisture content, compactness and additive content. Therefore, based on the Andrei model, a comprehensive prediction model, which can reflect the influence of compactness, moisture content, additive content, and stress state on resilient modulus was introduced. Good agreement between the regression results and the measured ones demonstrated the integrative ability of the introduced model.

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Kokunesoski, Maja, Miroslav Stankovic, Marina Vukovic, Jelena Majstorovic, Djordje Saponjic, Svetlana Ilic, and Aleksandra Saponjic. "Macroporous monoliths based оn natural mineral sources, clay аnd diatomite." Science of Sintering 52, no. 3 (2020): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2003339k.

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Macroporous silica ceramic was obtained using clay and diatomite. Boric acid as a low-cost additive in the amount of 1 wt% was used. These porous materials were obtained at low forming pressure (40-80 MPa) and lower sintering temperature (850-1300 ?C) for 4h in air. The influence of boric acid, forming pressure, and sintering temperature on the microstructure, porosity parameters, and mechanical properties of obtained porous monoliths were investigated. As-received and the modified samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, SEM, and mercury porosimetry measurements. As for modified clay and diatomite, they were pressed at 60 MPa and then sintered at 1150 ?C, obtaining porosities of about 10 % and 60 %, respectively. Both of the analyzed samples had the pore diameter in the range of macroporous materials. The pore diameters of clay samples are ranging from 0.1-10 ?m, whereas the pore diameter of diatomite samples was slightly lower with values ranging from 0.05-5 ?m. Modified diatomite samples have a lower Young modulus in comparison to modified clay samples.

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Prudkov, E. N., and E. S. Lipatova. "Method of calculating the composition of ceramic paste based on acid loams with semiacid clay additive." Glass and Ceramics 64, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-007-0004-9.

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Jiménez, J., M. E. Cisneros-Ortiz, Y. Guardia-Puebla, J. M. Morgan-Sagastume, and A. Noyola. "Optimization of the thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure, agriculture waste and inorganic additive through specific methanogenic activity." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (March 14, 2014): 2381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.109.

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The anaerobic co-digestion of three wastes (manure, rice straw and clay residue, an inorganic additive) at different concentration levels and their interactive effects on methanogenic activity were investigated in this work at thermophilic conditions in order to enhance hydrolytic activity and methane production. A central composite design and the response surface methodology were applied for the optimization of specific methanogenic activity (SMA) by assessing their interaction effects with a reduced number of experiments. The results showed a significant interaction among the wastes on the SMA and confirmed that co-digestion enhances methane production. Rice straw apparently did not supply a significant amount of substrate to make a difference in SMA or methane yield. On the other hand, clay residue had a positive effect as an inorganic additive for stimulating the anaerobic process, based on its mineral content and its adsorbent properties for ammonia. Finally, the optimal conditions for achieving a thermophilic SMA value close to 1.4 g CH4-COD/g VSS · d−1 were 20.3 gVSS/L of manure, 9.8 gVSS/L of rice straw and 3.3 gTSS/L of clay.

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Drochytka, Rostislav, and Magdaléna Michalčíková. "Utilization of Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash in the Design of Reuse Clay Soil in the Form of Self-Compacting Grouts." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 23, 2020): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081972.

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This paper addresses the influence of fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBCA) and further liquefying additives on the formation of structure and on the resulting properties of self-compacting grouts based on clay soil. In order to give the best account of the influence of individual input materials, tests were conducted on samples without the use of fluidized bed combustion fly ash. Clay soil (Cl) and cement were used as input materials, and fluidized bed combustion fly ash (10% and 30%) and a liquefying additive (sodium carbonate 0.1%) were used as an admixture. It has been experimentally determined that the use of 10% FBCA with clay soil is most suitable for achieving the optimal spillage parameter of self-compacting grout (class SF2 (660–750 mm) and class SF3 (760–850 mm)). It was also found that fluidized bed combustion fly ash and the liquefying additive have a significant influence on the formation of the structure of the self-compacting grout and, due to their presence, the compressive strength of the samples increased up to 0.5 MPa after seven days of hardening. The reaction between 0.1% of sodium carbonate and clay soil increased the electrokinetic potential, which reduced the viscosity of the self-compacting grout. Within the research work, the verification of the developed self-compacting grout in situ was also carried out.

