Journal articles: 'Clay 3D Printing'

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Hasiuk, Franciszek, and Chris Harding. "3D Printing Mudrocks: Experiments in Validating Clay as a Build Material for 3D Printing Porous Micromodels." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 62, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv62n5-2020a4.

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3D printing technologies have the ability to turn digital 3D designs into tangible, lab-testable objects. While 3D printing in plastic and granular materials is quite common now, new equipment has been developed that can 3D print using paste-like materials (e.g., clays, Portland cement, foods). This study characterized simple, core-plug-sized models to evaluate whether this technology can be applied to producing 3D printed analogs for mudrocks. Most models produced were designed as solid, 25-mm-diameter cylinders, 25 mm tall in two different types of clay (Limoges Clay and ISU Clay). Models were printed on a Delta WASP 60100 with the Delta WASP low-density material extruder kit. Models displayed negligible dimensional loss after desiccation but shrank considerably after first firing (8 to 12% loss for both height and diameter). Mass loss was 8 to 11% after the first firing. A second firing yielded 5 to 6% loss for height and diameter, 0.1 to 0.2% mass loss. Models produced from Limoges Clay reduced from ~39% porosity after desiccation to ~7% after first firing to ~1% after the second firing. ISU Clay reduced its porosity less with firing going from ~36 to ~23 to ~10%. Models survived mercury porosimetry up to 33,000 psi (~230 MPa) with no signs of deformation. Pore-throat-size distributions became more monomodal after each firing. For Limoges Clay, the modal pore-throat size lessened after each firing reaching functionally zero after the second firing. ISU Clay’s modal pore-throat size increased after the first firing, before reducing after second firing—though not down to the modal sizes of the desiccated sample. Pore-throat-size distributions were similar to those reported for tight sandstones and shales, suggesting that the method outlined in this study could be used to create analogous pore structures for laboratory experiments with the caveat that surface physics (e.g., wettability) of the models would need to be assessed to understand to what extent it reproduces the properties of natural rock surfaces.

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Abdallah, Yomna K., and Alberto T. Estévez. "3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks." Biomimetics 6, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6040059.

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Construction materials and techniques have witnessed major advancements due to the application of digital tools in the design and fabrication processes, leading to a wide array of possibilities, especially in additive digital manufacturing tools and 3D printing techniques, scales, and materials. However, possibilities carry responsibilities with them and raise the question of the sustainability of 3D printing applications in the built environment in terms of material consumption and construction processes: how should one use digital design and 3D printing to achieve minimum material use, minimum production processes, and optimized application in the built environment? In this work, we propose an optimized formal design of “Biodigital Barcelona Clay Bricks” to achieve sustainability in the use of materials. These were achieved by using a bottom-up methodology of biolearning to extract the formal grammar of the bricks that is suitable for their various applications in the built environment as building units, thereby realizing the concept of formal physiology, as well as employing the concept of fractality or pixilation by using 3D printing to create the bricks as building units on an architectural scale. This enables the adoption of this method as an alternative construction procedure instead of conventional clay brick and full-scale 3D printing of architecture on a wider and more democratic scale, avoiding the high costs of 3D printing machines and lengthy processes of the one-step, 3D-printed, full-scale architecture, while also guaranteeing minimum material consumption and maximum forma–function coherency. The “Biodigital Barcelona Clay Bricks” were developed using Rhinoceros 3D and Grasshopper 3D + Plugins (Anemone and Kangaroo) and were 3D printed in clay.

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Leu Alexa, Rebeca, Raluca Ianchis, Diana Savu, Mihaela Temelie, Bogdan Trica, Andrada Serafim, George Mihail Vlasceanu, Elvira Alexandrescu, Silviu Preda, and Horia Iovu. "3D Printing of Alginate-Natural Clay Hydrogel-Based Nanocomposites." Gels 7, no. 4 (November 14, 2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7040211.

