Journal articles on the topic 'Clay addition'
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1
Thalmaier, Gyorgy, Nicoleta Cobȋrzan, Anca-Andreea Balog, Horia Constantinescu, Andrei Ceclan, Mirela Voinea, and Traian Florin Marinca. "Assessment of Limestone Waste Addition for Fired Clay Bricks." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2022): 4263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124263.
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Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of using limestone waste resulting from stone processing for the manufacturing of fired clay bricks. Waste materials were considered as a partial replacement for clays to reduce the exploitation of natural resources and as a response to the climate neutrality commitments. The samples were prepared to have a waste content of up to 15% and were fired at a temperature of 900 °C. The chemical and mineralogical composition and the physical analysis of raw materials were investigated by using SEM–EDS and XRD diffraction. The result showed an increase in CaO in the clay mixture due to the presence of limestone, which reduced the shrinkage of the products’ compressive strength, up to 55% for samples with a higher content of limestone (15 wt.%), and influenced the samples’ color by making them lighter than the reference sample.
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Mohd Amin, M. F., S. G. J. Heijman, and L. C. Rietveld. "Clay-biodegradable polymer combination for pollutant removal from water." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 8, no. 2 (September 23, 2015): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-8-177-2015.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In this study, a new treatment alternative is investigated to remove micropollutants from wastewater effectively and in a more cost-effective way. A potential solution is the use of clay in combination with biodegradable polymeric flocculants. Flocculation is viewed as the best method to get the optimum outcome from the combination of clay with starch. Clay is naturally abundantly available and relatively inexpensive compared to the conventional adsorbents used. Experimental studies were carried out with four different clays to select the best clay for further optimisation. The atrazine removal achieved is in the range of 10–99 % based on the clay concentration of 10–50 g L<sup>−1</sup>. Optimisation of the best clay performer leads towards atrazine reduction of > 99 % with a dosage of 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup>. The best and underperforming clays were then tested in other experiments with the addition of cationic starch flocculants. In this experiment, the addition of a polymer increased the atrazine removal for the underperforming clay to 46 % with only 10 mg L<sup>−1</sup> clay dosages. The clay flocculation test was also performed to test the flocculation efficiency of clays by the polymer. Approximately 80–84 % of the clay is flocculated, which shows exceptional flocculation efficiency in removing both clays and atrazine from the water matrices.</p>
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Wonghom, Yannawut, Siripan Nilpairach, Charusporn Mongkolkachit, Thanataon Pornphatdetaudom, and Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong. "Effects of Bituminous Coal Ash Addition in Pottery Products." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.242.
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Bituminous coal ash, fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA), from coal power plant were studied in this research for utilizations in ceramic and pottery industries. Both fly ash and bottom ash mixed with four different ball clays from two kinds of ceramic pottery products such as flowerpot and construction brick, Ratchaburi, Chantaburi, Angthong and Chonburi ball clay. The mixtures were varying ratio between ashes and clays depend on clay sources. After mixing, the bodies were formed to test pieces and were then fired at 800-1200 °C. The results indicated that, added fly ash 0-40 wt% significantly decreased water absorption and increased bending strength when fired at 1150 °C or above. For color effect, CIE L*a*b* color space, both fly ash and bottom ash revealed the samples less lightness, more red and yellow appearance. These results are obvious when fired at 1150oC or above. Following the results, fly ash is possible to be used in ceramic pottery industries replaced with other addition such as sand and pottery stone.
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Abd El-Fattah, Ahmed, and Eman Abd ElKader. "Influence of different clays on the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/wood flour hybrid composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 9 (July 26, 2017): 1215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317723180.
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Wood plastic composites based on recycled high-density polyethylene (r-HDPE)/wood flour with the addition of organically modified clays were prepared by melt mixing and compression molding. The effect of two different types and contents of clays, bentonite and layered double hydroxide – on the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of the wood plastic composites – was examined to identify the most effective clay type for wood plastic composites. It was found that incorporation of 2 wt% modified bentonite (mBNT) clay was the most effective in the composite formulation; it has significantly enhanced the properties of the wood plastic composites. The scanning electron micrographs of the fractured surfaces showed improved interfacial adhesion of the composite components. The tensile strength of wood plastic composites was increased by 9.7% when 2 wt% mBNT clay was incorporated in the composite formulation; however, the tensile strength slightly decreased as the clay content was further increased. The izod impact strength was lowered about 10.5% by 2 wt% mBNT clay. Moreover, the addition of 2 wt% mBNT clay enhanced the water resistance of the wood plastic composites by 27.5% after immersion in water for five days. On the other hand, the modified layered double hydroxide (mLDH) clay did not cause any remarkable improvement in the properties of the wood plastic composites. The tensile strength showed a decreasing trend with an increase in mLDH content. However, both clays did not improve the thermal stability of wood plastic composites. In addition, there are no noticeable changes in the values of melting temperature by increasing the content of clays. The experimental results indicated that the properties of the wood plastic composites were significantly improved when combined with the appropriate clay type and content. However, the interaction between wood flour and the intercalated clay particles as well as the processing conditions will need further study.
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Geethamma, V. G., and Adriaan S. Luyt. "Oxidized Wax as Compatibilizer in Linear Low-Density Polyethylene-Clay Nanocomposites: X-ray Diffraction and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1886–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18254.
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Oxidized paraffin wax was used as a compatibilizer in composites of linear low-density polyethylene and layered nano silicate clays. X-ray diffraction analyses were carried out to investigate the crystalline morphology of five types of clays, oxidized wax, and their composites with LLDPE. The composites exhibited different X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical behaviour in the presence of different clays. Generally, the composites retained the partially crystalline behaviour of LLDPE, and no exfoliation was observed. Increased amount of wax did not change the morphology in most cases. The incorporation of clay resulted in an observable increase in the storage modulus of LLDPE. These values also increased with the addition of oxidized wax for most of the composites. The loss modulus increased with the amount of clay, irrespective of its nature. In most cases these values also increased with the incorporation of wax. The composites with 10% clay and 10% oxidized wax showed the highest storage and loss moduli, irrespective of the nature of the clay. The tan δ values did not change considerably with the addition of clay or wax.
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Schapel, Amanda, David Davenport, and Petra Marschner. "Increases in organic carbon concentration and stock after clay addition to sands: validation of sampling methodology and effects of modification method." Soil Research 55, no. 2 (2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15206.