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Sgarlata, Caterina, Alessandra Formia, Francesco Ferrari, and Cristina Leonelli. "Effect of the Introduction of Reactive Fillers and Metakaolin in Waste Clay-Based Materials for Geopolymerization Processes." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051325.

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In this study, the role of two reactive fillers, specifically a sand from a clay washing process as an alternative to waste glass powder and a commercial metakaolin (MK), into the geopolymerization process of waste clay-based materials was assessed. Three kinds of clayey wastes from mining operations—halloysitic, kaolinitic and smectitic clays—were tested as potential precursor of geopolymeric materials in view of a potential valorisation of these by-products. A mix-design based on the addition of low percentages (20%) of these fillers or MK to improve the mechanical and chemico-physical properties of geopolymeric formulations was evaluated. All the clays were thermally treated at a temperature of 650 °C, while the geopolymeric pastes were cured at room temperature. In particular, the chemical stability in water (pH and ionic conductivity of leachate water, weight loss), the variations in the microstructure (XRD, SEM), and in the mechanical performance (compressive strength) were analysed. The most reactive additive was MK, followed by sand and waste glass at very similar levels—1:1 or 2:1—depending upon the type of the clay but not strictly related to the clay type. The increase of geopolymeric gel densification due to the presence of MK and sand was replaced by a crack deflection mechanism in the case of the WG grains. The worst performance (chemical stability and mechanical properties) was found for the halloysitic clay, while kaolinitic and smectitic clays developed strengths slightly below 30 MPa.

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Sisnayati, Sisnayati, Ria Komala, and Retno Suryani. "The Effect of Rice Husk Addition as Additive Materials on the Characterization of Ceramic Membrane and Their Application on Water River Treatment Process." Science and Technology Indonesia 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2019.4.1.11-17.

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This study aims to study how the effect of adding rice husk additives to the characteristics of ceramic membranes with various variations of membrane-forming component composition in terms of surface morphology and pore size of the membrane produced. This research is expected to be used by the community as an alternative treatment of river water into clean water. In this study, the variables studied were the composition of the membrane constituent namely clay, iron powder and rice husk as an additives. The ceramic membrane was designed in the form of a tube, made from a mixture of clay, iron powder and rice husk with a diameter of 5 cm, an outer diameter of 6 cm, a thickness of 1 cm and a length of 25 cm. Housing membrane was made of glass fiber with an outer diameter of 9 cm, an inner diameter of 8.5 cm and a length of 30 cm. Making ceramic membranes were from clay, iron powder and rice husk with a ratio of 87.5%, 2.5%, 10%, 77.5%, 2.5%, 20% and 77.5%, 2.5%, 15%. The river water was treated by flowing to the complete separation process. It was taken every 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes. Every sampling, the permeate volume was determined. Permeat events were analyzed for chemical parameters in the form of iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn). Based on the SEM-EDS analysis on the ceramic membrane produced shows that the membrane was classified in the microfiltration membrane group with a random and asymmetrical pore size and structure. According to the BET analysis on ceramic membranes shows that the best ceramic membrane produced in this study is C ceramic membrane with a clay composition of 87.5%; 10% of rice husk; and 2.5% of iron powder with a pore size of 2.8 μm and a large surface area of 45.38 m2/g. The difference in pressure of 2 bars gives the best results in reducing levels of contaminant compounds contained in river water with a percentage of Fe reduction of 92.18%, Mn of 89.23%, and Zn of 99.80%.

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Vdovin, Evgeniy, Lenar Mavliev, and Victor Stroganov. "Interaction of clay soil components with portland cement and complex additive based on octyltriethoxysilane and sodium hydroxide." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 890 (August 13, 2020): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/890/1/012031.

