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Academic literature on the topic 'Clay amendment'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Clay amendment"

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Dempster, Daniel N., Davey L. Jones, and Daniel V. Murphy. "Clay and biochar amendments decreased inorganic but not dissolved organic nitrogen leaching in soil." Soil Research 50, no. 3 (2012): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11316.

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Nitrogen (N) leaching from coarse-textured soils frequently leads to productivity losses and negative environmental consequences. Historically, clay amendment has been used on coarse-textured soils to decrease water repellence and nutrient leaching. More recently, biochar has been proposed as an alternative soil amendment to decrease N leaching while simultaneously storing carbon. As biochar has a greater nutrient-retention capacity, we hypothesised that biochar derived from Eucalyptus marginata would be a more effective amendment than clay at minimising N leaching. The soil used was a coarse-textured agricultural sand with the following treatments: (1) biochar incorporated homogenously into the 0–10 cm soil layer, (2) clay incorporated similarly, (3) biochar added as a layer at 10 cm depth, (4) clay added similarly, or (5) a control. Amendments were added at 25 t/ha and watered periodically over 21 days and watered with the equivalent to 30 mm. Clay and biochar amendments significantly decreased cumulative NH4+ leaching by ~20% and NO3– leaching by 25%. Biochar decreased NO3– leaching significantly more than clay, possibly due to decreased nitrification. Dissolved organic N leaching was not influenced by any treatment. Leaching of N was unaffected by amendment application method. We conclude that to decrease N leaching, land managers should apply the most readily available of the amendments in the most convenient manner.
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McWard, G. W., and D. R. Taylor. "Acidified Clay Litter Amendment." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9, no. 4 (December 2000): 518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/9.4.518.

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Zhou, Cuiying, Xingxing Ge, Wei Huang, Dexian Li, and Zhen Liu. "Effects of Aqua-Dispersing Nano-Binder on Clay Conductivity at Different Temperatures." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 4859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184859.

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Soil nutrients are the basis of ecological remediation. Soil amendments can form a reticular membrane structure on the soil surface to increase nutrient storage and alleviate nutrient imbalances, and are affected by the environmental temperature. At present, the qualitative evaluation of the effect of soil amendment is mainly based on vegetative growth. However, with the increasing use of soil amendments, how to conveniently and quantitatively evaluate the impact of soil amendments on ecological restoration under different temperature conditions from the perspective of soil urgently needs to be solved. Therefore, a new soil amendment named aqua-dispersing nano-binder (ADNB) and silty clay that is commonly used for ecological restoration in South China were used as research subjects, and the important soil nutrient storage capacity—soil conductivity index—was used as the starting point to find solutions to the above problems. We independently developed a multifunctional instrument to measure the soil amendment concentration. Clay conductivity measurements were used by adding different concentrations of ADNB within the range of 0 to 50 °C, and the mechanism by which temperature and ADNB affect the conductivity of clay was revealed. In addition, the quantitative relationship between the clay conductivity, ambient temperature and concentration of ADNB was elucidated. According to the growth conditions of melinis minutiflora and pigeon pea under different concentrations of ADNB, the optimal ADNB concentration needed to improve ecological restoration was obtained, which provided a new way to evaluate the effects of the large-scale use of soil modifiers on ecological restoration.
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Wehtje, Glenn R., Joey N. Shaw, Robert H. Walker, and Walker Williams. "Bermudagrass Growth in Soil Supplemented with Inorganic Amendments." HortScience 38, no. 4 (July 2003): 613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.4.613.

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Various inorganic soil amendments have been promoted as a means of improving the chemical and physical properties of certain soils. To test this hypothesis, a marginally productive soil was supplemented with 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% (v/v) of either selected inorganic amendments or sand. Amendments consisted of commercially available diatomaceous earth, calcined clay, zeolite, and crystalline SiO2. The soil material was extracted from the argillic horizon of a Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults). Ability of these soil-amendment mixtures to promote `Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] growth was evaluated under greenhouse conditions, and contrasted to that obtained in nonamended soil. Selected chemical and physical properties that are pertinent to plant growth were also evaluated. The experiment, which was conducted 3×, began with a §60-day period in which both water and nutrients were optimum. This was followed by a 30-day drought. During optimum water and nutrients, no soil-amendment treatment(s) consistently resulted in superior bermudagrass growth compared to soil alone. However, <2% of the bermudagrass tissue that was produced during the drought became green and succulent with the resumption of irrigation in nonamended soil. This percentage was exceeded by all treatments that contained either ≥60% diatomaceous earth (Axis), or ≥40% calcined clay (Profile); and by 100% zeolite (Clinolite) and 100% silica (Green's Choice). Drought-sustaining ability of soil-amendment mixtures was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with water-holding ability, soil strength, bulk density, and oxygen diffusion rate, but not correlated with either pH or cation exchange capacity (CEC). While certain inorganic amendments did improve the drought-sustaining ability of soil, the amount required was generally ≥40%.
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Spomer, L. Art. "Water retention of light expanded clay amendment." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29, no. 9-10 (May 1998): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629809370025.