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Plant growth on sands is often constrained by water repellence, low fertility and low water-holding capacity (WHC). These soils also have low organic carbon (OC) concentration, particularly in a bleached A2 horizon. Addition of subsoil clay to sands (clay modification) can overcome these constraints and increase WHC; however, little is known about the effect on OC concentration. Clay addition is predicted to increase OC storage via increased OC input from improved plant growth and increased stabilisation of OC by binding to clays. The objectives of this study were (i) to validate the number of soil samples required within a 25-m grid for accurate OC and bulk density measurement in clay-modified soils and (ii) to determine OC concentration, bulk density and OC stocks in clay-modified compared with unmodified soil. The study was carried out on two agricultural properties in South Australia, where unmodified controls (sands with 1–3% clay) were compared with three methods of modification using clay (clay spread, delved and spaded). Soil cores to 50cm depth were collected after harvest within a 25-m grid. The study showed that clay modification could increase OC stocks (0–30cm) by up to 14tha–1 in the South East and 22tha–1 in the Eyre Peninsula. However, the magnitude of the OC stock increase was influenced by the modification method and depended on concentration and depth of incorporation of the added clay and organic matter.
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Barker, W. W. "Bacterial Trace Fossils in Eocene Kaolin." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100118114.
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Spheroidal electron-dense masses averaging two microns in diameter comprise up to 20% of a thin Eocene grey kaolin in the upper part of the Huber Fm. near Wrens, Georgia. TEM and SEM reveal that the microspheroids consist of tangentially oriented kaolinite platelets enclosing much finer, delicate intergrowths of secondary authigenic minerals.Many types of bacteria and algae produce mucopolysaccharidal exudates which can attach clay platelets. Clay-clad microorganisms are especially common in marine and estuarine environments, where high ionic strength compresses the electric double layer of kaolinite sufficiently for van der Waals forces to aid its attachment to exudates. Maclean and Smart found clay-clad prokaryotic cells in recent estuarine sediments. Avnimelech, et al. demonstrated mutual flocculation of algae and clay upon addition of electrolyte. Because the size and structure of the clay-clad microspheroids in the Eocene kaolin closely resembles the clay-clad bacteria in recent marine muds, they are interpreted as trace fossils of bacteria.
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Rao, Sudhakar M., A. Sridharan, and M. R. Shenoy. "Influence of starch polysaccharide on the remoulded properties of two Indian clay samples." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-047.
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The reported presence in marine clays and the recognized role of polysaccharide as a bonding agent provided the motivation to examine the role of starch polysaccharide in the remoulded properties of nonswelling (kaolinite) and swelling (bentonite) groups of clays. The starch polysaccharide belongs to a group of naturally occurring, large-sized organic molecules (termed polymers) and is built up by extensive repetition of simple chemical units called repeat units. The results of the study indicate that the impact of the starch polysaccharide on the remoulded properties of clays is dependent on the mineralogy of the clays. On addition to bentonite clay, the immensely large number of segments (repeat units) of the starch polysaccharide create several polymer segment – clay surface bonds that cause extensive aggregation of the bentonite units layers. The aggregation of the bentonite unit layers greatly curtails the available surface area of the clay mineral for diffuse ion layer formation. The reduction in diffuse ion layer thickness markedly lowers the consistency limits and vane shear strength of the bentonite clay. On addition to kaolinite, the numerous polymer segment – clay surface bonds enhance the tendency of the kaolinite particles to flocculate. The enhanced particle flocculation is responsible apparently for a small to moderate increase in the liquid limit and remoulded undrained strength of the nonswelling clay. Key words : soil organics, polysaccharides, starch, polymers, bentonite, kaolinite, Atterberg limits, vane strength, interparticle forces.
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de Aguiar, Mariane Costalonga, Lara Pessin Rodrigues, Flaviane Helena Guedes, Jonas Alexandre, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Banana Aqueous Extract as a Potential Addition to Clay Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.246.
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Clays mined in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, are basically kaolinitic with refractory behavior. Sintering of these clays for the fabrication of red ceramic products such as bricks, tiles and structural blocks usually requires addition of fluxing agents to consolidate the ceramic structure. The banana plant has potassium as one of its major nutrients, which exists in a relatively higher amount associated with the plant lignocellulosic constitution. Since potassium compounds are also fluxing agents for clay ceramics, the present work evaluates the effect of an aqueous extract obtained from the banana plant, for plastic behavior, into a clayey mixture before firing at conventional temperatures of 700 and 900°C. The results of this banana aqueous extract addition revealed that, within standard deviations of the evaluated properties, there was no apparent improvement but only a slightly tendency of undesirable increase in the ceramic linear shrinkage at 900°C firing temperature.
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Rezende, J. C. T. de, V. H. S. Ramos, A. S. Silva, C. P. Santos, H. A. Oliveira, and E. de Jesus. "Assessment of sulfamethoxazole adsorption capacity on Pirangi clay from the State of Sergipe, Brazil, modified by heating and addition of organic cation." Cerâmica 65, no. 376 (December 2019): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132019653762774.
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Abstract Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a widely-used antibiotic in human and veterinary medicine for treating diseases and infections and is often detected in the surface water ecosystem. Thus, this study evaluated the capacity of removing SMX from aqueous systems using Pirangi clay (PIR) from the state of Sergipe (Brazil). Pirangi clay samples were treated at 100, 400 and 600 °C and modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) cationic surfactant. The modification process used was based on the layered organization of the mineral clay, allowing the intercalation of cationic surfactant, giving a hydrophobic character to the clay. The Pirangi clay treated at 100 °C and modified with HDTMA (org-PIR-100) showed adsorption capacity of 27.3 mg.g-1 with 90% removal of the SMX in 100 min and pH 6, following the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm. Different characterization methods were employed to characterize the clays, such as XRF, FTIR, XRD, thermogravimetric analyzes (TG/DTG) and BET method, confirming that the surfactant molecules were incorporated on the clay surface and that org-PIR-100 showed potential for use in water treatment plant filters.
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MANGO-ITULAMYA, Lavie A., Frédéric COLLIN, Pascal PILATE, Fabienne COURTEJOIE, and Nathalie FAGEL. "Evaluation of Belgian clays for manufacturing compressed earth blocks." Geologica Belgica 22, no. 3-4 (December 3, 2019): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2019.002.
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This study aims to characterize Belgian clays in order to evaluate their use for manufacture of compressed earth blocks (CEB). Nineteen Belgian clay deposits were sampled in 56 sites and 135 samples were collected and analyzed. The analyses focus on the determination of particle size, plasticity, nature and mineralogy as the main characteristics for assessing the suitability of the raw clays to make CEB. These analyses allow for classifying the sampled clay deposits in three categories: clays that can be used unchanged to make CEB (2 clay deposits), clays that are suitable for the manufacture of CEB but require addition of sand and gravel particles (13 clay deposits) and clays that are suitable for the manufacture of CEB if they are mixed with other raw clays (4 clay deposits). In order to verify the use of these clays, five of them served as a model for making CEB. The strength of these bricks was evaluated by testing for compressive strength and abrasion resistance. The results of these tests confirm the suitability or not of the sampled clays for the manufacture of CEB.