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Faksawat, Kridsada, Pichet Limsuwan, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "3D printing technique of specific bone shape based on raw clay using hydroxyapatite as an additive material." Applied Clay Science 214 (November 2021): 106269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2021.106269.

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Khaliullin, Marat, and Alsu Gilmanshina. "The effect of ground limestone on the properties of composite gypsum binder using thermally activated clay as a pozzolanic component." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127404006.

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The purpose of this research is to study the effect of methods of preliminary preparation of thermally activated clay, which is a pozzolanic component in water-resistant composite gypsum binders, as well as the effect of mechanochemical activation in the joint grinding of thermally activated clay with the addition of a plasticizer on the pozzolanic activity and the change in the required number of pozzolanic component in the composition of composite gypsum binders. It was found that the required amount of thermally activated clay as pozzolanic component in the gypsum-cement-pozzolan composition when ground to specific surfaces of 200-500 m2/kg together with the addition of Melflux 2651 F plasticizer, based on the exclusion of conditions for the formation of an unacceptable amount of ettringite, decreases by 20-25% compared with the use of thermally activated clay ground without the introduction of a plasticizer. The optimal amount of Melflux 2651 F plasticizer introduced by grinding with thermally activated clay has been determined. The significance of the results for the construction industry lies in the fact that the use of the technology of obtaining composite gypsum binders of grinding thermally activated clay to a certain dispersion with the introduction of a plasticizer additive due to the effect of mechanochemical activation makes it possible to reduce the consumption of the pozzolanic component in the binder composition or energy consumption for grinding.

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Hosseini, S. M., A. Seidypoor, M. Nemati, S. S. Madaeni, F. Parvizian, and E. Salehi. "Mixed matrix heterogeneous cation exchange membrane filled with clay nanoparticles: membranes’ fabrication and characterization in desalination process." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (October 8, 2015): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.064.

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In this research mixed matrix PVC based-co-clay nanoparticles heterogeneous cation exchange membranes were prepared by solution casting technique. The effect of clay nanoparticles concentration in the casting solution on membrane electrochemical properties was studied. Scanning optical microscopy (SOM) images showed uniform particles distribution and relatively uniform surfaces for the prepared membranes. The membrane water content was improved initially by an increase of additive content ratio up to 1%wt in casting solution and then it began to decrease by more additive concentration. Moreover, swelling was measured less than 5% in thickness and negligible in length and width for the prepared membranes. Membrane potential, transport number and permselectivity were improved by increase of nanoparticles loading ratio. Utilizing Cloisite nanoparticles up to 1%wt in the casting solution also led to an increase in permeability and flux for prepared membranes. The ionic permeability and flux were decreased again by a further increase in additive concentration from 1 to 4%wt. Also, membranes exhibited lower permeability and flux for bivalent ions in comparison with monovalent type. The membrane E-conductivity and mechanical strength was enhanced by an increase of nanoparticles concentration in membrane matrix. The modified membrane containing 1%wt clay nanoparticles showed more suitable electrochemical properties compared to others.

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Bánhidi, Viktor, and László A. Gömze. "Improvement of Insulation Properties of Conventional Brick Products." Materials Science Forum 589 (June 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.589.1.