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Hummel, Rita L., and Charles R. Johnson. "Amended Backfills: Their Cost and Effect on Transplant Growth and Survival." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 3, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-3.2.76.

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Amendment of backfill soil at planting with peat moss, fired montmorrilonite clay or a “superabsorbent” gel had no significant positive influence on growth and establishment of container grown Liquidambar styraciflua L., sweet gum, plants placed in well-drained Arredondo fine sand soil. A cost estimate indicated the addition of amendments to backfill soil would increase installation costs 27 to 30% over those for control plants.
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Sloan, John J., Wayne A. Mackay, Phil Colbaugh, Steve W. George, and Sam Feagley. "The Suitability of Expanded Shale as an Amendment for Clay Soils." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.646.

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Excessive soil moisture in clay soils can cause poor aeration and adversely affect plant growth. Small [1 to 3 mm (0.039 to 0.118 inches)] and large [3 to 6 mm (0.118 to 0.354 inches)] diameter expanded shales (ExSh), quartz sand, sphagnum peatmoss (SPM), and cottonseed hulls (CH) were evaluated as soil amendments for Austin silty clay soil. A 3-inch (7.6-cm) layer of each amendment was incorporated to a depth of 6 inches (15.2 cm), resulting in a 1:1 mixture by volume. Pansies (Viola × wittrockiana `Crown Azure Blue') were grown from December to June, followed by scaevola (Scaevola aemula `New Wonder') from June to November for two growing seasons. Foliage quality and extent of flowering were evaluated biweekly. Pansy root weights and above-ground biomass were quantified at the end of each growing season. None of the amendments significantly affected pansy foliage quality or the number of blooms per plant. Small diameter ExSh and SPM decreased pansy nitrogen content the first year after application, but not the second. During the first growing season, when soils were frequently saturated due to excessive rainfall, pansy root weights were significantly higher in soils amended with the small and large diameter ExSh. Large diameter ExSh treatments significantly increased the survival rate of transplanted scaevola plants and also the quality of foliage and percent blossom coverage during both growing seasons. Cottonseed hulls also increased scaevola survival for both growing seasons, but did not consistently improve scaevola foliage quality or bloom coverage. Of the five amendments tested, large diameter ExSh consistently improved overall plant performance more than the other amendments.
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Clark, G. J., P. W. G. Sale, and C. Tang. "Organic amendments initiate the formation and stabilisation of macroaggregates in a high clay sodic soil." Soil Research 47, no. 8 (2009): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09119.

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Subsoil constraints present a substantial problem for crop production in many agricultural regions. In particular, soils in temperate grain production areas of Australia are often poorly structured due to high content of sodic clay. An alternative to the standard practice of addition of gypsum is to incorporate organic amendments deep into the subsoil. An incubation experiment was performed for 174 days using several organic amendments. These consisted of wheat shoots, lucerne pellets, canola and chickpea stubbles, chicken manure, peat, and sawdust. Gypsum, an inorganic amendment commonly applied to sodic soil, was included for comparison. The change over 174 days in soil structural properties was measured using wet-sieving. Formation of slaking-resistant macroaggregates >2 mm was most rapid with ‘green plant material’, wheat and lucerne, while the ‘stubbles’ were markedly slower in obtaining the equivalent level of aggregation. However, the largest growth in aggregates after day 56 was shown by the ‘stubble’ and chicken manure amended soils. The gypsum amendment was not capable of forming large, slaking-resistant aggregates >2 mm; this may be attributed to the inability of gypsum to stimulate soil biological processes. Peat and sawdust failed to initiate slaking-resistant macroaggregates. The study demonstrated that a variety of organic amendments have the ability to improve the physical fertility of sodic subsoil, and in the case of the green plant materials within 1 week of incubation.
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Ajayi, Ayodele Ebenezer, and Rainer Horn. "Comparing the potentials of clay and biochar in improving water retention and mechanical resilience of sandy soil." International Agrophysics 30, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0009.