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Paramitha, Tika, Vita Wonoputri, Daniel Steven D Sitompul, Hyung Woo Lee, and Johnner P Sitompul. "Properties of clays reinforced PLA nanocomposites by melt extrusion technique." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n4.1534.
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Nanocomposites were prepared by melt extrusion technique using single screw extruder and subsequent hot compression. In this work, poly lactic acid-clay nanocomposites were obtained using two types of clays, namely commercial montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B) and commercial bentonite. Nanocomposites were prepared at low clay composition of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 wt.% of clays. From XRD spectra, the partially exfoliation of nanoclay layers were occurred during melting extrusion. It resulted in improvement of mechanical properties, such as Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break. The highest tensile strength was obtained by the addition of 0.5 wt.% commercial bentonite increasing about 23.25% compared to the neat PLA. The increasing composition of clays revealed a decrease in mechanical properties due to filler-filler interaction. Furthermore, water absorption of nanocomposites up to `1 wt.% of clays better than the neat PLA. Biodegradability was enhanced in the presence of higher clay composition due to high hydrophilicity of clay, high water uptake, and high interactions. The results show that the weight loss of the neat PLA and the nanocomposite with the addition of 5 wt.% of Cloisite 30B are 4.0% and 10.8%, respectively.
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Mota, Joseane Damasceno, Rochélia Silva Souza Cunha, and Meiry Glaúcia Freire Rodrigues. "Study and Characterization of Chocolate B Clay on Adsorption of Heavy Metals (Lead and Zinc) in Bath Finite System." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.582.
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The clays are emerging as excellent alternative materials in the process of removing organic and inorganic contaminants, that due to it's physicochemical characteristics, it’s easy to obtain and also for low cost. The initial objective of this ( study was to characterize the clay Chocolate B by the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). In addition, the testing of finite bath under certain conditions (pH, concentration) in order to better evaluate the efficiency of clay in the removal of heavy metals zinc and lead. It was used a factorial design 22 with addition at the central point, being evaluated the percentage removal (% Rem) and the removal capacity (qeq) by Chocolate B Clay. It was observed that the Chocolate B clay belongs to the smectites group. The results have shown promise in the removal process of the metals zinc and lead by Chocolate B clay.
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Vieira, Carlos Maurício Fontes, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Residual Coal Characterization for Addition to Red Clay Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.425.
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The high temperature firing to process clay ceramics requires some kind of fuel, which is associated with cost and embodied energy of the final product. Saving in fuel by introducing substances with heating power represents both economical and energetical advantages. The incorporation of a fuel containing waste into the precursor clay body constitutes also an environmentally correct solution for the destination of the waste. A typical fuel-containing waste, generated in large scale, is the residual coal, which falls to the harbor yard during transfer from the cargo ship. This coal can no longer be embarked and is usually discarded in the environment. Its addition into ceramic clay is the most viable solution. Therefore, the objective of the present work is to characterize a residual coal in terms of its chemical constituents, heat power and granulometric distribution. The results indicate that the residual coal presents toxic compounds in amounts below the limits established by the environmental legislation. Its fine granulometry favors the addition to clay ceramics.
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Kusmono and Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak. "Effect of Clay Addition on Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester/Glass Fiber Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/797109.
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Unsaturated polyester (UP)/glass fiber/clay composites were prepared by hand layup method. The effect of clay loading on the morphological and mechanical properties of UP/glass fiber composites was investigated in this study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to characterize the structure of the composites. The mechanical properties of the composites were determined by tensile, flexural, unnotched Charpy impact and fracture toughness tests. XRD results indicated that the exfoliated structure was found in the composite containing 2 wt% of clay while the intercalated structure was obtained in the composite with 6 wt% of clay. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the composites were increased in the presence of clay. The optimum loading of clay in the UP/glass fiber composites was attained at 2 wt%, where the improvement in in tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus was approximately 13, 21, and 11%, respectively. On the other hand, the highest values in impact toughness and fracture toughness were observed in the composites with 4 wt% of clay.
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Kim, Seok, J. Y. Kang, Sung Goo Lee, Jae Rock Lee, and Soo Jin Park. "Influence of Clay Addition on Ion Conductivity of Polymeric Electrolyte Composites." Solid State Phenomena 111 (April 2006): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.111.155.
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In this work, the polymeric electrolyte composites (PECs) based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), ethylene carbonate (EC) as a plasticizer, and lithium montmorillonite (Li-MMT) clay were fabricated, and investigated for understanding the effects of Li-MMT/EC in the polymer matrix on the ionic conductivity. For a lithium battery application, the native sodium cations in MMT were exchanged for lithium cations. As a result, the lithium ion was intercalated into the layer of the MMT clay, and thus PEO entered the galleries of MMT clay. The ionic conductivity was enhanced with increasing MMT contents due to the immobile MMT clay serving as the anion species and the decreased crystallinity of PEO.
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Danish, Aamar, Ermedin Totiç, Muhammed Bayram, Mücahit Sütçü, Osman Gencel, Ertuğrul Erdoğmuş, and Togay Ozbakkaloglu. "Assessment of Mineralogical Characteristics of Clays and the Effect of Waste Materials on Their Index Properties for the Production of Bricks." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 13, 2022): 8908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248908.
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Significant research investigations on the characteristics of unexplored clay deposits are being conducted in light of the growing need for clay in the ceramic industry and the variable chemistry of clays. Parallel to this, the generation of waste materials like fly ash, ferrochrome slag, and silica fume is also increasing, responsible for environmental degradation. This paper aims to study the mineralogical properties of pure clays (one specimen from Siberia and five specimens from different locations in Turkey), and the effect of mentioned waste materials on the index properties of clays obtained. This study is divided into two phases, wherein in the first phase, the pure clay specimens are analyzed against mineralogical properties (i.e., chemical composition, thermal analysis, and particle size distribution). While in the second phase, index properties of pure clay specimens and clay specimens modified with 0–50% fly ash, ferrochrome slag, and silica fume are analyzed. The results reveal that the clay specimens from Turkey (USCS classification: CL) are fit for the ceramic industry and bricks production, and incorporation of waste materials can further improve their index properties. It is also observed that incorporation of 10–30% fly ash and ferrochrome slag have higher efficiency in reducing the plasticity index of clays studied as compared to the addition of silica fume.
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Kantajan, Rattaphon, and Soravich Mulinta. "Comparison of Dolomite Clay and Cullet Addition on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clay Bricks." Key Engineering Materials 766 (April 2018): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.766.241.
