Journal articles on the topic 'Clay amendment'
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1
Dempster, Daniel N., Davey L. Jones, and Daniel V. Murphy. "Clay and biochar amendments decreased inorganic but not dissolved organic nitrogen leaching in soil." Soil Research 50, no. 3 (2012): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11316.
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Nitrogen (N) leaching from coarse-textured soils frequently leads to productivity losses and negative environmental consequences. Historically, clay amendment has been used on coarse-textured soils to decrease water repellence and nutrient leaching. More recently, biochar has been proposed as an alternative soil amendment to decrease N leaching while simultaneously storing carbon. As biochar has a greater nutrient-retention capacity, we hypothesised that biochar derived from Eucalyptus marginata would be a more effective amendment than clay at minimising N leaching. The soil used was a coarse-textured agricultural sand with the following treatments: (1) biochar incorporated homogenously into the 0–10 cm soil layer, (2) clay incorporated similarly, (3) biochar added as a layer at 10 cm depth, (4) clay added similarly, or (5) a control. Amendments were added at 25 t/ha and watered periodically over 21 days and watered with the equivalent to 30 mm. Clay and biochar amendments significantly decreased cumulative NH4+ leaching by ~20% and NO3– leaching by 25%. Biochar decreased NO3– leaching significantly more than clay, possibly due to decreased nitrification. Dissolved organic N leaching was not influenced by any treatment. Leaching of N was unaffected by amendment application method. We conclude that to decrease N leaching, land managers should apply the most readily available of the amendments in the most convenient manner.
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McWard, G. W., and D. R. Taylor. "Acidified Clay Litter Amendment." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9, no. 4 (December 2000): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/9.4.518.
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Zhou, Cuiying, Xingxing Ge, Wei Huang, Dexian Li, and Zhen Liu. "Effects of Aqua-Dispersing Nano-Binder on Clay Conductivity at Different Temperatures." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 4859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184859.
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Soil nutrients are the basis of ecological remediation. Soil amendments can form a reticular membrane structure on the soil surface to increase nutrient storage and alleviate nutrient imbalances, and are affected by the environmental temperature. At present, the qualitative evaluation of the effect of soil amendment is mainly based on vegetative growth. However, with the increasing use of soil amendments, how to conveniently and quantitatively evaluate the impact of soil amendments on ecological restoration under different temperature conditions from the perspective of soil urgently needs to be solved. Therefore, a new soil amendment named aqua-dispersing nano-binder (ADNB) and silty clay that is commonly used for ecological restoration in South China were used as research subjects, and the important soil nutrient storage capacity—soil conductivity index—was used as the starting point to find solutions to the above problems. We independently developed a multifunctional instrument to measure the soil amendment concentration. Clay conductivity measurements were used by adding different concentrations of ADNB within the range of 0 to 50 °C, and the mechanism by which temperature and ADNB affect the conductivity of clay was revealed. In addition, the quantitative relationship between the clay conductivity, ambient temperature and concentration of ADNB was elucidated. According to the growth conditions of melinis minutiflora and pigeon pea under different concentrations of ADNB, the optimal ADNB concentration needed to improve ecological restoration was obtained, which provided a new way to evaluate the effects of the large-scale use of soil modifiers on ecological restoration.
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Wehtje, Glenn R., Joey N. Shaw, Robert H. Walker, and Walker Williams. "Bermudagrass Growth in Soil Supplemented with Inorganic Amendments." HortScience 38, no. 4 (July 2003): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.4.613.
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Various inorganic soil amendments have been promoted as a means of improving the chemical and physical properties of certain soils. To test this hypothesis, a marginally productive soil was supplemented with 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% (v/v) of either selected inorganic amendments or sand. Amendments consisted of commercially available diatomaceous earth, calcined clay, zeolite, and crystalline SiO2. The soil material was extracted from the argillic horizon of a Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults). Ability of these soil-amendment mixtures to promote `Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] growth was evaluated under greenhouse conditions, and contrasted to that obtained in nonamended soil. Selected chemical and physical properties that are pertinent to plant growth were also evaluated. The experiment, which was conducted 3×, began with a §60-day period in which both water and nutrients were optimum. This was followed by a 30-day drought. During optimum water and nutrients, no soil-amendment treatment(s) consistently resulted in superior bermudagrass growth compared to soil alone. However, <2% of the bermudagrass tissue that was produced during the drought became green and succulent with the resumption of irrigation in nonamended soil. This percentage was exceeded by all treatments that contained either ≥60% diatomaceous earth (Axis), or ≥40% calcined clay (Profile); and by 100% zeolite (Clinolite) and 100% silica (Green's Choice). Drought-sustaining ability of soil-amendment mixtures was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with water-holding ability, soil strength, bulk density, and oxygen diffusion rate, but not correlated with either pH or cation exchange capacity (CEC). While certain inorganic amendments did improve the drought-sustaining ability of soil, the amount required was generally ≥40%.
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Spomer, L. Art. "Water retention of light expanded clay amendment." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29, no. 9-10 (May 1998): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370025.
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Hummel, Rita L., and Charles R. Johnson. "Amended Backfills: Their Cost and Effect on Transplant Growth and Survival." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-3.2.76.
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Amendment of backfill soil at planting with peat moss, fired montmorrilonite clay or a “superabsorbent” gel had no significant positive influence on growth and establishment of container grown Liquidambar styraciflua L., sweet gum, plants placed in well-drained Arredondo fine sand soil. A cost estimate indicated the addition of amendments to backfill soil would increase installation costs 27 to 30% over those for control plants.
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Sloan, John J., Wayne A. Mackay, Phil Colbaugh, Steve W. George, and Sam Feagley. "The Suitability of Expanded Shale as an Amendment for Clay Soils." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.646.
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Excessive soil moisture in clay soils can cause poor aeration and adversely affect plant growth. Small [1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 inches)] and large [3 to 6 mm (0.118 to 0.354 inches)] diameter expanded shales (ExSh), quartz sand, sphagnum peatmoss (SPM), and cottonseed hulls (CH) were evaluated as soil amendments for Austin silty clay soil. A 3-inch (7.6-cm) layer of each amendment was incorporated to a depth of 6 inches (15.2 cm), resulting in a 1:1 mixture by volume. Pansies (Viola × wittrockiana `Crown Azure Blue') were grown from December to June, followed by scaevola (Scaevola aemula `New Wonder') from June to November for two growing seasons. Foliage quality and extent of flowering were evaluated biweekly. Pansy root weights and above-ground biomass were quantified at the end of each growing season. None of the amendments significantly affected pansy foliage quality or the number of blooms per plant. Small diameter ExSh and SPM decreased pansy nitrogen content the first year after application, but not the second. During the first growing season, when soils were frequently saturated due to excessive rainfall, pansy root weights were significantly higher in soils amended with the small and large diameter ExSh. Large diameter ExSh treatments significantly increased the survival rate of transplanted scaevola plants and also the quality of foliage and percent blossom coverage during both growing seasons. Cottonseed hulls also increased scaevola survival for both growing seasons, but did not consistently improve scaevola foliage quality or bloom coverage. Of the five amendments tested, large diameter ExSh consistently improved overall plant performance more than the other amendments.