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Abstract Changing climate is threatening rainfall regularity particularly in the semi-arid and arid regions; therefore, strategies to conserve water within their coarse-grained soils and to improve water use efficiency of crops are critical. This study compared the effectiveness of biochar and two types of clay materials in augmenting water retention and improving mechanical resilience of fine sand. The amendment of fine sand with woodchip-biochar and kaolinite (non-swelling clay) and Na-bentonite (swelling clay) improved the water retention capacity and interparticle bonding of the substrate depending of the rate of amendment and water content of the substrates. Na-bentonite was more effective at increasing water retention capacity at more negative matric potentials. Biochar was more effective at saturation due to the increased porosity, while kaolinite responds similarly to biochar. It is, however, shown that most of the water retained by the Na-betonite may not be available to plants, particularly at high amendment rate. Furthermore, the clay and biochar materials improved particle bonding in the fine sand with the Na-bentonite being more effective than biochar and kaolinite (in that order) in strengthening interparticle bonds and improving the resilience of fine sand, if the rate of amendment is kept at ≤50 g kg-1.
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McCray, J. Mabry, Shangning Ji, and Leslie E. Baucum. "Sugarcane Yield Response to Furrow-Applied Organic Amendments on Sand Soils." International Journal of Agronomy 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/426387.

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Organic amendments have been shown to increase sugarcane yield on sand soils in Florida. These soils have very low water and nutrient-holding capacities because of the low content of organic matter, silt, and clay. Because of high costs associated with broadcast application, this field study was conducted to determine sugarcane yield response to furrow application of two organic amendments on sand soils. One experiment compared broadcast application (226 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost, furrow application (14, 28, and 56 m3 ha−1) of these materials, and no amendment. Another experiment compared furrow applications (28 and 56 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost with no amendment. There were significant yield (t sucrose ha−1) responses to broadcast and furrow-applied mill mud but responses to furrow applications were not consistent across sites. There were no significant yield responses to yard waste compost suggesting that higher rates or repeated applications of this amendment will be required to achieve results comparable to mill mud. Results also suggest that enhancing water and nutrient availability in the entire volume of the root zone with broadcast incorporation of organic amendments is the more effective approach for low organic matter sands.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clay amendment"

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Abutin, Megan P. "Effects of Using Clay Nanoparticles as a Soil Amendment to Remove Nitrate from Stormwater." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1908.

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Development of urban areas continues to increase, disrupting the natural ecosystem and the pathways for water to drain into downstream water bodies. As the amount of impervious area increases, pollutants can accumulate on the surface and enter the water cycle by stormwater. In most cities, the stormwater flows into a storm drain that is discharged into a water body. Low Impact Development technology has been developed to treat stormwater prior to discharge downstream. A bioretention cell is used to treat stormwater pollutants such as nitrate, phosphorus, total suspended solids, and metals. Past research has indicated that the removal efficiency of nitrate by bioretention cells greatly varies from a 75% reduction in nitrate concentration to the addition of nitrate in the effluent from leaching of the bioretention cell. It is important to remove nitrate from water because it can cause negative environmental and human effects. Excess nitrate in the environment can lead to eutrophication, resulting in the death of fish. If ingested by infants, nitrate can cause “blue baby syndrome” leading to death. One area of study that focuses on the removal of nitrate from stormwater is maximizing the efficiency of the designed soil media. The addition of a clay amendment could lead to higher removal efficiencies. The use of clay nanoparticles, or nanoclays, can maximize the amount of surface area available for adsorbance potentially increasing the amount of nitrate removed from water. The goal of this study was to identify a nanoclay with high adsorbance by testing its nitrate removal efficiency and then determining if it would be feasible to add to a bioretention cell by calculating the hydraulic conductivity to compare to industry design values. This study analyzed a montmorillonite clay, a bentonite nanoclay, and a pre-modified trimethyl stearyl ammonium nanoclay as a 1% w/w added amendment to a Nevada sand to determine the number of pore volumes required until the system reached breakthrough. The pre-modified nanoclay required the highest amount of water, 19 pore volumes, until breakthrough was reached. The fraction of nanoclay was increased to 2% w/w and breakthrough was not seen in the volume of water that was filtered through the system. The hydraulic conductivity for this nanoclay/sand mixture was 14 in/hr, greater than most minimum design values. Since the results so far indicated that this mixture would efficiently remove nitrate and still meet the minimum hydraulic conductivity, a synthetic stormwater solution was filtered through the column to test the nitrate removal when it is competing with other pollutant ions. This resulted in a projected breakthrough of 27 pore volumes and a 9 in/hr associated hydraulic conductivity. Future research can be completed to assess the best methodology to homogeneously mix the nanoclay particles with the sand to prevent leaching of the nanoclays. The next step in optimizing a bioretention cell for water quality treatment would be to focus research on how plants affect the system. If plants are able to remove nitrate from the system entirely, the lifetime of the bioretention cell could increase.
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Ogunniyi, Jumoke Esther. "Effects of clay and organic matter amendments on water and nutrient retention of sandy soils." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/101514/.