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The purpose of this study was to study and characterize the properties of physical – mechanical for clay bricks. The raw materials used in the study are from local sources. They are Sri Khum red clay, dolomite and cullet. The component ratio of clay brick as an addition Sri Khum red clay 50–90 %, foaming agent (dolomite and cullet) 10–50%. The characterization of raw material was analyzed by particle analyzer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shrinkage, water absorption and compressive strength of clay brick were tested. The results showed that the properties of clay bricks after firing at temperature at 900°C were studied. The Sri Khum red clay 80% and cullet 20% had a shrinkage of 6.95%, water absorption of 20.4% and compressive strength of 182 kg/cm2. The physical – mechanical of clay brick achieved the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 77-2545).
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Molina, W. Martínez, J. L. Ruvalcaba Sil, E. M. Alonso Guzmán, A. Flores Rentería, M. Manrique Ortega, and A. A. Torres Acosta. "Additions of Minerals in Clays of Morelia Region, Mexico: Effects on Volumetric Stabilization and Color." MRS Proceedings 1374 (2012): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1391.
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ABSTRACTClays were used intensively in cultural heritage’s monuments and objects. Conservation procedures can be performed specifically for earthen materials using stabilized clays, considering that the aesthetic features must be preserved in order to avoid drastic differences and the lost of their patrimonial value.This work presents the study of the mechanical behavior of clay stabilized with different materials following the norm ASTM D 6276 – 99a, for lime stabilization. The effects of other stabilizers on the clay were studied as well. For these purposes, lime, gypsum, Portland cement (type II), sodium hydroxide, and dehydrated cactus fibers of white cactus opuntia in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% were added to a clay from Morelia region.Atterberg limits were determined to calculate the linear and volumetric stabilization. The best volumetric stabilization values were chosen to prepare samples to measure the mechanical behavior under compression, tension and flexion strengths. Colorimetric measurements were also performed on the stabilized clays to determine the best preparation with the most suitable aesthetic qualities to perform conservation treatments on monuments and cultural heritage constructions made with earthen materials.The highest values for compression were observed for gypsum and mucilage additions while the highest tension was obtained for mucilage ones. Gypsum addition had the bigger rupture module under flexion. On the other hand, the color of the stabilized clay is closer to the original clay color for cement, lime and mucilage preparations.
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Muneer, M., and JM Oades. "The role of Ca-organic interactions in soil aggregate stability .III. Mechanisms and models." Soil Research 27, no. 2 (1989): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890411.
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Serial additions of glucose after drying-wetting cycles led to substantial aggregation of the surface soil from a red-brown earth. Addition of glucose and Ca compounds resulted in up to 80% of the soil bound in particles >2000�m with only a small portion of the soil in particles 4 0 �m. Treatment of the soils with Na4P2O7 caused dispersion of most of the clay but did not disrupt larger aggregates. More disaggregation was caused by treatments with HCI (0.02 M and 0.1 M), indicating the presence of pyrophosphate-resistant binding mechanisms which were presumed to be due to Ca bridging. Addition of Ca to the soil reduced the efficiency of extraction of organic materials by NaOH. This effect was eliminated by a pretreatment with 1 M HCl, indicating a 'bridging' effect of Ca between polycarboxylic macromolecules (humic acids) and clays. The role of Ca in clay and organic matter flocculation, the bridging of clay aggregates to organic materials and interactions of these colloidal aggregates with the biologic cycle is illustrated in some pictorial models.
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Wysocki, Sławomir, Magdalena Gaczoł, and Marta Wysocka. "Drilling mud with addition of new hydration inhibitor for clay rocks." E3S Web of Conferences 71 (2018): 00013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187100013.
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While drilling through clay rocks using water-based mud, number of challenges need to be faced in view of hydration and swelling of this type of rock. Those phenomena consist in the fact, that clay mineral grows in volume due to water contact. In order to limit hydration phenomenon, for clay rocks drilling are used drilling muds with addition of chemical agents called hydration inhibitors. The article describes studies, which resulted in development of new formula of drilling mud with addition of a new short-chained amino polymer developed in Drilling, Oil and Gas Faculty AGH-UST Krakow. For the developed mud, tests of technological parameters were conducted according to API RP 13B-1 as well as specialist examinations: linear swelling of Miocene shale and clay rock disintegration. Studies also consists of syntheses of polyampholyte and short-chained cationic polymer. Based on performed studies, it was found that studied mud is characterized by good and easy to regulate technological parameters as well as effective inhibition of hydration, swelling and disintegration of clay rocks.
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Tamiz Bakhtiari, Marjan, David Harbottle, Meghan Curran, Samson Ng, Jonathan Spence, Robert Siy, Qingxia Liu, Jacob Masliyah, and Zhenghe Xu. "Role of Caustic Addition in Bitumen–Clay Interactions." Energy & Fuels 29, no. 1 (January 7, 2015): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef502088z.
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Monteiro, S. N., and C. M. F. Vieira. "Effect of oily waste addition to clay ceramic." Ceramics International 31, no. 2 (January 2005): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.05.002.
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Bell, F. G., and J. M. Coultard. "The Tees laminated clay." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.29.
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AbstractThe Tees Laminated Clay forms a continuous deposit around the Tees estuary and was deposited during late glacial times. It overlies till, with which it has a sharp contact, and varies in thickness up to 9 m. The laminations consist of alternate layers of clay and silty sand. They are frequently indistinct or may be contorted and in some areas are not observed. It has been suggested that these laminated clays represent fluvio-glacial deposits laid down in an ice-dammed lake.The fabric of the clays was examined in thin sections under polarized light and measurement of transmitted light intensities on rotation of the microscope stage gave values which indicated a medium particle orientation or parallel planar fabric of the clay minerals. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of quartz, illite, kaolinite and some chlorite.In addition to the determination of the basic soil properties of the Tees Laminated Clay, the influence of its anisotropic character on the more noteable engineering properties, in particular, on the strength of the clay. In fact, it was found that the shear strength along the laminations on average, was 25% less than it was normal to the laminations. It also was found that the clay suffered a significant loss of strength on remoulding, it being medium sensitive to sensitive. The laminated clay is lightly consolidated with a medium to high compressibility.
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Babisk, Michelle Pereira, Thalissa Pizetta Altoé, Henrique Junio de Oliveira Lopes, Ulisses Soares do Prado, Monica Castoldi Borlini Gadioli, Luciana Lezira Pereira de Almeida, Sergio Neves Monteiro, and Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira. "Characterization of a Red Mud and a Clay Body for Ceramic Fabrication." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.514.
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Red mud is a specific term applied for a residue generated during the processing of aluminum ores, mainly bauxite in the Bayer process, to produce alumina (Al2O3). In several countries where bauxite is mined and processed, distinct red muds are generated in ever growing amounts and becoming an environmental problem. This problem is also affecting the large bauxite processing plants in Brazil and a possible solution for the red mud is its addition to clay ceramics. Before an industrial scale addition is implanted, the specific red mud needs to be characterized for compatible behavior with the ceramic clay matrix. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to characterize a red mud generated in Brazil for an eventual addition to clay ceramic. This was conducted through the determination of density, chemical and mineralogical composition as well as size distribution and microscopic observation of particles. The results indicated that the specific red mud investigated is compatible with clays and has a potential for addition in common red ceramics.