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Biocompatibility, biodegradability, shear tinning behavior, quick gelation and an easy crosslinking process makes alginate one of the most studied polysaccharides in the field of regenerative medicine. The main purpose of this study was to obtain tissue-like materials suitable for use in bone regeneration. In this respect, alginate and several types of clay were investigated as components of 3D-printing, nanocomposite inks. Using the extrusion-based nozzle, the nanocomposites inks were printed to obtain 3D multilayered scaffolds. To observe the behavior induced by each type of clay on alginate-based inks, rheology studies were performed on composite inks. The structure of the nanocomposites samples was examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while the morphology of the 3D-printed scaffolds was evaluated using Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM) and Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT). The swelling and dissolvability of each composite scaffold in phosfate buffer solution were followed as function of time. Biological studies indicated that the cells grew in the presence of the alginate sample containing unmodified clay, and were able to proliferate and generate calcium deposits in MG-63 cells in the absence of specific signaling molecules. This study provides novel information on potential manufacturing methods for obtaining nanocomposite hydrogels suitable for 3D printing processes, as well as valuable information on the clay type selection for enabling accurate 3D-printed constructs. Moreover, this study constitutes the first comprehensive report related to the screening of several natural clays for the additive manufacturing of 3D constructs designed for bone reconstruction therapy.

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Alqenaee, Amnah Y., Ali M. Memari, and Maryam Hojati. "TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL COB CONSTRUCTION TO 3D PRINTING OF CLAY HOMES." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.4.3.

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ABSTRACT 3D printing of cementitious material can provide an affordable, sustainable, and optimized approach for the construction of homes, without compromising quality or craftsmanship. While most of the current research and development efforts in this field are focused on cement-based concrete printing, this paper focuses on the current state-of-the-art literature review of designing and developing a sustainable clay-based mixture design that mainly includes clay, sand, straw, lime, and water. The goal of this paper is to bridge the gap between typical traditional earth construction, specifically cob construction, and emerging 3D printing of cementitious materials. The specific objective of this paper is to offer some possible changes in the typical cob mixture so that it can be used for 3D printing of clay-based mixtures with sufficient flowability, buildability, strength, and open time (i.e., the time period between printing of one layer and printing of another layer deposited on a layer below). The paper describes typical clay-based mixtures and their traditional process and then specifies the challenges in going from traditional cob construction to advanced computer-controlled robotic 3D printing.

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Heng Boon, Koh, Chai Teck Jung, and Song Yi Wei. "Drying Shrinkage Properties and Initial Bonding Strength of 3D Printing Mortar." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1022, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012045.

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Abstract 3D printing has emerged in the construction industry provide an effective and productive alternative construction methods. Cement-based material is the main choice in 3D printing construction due to its low cost and easy availability. This paper presents the drying shrinkage properties of hardened 3D printing mortar and the bonding strength of fresh mortar under the delayed phenomenon. Eight types of mortar mixtures in two series with varying percentages of sandy clay replacement ranging from 0% to 75% for both 1:1 and 1:2 cement sand ratios were used in the trial mix. Basic physical properties of 3D printing mortar such as workability, extrudability and buildability were conducted on the trial mix. Four mortar mixtures that complies with the basic 3D printing properties were used to conduct the drying shrinkage properties and the initial bonding strength test. The initial bonding strength test was conducted under delayed phenomenon for 0 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. The experimental results showed a significant increase in drying shrinkage for mortars containing 75% sandy clay. However, the highest initial bonding strength is also achieved by mortars containing 75% sandy clay. The initial bonding strength of 3D printing mortar was decreased over the delaying time.

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Sangiorgio, Valentino, Fabio Parisi, Francesco Fieni, and Nicola Parisi. "The New Boundaries of 3D-Printed Clay Bricks Design: Printability of Complex Internal Geometries." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020598.