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Sandy soils are one of the most widely distributed soils in the world. However, crop production on these soils can be problematic especially in terms of water and nutrient retention. In the face of climate change and a projected reduction in water availability, food production is likely to be particularly affected. The aim of this research is to examine if amending soils with clay and organic matter can improve their water and nutrient retention. The research approach employed laboratory column leaching experiments, rainfall simulation, Computed Tomography (CT) scanning and field trials to investigate the potential of two types of clay, Kaolin (K) and Bentonite (B), and peat (Pt), as well different combinations of clay and peat, to act as effective soil amendments. The influence of amendment materials was assessed by examining water retention, nutrient retention, soil organic carbon and changes in soil properties. Laboratory analysis was supported by field trials to examine the productivity of spring wheat. The results showed that the amendment materials increased soil water retention and availability, reduced water infiltration, increased nutrient uptake, increased spring wheat growth and yield, and improved soil carbon storage compared to an unamended control. The findings provide a further understanding of how the addition of clay and OM can affect ecological function of sandy soils and elucidate the mechanisms involved in controlling water retention and availability, as well as nutrient retention in the amended soils.
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Gregory, Andrew Stuart. "The effects of amendments on soil structural development in a clay soil-forming material used as a landfill restoration cap." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274050.

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Schapel, Amanda. "Carbon storage in sandy soil amended with clay. Examining the relationship of organic carbon concentration to clay concentration, clod size and distribution." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/117975.