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Clark, G. J., P. W. G. Sale, and C. Tang. "Organic amendments initiate the formation and stabilisation of macroaggregates in a high clay sodic soil." Soil Research 47, no. 8 (2009): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09119.
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Subsoil constraints present a substantial problem for crop production in many agricultural regions. In particular, soils in temperate grain production areas of Australia are often poorly structured due to high content of sodic clay. An alternative to the standard practice of addition of gypsum is to incorporate organic amendments deep into the subsoil. An incubation experiment was performed for 174 days using several organic amendments. These consisted of wheat shoots, lucerne pellets, canola and chickpea stubbles, chicken manure, peat, and sawdust. Gypsum, an inorganic amendment commonly applied to sodic soil, was included for comparison. The change over 174 days in soil structural properties was measured using wet-sieving. Formation of slaking-resistant macroaggregates >2 mm was most rapid with ‘green plant material’, wheat and lucerne, while the ‘stubbles’ were markedly slower in obtaining the equivalent level of aggregation. However, the largest growth in aggregates after day 56 was shown by the ‘stubble’ and chicken manure amended soils. The gypsum amendment was not capable of forming large, slaking-resistant aggregates >2 mm; this may be attributed to the inability of gypsum to stimulate soil biological processes. Peat and sawdust failed to initiate slaking-resistant macroaggregates. The study demonstrated that a variety of organic amendments have the ability to improve the physical fertility of sodic subsoil, and in the case of the green plant materials within 1 week of incubation.
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Ajayi, Ayodele Ebenezer, and Rainer Horn. "Comparing the potentials of clay and biochar in improving water retention and mechanical resilience of sandy soil." International Agrophysics 30, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0009.
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Abstract Changing climate is threatening rainfall regularity particularly in the semi-arid and arid regions; therefore, strategies to conserve water within their coarse-grained soils and to improve water use efficiency of crops are critical. This study compared the effectiveness of biochar and two types of clay materials in augmenting water retention and improving mechanical resilience of fine sand. The amendment of fine sand with woodchip-biochar and kaolinite (non-swelling clay) and Na-bentonite (swelling clay) improved the water retention capacity and interparticle bonding of the substrate depending of the rate of amendment and water content of the substrates. Na-bentonite was more effective at increasing water retention capacity at more negative matric potentials. Biochar was more effective at saturation due to the increased porosity, while kaolinite responds similarly to biochar. It is, however, shown that most of the water retained by the Na-betonite may not be available to plants, particularly at high amendment rate. Furthermore, the clay and biochar materials improved particle bonding in the fine sand with the Na-bentonite being more effective than biochar and kaolinite (in that order) in strengthening interparticle bonds and improving the resilience of fine sand, if the rate of amendment is kept at ≤50 g kg-1.
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McCray, J. Mabry, Shangning Ji, and Leslie E. Baucum. "Sugarcane Yield Response to Furrow-Applied Organic Amendments on Sand Soils." International Journal of Agronomy 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/426387.
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Organic amendments have been shown to increase sugarcane yield on sand soils in Florida. These soils have very low water and nutrient-holding capacities because of the low content of organic matter, silt, and clay. Because of high costs associated with broadcast application, this field study was conducted to determine sugarcane yield response to furrow application of two organic amendments on sand soils. One experiment compared broadcast application (226 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost, furrow application (14, 28, and 56 m3 ha−1) of these materials, and no amendment. Another experiment compared furrow applications (28 and 56 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost with no amendment. There were significant yield (t sucrose ha−1) responses to broadcast and furrow-applied mill mud but responses to furrow applications were not consistent across sites. There were no significant yield responses to yard waste compost suggesting that higher rates or repeated applications of this amendment will be required to achieve results comparable to mill mud. Results also suggest that enhancing water and nutrient availability in the entire volume of the root zone with broadcast incorporation of organic amendments is the more effective approach for low organic matter sands.
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Hammermeister, A. M., D. S. Chanasyk, and M. A. Naeth. "Fly ash influence on near-surface temperature of a clay loam soil." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-058.
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It has been suggested that fly ash, when applied as a soil amendment, would increase soil temperature. However, no quantitative data have been provided to support this hypothesis. This hypothesis was tested on four fly ash treatments (0, 100, 200, and 400 t ha−1) applied to clay loam soil in a randomized block design. Bi-hourly soil temperatures were measured on 3 summer days over 2 yr, and afternoon temperatures were measured on randomly selected spring days at 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths in the four fly ash treatments. Temperatures were measured in conjunction with surface bulk density, water content, and particle size distribution which were also used to calculate thermal heat capacity. Fly ash decreased percent clay, soil water content, and soil heat capacity. Contrary to previously expected trends, fly ash amendment did not significantly increase mean daily soil temperature under dry conditions. Generalizations in the literature regarding the influence of fly ash on soil temperature, bulk density, and water-holding capacity must be considered carefully since they generally relate only to coarse to medium textured soils. Key words: Soil amendments, bulk density, reclamation, heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric water content, particle size distribution
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Barthod, Justine, Cornélia Rumpel, Remigio Paradelo, and Marie-France Dignac. "The effects of worms, clay and biochar on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions during production and soil application of co-composts." SOIL 2, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-673-2016.
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Abstract. In this study we evaluated CO2 emissions during composting of green wastes with clay and/or biochar in the presence and absence of worms (species of the genus Eisenia), as well as the effect of those amendments on carbon mineralization after application to soil. We added two different doses of clay, biochar or their mixture to pre-composted green wastes and monitored carbon mineralization over 21 days in the absence or presence of worms. The resulting co-composts and vermicomposts were then added to a loamy Cambisol and the CO2 emissions were monitored over 30 days in a laboratory incubation. Our results indicated that the addition of clay or clay/biochar mixture reduced carbon mineralization during co-composting without worms by up to 44 %. In the presence of worms, CO2 emissions during composting increased for all treatments except for the low clay dose. The effect of the amendments on carbon mineralization after addition to soil was small in the short term. Overall, composts increased OM mineralization, whereas vermicomposts had no effect. The presence of biochar reduced OM mineralization in soil with respect to compost and vermicompost without additives, whereas clay reduced mineralization only in the composts. Our study indicates a significant role of the conditions of composting on mineralization in soil. Therefore, the production of a low CO2 emission amendment requires optimization of feedstocks, co-composting agents and worm species.
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Tayyab, Muhammad, Waqar Islam, Yasir Arafat, Ziqin Pang, Caifang Zhang, Yu Lin, Muhammad Waqas, Sheng Lin, Wenxiong Lin, and Hua Zhang. "Effect of Sugarcane Straw and Goat Manure on Soil Nutrient Transformation and Bacterial Communities." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2018): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072361.