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The use of technologically byproduct agricultural wastes in various segments of the brick and tile industry is increasing continuously. The additives, mixed into the raw clay ignite during the firing process, adding extra thermal energy from inside the mixture decreasing the energy requirements of the manufacturing process. Added to this, through the combustion of the bio-wastes the porosity increases enhancing the thermal insulation properties of the final product. We have investigated some common, agricultural wastes to determine their effect on the thermal properties of bricks. In our experiments industry relevant amounts of additives (sawdust, rice-peel, seed-shell) were added to the basic clay composition. We have prepared mixtures with additive concentrations of 0, 4, 7 percentage by weight. The preparations of the samples were (milling, drying and firing) following industrial standard procedures. Precise thermal conductivity data were gathered from all samples using a RAPID-K type static thermal conductivity measuring instrument. Our measurements show that by increasing the amount of the organic byproducts in the clay mixture it is possible to significantly decrease their thermal conductivity, leading to an improved insulation capability of commercial brick products. On the other hand, there was only a minor reduction in the mechanical strength found during previous works. The investigated agricultural byproducts were also ranked based on their effect on the product's thermal properties. It was found that the largest decrease to the thermal conductivity was caused by the sunflower seed-shell additive. Mixing 7 % wt. seed shell to the clay, we can decrease the thermal conductivity of the fired product from 0,27 W/m·K to 0,17 W/m·K (36%). We have found that under the same conditions the sawdust caused the least improvement, only a decrease of 0,27 W/m·K to 0,23 W/m·K (16%) was measured.

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Jain, Rajat, and Vikas Mahto. "Evaluation of polyacrylamide/clay composite as a potential drilling fluid additive in inhibitive water based drilling fluid system." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 133 (September 2015): 612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.07.009.

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Pittayachaval, Paphakorn, and Thanakharn Baothong. "An Effect of Screw Extrusion Parameters on a Pottery Model Formed by a Clay Printing Machine." Materials Science Forum 1046 (September 22, 2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1046.29.

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This paper presents a study of the screw extrusion parameters that affect on the appearance of clay filament for a clay printing machine. Traditionally, pottery models are formed by using paster mold or hand throwing, which require experienced and proficient workers to form the complex pottery models. Therefore, the clay printing machine has been developed to improve manual pottery fabrication to automatic construction. This machine has been modified based on the additive manufacturing (AM). To assess a capability material deposition of the clay printing machine, nozzle diameter, screw extruder velocity, and screw pitch were investigated as the printing parameters to evaluate a quality of clay filament. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to analyze main effect parameters. The experimental results showed that the 6 mm nozzle diameter, 19 mm/s screw extruder velocity and 24 mm screw pitch were the suitable printing parameters for providing an appropriate appearance of clay filament. A mathematical model was formulated to propose the relationship between response and main effects with their interactions.

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Trautvain, Anna Ivanovna, Andrey Akimov, and E. Yakovlev. "Improvement of Properties of the Argillaceous Soils when Using Additives "Chimston" in Combination with Inorganic Astringent." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.136.

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Paper observes research of the mechanical characteristics of the stabilized soil with different «Chimston» additives. Current work focuses on the application of the «Chimston-1» and «Chimston-2» produced by Zipo research and production company. Stabilized soil is based on local soils: argillaceous sand ground and sand clay. Chemical additives are mixed with water according to the manufacture’s recommendations. Amount of the «Chimston-1» is 0.07% of the soil. Amount of the «Chimston-2» is 0.01% of the cement. During the research plasticize effect is studied, based on maximum density and optimal humidity. Water saturation, mechanical strength under tension in bending and compression. It is established, application of the "Chimson" additives allow to increase key characteristics of the stabilized soil without increasing of the cement. «Chimston-1» additive has strongly pronounced plasticize effect which allow to increase soil compaction and decrease optimal humidity. Additive "Chimston-2" is a water repellent with a high degree of efficiency with soil stabilization.

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Mavliev, Lenar, and Evgenii Vdovin. "Structure of road soil cement compositions modified by complex additive based on organosilicon compounds and electrolytes." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914002016.