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Globally, most agricultural systems have lost 40 to 70% of their natural soil organic carbon (OC) through removal of harvest product and past management practice. It is critical to identify and implement practices that minimise or reverse the decline in soil carbon while balancing economic sustainability and global food needs. Increasing OC storage in agricultural soils provides an opportunity to offset greenhouse gas emissions, improve soil health, fertility, structure, water-holding capacity and plant productivity. The amount of stored OC varies among soil types and is strongly influenced by clay concentration. Sandy soils often have low OC content because of low input from limited plant growth and rapid decomposition due to low clay concentration. Sandy soils cover a large proportion of Australia’s agricultural region and are common worldwide. Thus, increasing OC in sandy soils is a good opportunity for increased OC storage. In natural soils, there is a positive correlation between clay and OC concentration because binding of OC to clay reduces decomposition by soil microbes. Therefore, the addition of clay to sandy soil has the potential to increase OC storage. Subsoil clay addition to sandy soils is a practice used in South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia to overcome water repellence and increase water retention, fertility and plant productivity. The addition of subsoil clay to sand creates clods of different sizes, from a few mm to more than 200 mm in diameter distributed in the soil profile. The method chosen for subsoil clay addition can influence clod size and distribution in the soil profile. Little is known about the potential of clay-amended soils to increase OC content and whether clay addition methods can be optimised to increase the OC storage capacity. The aim of the thesis was to determine the effect of subsoil clay addition to sand on clay distribution and OC content. A series of field studies and two incubation experiments were carried out to determine the effect of subsoil clay addition to sand on OC and clay distribution and content. Procedures were validated to ensure sampling captured the variability of OC and bulk density in clay-amended soil. The distribution of clay and OC in the soil profile was quantified for clay-amendment methods. In addition, the effects of clod size, clod chemical properties and amount of added subsoil clay on OC concentrations were evaluated. In the first study the number of soil samples required within a 25-m grid for accurate OC and bulk density measurement in clay-amended soils was determined. Further, OC concentration, bulk density and OC stocks in sandy soil without and with clay addition were measured. The study was carried out on two agricultural properties in South Australia (one in the South East, the other on Eyre Peninsula), where sandy soils without clay addition (1–3% clay) were compared with three methods of kaolinitic subsoil clay addition to sand (clay spread, delved or spaded). Within a 25 m x 25 m sampling area, twenty randomly allocated soil cores to 50 cm depth were collected after harvest. The results showed that 10 randomly allocated cores within a 25 m x 25 m sampling area was sufficient to represent the variability of OC concentration in sandy soil without and with clay addition. Two to three samples were required within the sampling area for accurate representation of bulk density. Stratified sampling is recommended for delved sites with sample allocation based on the proportion of area represented by delve lines and that between delve lines. Subsoil clay addition to sand increased OC stock in 0-30 cm depth by up to 14 t ha ⁻¹ in the South East and 22 t ha⁻¹ on the Eyre Peninsula. OC stock increase was site specific. OC stock was influenced by the clay addition method and dependent on the amount of clay added and depth of incorporation. Clay spreading increased clay and OC close to the soil surface, delving increased them at depth and spading distributed OC and clay evenly within the mixed depth. The second study assessed i) size, number and vertical distribution of clods and OC at two field sites with clay addition and ii) the effect of clod size and properties on OC in incubation experiments. Two field sites, Eyre Peninsula (EP) and South East (SE) with different clay addition method, spaded or delved, were studied. Soil was excavated from a 30 cm quadrat in 10 cm increments from 0 to 40 cm, sieved into various clod sizes in which soil mass, clod number and OC concentration were determined. Subsoil clay properties from 40-60 cm depth including clay concentration, pH, exchangeable cations, iron and clay mineralogy from both sites were analysed. Delving elevated clay and created few, mainly large clods, which were poorly distributed in the sandy soil. Spading mixed clay from 20-30 cm below the soil surface and created many, smaller clods, which were more evenly distributed within 0-30 cm than with delving. OC concentration was highest in the smallest clods, particularly those from close to the soil surface. Clod number per unit of soil mass was more important for OC stock than OC concentration of the clods. Clods collected from the two field sites were further used in incubation experiments to determine the effect of clod size and properties (clay and iron concentration) on potential accumulation and protection of OC. In the accumulation experiment, subsoil clay was collected at depth greater than 40 cm from EP and SE crushed and sieved to clods of 2-6 and 6-20 mm size. The clods were added to sand at 80 mg clay g ⁻¹ sand and incubated with monthly wheat residue addition for 300 days at a water content optimal for microbial activity. In the protection experiment, 2-6 mm and 6-20 mm clods collected from 0-10 cm depth at the SE site were added to sand at 80 mg clay g ⁻¹ sand and incubated for 420 days at a water content optimal for microbial activity. Smaller clods (2-6 mm) accumulated OC at a higher rate and offered greater protection to decomposition by microbes than larger clods (6-20 mm). Clod properties, clay concentration and sesquioxide content influenced OC concentration of 6-20 mm clods but not the 2-6 mm clods. This suggested that the large surface area of the 2-6 mm clods minimised the effect of clod properties. Furthermore, clod number was a critical factor in increasing OC stock. Due to different clay concentration in the EP (58%) and SE (39%) subsoil, to achieve the same target clay addition rate more clods were added per pot for SE compared to EP. OC concentration of the 2-6 mm clods did not differ between EP and SE, thus the higher OC stock in the clods from the SE site was driven by clod number (mass). The higher clod number increased the total surface area and thus the chance that added wheat residue would come in contact with the clod surface. We conclude that in clay-amended soils the addition of many, smaller clods distributed throughout the depth of modification can maximise OC content. The third study aimed to i) compare OC stock in a range of clay-amended and unamended sandy soils under cereal cropping in South Australia and ii) identify factors that influence OC stock to develop best practices to increase OC storage in clay-amended sandy soils. The study was carried out on four agricultural properties in South Australia. Soil OC content, clay content and selected physical and chemical properties of clay-amended treatments and unamended sands were measured. Clay amendment treatments differed in the method of clay addition (clay spread or delved), depth of incorporation (shallow and deep) and amount of subsoil clay added to the surface 30 cm. Soil cores to 50 cm depth were collected within a 25 m x 25 m sampling area. There was a positive correlation between OC and clay stock, but it only explained 46% of the variation in OC stock. This indicated that other factors influenced OC stock in clay-amended treatments. Even vertical distribution of clay within the surface 30 cm was a key factor in increasing OC storage in clay-amended soils. Subsoil clay properties and amount added to the surface 30 cm, as well as depth to undisturbed subsoil also influenced OC stock.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2018
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Hsiao-Ting, Yen, and 嚴筱婷. "Using spent bleached clay co-composted with sewage sludge as organic amendment to improve soil quality." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53363630632432040538.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
97
Sewage sludge is abundant in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients that can be used for crop growth. The nestriction of sewage sludge in land application is due to potentially contains heavy metals. Spent bleached clay due to its strong metal adsorption capacity can be used to fix heavy metals from sewage sludge, and to improve soil quality. This study was to use spent bleached clay co-composted with sewage sludge in the composting process. Key parameters in the process were determined by using composting mature and heavy metal fractionation. Fourier transfer infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the transformation of functional groups. Based on application of the compost with three rates into the studied soil, the measurements of nitrogen mineralization, CO2 emission, phosphorus, potassium and heavy metal transfer were conducted. A pot experiment was observed by Chinese cabbage and fertility amelioration of the soil was evaluated. The results showed that the acid-exchangeable fraction of heavy metals were gradually transformed to oxidizable fraction or residue fraction, respectively. With respect to the pot experiment, the compost application by three rates could create positive effects on the soil. Additionally, the sequential extraction of heavy metal indicated that the residue fractions of Cr, Cu, and Ni were changed into relatively unstable fraction, but Pb and Zn were constant among fractions during the incubation of soil and compost mixture. Comparison of the crop growth by the pot experiment, the compost application could increase the crop yield, and the contents of nitrogen, potassium and organic matter in the pot soil were significantly increased after the crop harvest.
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Dunlap, Patrick John. "Evaluating organic compound sorption to several materials to assess their potential as amendments to improve in-situ capping of contaminated sediments." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3594.