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The building construction sector is undergoing one of the most profound transformations towards the digital transition of production. In recent decades, the advent of a novel technology for the 3D printing of clay opened up new sustainable possibilities in construction. Some architectural applications of 3D-printed clay bricks with simple internal configurations are being developed around the world. On the other hand, the full potential of 3D-printed bricks for building production is still unknown. Scientific studies about the design and printability of 3D-printed bricks exploiting complex internal geometries are completely missing in the related literature. This paper explores the new boundaries of 3D-printed clay bricks realized with a sustainable extrusion-based 3D clay printing process by proposing a novel conception, design, and analysis. In particular, the proposed methodological approach includes: (i) conception and design; (ii) parametric modeling; (iii) simulation of printability; and (iv) prototyping. The new design and conception aim to fully exploit the potential of 3D printing to realize complex internal geometry in a 3D-printed brick. To this aim, the research investigates the printability of internal configuration generated by using geometries with well-known remarkable mechanical properties, such as periodic minimal surfaces. In conclusion, the results are validated by a wide prototyping campaign.

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Coppola, Bartolomeo, Nicola Cappetti, Luciano Di Maio, Paola Scarfato, and Loredana Incarnato. "3D Printing of PLA/clay Nanocomposites: Influence of Printing Temperature on Printed Samples Properties." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101947.

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In this study, the possibility of using a layered silicate-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) in additive manufacturing applications was investigated. In particular, the aim of this work was to study the influence of printing temperature in the 3D printing process of PLA/clay nanocomposites. For this reason, two PLA grades (4032D and 2003D, D-isomer content 1.5 and 4, respectively) were melt-compounded by a twin screw extruder with a layered silicate (Cloisite 30B) at 4 wt %. Then, PLA and PLA/clay feedstock filaments (diameter 1.75 mm) were produced using a single screw extruder. Dog-bone and prismatic specimens were 3D printed using the FDM technique at three different temperatures, which were progressively increased from melting temperature (185–200–215 °C for PLA 4032D and 165–180–195 °C for PLA 2003D). PLA and PLA/clay specimens were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. Moreover, the morphology of the 3D printed specimens was investigated using optical microscopy and contact angle measurements. The different polymer matrix and the resulting nanocomposite morphology strongly influenced 3D printed specimen properties. DMA on PLA/clay filaments reported an increase in storage modulus both at ambient temperature and above the glass transition temperature in comparison to neat PLA filaments. Furthermore, the presence of nanoclay increased thermal stability, as demonstrated by TGA, and acted as a nucleating agent, as observed from the DSC measurements. Finally, for 3D printed samples, when increasing printing temperature, a different behavior was observed for the two PLA grades and their nanocomposites. In particular, 3D printed nanocomposite samples exhibited higher elastic modulus than neat PLA specimens, but for PLA 4032D+C30B, elastic modulus increased at increasing printing temperature while for PLA 2003D+C30B slightly decreased. Such different behavior can be explained considering the different polymer macromolecular structure and the different nanocomposite morphology (exfoliated in PLA 4032D matrix and intercalated in PLA 2003D matrix).

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Rael, Ronald, and Virginia San Fratello. "Clay Bodies: Crafting the Future with 3D Printing." Architectural Design 87, no. 6 (November 2017): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.2243.

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Diegel, Olaf, Andrew Withell, Deon de Beer, Johan Potgieter, and Frazer Noble. "Low-Cost 3D Printing of Controlled Porosity Ceramic Parts." International Journal of Automation Technology 6, no. 5 (September 5, 2012): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2012.p0618.

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This research was initiated to develop low cost powders that could be used on 3D printers. The paper describes experiments that were undertaken with different compositions of clay-based powders, and different print saturation settings. An unexpected sideeffect of printing ceramic parts was the ability to control the part porosity by varying the powder recipe and print parameters. The cost of clay-based powder was, depending on the specific ingredients used, around US$2.00/Kg.

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Chen, Yu, Shan He, Yu Zhang, Zhi Wan, Oğuzhan Çopuroğlu, and Erik Schlangen. "3D printing of calcined clay-limestone-based cementitious materials." Cement and Concrete Research 149 (November 2021): 106553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106553.

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He, Zeming, T. S. Shanmugasundaram, and Gurdev Singh. "Inkjet 3D printing of clay ceramics for water treatment." Progress in Additive Manufacturing 3, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40964-018-0055-1.