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The complex introduction of organosilicon compound (octyltriethoxysilane) and electrolyte (sodium hydroxide) maximizes the frost resistance and strength of soil cement. However, the effect of complex additive based on octyltriethoxysilane and sodium hydroxide on the soil cement structure has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the phase composition of hydrated newgrowths and soil minerals in soil cement with optimal content of complex additives. The study was conducted by methods of complex thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy. On the XRD pattern of the sample with and without complex additive, we marked identical peaks of soil minerals, unhydrated cement clinker minerals and hydrated newgrowths. In the result of differential thermal analysis, we determined that soil cement with complex additive is characterized by the smaller amount of free calcium hydroxide formed, as well as saturation of the soil complex with sodium ions. In the soil cement sample with complex additive, we observe a smaller amount of coagulated soil aggregates in comparison with the sample without an additive. Complex additive contributes to the formation of a more dense and uniform structure of soil cement, reduces the amount of adsorption water associated with clay minerals, reduces the formation of free calcium hydroxide, which increases the physicomechanical properties of the resulting material.

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Al-Ghanimi, Ghofran F., and Nada S. Al-Zubaidi. "The Performance of Iraqi Bentonite Using Soda Ash and Caustic Soda Additives." Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.27.1.010.

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Choosing an adequate drilling fluid is of paramount importance in drilling operations. Thus, controlling the drilling fluid properties is by means of the appropriate selection of drilling fluid components of base fluids, solids, and additives to preserve drilling fluid properties. The aim of this study is to use the available and low cost Iraq's mineral resources. One of these minerals is presented by the Iraqi calcium montmorillonite clay (Ca-bentonite) was obtained from Wadi Bashera / Western Desert /Anbar Governorate to be used as an alternative active solid instead of spending hard currency on importing commercial clay. This study was grouped into two workflows. In the first workflow, XRF and XRD analyzes were performed after grinding the Iraqi raw bentonite rocks and screening it to separate the impurities in order to find out the chemical composition (oxides) and mineral composition (clay and non-clay minerals). The XRF analysis showed that Iraqi bentonite has Al2O3 to SiO2 ratio of 0.3623 which is approximately similar to 0.3455 that obtained by Wyoming bentonite. The XRD analysis detected that Iraqi bentonite is mainly composed of montmorillonite and palygorskite which form the predominant constituents of clay minerals, whereas quartz and gypsum are presented as non-clay minerals. The experimental work is the second work flow of this study in which the rheological and filtration properties, in addition pH value and stability of 3wt. % of Iraqi bentonite fresh water based fluid were tested. Two types of additives with different concentrations were used, soda ash and caustic soda. The results of the experimental work showed that, adding different concentrations of soda ash resulted in an increase in the rheological properties of 3wt. % Iraqi bentonite fresh water based drilling fluid. Soda ash within the range of 0.35 to 0.57g /350 cc water (0.35 to 0.57 lb/bbl) can be used to upgrade Iraqi bentonite. Caustic soda addition within range 0.2 to 0.4 g/350 cc water (0.2- 0.4 lb/bbl) caused an increase in the rheological properties of fresh water based drilling fluid prepared with 3 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite. Combination of soda ash and caustic soda with different concentrations revealed better results than that obtained from each additive alone. An improvement in the filtration properties has been also achieved by adding soda ash and caustic soda into the drilling fluid. Also, an enhancement was achieved in stability from 65 % to 98 % with soda ash and caustic soda additions. This study presents an efficient and cost-effective local bentonite for meeting the required drilling fluid rheological properties.

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Zanzoun, H., M. Gomina, and Redouane Moussa. "Influences of a CaCo₃ Sintering Additive on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clay-Based Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 132-136 (April 1997): 2188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.132-136.2188.

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Budi, A. S., E. Budi, and M. Mujadi. "Temperature and additive coconut shell charcoal effect on density and porosity of ceramic membrane based on zeolite and clay." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402 (December 2019): 066019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/6/066019.

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40

Naijian, Fatemeh, Hamidreza Rudi, Hossein Resalati, and Hossein Jalali Torshizi. "Application of bio-based modified kaolin clay engineered as papermaking additive for improving the properties of filled recycled papers." Applied Clay Science 182 (December 2019): 105258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105258.