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Pozo, Manuel, and José Calvo. "An Overview of Authigenic Magnesian Clays." Minerals 8, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110520.
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Clay authigenesis mostly concerns: (a) the formation of clays by direct precipitation from solution, called “neoformation” and (b) development of clays by transformation of precursor minerals. Precipitation from solution implies that a new mineral structure crystallizes, so that a prior mineral structure is not inherited. Transformation of precursor detrital minerals, a process also termed “neoformation by addition”, can be conducted whether throughout precipitation on pre-existing natural surfaces or transformation and reaction on pre-existing surfaces. Both processes have been recognized as effective mechanisms in the formation of Mg-clays, which mostly include 2:1 clay minerals, such as talc-kerolite and Mg-smectites, as well as fibrous clays (sepiolite, palygorskite). Authigenic Mg-clay minerals occur in both modern and ancient marine and non-marine depositional environments, although formation of these clays in hydrothermal continental and seafloor settings must be also outlined. Most favourable conditions for the formation of Mg-clays on earth surface are found in evaporitic depositional environments, especially where parent rocks are enriched in ferromagnesian minerals. In these settings, Mg-clays are important constituent of weathering profiles and soils and can form thick deposits of significant economic interest. Based on this review of authigenic clay deposits, we propose three geochemical pathways, mainly related to continental environments, for the origin of authigenic Mg-clays: formation of Al-bearing Mg-clays (pathway 1), formation of Al-free Mg clays (pathway 2) and formation of sepiolite from other Mg-clay minerals (pathway 3).
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Nature, Science. "The Influence of Calcination Temperatures in TiO2 Impregnated Ouw’s Natural Clay on Its Degradation Activity of Methylene Blue Dye." SCIENCE NATURE 1, no. 1 (December 13, 2018): 008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/snvol1iss1pp008-014year2018.
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The influence of calcination temperatures in TiO2 impregnated Ouw’s natural clay on its degradation activity of methylene blue dye has been done. Calcination process was conducted at various temperatures of 200, 300, and 400 oC. The characterization of TiO2 impregnated clay’s structure was examined by IR analysis. The result showed that Ouw’s natural clay has characterized vibrations of montmorillonite and thermal effect didn’t affect the structure of TiO2 impregnated clay. The highest result of methylene blue’s degradation occurred in the addition of TiO2 impregnated clay calcinated at 200 oC (98.69%). This result was found that calcination temperatures of impregnation process were significantly affect the degradation activity of TiO2 impregnated clays.
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Nature, Science. "The Influence of Calcination Temperatures in TiO2 Impregnated Ouw’s Natural Clay on Its Degradation Activity of Methylene Blue Dye." SCIENCE NATURE 1, no. 1 (December 13, 2018): 008–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/vol1iss1pp008-014year2018.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of calcination temperatures in TiO2 impregnated Ouw’s natural clay on its degradation activity of methylene blue dye has been done. Calcination process was conducted at various temperatures of 200, 300, and 400 oC. The characterization of TiO2 impregnated clay’s structure was examined by IR analysis. The result showed that Ouw’s natural clay has characterized vibrations of montmorillonite and thermal effect didn’t affect the structure of TiO2 impregnated clay. The highest result of methylene blue’s degradation occurred in the addition of TiO2 impregnated clay calcinated at 200 oC (98.69%). This result was found that calcination temperatures of impregnation process were significantly affect the degradation activity of TiO2 impregnated clays.
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Vitale, Enza, Dimitri Deneele, and Giacomo Russo. "Microstructural Investigations on Plasticity of Lime-Treated Soils." Minerals 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050386.
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The surface charge distribution of clay particles governs the interparticle forces and their arrangement in clay-water systems. The plasticity properties are the consequences of the interaction at the microscopic scale, even if they are traditionally linked to the mechanical properties of fine-grained soils. In the paper, the plasticity modifications induced by the addition of lime were experimentally investigated for two different clays (namely kaolinite and bentonite) in order to gain microstructural insights of the mechanisms affecting their plastic behavior as a function of the lime content and curing time. Zeta potential and dynamic light scattering measurements, as well as thermogravimetric analyses, highlighted the mechanisms responsible for the plastic changes at a small scale. The increase of the interparticle attraction forces due to the addition of lime increased the liquid and plastic limits of kaolinite in the short term, without significant changes in the long term due to the low reactivity of the clay in terms of pozzolanic reactions. The addition of lime to bentonite resulted in a decrease of interparticle repulsion double layer interactions. Rearrangement of the clay particles determined a reduction of the liquid limit and an increase of the plastic limit of the treated clays in the very short term. Precipitation of the bonding compounds due to pozzolanic reactions increased both the liquid and plastic limits over the time.
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Lewandowska, Katarzyna, and Marta Szulc. "Rheological and Film-Forming Properties of Chitosan Composites." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 8763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158763.
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Chitosan (Chit) and its composite films are widely used in biomedical, cosmetic, and packaging applications. In addition, their properties can be improved and modified using various techniques. In this study, the effect of the type of clay in Chit composites on the structure, morphology, and physical properties of Chit solution and films was tested. The liquid flow properties of Chit solution with and without clay were carried out using the steady shear test. Chit films containing clay were obtained using the solution-casting method. The morphology, structure, and physical properties of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, swelling behavior, and tensile tests. The results reveal that for the Chit solution with clay (C1) containing 35 wt.% dimethyl dialkyl (C14–C18) amine, the apparent viscosity is the highest, whereas Chit solutions with other clays show reduced apparent viscosity. Rheological parameters of Chit composites were determined by the power law and Cross models, indicating shear-thinning behavior. Analytical data were compared, and show that the addition of clay is favorable to the formation of intermolecular interactions between Chit and clay, which improves in the properties of the studied composites.
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Schapel, Amanda, Petra Marschner, and Jock Churchman. "Clay amount and distribution influence organic carbon content in sand with subsoil clay addition." Soil and Tillage Research 184 (December 2018): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.08.001.
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Nedbailo, O. M., and O. G. Chernyshyn. "Technological properties of clay raw materials." Кераміка: наука і життя, no. 4(49) (January 23, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26909/csl.4.2020.1.
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The article summarizes and analyzes the technological characteristics of various clay raw materials. Recommendations on the feasibility of their use in various types of ceramic production are given. Their main characteristics are given, such as chemical composition, mineralogical and physical properties, which vary within extremely wide limits. They are most characterized by a layered structure. All clay minerals are considered as secondary geological formations that arose in deposits in which water was present as a product of changes in aluminosilicate rocks. Most clay minerals are the product of weathering and deposition, but they can also be formed in hydrothermal conditions.