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Kotoula, Eleni, Kiraz Goze Akoglu, Eckart Frahm, and Stefan Simon. "QR Coded 3D Prints of Cuneiform Tablets." International Journal of Art, Culture and Design Technologies 6, no. 2 (July 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijacdt.2017070101.

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This article discusses the design of a quick response (QR) coded 3D model of a Babylonian mathematical clay tablet for 3D printing purposes, in an attempt to make better use of advanced 3D visualizations, encourage public engagement and question the influence of tagging and 3D printing on the way humans interact with ancient documentary artefacts. The main emphasis of this article is the methodological challenge, taking under consideration both the technical constrains and object-oriented requirements, such as aesthetics and authenticity. The proposed methodology for the successful implementation of the project incorporates 3D modelling, 3D printing, Automatic Identification Data Capture (AIDC) technologies, and a new open source platform named Cultural Heritage Object (CHER-Ob), for data management, decision making and scientific collaboration.

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Tolochko, N. K., A. A. Andrushevich, P. N. Vasilevsky, and P. S. Chugaev. "Application of 3D-printing extrusion technology in foundry production." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (January 14, 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-4-139-144.

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A brief review of the additive technologies used for producing the foundry forming tooling is carried out. The peculiarities of using extrusion 3D-ptinting technology for producing the foundry forming tooling in comparison with other additive technologies are considered. The possibilities to produce the foundry forming tooling from clay viscous-flowing materials using extrusion 3D-ptinting technology are demonstrated experimentally.

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Mehdipour, Iman, Hakan Atahan, Narayanan Neithalath, Mathieu Bauchy, Edward Garboczi, and Gaurav Sant. "How clay particulates affect flow cessation and the coiling stability of yield stress-matched cementing suspensions." Soft Matter 16, no. 16 (2020): 3929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02414j.

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Transition from closely-packed to fractally-architected structures with clay addition improves homogeneity and prevents local dewatering, thus enhancing coiling stability of layer-wise extruded cementing suspensions during 3D-printing.

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Beregovoi, V. A., A. M. Beregovoi, and I. Yu Lavrov. "Technology of 3D Printing of Light Ceramics for Construction Products." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 1038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.1038.

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A 3D-printer for working with plastic mineral mixtures is developed, its kinematic scheme and principle of operation are described. The results of experiments on printing simple forms of plastic clay, using a piston-type extruder, are presented. In relation to an additive technology, a list of technological properties of mineral masses is defined The optimal amount of chemical additives has been established, which provides an increase in the uniformity of the raw material mass for printing products from light ceramics.

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Yu, Hui, Enze Chen, Yao Chen, and Zhenyu Qi. "The Model of Ceramic Surface Image Based on 3D Printing Technology." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (July 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5850967.

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With the rapid development of the new manufacturing industry, 3D printing technology continues to make new technological breakthroughs, and new works emerge in the manufacturing, medical, construction, military, and other application fields. However, for ceramic materials, there are still many problems to be solved in 3D printing. In this study, a dual-scale lightweight interactive model based on lofted surface and periodic parameter curve embedding is proposed for ceramic 3D printing. Users can model and manufacture lofted surfaces with small-scale geometric textures. For the two closed curves entered by the user, the intermediate section sampling points are generated by interpolation between them, and the shape of the current surface is adjusted under ceramic 3D printing manufacturing constraints such as no support and path non-interference. complete large-scale surface modeling based on lofted surfaces. Then the straight line path between the sampling points is replaced by a periodic curve path, and the small-scale geometric texture modeling is completed by adjusting the period and amplitude of the curve function. Finally, each section sampling point is spirally connected layer by layer and directly generats a single continuous printing path and manufacture. The experimental results show that the tool provides users with sufficient modeling space and high efficiency of model generation and effectively generates G-code files with textured lofted surfaces that can directly print ceramic 3D. It can also avoid the collision between printer nozzles and printing models and can be directly used in 3D printing and manufacturing based on clay materials.