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41

Azaman, Fazureen, Mohd Al Amin Muhamad Nor, Wan Rafizah Wan Abdullah, Mohd Hasmizam Razali, Noor Asliza Ismail Adnen, Rumaizah Che Zulkifli, and Asmadi Ali. "Fabrication of natural ball clay ceramic membrane using pore former and additive agents based on modified slip casting technique." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 223 (2021): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.27151.

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42

Jamal Eddine, Oumaima, Mehdi El Bouchti, Omar Cherkaoui, Hassan Hannache, and Said Gmouh. "Elaboration and characterization of new phosphate glasses based on natural phosphate and red clay: influence of the chemical composition on the chemical durability." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2019): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc93191012614sg.

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New phosphate glass formulations based on Moroccan natural phosphate minerals alone or with Moroccan red clay additive (containing the P2O5-SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO-Fe2O3-K2O-Na2O-TiO2 complex) have been successfully prepared by the quenching method. The chemical composition of each of the elaborated phosphate glasses was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). These investigated phosphate glasses have an excellent homogeneity as was verified by SEM. Their amorphous behavior was confirmed by XRD and DSC. The increase in density and glass transition temperature due to the addition of clay is believed to be related to the crosslinking of the phosphate chains. Structural investigation of these phosphate glasses was carried out using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. The results obtained show that the composition of these glasses contains a mixture of ultraphosphate and polyphosphate structural units. The concentrations of this mixture depending on the initial composition of the glass components. A correlation between the chemical composition and the chemical durability of the investigated glasses was studied. The results showed that the dissolution rate of the glasses decreases by increasing the clay composition up to a point. This can be explained by assuming the formation of oxygen bridges and strong bonds within the various glasses.

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Bebber, Michelle R., and Metin I. Eren. "Temper and temperament of prehistoric craft: Temper type evolution and clay body 'workability'." Craft Research 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/crre_00004_1.

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Abstract Temper is an additive incorporated into clay during the formation of a ceramic vessel, and may consist of various materials. In a number of previous experiments over the past several decades, archaeologists have experimentally demonstrated that tempers used by prehistoric craftspeople would have imparted important post-firing use-life properties to ceramic vessels. However, although widely touted, the notion that prehistoric temper types would have aided in pre-firing vessel formation has never been systematically tested. Here, we experimentally assess whether calcium carbonate-based tempers, like limestone and burnt shell, would have made clay bodies more workable relative to silicate-based grit temper, as has been previously proposed. In this study, participants were asked to build five simple and challenging three-dimensional forms using grit-, limestone- and shell-tempered clay bodies, and then rank these conditions in terms of workability. Our statistical and qualitative assessments of these data were unambiguous: contrary to claims in the scientific literature, the calcium carbonate tempers did not make clay bodies more workable, and were consistently, sometimes significantly, ranked lower than silicate grit-tempered clay bodies in terms of workability. Our results have several implications for temper selection and evolution in prehistory, specifically during the widespread silicate grit to calcium carbonate transition during the Late Woodland period (AD 500‐1400) of the North American Midwest.

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Bulanov, P. E., E. Yu Ermilova, R. Z. Rakhimov, and O. V. Stoyanov. "Structure and Mineral Composition of Soil Cement Based on Kaolinite Clay Modified with a Complex Hydrophobic–Plasticizer Additive Based on Polycarboxylate Ether and Octyltriethoxysilane." Polymer Science, Series D 13, no. 4 (October 2020): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s199542122004005x.

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45

Ni, Weijun, Weiliang Wang, Qingchen Wang, Weichao Du, and Gang Chen. "Modification and Application of Waste Shaddock Peel as a Green Additive for Water-Based Drilling Fluid." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2055.