In addition to basic clay minerals, clays also contain various amounts of other minerals that often affect their behavior when used. The most common such minerals are quartz, feldspar and minerals containing iron, lime, alkalis and soluble salts. The organic component is also found in many clay deposits. Different classifications of clays are based on their geology, mineralogy, composition, properties and uses, but none of them covers all possible diversity.
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Aguiar, Mariane Costalonga, Monica Castoldi Borlini Gadioli, Michelle Pereira Babisk, Veronica Scarpini Candido, Sergio Neves Monteiro, and Carlos Maurício Fontes Vieira. "Characterization of a Granite Waste for Clay Ceramic Addition." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.699.
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Wastes generated by processing ornamental stones are an increasing environmental problem in Brazil. Recycling alternatives are being investigated for the different types of wastes. The addition into clay ceramic is a possibility as long as the stone waste presents compatible characteristics. Therefore the objective of this work was to characterize a waste obtained from the sawing operation of granite by a steel multi-wire equipment as well as to evaluate its effect on the plasticity of clayey formulations. This characterization was performed in terms of chemical composition, X-ray diffraction and particle size distribution. The results indicated not only similar chemical and physical aspects but also a potential for addition into clay bodies of Campos dos Goytacazes in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by the adjustment of the excessive plasticity of the clay.
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Zhang, Jun Rui, Meng Dan Xu, Georgios E. Christidis, and Chun Hui Zhou. "Clay minerals in drilling fluids: functions and challenges." Clay Minerals 55, no. 1 (March 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2020.10.
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AbstractThe addition of clay minerals in drilling fluids modifies the dispersion's viscosity. In this article, scientific advances related to the use of clays and clay minerals (bentonite, palygorskite, sepiolite and mixtures of clay minerals) in drilling fluids are summarized and discussed based on their specific structure, rheological properties, applications, prevailing challenges and future directions. The rheological properties of drilling fluids are affected by the temperature, type of electrolytes, pH and concentration of clay minerals. Bentonites are smectite-rich clays often used in drilling fluids, and their composition varies from deposit to deposit. Such variations significantly affect the behaviour of bentonite-based drilling fluids. Palygorskite is suitable for use in oil-based drilling fluids, but the gelation and gel structures of palygorskite-added drilling fluids have not received much attention. Sepiolite is often used in water-based drilling fluids as a rheological additive. Dispersions containing mixtures of clays including bentonite, kaolin, palygorskite and sepiolite are used in drilling fluids requiring specific features such as high-density drilling fluids or those used in impermeable slurry walls. In these cases, the surface chemistry–microstructure–property relationships of mixed-clay dispersions need to be understood fully. The prevailing challenges and future directions in drilling fluids research include safety, ‘green’ processes and high-temperature and high-pressure-resistant clay minerals.
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Oliveira, Michelle Souza, Fabio da Costa Garcia Filho, Fernanda Santos da Luz, Euzébio Bernabé Zanelato, Jonas Alexandre, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, M. T. Marvila, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Addition of Ornamental Rock Residues on Ceramic Blocks: Physical and Chemical Analysis." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.262.
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The incorporation of industrial waste in cementitious materials is an alternative for its adequate disposal. Among the residues that do not yet have adequate disposal are the residues created by the ornamental rock industries. In this context, this work aims to identify and characterize clays of the region where the ornamental rock industry is dominant and to verify the performance of the ceramic masses with the incorporation of the marble and granite residue. Physical and chemical characterization tests were performed on both clay and residues. After the identification of the two best clays, ceramic masses were prepared where it was possible to evaluate the performance of the clays with each of the residues in incorporations up to 20 wt.%. The results indicated that CI-A with 15 wt.% marble incorporation obtained the best performance.
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Ahmad Fauzi, A. A., Azlin Fazlina Osman, M. A. A. Abdullah, and S. Mandal. "Destabilization of Natural and Commercial Bentonite Interlayers by Ultrasonication, pH Control and Salt Addition." Solid State Phenomena 280 (August 2018): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.280.115.
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Natural and commercial bentonites can act as efficient fillers to reinforce a polymer matrix if their strong interlayer binding forces are weakened to reduce tactoid formation. In this research, interlayers destabilization process was applied to gain a loosely packed, swelled and disorganized clay layered structure for better polymer intercalation and filler dispersion during the polymer/clay composite fabrication. Three different destabilization methods were applied to the natural and commercial bentonites and their effects on swelling and platelets ordering/stacking of the clays were observed. The pristine and destabilized natural and commercial bentonites were characterized and compared based on their chemical component (XRF), chemical structure (XRD) and morphology (FESEM). Chemical analysis revealed that alumina content in the natural bentonite is less than in the commercial bentonite while silica content in natural bentonite is more than in the commercial bentonite. XRD results suggest that basal spacing (d001) of both natural and commercial bentonites reduced when single destabilization process (by salt addition) was applied but increased when destabilization was done by the combination of pH control and salt addition processes. These show that the destabilization process through combination of pH control and salt addition is more efficient in swelling both natural and commercial bentonite clays. This is supported by FESEM analysis where smaller, more loosely packed and uniform platelets were observed due to swelling and weakening of the interlayer binding forces of both natural and commercial bentonite clays.
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Skjemstad, JO, and RC Dalal. "Spectroscopic and chemical differences in organic matter of two vertisols subjected to long periods of cultivation." Soil Research 25, no. 3 (1987): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870323.
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The nature of a number of humic fractions extracted from the 0-0.1 m layers of two cracking clay soils was studied using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. By comparing samples from sites under native vegetation and nearby sites which had been under continuous cultivation for cereal cropping for 35 years, two different mechanisms which act to protect organic matter against decline are evident. In both grey clays (Langlands-Logie clay) and black earths (Waco clay), a large proportion of the organic matter receives some degree of protection through association with clay. In grey clays, this is the only significant form of protection. The humic materials display little molecular recalcitrance and contain significant amounts of long alkyl chains and proteinaceous groups. In black earths, association of organic matter with clay is also the most significant factor but, in addition, the remaining humic materials are more stable to microbial attack. This results from higher aromaticity as well as shorter, more highly branched alkyl chains. Some implications of these findings are also discussed.
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Ledyastuti, M., O. P. Sofyan, and M. A. Zulfikar. "Effect of Tetrabutylammonium on Methylene Blue Adsorption." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2243, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2243/1/012078.