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Trieu, Can Chi, Minh-Thien Nguyen, Thien-Toan Quan Le, Manh-Quyen Dam, Anh-Tu Tran, Tri-Huynh Ngoc Nguyen, and Khanh-Son Nguyen. "Developement of 3D printer for silicate-based materials." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 2, SI2 (July 6, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v2isi2.460.

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3D printer and 3D printing technology are now considered as one of the key factor in the manufacturing industry. In the near future, we could envisage different application of 3D printing method in the sector of materials processing and production. In the sector of civil engineering, they existed somewhere some construction works developed with 3D printing technology. In this study, we aim to manufacture laboratory-scale printers with nozzles and extrusion feeding systems suitable for paste such as the case of clay-based materials of silicate industry. The movement system was encoded and controlled via the motherboard (Mach 3 controller software). Stepper motors and shaft drives were also implemented in the frame element of such printer. The feeding system was designed based on the extrusion method including cylinder and piston element. Based on that, sample size 200x300x300mm was available for operation testing. Concerning the performance of the instrument, we have obtained printed specimens with different geometric shapes with complexity. From the obtained result, we also discussion on the feasibility up scaling the study and developing a 3D printer for silicate based materials.

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Habib, Md Ahasan, and Bashir Khoda. "Development of clay based novel bio-ink for 3D bio-printing process." Procedia Manufacturing 26 (2018): 846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.105.

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Revelo, Carlos, and Henry Colorado. "3D printing of kaolinite clay with small additions of lime, fly ash and talc ceramic powders." Processing and Application of Ceramics 13, no. 3 (2019): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1903287r.

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Direct ink writing technique, an extrusion based additive manufacturing process, has been used to fabricate kaolinite clay based-ceramics with several inexpensive ceramic powders: lime, fly ash and talc. All the above materials are commonly used in the traditional ceramics industry, in both small and large industries, and therefore available worldwide. This research shows the simplicity of the process feasible not only for companies but also for individual users. The samples were fabricated with water to clay ratios (W/C) between 0.68 and 0.72. Additives were tested in 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0wt.% with respect to the clay contents, although 3 wt.% of additives worked best. Cylindrical samples were fabricated with 20mm in diameter and 20mm in height in order to test their compressive strength and density. Measurement samples were previously cured for three days at room temperature and then exposed to 1100?C for 1 h. The powdered additives and their corresponding mixtures with clay were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results showed that samples with 0.70 W/C ratio and using fly ash as an additive were the best in terms of workability, mechanical properties and surface finishing.

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Perttalolo, Andy Nurul Yunita, Ibnu Abdul Rosid, and Alva Edy Tontowi. "PENGEMBANGAN MESIN 3D PRINTING BANGUNAN UNTUK MATERIAL SISA RERUNTUHAN BANGUNAN." RADIAL : Jurnal Peradaban Sains, Rekayasa dan Teknologi 10, no. 1 (June 26, 2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37971/radial.v10i1.226.