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To develop an eco-friendly drilling fluid additive, shaddock peel was modified and was used in water-based drilling fluid in this work. The shaddock peel has obvious effects on rheological properties, filtration, and wall formation of drilling fluid. It also displays the inhibition of clay swelling, while the shaddock peel slurry is easy to ferment, mildew and so on. The performance of the shaddock peel slurry and moldy/fermented shaddock peel slurry in water-based drilling fluid were compared, which shows that the efficiency, such as the AV and PV, decrease obviously by more than 50%. The swelling rate of bentonite in the water extraction of moldy/fermented shaddock peel in 90 min is about 62%, which is obviously higher than the swelling rate of the non-mildew/fermented shaddock peel water extract, 46%. Then preservative was evaluated in shaddock peel slurry modified drilling fluid. The result indicates that the effect of moldy/fermentation on the viscosity and the inhibition of shaddock peel was obviously inhibited by the preservative. The combined sodium benzoate and formaldehyde can protect the shaddock peel slurry from mildew and fermentation, which can keep the performance of shaddock peel slurry in the drilling fluid.

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Chen, Tiedan, Yanqiu Xia, Zhilu Liu, and Zeyun Wang. "Preparation and tribological properties of attapulgite – bentonite clay base grease." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2012-0062.

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Purpose – The mixture of attapulgite and bentonite was used as a thickener, and polyalphaolefin was used as the base oil to prepare the new lubricating grease. Some solid particles such as Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE), MoS2, nano-calcium carbonate and graphite were added in the new lubricating grease as anti-wear additives to investigate the tribological sensitivity. Design/methodology/approach – The new lubricating grease was evaluated by optimol-SRV reciprocating friction and wear tester, and the wear volumes were determined using a MicroXAM-3D. At the same time, the dropping point and the cone penetration were investigated and analyzed. The tribological properties of the new lubricating grease and the sensitivity of some solid lubricating additives to the new lubricating base grease were investigated; pure organic-bentonite and pure organic-attapulgite base grease were used as contrast. Findings – The new lubricating grease based on the surface-modified bentonite/attapulgite clay base grease was synthesized with a relatively high dropping point, and the mass ratio is 25/75 bentonite/attapulgite clay base grease, having a better tribological performance. MoS2 was used as an anti-wear additive that has good tribological sensitivity to the new lubricating base grease. Originality/value – The main innovative thought of this work lies in the mixture of attapulgite and bentonite used as thickener. A relevant report is not available at present.

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Balykov, Artemy S., Tatyana A. Nizina, Vladimir V. Volodin, and Vladimir M. Kyashkin. "Effects of Calcination Temperature and Time on the Physical-Chemical Efficiency of Thermally Activated Clays in Cement Systems." Materials Science Forum 1017 (January 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1017.61.

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Introduction of finely disperse mineral additives of natural and man-made origin to Portland cement in order to improve the indicators of its physical-mechanical properties and partially replace clinker is one of the urgent directions for solving the resource and energy saving problems, as well as environmental protection problems in the production and application of building materials. The expansion of the raw material base of mineral additives can be achieved by using calcined polymineral clays, which are common in many regions of the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Mordovia. The article presents the results of research on the effects of calcination temperature and time of thermally activated polymineral clays of the Republic of Mordovia on their physical-chemical efficiency in cement systems. According to the study results of dehydration processes of clay minerals using the synchronous thermal analysis, it is established that the optimum calcination temperature for clays of Nikitsky and Staroshaigovsky deposits located in the area of 500–800 °C. This temperature range corresponds to the processes of the initial crystal structure restructuring of clay minerals of the kaolinite and illite groups, associated with their dehydroxylation, which contributes to the transition of these phases to the active form. The optimization of calcination parameters of polymineral clays based on the study results of influence of their additives on the mixed cement binder activity confirmed the thermal analysis data. It was found that the production of mineral additives with the highest values of the activity index is facilitated by 2-hour heat treatment of clays at 700 °C. At the specified calcination parameters, the replacement of 10% of Portland cement with the additive of thermally activated Nikitsky clay allows achieving the mixed binder activity that exceeds by 3 % the same indicator of mixed binder based on Portland cement and high-quality metakaolin.

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48

Balykov, Artemy S., Tatyana A. Nizina, Vladimir V. Volodin, and Vladimir M. Kyashkin. "Effects of Calcination Temperature and Time on the Physical-Chemical Efficiency of Thermally Activated Clays in Cement Systems." Materials Science Forum 1017 (January 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1017.61.