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Crop residue and animal manure as a soil amendment have been recognized as a feasible agricultural practice owing to its contribution in improving the soil fertility (SF). The primary advantages of this practice are determined by the activities of soil microorganisms. However, goat manure (M), sugarcane straw (S), and goat manure plus straw (MS) amendments influence soil bacteria, their activities, and SF in clay-loam soil remains undefinable. Therefore, this study distinguished the efficacy of M, MS, and S amendment on soil enzyme activities and the availability of nutrients, including various bacterial populations in clay-loamy soil with respect to two different phases (50 and 100 days). In order to analyze the bacterial structure and their activities, we employed high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and soil enzyme activity (SEA) tests. Soil amended with M and MS not only significantly enhanced nutrient availability, including C, P, and N, soil pH, as well as SEA for C and N cycles in both phases. Additionally, the increase in nutrient availability was greater in M- and MS-amended soils in the second phase (100 days) compared to the M- and S-amended soils in the first phase (50 days). Moreover, plant growth promoting and lignocellulose degrading bacterial genera were enhanced under M- and MS-amended soil compared to S-amended soil in both phases. Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) showed that soil pH, carbon-nitrogen ratio (C:N), and nitrates (NO3−) were inducing the fewest changes, while total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), total phosphorus (TP), available potassium (AK), and ammonium (NH4+) were the main operators in terms of change in bacterial populations. In general, we observed that M and MS are better amendment sources as compared to S amendment in order to enhance the SF in the clay-loamy soil in both phases, but greater fertility was exhibited in the second phase.
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Ahmed, Ahmed S. F., and Vijaya Raghavan. "Influence of wood-derived biochar on the physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics of agricultural soils." International Agrophysics 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0094.
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AbstractAmendment of soil with biochar has been shown to enhance fertility and increase crop productivity, but the specific influence of biochar on soil workability remains unclear. Select physico-mechanical and chemical properties of clay loam and sandy loam soils were measured after amendment with wood-derived biochar of two particle size ranges (0.5-425 and 425-850 µm) at five dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10% dry weight. Whereas the clay loam soil workability decreased when the finer wood-derived biochar was applied at rates of 6 or 10%, soil fertility was not enhanced. The sandy loam soil, due to Proctor compaction, significantly decreased in bulk density with 6 and 10% wood-derived biochar amendments indicating higher soil resistance to compaction.
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Ding, Yuan, Weiya Wang, and Shiying Ao. "The regulating effects and mechanism of biochar and maifanite on copper and cadmium in a polluted soil-Lolium perenne L. system." PeerJ 9 (August 9, 2021): e11921. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11921.
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Arable land polluted by copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) is a widespread problem. The use of biochar and/or clay mineral as a soil amendment can effectively solidify heavy metals in the soil. We applied biochar (BC), iron modified biochar (Fe-BC), maifanite (MF, a kind of clay minerals), a combination of BC with MF (BC:MF), and Fe-BC with MF (Fe-BC:MF) at a 2 wt % dose as soil amendments to study their ability to prevent Cu and Cd from accumulating in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). We found that after 90 days of cultivation, the Cd and Cu content both significantly decreased in ryegrass shoots from 2.06 and 209.3 mg kg−1 (control) to 1.44–2.01 and 51.50–70.92 mg kg−1, respectively, across treatments (p < 0.05). Similarly, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cd/Cu was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) in all amendments versus control soil. This trend differed among the shoot, BCF, and transportation factor (TF). Combining BC:MF or Fe-BC:MF did not significantly improve the Cd/Cu stabilization in the soil compared to the corresponding single amendment (p > 0.05). Our adsorption balance experiment showed that BC, Fe-BC, and MF physically and chemically adsorbed Cd and Cu by complexation with functional groups (mesoporous nanomaterials) whose porosity measurements ranged from 0.68 to 78.57 m2 g−1. Furthermore, the amorphous crystalline iron oxide binding Cd and Cu was the key to immobilizing these metals in the soil. The amendments applied in our study show promise for enhancing immobilization of Cu and Cd in contaminated paddy soils.
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Hu, Zhen Qi, Xiu Hong Yang, and Ying Chun Zhang. "Clay Minerals as a Feasible Additive to Stabilize Cadmium in Contaminated Soils." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1906.
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The adsorption behavior of clay minerals in cadmium contaminated soils has been studied in order to remedy soils contaminated with this metal in this work. The results show that Langmuir model best describes the adsorption of Cd2+, and the maximum sorption values of 8.45 mg/g for bentonite, 5.69mg/g for sepiolite and 10.57mg/g for attapulgite are obtained at pH 5-6. In addition, the effect of clay minerals amendment on a highly cadmium contaminated soil has been studied by means of pot experiments. The results indicate that the metal concentrations in shoot and root of plant decreased with addition of clay minerals to soil (1%), and the highest decrease value of metal concentrations is obtained in the soils added by attapulgite amendment.
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Scheiber, S. M., Richard C. Beeson, and Sudeep Vyapari. "Pentas Water Use and Growth in Simulated Landscapes as Affected by Municipal Compost and Mined Field Clay Soil Amendments." HortScience 42, no. 7 (December 2007): 1744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.7.1744.
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Pentas lanceolata Schum. ‘New Look Red’ plants were grown in compost-amended, mined field clay-amended, or unamended sand soils in drainage lysimeters to evaluate growth, aesthetic quality, and irrigation requirements. Treatments were evaluated with irrigation controlled by tensiometers set to irrigate back to near field capacity when plant-available water in each soil declined to 50%. Compost-amended soils had greater (P < 0.05) mean shoot dry weight, total biomass, shoot-to-root ratios, growth indices, and landscape quality than other amendment treatments. Unamended soils and clay-amended treatments were comparable for all plant parameters. Total irrigation volumes applied were similar among treatments. Compost-amended soils yielded larger canopies, improved quality, and tended toward less cumulative irrigation. Clay amendment was not beneficial.
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Rousseau, G., S. Rioux, and D. Dostaler. "Effect of crop rotation and soil amendments on Sclerotinia stem rot on soybean in two soils." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-137.
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The effect of 4-yr soybean rotations with corn (CCCS vs. CCSS vs. SSSS) and soil amendments (urban compost vs. mineral fertilizer) on Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean (disease severity index, apothecia number, sclerotia survival), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, was studied on two soils (clay loam and sandy loam) at Saint-Hyacinthe, in southwestern Québec, from 1999 to 2002. In 2002, the 3-yr-corn rotation had a significant effect on the disease severity index (DSI) at the clay loam site; DSI was greatly reduced by rotation (5.2%) compared with monoculture (44.3%). At the sandy loam site, an interaction between rotation and fertility amendments reduced DSI from 71.7% in the monoculture to 37.8% in the 3-yr-corn rotation amended with compost. Canonical redundancy analysis (RDA) of the DSI-apothecia matrix in 2002 confirmed the suppressiveness of the 3-yr-corn rotation and revealed a significant conducive effect on DSI of compost at the clay loam site. At the sandy loam site, RDA of the DSI-apothecia matrix confirmed suppressive interaction between corn-soybean rotations and compost amendment. Key words: Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean, crop rotation, urban compost, multiple regression, canonical redundancy analysis, permutations test
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Meisl, Tomáš, Martin Dubský, František Šrámek, and Tomáš Nečas. "The effect of clay amendment on substrate properties and growth of woody plants." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 8 (2012): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260080163.