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Abstrak: Pengembangan Mesin 3D Printing Bangunan Untuk Material Sisa Reruntuhan Bangunan. Material reruntuhan bangunan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bangunan yang digunakan untuk proses rekonstruksi. Teknologi yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan rekonstruksi bangunan adalah teknologi 3D Printer FDM. Pada penelitian ini dikembangkan material untuk teknologi 3D Printer FDM dengan memanfaatkan recycle material yang tersusun berupa semen, fly ash, clay, superplaticizer dan air yang disebut recycle concrete, serta dilakukan optimasi parameter mesin 3D Printer untuk mendapatkan kombinasi parameter dengan error dimensi yang minimal. Penelitian ini dikembangkan mesin 3D Printer untuk konstruksi bangunan. Metode optimasi parameter menggunakan Fractional Factorial Design dengan 3 parameter dalam 2 level yaitu berupa print speed (100 mm/s dan 120 mm/s), layer height (6 mm dan 9 mm) serta kecepatan putaran ekstruder (30 rpm dan 40 rpm). Hasil optimasi didapatkan layer height berpengaruh signifikan terhadap error dimensi tinggi dan interaksi print speed dan kecepatan putaran ekstruder berpengaruh signifikan terhadap error dimensi tinggi, untuk mendapatkan error dimensi terkecil didapatkan dengan kombinasi parameter print speed sebesar 100 mm/s, layer height sebesar 6 mm, dan kecepatan putaran ekstruder sebesar 30 rpm dengan hasil error dimensi diameter sebesar 0,0671 dan error dimensi tinggi sebesar 0,0256. Abstract: Building 3D Printing Machine Development for Building Ruins Residual Material. Building ruins materials can be used as building materials used for the reconstruction process. The technology that can be used to reconstruct buildings is FDM 3D Printer technology. In this study, materials for 3D Printer FDM technology were developed by utilizing recycle materials composed of cement, fly ash, clay, superplaticizer and water, it called recycle concrete. Optimization of 3D Printer machine parameters was carried out to obtain a combination of parameters with minimal error dimension. This research developed 3D Printer Machine for building construction. The parameter optimization method used Fractional Factorial Design with 3 parameters and 2 levels, it were explained by print speed (100 mm/s and 120 mm/s), layer height (6 mm and 9 mm) and extruder rotation speed (30 rpm and 40 rpm). The optimization results obtained layer height has a significant effect on high dimensional errors and the interaction of print speed and rotational speed of the extruder has a significant effect on high dimensional errors, to get the smallest dimensional error obtained with a combination of print speed parameters of 100 mm/s, layer height of 6 mm, and The extruder rotation speed is 30 rpm with a diameter dimension error of 0.0671 and a height dimension error of 0.0256.

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García-Villén, Fátima, Sandra Ruiz-Alonso, Markel Lafuente-Merchan, Idoia Gallego, Myriam Sainz-Ramos, Laura Saenz-del-Burgo, and Jose Luis Pedraz. "Clay Minerals as Bioink Ingredients for 3D Printing and 3D Bioprinting: Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111806.

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The adaptation and progress of 3D printing technology toward 3D bioprinting (specifically adapted to biomedical purposes) has opened the door to a world of new opportunities and possibilities in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this regard, 3D bioprinting allows for the production of tailor-made constructs and organs as well as the production of custom implants and medical devices. As it is a growing field of study, currently, the attention is heeded on the optimization and improvement of the mechanical and biological properties of the so-called bioinks/biomaterial inks. One of the strategies proposed is the use of inorganic ingredients (clays, hydroxyapatite, graphene, carbon nanotubes and other silicate nanoparticles). Clays have proven to be useful as rheological and mechanical reinforcement in a wide range of fields, from the building industry to pharmacy. Moreover, they are naturally occurring materials with recognized biocompatibility and bioactivity, revealing them as optimal candidates for this cutting-edge technology. This review deals with the use of clays (both natural and synthetic) for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine through 3D printing and bioprinting. Despite the limited number of studies, it is possible to conclude that clays play a fundamental role in the formulation and optimization of bioinks and biomaterial inks since they are able to improve their rheology and mechanical properties, thus improving printability and construct resistance. Additionally, they have also proven to be exceptionally functional ingredients (enhancing cellular proliferation, adhesion, differentiation and alignment), controlling biodegradation and carrying/releasing actives with tissue regeneration therapeutic activities.

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Ahlfeld, T., G. Cidonio, D. Kilian, S. Duin, A. R. Akkineni, J. I. Dawson, S. Yang, A. Lode, R. O. C. Oreffo, and M. Gelinsky. "Development of a clay based bioink for 3D cell printing for skeletal application." Biofabrication 9, no. 3 (July 25, 2017): 034103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aa7e96.

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Revelo, Carlos F., and Henry A. Colorado. "3D printing of kaolinite clay ceramics using the Direct Ink Writing (DIW) technique." Ceramics International 44, no. 5 (April 2018): 5673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.12.219.

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Habib, Ahasan, and Bashir Khoda. "Development of clay based novel hybrid bio-ink for 3D bio-printing process." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 38 (February 2019): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.12.034.