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Abstract Artificial dyes such as methylene blue are commonly detected in textile industry wastewater. Clay is commonly used as an economical and effective adsorbent for methylene blue in textile waste treatment. The addition of surfactants into the system is usually done to increase the adsorption capacity of the clay. In this study, we used a molecular dynamics simulation method to study the effect of tetrabutylammonium organic surfactant on the adsorption process of methylene blue on the clay surface. The modelled clays are pyrophyllite and montmorillonite which are hydrophobic and negatively charged, respectively. The simulation results show that the addition of tetrabutylammonium surfactant causes a 12 % and 40% decrease in the binding of methylene blue to the surfaces of pyrophyllite and montmorillonite, respectively. This is due to the occurrence of competitive adsorption in both systems. Therefore, the addition of tetrabutylammonium surfactant was considered ineffective in increasing the adsorption capacity of pyrophyllite and montmorillonite.
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Souza, A. E., S. R. Teixeira, G. T. A. Santos, and E. Longo. "Addition of sedimentary rock to kaolinitic clays: influence on sintering process." Cerâmica 59, no. 349 (March 2013): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132013000100017.
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The physical and mechanical properties of clay-based ceramic probes with sedimentary rock added as the non-plastic component were evaluated. Samples were prepared with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 wt.% of rock added to the clay material. Pressed (7 ton) probes were sintered at 500, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200 °C and submitted to X-ray diffraction analysis and technological characterization. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the sedimentary rock had micaceous clay minerals, while the clay material had kaolinite as the main phases. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction showed reactions that indicated transformation (inversion of quartz), decomposition (loss of hydroxides) and phase formation (mullite) during heat treatment of the samples. The technological tests showed that the addition of sedimentary rock improved some properties of the sintered material, aided by the presence of fluxes. However, the presence of quartz in the rock hampered the formation of the mullite phase. The formation of new phases and transformations occurring during the heating and cooling of the samples helped explain the technological properties of ceramic materials.
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KOROLEV, V. А. "THE ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS." Engineering Geology World 14, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2019-14-1-60-71.
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The article considers the ecological role played by clays and clay minerals in the ecosystem and the biosphere as a whole. The value of clays and clay minerals in the origin of life on Earth and the formation of RNA are analyzed, due to the periodicity of the microstructure of these minerals, their physicochemical activity and sorption capacity with respect to amino acids, nucleotides, proteins and RNA. The processes of interaction of clay minerals with organic matter are considered, including under conditions of hydrothermal conditions, which have specific features that contribute to the origin of life. In addition, the ecological functions of the lithosphere due to clays and clay minerals were analyzed. It is shown that clays and clay minerals perform the most important ecological resource function, being a valuable mineral resource and mineral, participating in providing biota (including humans) with various mineral and energy resources of minerals, in providing biophilic resources, in providing renewable resources (water, oil and gas), in providing resources of the geological space, etc. Also, the clays perform an important ecological geochemical function, which consists in their participation in the geochemistry processes of the lithosphere and the formation of specific geochemical barriers that perform protective ecological functions on the migration routes of various contaminants. The ecological geodynamic function of clays consists in their influence on the development of endogenous and exogenous geological processes affecting the state and functioning of ecosystems. Finally, the participation of clays in ensuring the geophysical ecological function of the lithosphere consists in their influence on the formation of both natural and man-made geophysical fields in ecological-geological systems. Thus, clays and clay minerals have a great influence on ecological and geological systems, they are involved in the formation of all the most important ecological functions of the lithosphere: resource, geochemical, geodynamic and geophysical. Among them, the most significant is the role of clays and clay minerals in ensuring the resource ecological function of the lithosphere.
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Morais, Douglas, Nicole Raymonde Demarquette, and Ticiane Sanches Valera. "Effect of the Addition of a Brazilian Sodium Smectite Clay in Toughened Nylon-6." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 743–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.743.
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In this work, the effect of the incorporation of a sodium smectite clay (Brasgel) in Nylon-6 toughened with Poly (vinyl butyral) film (PVB film) was evaluated. The composites contain 60 wt.% of Nylon-6, 40 wt.% of PVB film and 5 wt.% of clay, relative to the total weight of the mixture. The clay was previously purified by sedimentation, and dried in a spray-dryer at 150°C. The composites were obtained by extrusion, in two steps: step 1 - mixture of nylon-6 with clay (called master of nylon-6) and step 2 - mixture of master of nylon-6 with PVB film. The clay was characterized by X-ray diffraction and X-rayfluorescence. The composites were characterized by mechanical tests (tensile and notched Izod impact strength), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composites showed significant increase in the values of the notched Izod impact strength, when compared to the ones for pure nylon-6, and kept the stiffness of the matrix phase.
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El Khomsi, Anass, Ameni Ghaezouni, Noureddine Idrissi kandri, Abdelaziz Zerouale, and Sylvie Rossignol. "Moroccan clays for potential use as aluminosilicate precursors for geopolymer synthesis." E3S Web of Conferences 240 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124003001.
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Three Moroccan clays, denoted A1, A3 and A5, were sampled from the Fez region with the aim of potential use as aluminosilicate precursors for geopolymer synthesis. Each clay was subjected to calcination at 700 °C and analyzed using DTA/TG, grain size distribution measurements, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy before and after heat treatment. The results showed that the three clays contain kaolinite in different proportions in addition to some associated minerals, such as quartz, hematite, calcite and dolomite. Heat treatment successfully activated the clay by the amorphization of kaolinite, which is essential for geopolymerization. Some other changes were observed in the associated minerals, especially carbonates, which partially or totally decomposed depending on the clay, while other minerals remained intact. The SBET and NBO values are in accordance with the degree of polymerization, and the obtention of consolidated materials is possible by alkali activation of the calcined clays.
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Bell, F. G., and A. Forster. "The geotechnical characteristics of the till deposits of Holderness." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.07.
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AbstractThe glacial deposits of Holderness are well displayed along the coast of Humberside from Bridlington to Spurn Head. These deposits consist primarily of tills which may contain chalky debris and include pockets and lenses of sands and gravel. They have been subdivided in the past into four units the Basement, Drab, Purple and Hessle Boulder Clays. This has been re-interpreted as three tills (the Basement, Skipsea and Withernsea Tills) below a composite weathered unit of Skipsea and Withernsea Till.The dominant clay minerals in all the clays are kaolinite and illite. In addition, the clay fraction usually constitutes up to 30% of the deposit. Accordingly the clays have a low plasticity. However, because the Basement Till contains a larger content of fines it does have higher consistency limits. The geotechnical data confirm the interpretation of the “Hessle Clay” as a weathered product of the Skipsea and Withernsea Tills
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Lim, Shinhuey, Trung-Ta Nguyen, and Petra Marschner. "Binding of water-extractable organic carbon to clay subsoil: effects of clay subsoil properties." Soil Research 53, no. 1 (2015): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14053.