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This work deals with the effect of two clay products differing in particle size distribution on properties of growing substrate and on growth of containerized woody plants in substrates amended with these clay products. Fine and coarse clay were added to a peat substrate, each at two rates. The peat substrate without clay was used as a control. The substrates were tested in experiments with two woody ornamentals (Thuja occidentalis’Smaragd’andPrunus cistena). Chemical and physical properties of the substrates were measured according to European Standards before planting. Proportion of water categories differing in availability to the plants were calculated from retention curves measured on the sand box. Properties of substrates in containers with and without plants were evaluated in the same way at the end of the culture. Clay addition changed chemical and physical properties of the tested substrates in terms: available nutrients content, particle density, bulk density, total pore volume, easy available water, water buffering capacity, air capacity, and shrinkage. The effect of fine clay was much stronger. In comparison with the clear effect of clay addition on the substrate chemical and physical properties, the effect on the growth and quality of model woody plants was not so explicit.
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Sial, Tanveer Ali, Zhilong Lan, Limei Wang, Ying Zhao, Jianguo Zhang, Farhana Kumbhar, Mehurnisa Memon, Muhammad Siddique Lashari, and Ahmed Naqi Shah. "Effects of Different Biochars on Wheat Growth Parameters, Yield and Soil Fertility Status in a Silty Clay Loam Soil." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091798.
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The conversion of organic wastes into biochar via the pyrolysis technique could be used to produce soil amendments useful as a source of plant nutrients. In this study, we investigated the effects of fruit peels and milk tea waste-derived biochars on wheat growth, yield, root traits, soil enzyme activities and nutrient status. Eight amendment treatments were tested: no amendment (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), banana peel biochar 1% (BB1 + CF), banana peel biochar 2% (BB2 + CF), orange peel biochar 1% (OB1 + CF), orange peel biochar 2% (OB2 + CF), milk tea waste biochar 1% (TB1 + CF) and milk tea waste biochar 2% (TB2 + CF). The results indicated that chlorophyll values, plant height, grain yield, dry weight of shoot and root were significantly (p < 0.05) increased for the TB2 + CF treatment as compared to other treatments. Similarly, higher contents of nutrients in grains, shoots and roots were observed for TB2 + CF: N (61.3, 23.3 and 7.6 g kg−1), P (9.2, 10.4 and 8.3 g kg−1) and K (9.1, 34.8 and 4.4 g kg−1). Compared to CK, the total root length (41.1%), surface area (56.5%), root volume (54.2%) and diameter (78.4%) were the greatest for TB2 + CF, followed by BB2 + CF, OB2 + CF, TB1 + CF, BB1 + CF, OB1 + CF and CF, respectively. However, BB + CF and OB + CF treatments increased β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase, but not urease activity, as compared to the TB + CF amendment, while all enzyme activity decreased with the increased biochar levels. We concluded that the conversion of fruit peels and milk tea waste into biochar products contribute the benefits of environmental and economic issues, and should be tested as soil amendments combined with chemical fertilizers for the improvement of wheat growth and grain yield as well as soil fertility status under field conditions.
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Buhmann, C., I. Rapp, and MC Laker. "Differences in mineral ratios between disaggregated and original clay fractions in some South African soils as affected by amendments." Soil Research 34, no. 6 (1996): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9960909.
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Conflicting information is available on the propensity different soil clays exhibit to dispersion. We therefore assessed the relative stability of the clay components of 12 soil samples, from various parts of South Africa, to predominantly physical disruption by a mild disruptive treatment [mechanical shaking for 5 min in distilled water (DW), and after the addition of phosphogypsum (PG; 2% by weight) and polyacrylamide (PAM; 0.04% by weight)]. The soils differed markedly in their physical and chemical properties. Clay fractions were of mixed mineralogy and dominated by kaolinite, illite, or smectite. Comparison of the clay mineral composition of the disaggregated clay with that of the original <2 �m fraction indicated that the disaggregated clay composition depended on the amendment. In DW, clay-sized quartz and feldspar were disaggregated preferentially over layer silicates. Within the phyllosilicate fraction, the 2:1 clay minerals (mica, smectite) were on average slightly more easily disaggregated than kaolinite. Goethite was the least easily detached clay component in DW. The increase in quartz and feldspar proportions relative to the other components of the clay fraction was dramatically more pronounced when the soils were mixed with PG. With PAM, however, differences in the nature of the clay fraction between original and disaggregated clay were only marginal. Disruption was not particle-size related, as the minerals of the fine-clay fraction showed no selective increase in any of the treatments. These findings indicate that the most inert members of the clay fraction are most actively involved in the process of disaggregation. PG influenced disaggregation in a manner markedly different from that of PAM. Gypsum preferentially stabilised components with a net negative charge over uncharged species. PAM, in contrast, seemed to affect all clay components equally, independent of charge characteristics.
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Xiong, X., F. Stagnitti, G. Allinson, N. Turoczy, P. Li, M. LeBlanc, M. A. Cann, et al. "Effects of clay amendment on adsorption and desorption of copper in water repellent soils." Soil Research 43, no. 3 (2005): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04088.
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Copper is an important micronutrient and trace amounts are essential for crop growth. However, high concentrations of copper will produce toxic effects. Australia is increasingly developing production of crops in water repellent soils. Clay amendment, a common amelioration techniques used in Australia, has demonstrated agronomic benefits in increased crop or pasture production. The sorption and desorption of copper and the effect of clay treatment on copper behaviour in a water repellent soil collected from an experimental farm in South Australia is studied. We found that the water repellent soils amended with clay have an increased adsorption capacity of copper. Also the clay-amended soils had an increased ratio of specific sorption to total sorption of copper. The implications of this study to the sustainable agro-environmental management of water repellent soils is discussed.
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Hlaváčiková, Hana, Viliam Novák, Koji Kameyama, Katarína Brezianska, Marek Rodný, and Justína Vitková. "Two types of biochars: one made from sugarcane bagasse, other one produced from paper fiber sludge and grain husks and their effects on water retention of a clay, a loamy soil and a silica sand." Soil and Water Research 14, No. 2 (April 5, 2019): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/15/2018-swr.
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Biochar (BC) is used as a soil amendment to enhance plant growth by improving mainly soil chemical and hydrophysical properties. In this work the effects of two types of BCs on soil water retention properties were analysed. The first type of BC was made from sugarcane bagasse. It was added to a clay “Shimajiri Maji” soil at an application rate of 3 w%. The second type of BC was made from paper fiber sludge and grain husks. It was added into a loam soil at rates of 3.6, and 7.3 w%. It was assumed that the effect of BC amendment will be more pronounced in coarse-grained soil than in fine-grained one. Therefore, the second type of BC was applied additionally in the silica sand, in a textured contrast material compared with the loam soil. The BC amendment caused statistically significant increase of water content in the transmission pores of the clay soil, in the storage pores of the loam soil, and in the macropores and the storage pores in the silica sand. Despite of the positive effect on soil water retention, statistically significant increase of available water capacity (AWC) was identified only in the loam soil with the larger BC amendment rate. Possible reasons are discussed.