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Introduction of finely disperse mineral additives of natural and man-made origin to Portland cement in order to improve the indicators of its physical-mechanical properties and partially replace clinker is one of the urgent directions for solving the resource and energy saving problems, as well as environmental protection problems in the production and application of building materials. The expansion of the raw material base of mineral additives can be achieved by using calcined polymineral clays, which are common in many regions of the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Mordovia. The article presents the results of research on the effects of calcination temperature and time of thermally activated polymineral clays of the Republic of Mordovia on their physical-chemical efficiency in cement systems. According to the study results of dehydration processes of clay minerals using the synchronous thermal analysis, it is established that the optimum calcination temperature for clays of Nikitsky and Staroshaigovsky deposits located in the area of 500–800 °C. This temperature range corresponds to the processes of the initial crystal structure restructuring of clay minerals of the kaolinite and illite groups, associated with their dehydroxylation, which contributes to the transition of these phases to the active form. The optimization of calcination parameters of polymineral clays based on the study results of influence of their additives on the mixed cement binder activity confirmed the thermal analysis data. It was found that the production of mineral additives with the highest values of the activity index is facilitated by 2-hour heat treatment of clays at 700 °C. At the specified calcination parameters, the replacement of 10% of Portland cement with the additive of thermally activated Nikitsky clay allows achieving the mixed binder activity that exceeds by 3 % the same indicator of mixed binder based on Portland cement and high-quality metakaolin.

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Panchenko, Alexander, and Nikita Kozlov. "Gypsum Expanded Clay Concrete for External Walls." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 04028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819604028.

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The technology of multicomponent water-proof gypsum binder and gypsum expanded clay concrete with water resistance increased by 1.8–2.2 times comparing to the initial gypsum, and with a softening coefficient of 0.85–0.91, is developed and patented. The binder contains a complex mineral additive including a waste product, carbide silt, and biosilica. The use of the carbide silt (waste product from the acetylene production) together with the biosilica as the WPB components provides for both the engineering-and-economic efficiency and the ecological one. The energy consumption of the WPB production is considerably lower than that of other widely used binding agents based on the Portland cement due to the reduction of the electric power consumption by 2.5 to 3 times and that of the fuel by 3 to 3.5 times. Gypsum expanded clay concrete prepared on the basis of this binder has water resistance, freeze-thaw resistance and creep measure allowing to use it as a wall material for manufacturing wall blocks or for erecting monolithic buildings.

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Perovskaya, Kseniya, Daria Petrina, Evgeniy Pikalov, and Oleg Selivanov. "Polymer waste as a combustible additive for wall ceramics production." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199104007.

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The research presents the experimental results devoted to the charge composition development for the production of wall ceramic products, based on low plasticity clay using additives. One of the additives is polymer waste in the amount of 15 wt. %, in particular it is unplasticized polyvinyl chloride used as a combustible additive for increasing ceramics porosity thus decreasing its density and consequently the load on the basement when the walls are constructed. Besides it decreases thermal conductivity and improves energy efficiency of developed wall ceramics application. Boric acid is a second additive used as a fuse thus reducing the temperature of ceramics liquid-phase sintering and forming a vitreous phase, which increases the strength characteristics and reduces water absorption, and therefore increases the product frost resistance. However the vitreous phase amount is insignificant and the products still are characterized by porosity sufficient for density and thermal conductivity reduction up to the level of conditionally effective thermal performance. Thus the application of the developed wall ceramics facilitate the production of energy effective products, which can be used for multi-layers walls construction providing modern thermal engineering standards and rational consumption of building materials. Herewith the developed materials properties correspond to the requirements of solid ceramic bricks used in Russian climatic conditions and help to combine the functions of bearing, heat-insulating and partly facing layers to a certain extend thus expanding their application.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clay-based additive'

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