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Contaminated sediments represent a common environmental problem because they can sequester large quantities of contaminants which can remain long after the source of pollution has been removed. From the sediment these hazardous compounds are released into the sediment porewater where it can partition into organisms in the sediment and bioaccumulate up the food web; leading to an ecological and human health concern. The objective of this work is to investigate an emerging option in contaminated sediment remediation; specifically an option for in-situ treatment known as active capping. Conventional capping uses clean sediment or sands to separate contaminated sediment from overlying water and biota. Active capping is the use of a sorptive amendment to such a cap to improve its effectiveness. This work focuses on granular materials as direct amendments to conventional caps including; granular activated carbon (GAC), iron/palladium amended GAC, alumina pillared clay, rice husk char, and organically modified clays. All materials were investigated in batch sorption tests of benzene, chlorobenzene, and naphthalene in DI water. Additionally porewaters from three sites were extruded and the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured. At Manistique Harbor and Ottawa River PCBs were identified as the primary contaminant of concern while PAHs were the contaminant of concern at the Grand Calumet River. At these sites a solvent extraction method was used to analyze the sediment concentrations of the contaminants of concern. From the former batch tests activated carbon and a commercially available organoclay were chosen for further investigation. This includes PAHs in batch sorption tests using extruded sediment porewater to investigate matrix effects, and PCB sorption in distilled water.
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Books on the topic "Clay amendment"

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Crockett, Devissi Vince. Clay (aka Ali) v. United States: A test of the free exercise clause of the first amendment. 1994.

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Goan, Melanie Beals. A Simple Justice. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180175.001.0001.

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When the Declaration of Independence was signed by a group of wealthy white men in 1776, poor white men, African Americans, and women quickly discovered that the unalienable rights it promised were not truly for all. The Nineteenth Amendment eventually gave women the right to vote in 1920, but the change was not welcomed by people of all genders in politically and religiously conservative Kentucky. As a result, the suffrage movement in the Commonwealth involved a tangled web of stakeholders, entrenched interest groups, unyielding constitutional barriers, and activists with competing strategies. In A Simple Justice, Melanie Beals Goan offers a new and deeper understanding of the women's suffrage movement in Kentucky by following the people who labored long and hard to see the battle won. Women's suffrage was not simply a question of whether women could and should vote; it carried more serious implications for white supremacy and for the balance of federal and state powers -- especially in a border state. Shocking racial hostility surfaced even as activists attempted to make America more equitable. Goan looks beyond iconic women such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to reveal figures whose names have been lost to history. Laura Clay and Madeline McDowell Breckinridge led the Kentucky movement, but they did not do it alone. This timely study introduces readers to individuals across the Bluegrass State who did their part to move the nation closer to achieving its founding ideals.
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Amendment 11 to the summer flounder, scup & black sea bass fishery management plan, amendment 7 to the Atlantic mackerel, squid, and butterfish fishery management plan, amendment 11 to the Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery management plan, amendment 8 to the Atlantic sea scallop fishery management plan, amendment 10 to the northeast multispecies fishery management plan, amendment 7 to the American lobster fishery management plan, draft environmental assessment, draft regulatory impact review to achieve consistency among mid-Atlantic and New England fishery management plans on vessel replacement and upgrade provisions, and permit history transfer, splitting and renewal regulations for fishing vessels issued northeast limited access federal fishery permits. Gloucester, MA: National Marine Fisheries Service, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Clay amendment"

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Franzen, David W., Keith Goulding, Antonio P. Mallarino, and Michael J. Bell. "How Closely Is Potassium Mass Balance Related to Soil Test Changes?" In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 263–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_10.