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Zhanhui, Zhao, Zhang Congzhi, Zhang Jiabao, Liu Changhua, and Wu Qicong. "Fertilizer impacts on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic components." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 7 (June 21, 2018): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/195/2018-pse.
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A 5-year (2012–2016) field experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of different fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer, mineral and organic fertilizer) on organic carbon and soil water-stable aggregates in a North China Plain Vertisol. Compared with no fertilizer (control), single mineral fertilizer did not significantly (P < 0.01) affect organic carbon content or aggregate mass proportion in bulk soil. Small and large macroaggregate mass proportions increased, but applying organic manure significantly decreased the silt + clay fraction and microaggregates. Organic manure amendment significantly enhanced organic carbon concentrations in aggregates (large macroaggregates, > 2000 μm; small macroaggregates, 2000–250 μm; microaggregates, 53–250 μm; and free silt + clay fraction, < 53 μm) and aggregate subfractions, including intraparticulate organic matter and silt + clay subfractions (< 53 μm). Single mineral fertilizer amendment increased organic carbon concentrations in macroaggregates, particularly intraparticulate organic matter. The results indicated that the organic carbon increase in organic manure-amended soil were possibly due to enhanced silt + clay subfractions, which then promoted macroaggregates formation. Applying organic manure could improve organic carbon sequestration and maintain its stability in aggregates, whereas mineral fertilizer only enhanced organic carbon in large macroaggregates, but with low stability.
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Qiao, L. "The effects of clay amendment on composting of digested sludge." Water Research 31, no. 5 (May 1997): 1056–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00289-8.
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Zayani, K., H. Bousnina, A. Mhiri, R. Hartmann, and H. Cherif. "Evaporation in layered soils under different rates of clay amendment." Agricultural Water Management 30, no. 2 (April 1996): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(95)01217-6.
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Ma, Hua, Qirui Li, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, and Sonoko Dorothea Bellingrath-Kimura. "A Case Study in Desertified Area: Soybean Growth Responses to Soil Structure and Biochar Addition Integrating Ridge Regression Models." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061341.
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Desertified land covers one-fourth of the world’s total land area. Meeting the high food demands in areas affected by desertification is a major problem. This case study provided fundamental information to demonstrate the potential for utilizing the desertified land. The soybean trial was established in two sandy clay loam soils (desertified land) and one silty clay loam soil. Two types of biochar were applied as treatments. We aimed to investigate the response of soybean plants to soil structure, soil nutrient condition, and biochar amendment in the two types of soil. In addition, ridge regression was employed to model the plant growth indicators by soil structure, soil nutrients condition, soil water content, and biochar amendment. We conclude that (1) overall soil productivity in sandy clay loam soil is lower than in silty clay loam soil. The sandy clay loam soil may have high efficacy for crop production due to its higher harvest index. (2) Aggregate size 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm, and 2–3 mm indicated more important in plant biomass formation in silty clay loam soil. The low aggregate stability of sandy clay loam soil made the field more vulnerable to wind erosion in the semi-arid monsoon climate. (3) Cob biochar and wood biochar increased soybean shoot biomass by 48.7% and 45.0% in silty clay loam soil. (4) The higher N-fixing ability of nodules in sandy clay loam soil indicates an advantage to reduce the use of N-fertilizers in desertified areas. (5) Exponential polynomial regression ameliorated the accuracy of prediction of plant growth indicators in comparison to linear regression.
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Qasaimeh, Ahmad, Abdulla A. Sharo, and Khalid Bani-Melhem. "CLAYEY SOIL AMENDMENT BY HYDROPHILIC NANO BENTONITE FOR LANDFILL COVER BARRIER: A CASE STUDY." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 28, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2020.12715.
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Methane and carbon dioxide are of major concern as greenhouse gases; the landfills have the problem of controlling these gases. Al Akaider in Jordan is the second biggest landfill suffers controlling gases as it lacks a cover design system. In this work, the main goal is to investigate the appropriateness of amended expansive clayey soil in Irbid as a cover barrier. The expansive soil is unwanted in construction projects, thus the modification of this expelled soil enables using it as a low cost landfill cover barrier. In this research, the effect of adding nano-clay material (Hydrophilic Nano Bentonite) on the geotechnical characteristics, hydraulic conductivity, and gas transport coefficients of the clayey soil are studied. The soil samples were obtained from Irbid city. Unconfined compressive strength and free swelling tests were performed on soil samples with different percentages of nano-clay added in the range (0.1% to 1.2%) by weight. The results indicated that the addition of nano-clay at low percentages increases the strength of expansive soil up to 315 kPa at 0.6% of nano-clay and the swelling potential decreased dramatically with the addition of nano-clay. The optimal percent of nano-clay was found to be 0.6%. The intrinsic permeability of the amended soil was 6.03×10–15 m2. The average values of fluid transport coefficients were determined at 25 °C. The hydraulic conductivity for water was about 6.5×10–10 m/s. Gas conductivity coefficients for CO2 and CH4 were 5×10–9 m/s and 2.5×10–9 m/s respectively. Gas diffusion coefficients for CO2 and CH4 were 3×10–6 m2/s and 4×10–6 m2/s respectively.
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Aydemir, S., and N. F. Najjar. "Application of two amendments (gypsum and langbeinite) to reclaim sodic soil using sodic irrigation water." Soil Research 43, no. 4 (2005): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04105.
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In this study, gypsum, a common amendment for sodic soil reclamation, was compared with langbeinite, a lesser used and known mineral. A column leaching experiment using sodic water was conducted on a sodic, non-saline soil (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Ruptic Vertic Albaqualf) dominated by smectitic clays. Soil was amended with gypsum and langbeinite at rates equivalent to exchangeable Na at soil depths of 0.15 and 0.30 m. The soil water at depths of 0.75, 0.15, and 0.225 m and the effluent from each column were collected at intervals of 12 h and analysed for soluble bases. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated from soluble salts. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was calculated. At the end of the experiment, soil samples were removed from each column in 4 depth increments. Significantly less exchangeable Na and lower SAR of the soil water was found in the lower sections of the soil columns, and Ksat was greater for the amended treatments than for the control. High solubility of the langbeinite resulted in the highest Ksat value, with possible increase in electrolyte concentration and reduction of clay swelling and dispersion in the first 12 h. However, there was no significant difference in reclamation efficiency between equivalent rates of 2 amendments throughout the experiment. This experiment indicated that factors influencing the decision about using either amendment should be availability of the product, the seasonal fluctuation in price, required reclamation time, and the crop needs for Ca or Mg and K.
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Czaban, Janusz, Ewa Czyż, Grzegorz Siebielec, and Jacek Niedźwiecki. "Long-lasting Effects of Bentonite on Properties of A Sandy Soil Deprived of the Humus Layer." International Agrophysics 28, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2014-0018.