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Addition of clay-rich subsoils to sandy soils can increase yield and may increase organic carbon (OC) retention in soils. The ability of clays to bind OC is likely to be influenced by clay properties, but little is known about the relative importance of properties of clay subsoils for binding of OC. A batch sorption experiment was conducted using seven clay subsoils collected from agricultural lands where claying was carried out. Clay subsoils were shaken for 17 h at 4°C with different concentrations of water-extractable OC (WEOC: 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 9.0 g kg–1 soil) derived from mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw at a 1 : 10 soil : extract ratio. Sorption of WEOC was positively correlated with clay content, specific surface area and concentration of iron oxides. Further, WEOC sorption was negatively correlated with total OC content, sodium absorption ratio and cation ratio of soil structural stability. However, the relative importance of these properties for WEOC sorption differed among soils. In conclusion, OC retention in clay-amended sandy soils will be positively related to clay soil properties such as clay and Fe oxide content and specific surface area.
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Samal, S. K., S. Mohanty, and S. K. Nayak. "Thermal, Morphological and Dynamic Mechanical Characterization of Melt Blended PC Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.275.
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Polycarbonate (PC) nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation technique in an intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Both unmodified (Na+MMT) and organo-modified (Cloisite 10A & OMMT) clays were used for the preparation of nanocomposites. The effect of addition of clays on the morphological and dynamic mechanical properties of PC matrix has been studied. The wide angle X-ray (WAXD) studies reveal a dominated exfoliated morphology of the nanocomposites at a clay content of 5%. The intercalated morphology is predominated upto clay content of 3%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the co-existance of intercalated/exfoliated morphology in all the composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows an increase in storage modulus indicating higher stiffness in case of organomodified clay filled composites as compared to unmodified & virgin matrix.
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Dewanto, Ordas, Istifani Ferucha, Darsono Darsono, and Sri Rizky. "Conversion of Oil Shale To Liquid Hydrocarbons as A New Energy Resources Using Iron (Fe)-Pillared Clay (Kaolinite) Catalyst." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v12i2.58414.
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In the context of new energy exploration, oil shale is currently a source of energy that is being developed so that it can be used as an alternative energy in the future. Based on this background, it is important to research the conversion method of oil shale to liquid hydrocarbons. The method used is using clay (kaolinite) catalyst and iron (Fe)-pillared clay (kaolinite) catalyst. Clay catalyst products are capable of making organic mature faster and even requiring a lower temperature for the changes (through thermal cracking of non-volatile organic material). The addition of Fe metal in the clay catalyst product to oil shale, causing the surface area of the natural clays were significantly increased, then the volume of micro pore were also increased, it causes the organic material to mature faster and the temperature required for the change is less than the shale material without Fe. The catalyst method by the pillarization technique able to increase the surface area and pore volume, thus accelerating the reaction and changing the reaction rate to be greater. It is observed that clay catalyst products can serve as catalysts for accelerating organic maturation reactions. if compared between the clay material of OD1-Ast1 (50% clay-50% organic), OD1-Ast2 (33% clay-67% organic), and the OD1-Ast3 shale material (67% clay - 33% organic),then OD1-Ast3 has a faster reaction rate. Comparison of clay material is smaller than organic, then the properties of the catalyst product to accelerate the reaction are reduced, such as the OD1-Ast2 shale material has a slow reaction rate compared to the OD1-Ast3 shale material. The addition of Fe metal in the clay catalyst product to the OD1-Ast2 shale material, resulting in OD1-Ast2-Fe shale material (75% OD1-Ast2 and 25% Fe) having a faster reaction rate than before the addition of Fe metal.The design of heavy (%) clay (kaolinite) and Fe pilaration on oil shale were greatly influence the change of TOC values when heated,then affecting maturation and Tmax. The temperature of maturation and Tmax as the main parameters of conversion of oil shale to liquid hydrocarbon. This method supports the development of science and technology in the field of exploitation and processing of natural resources.
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Nguye, T. T., and P. Marschner. "Respiration in mixes of sandy and clay soils: influence of clay type and addition rate." Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, ahead (2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-95162014005000070.
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Tahir, Shermeen, and Petra Marschner. "Clay Addition to Sandy Soil Reduces Nutrient Leaching—Effect of Clay Concentration and Ped Size." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 48, no. 15 (August 22, 2017): 1813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2017.1395454.
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Syamdiofa, Teuku Julis, Munirwansyah Munirwansyah, and Renni Anggraini. "PENGARUH KAPUR SEBAGAI STABILIZING AGENT TERHADAP INDEKS PLASTISITAS DAN KUAT GESER LEMPUNG EKSPANSIF MEUNASAH RAYEUK." Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 1, no. 4 (December 9, 2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v1i4.12460.
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Clay soil from Desa Meunasah Rayeuk quarry in Kaway XVI, West Aceh Regency is a land material frequently used for construction of road infrastructure. In this quarry, there are three types of soil based on the color, yellow, red, and gray. The three types of soil have expansive characteristics, so they are not suitable for subgrade. This unoptimal characteristic can be improved through soil stabilization. One of them by utilizing the reaction of catinonization between lime Ca(OH)2 with the clay soil. Therefore, a research needs to be conducted to find out the characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of the original soil and the effect of cationization of the soil and lime mixture on the soil plasticity index and soil shear strength parameters. Testing is done through mineralogical test and ASTM standard tests that include physical properties, standard compaction, and direct shear strength test. Variations of lime addition are 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% of the soil dry weight. The test results show that the addition of lime can reduce the soil plasticity index and increase the shear strength of the soil on some level. At mixing up to 12% lime, the soil plasticity index dropped to 12.93% in yellow clay, 11.12% in red clay, and 16,76% in gray clay. The plasticity index after the addition of 12% lime has not met the minimum plasticity index requirement, ie 11%. The maximum shear strength for yellow clay is obtained at 3% lime, and 6% lime for red and gray clays.
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Choo, Hyunwook, Youngmin Choi, Woojin Lee, and Changho Lee. "Effect of pH Variations on the Yield Stress of Calcium Bentonite Slurry Treated with pH-Responsive Polymer." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112525.
Full textAbstract:
The pH-responsive polymers, such as polyacrylamide (PAM), show distinct conformational states according to the pH of their environmental groundwater. Therefore, the interactions between clay–polymer and polymer–water molecules, which determine the yield stress of bentonite–polymer composites, can be affected by the pH of groundwater. This study aims to evaluate the effect of pH variation on the yield stress of calcium bentonite treated with PAM. The yield stresses (τy) of untreated and PAM treated clays were measured with varying volume fractions of solid (VF = 10–23%) and under varying pH conditions (pH = 7.6–9.6). In addition, the zeta potential was measured for both untreated and treated clays to figure out the change in the surface charge of the mineral surface due to PAM treatment. The results of this study demonstrate that τy for treated clay is higher than that for untreated clay at a given VF, because van der Walls attraction dominates electrostatic repulsion in the case of treated clay. Due to the change in conformational states of PAM and the consequent change in surface charge that comes with varying pH, the pH-dependent change in τy of treated clay is significantly different from that of untreated clay.