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AbstractThe exchangeable fraction of soil potassium (K) has been viewed as the most important source of plant-available K, with other sources playing smaller roles that do not influence the predictive value of a soil test. Thus, as K mass balance changes, the soil test should change correspondingly to be associated with greater or reduced plant availability. However, soil test changes and the availability of K to plants are influenced by many other factors. This chapter reviews research on soil test K changes and the relation to crop uptake and yield. A mass-balance relationship is rarely achieved from the measurement of exchangeable K because of the potential for buffering of K removal from structural K in feldspars and from interlayer K in primary and secondary layer silicates. Similarly, surplus K additions can be fixed in interlayer positions in secondary layer silicates, or potentially sequestered in sparingly soluble neoformed secondary minerals, neither of which is measured as exchangeable K. In addition, soil moisture, temporal differences in exchangeable K with K uptake by crops, K leaching from residues, clay type, organic matter contribution to the soil CEC, and type of K amendment confound attempts to relate K additions and losses with an exchangeable K soil test. Research is needed to create regionally specific K soil test procedures that can predict crop response for a subset of clays and K-bearing minerals within specific cropping systems.
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Tesfamichael, Brook, and Nebiyeleul Gessese. "Effect of Biochar Application Rate, Production (Pyrolysis) Temperature and Feedstock Type (Rice Husk/Maize Straw) on Amendment of Clay-Acidic Soil." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 135–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15357-1_11.

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Mbarki, Sonia, Artemi Cerdà, Chaima Jabri, Marian Brestic, Chedly Abdelly, and Jose Antonio Pascual. "Clay Soil: A Good Conditioner for Amended Alfalfa with Different Organic Amendments Under Saline Irrigation Production." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions, 285–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_91.

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Petrey, Taylor G. "Politics and the Patriarchal Order." In Tabernacles of Clay, 104–37. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469656229.003.0004.

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This chapter explores how Mormons engaged with the politicization of gender roles in its anti-feminist crusade against the Equal Rights Amendment and its anti-homosexuality efforts in sodomy laws. Church leaders joined with an emergent Religious Right that was reshaping American politics. These efforts warned against gender fluidity and sought to protect against it in the law and culture, especially with respect to women working outside the home. But Church leaders also began to adopt moderate feminist reforms, including softening teachings on patriarchal marriage to accommodate egalitarian relationships, birth control, and more permissive sexuality within marriage.
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Goan, Melanie Beals. "Twenty-Four." In A Simple Justice, 195–205. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180175.003.0014.

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On January 6, 1920, despite Laura Clay and her Citizens Committee for a State Suffrage Amendment's efforts, Kentucky ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, becoming the twenty-fourth state to do so. This chapter finishes the story by describing the final push by suffragists, especially Madeline McDowell Breckinridge and members of the Louisville Woman Suffrage Association, to place Kentucky in the ratification column.
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Goan, Melanie Beals. "Ignis Fatuus." In A Simple Justice, 175–94. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180175.003.0013.

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Returning to the opening scene of the book, this chapter explains the factors that led Laura Clay to resign from KERA and to oppose ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. By 1916, the National American Woman Suffrage Association had endorsed Carrie Chapman Catt's “Winning Plan,” pledging to pursue a federal amendment as its key goal and demanding that states shelve their own plans in favor of national goals. Clay lined up with many southern “states' rights suffragists” such as Kate Gordon and continued to advocate for a state route to the ballot.
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Goan, Melanie Beals. "Introduction." In A Simple Justice, 1–6. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180175.003.0001.

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The story begins in Nashville in 1920. Laura Clay, Kentucky's most well-known is there, not to urge the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, but rather to support anti-suffragists' efforts to defeat it. The introduction lays out why Kentucky's struggle to give women the vote matters and particularly emphasizes the ways race will influence the movement's development.
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Manjaiah, K. M., Raj Mukhopadhyay, Neethu Narayanan, Binoy Sarkar, and S. C. Datta. "Clay Amendments for Environmental Clean-Up." In Soil Amendments for Sustainability, 19–32. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351027021-2.

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İsmail Tosun, Yıldırım. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Microwave Activated Shale/Asphaltite Char/Zeolite Granule Composts from Hazardous Sludges and Industrial Waste Slurries." In Clay Science and Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94404.