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Abstract Bentonite has been recognized as a very good material for the improvement of coarse textured soils. In microplot experiment, of a sandy soil deprived of the humus layer was enriched in 1973 with waste bentonite at the rates of 0, 3, 6 and 12 kg m-2. Until 2002, the microplots were planted with different crops and regularly enriched with mineral and organic fertilizers. Since 2003, the microplots were left barren. In 2009, determinations of several features of the soils (in 5-30, 30-55 and 55-80 cm layers) showed that the historical amendment of the sandy soil with bentonite (especially its highest dose) ensured significantly higher contents of water, organic C, clay, silt and a sand fraction with particle diameter <0.1 mm in 5-30 cm layer. Proportions of non-dispersible clay in the total clay of bentonite soils in the two upper soil layers were significantly lower than those of the control soil. A significant increase in the penetrometer resistance was observed in 40-58 cm layers of the control soil and the soil with 3 kg m-2 bentonite amendment, contrary to the soils with two highest bentonite doses.
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Hascher, William, and Christina Wells. "Effects of Soil Decompaction and Amendment on Root Growth and Architecture in Red Maple ( Acer rubrum)." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33, no. 6 (November 1, 2007): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.049.
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The Terravent TMsoil injection device (Pinnacle Concepts, Ltd., Cornwall, UK) uses compressed nitrogen gas to fracture compacted soil and permits the subsequent injection of liquid amendments. In the current study, we measured fine root growth and architecture in soil that had received one of four treatments: 1) Terravent injections, 2) Terravent injections followed by liquid amendment (MycorTree® Injectable; PHC, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.), 3) addition of amendment only, and 4) an untreated control. The experiment was conducted on ten red maples (Acer rubrum) growing on a moderately compacted urban clay soil next to a busy road on the Clemson University campus. Treatments were applied in April 2002. Seven weeks later, soil cores were pulled from locations adjacent to the injection sites, and fine roots (less than 2 mm [0.08 in] in diameter) from each core were washed free of soil. A variety of root parameters were measured, including length, surface area, diameter distribution, and mass. Terravent treatment had no effect on any root parameters measured. Application of MycorTree was associated with small, statistically significant reductions in root diameter, root mass density (mg root/cm 3soil), and root surface area density (cm 2root/cm 3soil).
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Fouad, Mohamed Riad, Mohamed E. I. Badawy, Ahmed F. El-Aswad, and Maher I. Aly. "Experimental modeling design to study the effect of different soil treatments on the dissipation of metribuzin herbicide with effect on dehydrogenase activity." Current Chemistry Letters 12, no. 2 (2023): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2022.12.001.
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The dissipation and side-effect of metribuzin (MBZ) were studied with various factors; two soil types (clay loam and sandy loam), soil amendment (wheat straw and without amendment), two temperature levels (25 and 50°C), sterilization (sterilized and unsterilized soil) and time of incubation (15 and 30 days) and designed by Windows version of MINITAB software package to reduce the time and the cost as well as increased the precision. Determination of MBZ by HPLC with recoveries ranged from 50.85 to 108.09%. The MBZ residues were detected in all samples up to 60 days of storage, respectively with decline in their concentrations with the time of incubation. The clay loam soil showed higher dissipation than the sandy loam soil. The different factors in the present study confirmed that the wheat straw amendment, non-sterilization and incubation at 50°C caused higher dissipation of MBZ than without wheat straw, sterilization and incubation at 25°C. The dissipation was described mathematically by a first order equation with t0.5 was ranged from 9.62 to 16.82 days in clay loam soil and from 10.01 to 16.04 days in sandy loam soil. The side-effect of MBZ was tested on soil dehydrogenase activity that can be considered as an indicator of the biological activity and microbial degradation. The result proved that the enzyme activity was significantly decreased in all treatments compared with the controls at 1 and 3 days of incubation then it was gradually increased at 7, 10, 15 and 30 days of incubation. Treatments of wheat straw, non-sterilized and incubated at 25°C or 50°C showed the lowest enzyme inhibition among all treatments.
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Sloan, R. Crofton, Richard L. Harkess, and William L. Kingery. "Nitrogen and Cotton Gin Waste Enhance Effectiveness of Pine Bark Soil Amendment." HortTechnology 14, no. 2 (January 2004): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.2.0212.
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Urban soils are often not ideal planting sites due to removal of native topsoil or the mixing of topsoil and subsoil at the site. Adding pine bark based soil amendments to a clay soil altered soil bulk density and soil compaction which resulted in improved plant growth. Addition of nitrogen (N) or cotton gin waste to pine bark resulted in improved plant growth compared to pine bark alone. Growth of pansies (Viola × wittrockiana) during the 1999-2000 winter growing season was enhanced by the addition of pine bark plus nitrogen at 3- and 6-inch (7.6- and 15.2-cm) application rates (PBN3 and PBN6) and pine bark plus cotton gin waste at the 6 inch rate (CGW6). Plant size and flower production of vinca (Catharanthus roseus) were reduced by pine bark amendments applied at 3- or 6-inch rates (PB3 or PB6). Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) grown in plots amended with 3 or 6 inches of pine bark plus cotton gin waste (CGW3 or CGW6) and pine bark plus nitrogen at 3- or 6-inch rates (PBN3 or PBN6) produced greater shoot growth than other amendment treatments. In some instances PB3 treatments suppressed growth. High levels of N and soluble salts derived from CGW and PBN soil amendments incorporated into the soil probably contributed to the improved plant growth observed in this experiment.
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Muzzi, Enrico, and Gabriele Mongardi. "Comparison of revegetation techniques on mineral clay soil: analysis of quantitative response of vegetation cover." Italian Journal of Agronomy 11, no. 3 (August 10, 2016): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2016.723.
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Revegetation of mineral-clay soils is a notably complex ecological and technically challenging undertaking that depends on substrate profile and local micro-environmental conditions, factors making it a particularly long procedure as well. This study compared and assessed the medium-term effectiveness of four treatments employed to promote stable pedogenesis and herbaceous recolonisation of abandoned clay quarries in the Apennine foothills of northern Italy’s Emilia- Romagna region. The treatments included: slow-release N organic fertiliser, phosphate fertiliser, organic amendment and topsoil [the soil top layer (0-0.2 m) of a local natural meadow]. The state of the vegetative cover was monitored monthly from 1994 through 2004, until problems of slope stability at the site compromised the integrity of the trial plots. Significant effects were achieved by the recycled topsoil through 8 years and by organic amendment through 6 years; the effects of slow-release nitrogen were notably limited over time and phosphorous delivered a medium-term response but of notable year-toyear swings. No interactions among factors emerged in the mediumterm. After 11 years, treatments did not induce effects statistical appreciable. Our results suggest that the tested agronomic strategies on mineral clay soil did not trigger, in the medium-term, secondary succession processes able to potentially alter the spontaneous revegetation course.
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Liu, Zong Tang, Gang Ya Zhang, and Zhong Sheng Hu. "Immobilization of Cadmium and Lead in Contaminated Soils by Different Amendments." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 1662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.1662.
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A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of attapulgite clay, activated carbon, and liquid organic fertilizers used as soil amendments on cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) immobilization as well as on tobacco growth in contaminated soils. All three amendments reduced the amounts of DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb in soils as well as the concentrations of Cd and Pb in tobacco roots and leaves, compared to the control. Cadmium had a higher transportation index into tobacco leaves than Pb. DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb in soils was positively correlated with the metal concentrations in tobacco leaves, suggesting that DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb measurement could be a feasible method for assessing Cd and Pb bioavailability. Experimental results showed that upward trends of Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) value in leaves were observed when tobaccos plants were grown in contaminated soils with increases of all the amendments. There were increases in root and shoot lengths as well as leaf area and dry weight for tobacco grown in amendment treated soils compared to the control.
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Moirana, Ruth Lorivi, Josephine Mkunda, Marcos Paradelo, Revocatus Machunda, and Kelvin Mtei. "Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Fluoride Using a Fermentation Product of Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii)." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (October 3, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6967031.
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This study investigated the efficacy of fermented seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) on the remediation of fluoride-contaminated soil. The soil was amended with either 1.25, 3.0, or 5.0% (w/w) fermented seaweed (FSW), parallel with the controls (0%). The amendment improved the physicochemical properties of the soil particularly pH regulated from strong alkaline (9.3) to neutral (7.0) which is essential for germination, crop growth, and yield. The amount of water soluble-fluoride (Ws-F) dropped from 81.7 ± 3.1 mg/kg to 42.7 ± 2.4, 33.7 ± 1.2, 19.6 ± 0.9, and 12 ± 1.3 mg/kg following 0, 1.25, 3, and 5% amendment dosage, respectively. Most of the Ws-F was converted into exchangeable fluoride (Ex-F) and to fluoride-bound to iron and manganese (Fe/Mn-F). Furthermore, the amendment also enhanced microbial mass and diversity in the soil. The FSW contains organic acids which participate in ionic bonding with the multivalent cations in the soil. The formed compound participates in ion exchange with clay or with anionic adsorption to positively charged clay sites at the edges. This interaction is further essential for enhancing the fluoride holding capacity of the soil. The use of seaweed reduced the bioavailability of fluoride in the agricultural soils and had positive effects on promoting soil fertility. However, further studies to observe its effects on crop performance is of significance.
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TAN, IVY AI WEI, MIN CHONG TAN, DANIEL HONG HENG SIM, LEONARD LIK PUEH LIM, and SUK FUN CHIN. "MODELLING THE EFFECT OF WOOD AND MAIZE COB-DERIVED BIOCHAR APPLICATION ON SOIL DYNAMICS AND MAIZE GROWTH FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 17, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.06.002.
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Intensive agriculture has degraded global agricultural land and resulted in a food crisis. The application of biochar in agricultural soil has been proven effective at improving soil quality and increasing crop yield. This study aims to develop a simulation and investigate the effect of wood-derived biochar (WBC) and maize cob-derived biochar (MBC) at different application rates on soil pH, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and the productivity of the maize cropping system. The prediction regarding the effect of biochar on soil pH was the most accurate of all the parameters studied. The simulation was good at predicting the change of properties in calcareous clay soil for both WBC and MBC, as well as WBC in acidic, sandy soil. The results demonstrated that amendments to both WBC and MBC successfully improved the soil pH, SOC and CEC. The effect was more significant when higher biochar application rates were applied. The biochar amendment enhanced the properties of acidic sandy soil more significantly as compared to calcareous clay soil. Overall, WBC and MBC are potential green fertilisers capable of enhancing soil quality for the sustainable development in agriculture.
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Martinez, Sara, José Luis Gabriel, Raúl Allende-Montalbán, Raúl San-Juan-Heras, and María del Mar Delgado. "The Application of a Bio-Stabilized Municipal Solid Waste-Based Fertilizer for Buckwheat Production." Agriculture 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2022): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060776.
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In a circular economy framework, waste valorization in crop production promotes sustainability in the agricultural sector. Buckwheat (BW; Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) has promising nutritional and economic value. Its sustainable production can be promoted by applying organic fertilizers. Aimed at determining the effect of a bio-stabilized municipal solid waste (MSW) amendment on BW, a greenhouse experiment was performed combining two different soils (clay and sandy) with three previous fertilization treatments (no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, or MSW fertilizer) from the precedent faba bean crop and three present fertilization treatments (no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, or MSW fertilizer) from the precedent wheat crop. The present fertilizer treatments followed the same procedure and fertilization rates (7.9 g/kg clay soil and 6.7 g/kg sandy soil of MSW amendment and 0.14 g/kg clay soil and 0.12 g/sandy soil of mineral fertilizer) as the previously fertilized treatments to study the effects on BW crop and soil. Results indicated a positive response of biomass production (on average 34.4 g/plant) and seed yield (on average 10.6 g/plant) to direct organic fertilization, obtaining comparable results with respect to the mineral fertilization treatments. Additionally, organic fertilization significantly enhanced seed quality and nutrient content compared to mineral fertilization, which resulted in a higher chlorophyll content. The findings revealed that the residual effect from the previous bio-stabilized MSW amendment was not sufficient to provide the total nutrients necessary for BW potential growth and biomass production, although slight tendencies toward increase were observed. Soil properties, such as organic matter and nitrogen content, as well as soil nutrient concentrations, were positively affected by organic fertilization, presenting adequate levels of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd). The insights of this study are valuable to determine the effects of reusing waste by-products for BW crop fertilization to reduce or substitute for chemical fertilizers.
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Tahir, Shermeen, and Petra Marschner. "Clay amendment to sandy soil—effect of clay concentration and ped size on nutrient dynamics after residue addition." Journal of Soils and Sediments 16, no. 8 (March 30, 2016): 2072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1406-5.
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Reichert, José Miguel, L. Darrell Norton, and Chi-hua Huang. "Sealing, Amendment, and Rain Intensity Effects on Erosion of High-Clay Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, no. 4 (July 1994): 1199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800040028x.
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Goen, Ho, and Qiao Liang. "Chromium speciation in municipal solid waste: effects of clay amendment and composting." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0093.
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The addition of clay in the form of bauxite refining residue (red mud) prior to composting has been suggested as a way to control heavy metal mobility in compost. Leachability and plant availability of metals in a mixture of grass clippings and sawdust spiked with metal solution was markedly reduced during the composting process. The fate of metals in municipal solid waste compost applied to land was examined by using a sequential step extraction to investigate metal speciation (into exchangeable and bound to carbonate forms, to Mn & Fe oxides, to organic matter and in residue phase) in red mud amended compost. The effects of red mud and the composting process on metal speciation in the compost for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were investigated, and a comparison of some effects with biosolids compost was made. Addition of red mud reduced the metal mobility and the potential hazard of releasing metals from compost through promoted precipitation, adsorption and complexation of free metal cations to red mud. Red mud however, was not able to desorb metals bound to organic matter. Since most of the metals in the municipal solid waste were not usually bound to organic matter, the addition of red mud prior to composting fixed the free metal ions before they bound to this fraction. Results for Cr speciation are reported in this paper.
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Wagner, Stephen, Stephen R. Cattle, and Thomas Scholten. "Soil-aggregate formation as influenced by clay content and organic-matter amendment." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170, no. 1 (February 2007): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200521732.
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Fibrianty, A. Ma’as, E. Hanudin, and P. Sudira. "Improvement The Fertility of Sandy Soil Amended using Bagasse and Different Type of Soil to The Yield of Shallot." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 985, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/985/1/012056.