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There is a great concern about surface water pollution with high level mercury, lead (Pb) over 10 mg/l, 30 mg/l to the fishing lakes and streams in Şırnak Province even contaminating fresh water fishing and poisonening of human by merury and lead in thr region. The chromium over 50 mg/l from industrial seepages was disposed to lakes and streams in our country. There is a great green concern prompting land in order to control acidic mine waters so that the research study controlled and avoided hazardous metal limits of residual stream contaminants of heavy metals by sorption local clay and zeolite compost. The contamination rate changes to those based on seepage concentrations and wetness. The stream amendments, such as shale char carbonized from Şırnak asphaltite containing 52–60% shale activated by acid washing under microwave radiation as geo material composted for waste water treatment should control contaminated effluents concentration. The field studies to evaluate the stability of heavy metal concentrations and salts were scarce. The initial objective of this study was to determine the effects of seepage flow to surface and groundwater from the industrial discharge. In this study, important investigations have been made on composite granules production with Şırnak shale char and zeolite feed in order to activated in microwave oven 2 M HCl dissolution. The compost sorbent for high level heavy metal sorption in laboratory water packed bed column adsorption compost system. However, the results of filled packed bed zeolite yield high metal transfer to compost. Due to the complex chemistry of shale pores, and high porosity, heat conduction improved in the microwave sorption depended on granule size decreased. The other heavy metal sorption distribution was changed in the activation dependent on the microwave heating power.
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M. Ntomba, Sylvestre, Christelle R. Magnekou Takamte, Dieudonné Bisso, and Joseph Mvondo Ondoa. "Construction Materials and Dam Foundation While Memve’ele Dam Building in the Craton’s Region of South Cameroon." In Engineering Geology. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93758.

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This chapter mainly focuses on engineering geology for dam construction from the Memve’ele region in Cameroon. Here, it deals with geotechnical and geological proprieties of both construction and dam foundation materials. This study is done at the aim to ensure that these materials need to be improved and how they have been used during dam construction. Field investigations, borehole information, density and seismic velocity measurements have been used, and results indicate that soil deposits have slightly clay content, mechanically well for dam construction and display a weak thickness layer particularly on the dam site. These conditions suggest that soil materials can be used as construction (cushion, transition layers, etc.) and foundation materials after few amendments. Ntem Formations appear weathered and fractured sometimes, though their mechanical behaviors display a good character for civil applications. However, engineering processes have been used to improve it by GIN (Grouting Intensity Number) methods. These formations have been used as construction (rip rap crushing aggregate, etc.) and dam foundation materials. Thus, this chapter contributes to highlight materials and dam foundation conditions which are crucial criteria encountered in the dam with emphasis on both theoretical study and practical application during dam construction.
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Conference papers on the topic "Clay amendment"

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Williams, James M., Nima Latifi, and Farshid Vahedifard. "Effects of Biochar Amendment on Mechanical Properties of Buckshot Clay." In IFCEE 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481592.013.

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Burlakovs, Juris. "MODIFIED CLAY AS SOIL AMENDMENT FOR REMEDIATION: STUDIES OF LEACHING AND SORPTION KINETICS." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES IN GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION AND MINING. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b13/s4.117.

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Burlakovs, Juris, Jovita Pilecka, Inga Grinfelde, and Ruta Ozola-Davidane. "Clay minerals and humic substances as landfill closure covering material constituents: first studies." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.032.

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Soil and groundwater as the leachate may contaminate surrounding watersheds, thus different pollutants from closed dumps and landfills pose significant risks to human health and ecology. Pollution may lead to soil and water degradation however it might be diminished through sustainable dump site closure projects and processual management. Several decades of clays and clay minerals studies lead to modified clay composites concept that is one of the potential promising solutions for building the landfill covering material and serve as capping biocover layer at the same time. As humic substances are constituents of soil organic matter, pollutants can be sorbed on the surfaces of complex molecules. This kind of humic acid-clay mineral composite materials thus might become as low cost building material component - covering material. Construction of such layer are to be performed as a combination of clay-humic composites and landfill mined fine fraction of waste with small amendment of natural soil. Several hypotheses that are already proven has to be mentioned: a) Clay minerals produce composites with humic substances; 2) Clay-humic complexes reduce through sorption both organic and inorganic pollutants; 3) Low risk of toxic byproducts from landfill mined waste fine fraction can be the problem; 4) Such composites mostly would trap toxic contaminants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) found in reworked fine fraction of waste. The aim of the work is to provide alternative solution for landfill closure by giving theoretical considerations from multidisciplinary knowledge of environmental engineering, chemistry and waste management.
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Rooklidge, Stephen. "Passive Slow Sand Filter Amendments for Clay Removal and Corrosion Control." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)160.

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Mechleb, G., R. Gilbert, M. Christman, R. Gupta, and B. Gross. "Use of Expanded Shale Amendment to Enhance Drainage Properties of Clays." In Geo-Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.334.

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Lorenzetti, R. J., S. L. Bartelt-Hunt, S. E. Burns, and J. A. Smith. "Hydraulic Conductivities and Effective Diffusion Coefficients of Geosynthetic Clay Liners with Organobentonite Amendments." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40789(168)2.

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Gaile, Z. Vincevica, K. Stankevica, M. Stapkevica, M. Klavins, and J. Burlakovs. "Perspectives of sapropel- and clay-containing soil amendments in bioremediation of complex pollution." In Third EAGE Geochemistry Workshop. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2021623011.

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