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Abstract The sandy soil in Samas Beach, Yogyakarta is characterized by the dominance of sand fraction, high leaching of nutrient, and high soil temperature. Shallot cultivation is possible in coastal sandy land through modification of microclimate and improvement of soil fertility. This study aimed to determine the effect of improving physical and chemical fertility of sandy soil amended by clay soil and bagasse to the yield of shallot. The study was conducted using Randomized Block Design with four treatments and four replications: Sandy Soil (S), Sandy soil + Bagasse (SB), Sandy soil + Latosol + Bagasse (SLB), Sandy Soil + Grumusol + Bagasse (SGB). Amendment increased moisture contents and decreased the permeability of sandy soil. SGB improved the highest water holding capacity, organic C and Total N of sandy soil. The highest yield of shallot reached at application of SLB and SGB, these treatments produced total dry weight of shallot, which were 19.63 and 23.85 g clump-1. The combination of clay soil and bagasse was recommended as the amendment technology to improve the fertility of sandy soil.
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Odell, Gerald B., Daniel J. Cantliffe, Herbert H. Bryan, and Peter J. Stoffella. "Stand Establishment of Fresh-market Tomatoes Sown at High Temperatures." HortScience 27, no. 7 (July 1992): 793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.793.
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Primed, pregerminated, or nontreated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds were field-sown with several soil amendments to assess stand establishment at high temperatures. Soil amendments did not consistently improve tomato stand establishment. However, covering seeds with a fine-textured calcined montmorillonite clay (Growsorb) resulted in similar or improved total percent emergence, emergence rate, and seedling shoot dry weight as compared to the soil cover (control) for nontreated, primed, or pregerminated seeds. Plug-mix (a peat-vermiculite medium) or gel-mix [a 1:1 mixture (v/v) of plug-mix and gel, starch-acrylate copolymer, or polyacrylate polymer], covered over or mixed with nontreated, primed, or pregerminated seeds, did not consistently improve total percent emergence over the soil cover. However, soil amendments generally resulted in faster emergence than the soil cover. Pregerminated seeds imbibed for 60 or 72 hours at 25C generally resulted in reduced stands compared to primed or nontreated seeds. Moisturized seeds imbibed for 48 hours at 25C had faster emergence and heavier seedling shoots than nontreated seeds, regardless of soil amendment. However, primed seeds generally resulted in faster emergence and more plants with heavier seedling shoot weights than nontreated or pregerminated seeds sown at high temperatures.
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Louafi, Bahia, and Ramdane Bahar. "Simple Evaluation of the Influence of an Inert Additive on the Swelling Characteristics of Clay Soil." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902075.
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In this study, an experimental investigation carried out to assess the performance of addition of an inert material on stabilization of an expansive soil in order to solve the lifting structures caused by this phenomenon. The results showed that an addition of glass is capable of reducing the actions of swelling. From the global analysis of the porosity using an ultrasonic device, we measure the propagation velocities of ultrasonic pulse through the tested clay samples. This reveals a change occurring in the porosity of the clay when glass is added to it. As a result some interesting conclusions concerning the expansive soil-material amendment are drawn.
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Mbarki, Sonia, Milan Skalicky, Ons Talbi, Amrita Chakraborty, Frantisek Hnilicka, Vaclav Hejnak, Marek Zivcak, Marian Brestic, Artemi Cerda, and Chedly Abdelly. "Performance of Medicago sativa Grown in Clay Soil Favored by Compost or Farmyard Manure to Mitigate Salt Stress." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010094.
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The use of saline water for the irrigation of forage crops to alleviate water scarcity has become necessary in semi-arid and arid regions and researchers have been seeking ways to offset the harmful results of soil salinity. Soil amendments with compost, manure and other organic material provide a valuable source of plant nutrients and appear to speed up soil recovery. The aim of this study was to compare the benefits of farmyard manure and a municipal solid waste (MSW) compost (40 mg ha−1) for raising alfalfa (Medicago sativa, cv. Gabès) under salt-water irrigation. Both compost and manure improved plant mineral uptake and growth of alfalfa cultivated in clay soil. Using compost in clay soil increased the content of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in plant tissues compared to manure, while the bio-accumulation factor (BAF) of Cu, Pb and Zn was higher in plants grown with manure compared to MSW compost with salt stress. Compost addition could enhance alfalfa growth under salt stress, which depends on salt doses and can greatly improve the recovery effects in a cost-effective way, although additional amendment type should receive special attention in order to be used as a tool for sustainable agriculture.
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A. MOJID, Mohammad, Guido C. L. WYSEURE, and Syed M. T. MUSTAFA. "Water Use Efficiency and Productivity of Wheat as a Function of Clay Amendment." Environment Control in Biology 50, no. 4 (2012): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2525/ecb.50.347.
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Qiao, L., and Goen Ho. "The effect of clay amendment on speciation of heavy metals in sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1996): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0649.
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When sewage sludge is used as a soil conditioner, heavy metal contamination can limit its application rates. The potential hazard of heavy metals is, however, dependent on the physico-chemical forms of the metals in the sludge and soil. Bauxite refining residue (red mud) has been used to reduce the mobility and availability of heavy metals in municipal solid waste compost. In the present research a sequential step extraction was employed to investigate metal speciation (into exchangeable, bound to carbonate, to Mn & Fe oxides, to organic matter and in residue phase) and the effect of red mud on metal speciation in sewage sludge for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The effect of red mud addition on metal distribution in sewage sludge compost was significant. Red mud addition can effectively reduce the metal mobility and the potential hazard of releasing metals from sludge due to the further breakdown of organic matter. Drying of sludge makes heavy metals more available. Red mud addition will be desirable in such a case. Plant available metals (determined by DTPA extraction) are, however, not as effectively reduced except for Pb and Zn.
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Qiao, L. "The effects of clay amendment and composting on metal speciation in digested sludge." Water Research 31, no. 5 (May 1997): 951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00290-4.
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Ulén, Barbro, Ararso Etana, and Bodil Lindström. "Effects of aluminium water treatment residuals, used as a soil amendment to control phosphorus mobility in agricultural soils." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 1903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.085.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphorus (P) leaching from agricultural soils is a serious environmental concern. Application of aluminium water treatment residuals (Al-WTRs) at a rate of 20 Mg ha−1 to clay soils from central Sweden significantly increased mean topsoil P sorption index (PSI) from 4.6 to 5.5 μmol kg−1 soil. Mean degree of P saturation in ammonium lactate extract (DPS-AL) significantly decreased from 17 to 13%, as did plant-available P (P-AL). Concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP) decreased by 10–85% in leaching water with Al-WTR treatments after exposure of topsoil lysimeters to simulated rain. Soil aggregate stability (AgS) for 15 test soils rarely improved. Three soils (clay loam, silty loam and loam sand) were tested in greenhouse pot experiments. Aluminium-WTR application of 15 or 30 ton ha−1 to loam sand and a clay loam with P-AL values of 80–100 mg kg−1 soil significantly increased growth of Italian ryegrass when fertilised with P but did not significantly affect growth of spring barley on any soil. Al-WTR should only be applied to soils with high P fertility where improved crop production is not required.