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Sällström, Nathalie, Andrew Capel, Mark P. Lewis, Daniel S. Engstrøm, and Simon Martin. "3D-printable zwitterionic nano-composite hydrogel system for biomedical applications." Journal of Tissue Engineering 11 (January 2020): 204173142096729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731420967294.

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Herein, the cytotoxicity of a novel zwitterionic sulfobetaine hydrogel system with a nano-clay crosslinker has been investigated. We demonstrate that careful selection of the composition of the system (monomer to Laponite content) allows the material to be formed into controlled shapes using an extrusion based additive manufacturing technique with the ability to tune the mechanical properties of the product. Moreover, the printed structures can support their own weight without requiring curing during printing which enables the use of a printing-then-curing approach. Cell culture experiments were conducted to evaluate the neural cytotoxicity of the developed hydrogel system. Cytotoxicity evaluations were conducted on three different conditions; a control condition, an indirect condition (where the culture medium used had been in contact with the hydrogel to investigate leaching) and a direct condition (cells growing directly on the hydrogel). The result showed no significant difference in cell viability between the different conditions and cells were also found to be growing on the hydrogel surface with extended neurites present.

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Iubin, Petr, and Lubov Zakrevskaya. "Soil-concrete for use in the 3D printers in the construction of buildings and structures." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824503002.

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Nowadays, the construction of cement composite using 3D printers is considered one of the most promising methods of automation of building processes. However, the compositions of cement composites have several disadvantages, such as high cost, short workability and etc. It has been suggested that clay soil as an additive will help to solve these problems partially. The aim of the work is development the cement compositions with clay soil, for use in 3D printers to construction. The composite consists of cement paste with clay soil and additives. To study printability of a composite the rheological properties in a fresh state were studied. The study of the rheological properties of composites was carried out using a flow table test for mortar. The key factor for determining the suitability of the composite for printing was accepted the diameter of the cone after shaking. The test results showed the possibility of replacing cement paste with clay soil up to 25% which leads to a reduction in the cost and an increase in printability with a slight decrease in the strength of the obtained material to 7%. Utilizing of soil from the construction site provides maximum economic efficiency of the material application.

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Estévez, Alberto T., and Yomna K. Abdallah. "The New Standard Is Biodigital: Durable and Elastic 3D-Printed Biodigital Clay Bricks." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (October 10, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040159.

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In a previously published study, the authors explained the formal design efficiency of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks 3DPBDCB: a project that aimed to change the conventional methods of clay brick design and mass production. This was achieved by employing the behavioural algorithms of reaction-diffusion and the shortest path that were extracted from the exact material physical properties and hydrophilic behaviours of clay and controlled material deposition 3D printing to create sustainable clay bricks. Sustainability in their use in the built environment and their production processes, with full potential sustainability aspects such as passive cooling, thermal and acoustical insulation, and bio receptivity. The current work studies the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks as elastic and durable clay bricks whose properties depend mainly on their geometrical composition and form. Each of the three families of the 3D-printed biodigital clay bricks (V1, V2, V3) includes the linear model of a double line of 0.5 cm thickness and a bulk model of 55% density were tested for compression and elasticity and compared to models of standard industrial clay bricks. The results revealed that the best elasticity pre-cracking was achieved by the V2 linear model, followed by the V3 linear model, which also achieved the highest post-cracking elasticity—enduring until 150 N pre-cracking and 200 N post-cracking, which makes the V3 linear model eligible for potential application in earthquake-resistant buildings. While the same model V3-linear achieved the second-best compressive strength enduring until 170 N. The best compressive strength was recorded by the V1 linear and bulk model enduring up to 240 N without collapsing, exceeding the strength and resistance of the industrial clay bricks with both models, where the bulk and the perforated collapsed at 200 N and 140 N, respectively. Thus, the mass production and integration of the V1 bulk and linear model and the V3 linear model are recommended for the construction industry and the architectural built environment for their multi-aspect sustainability and enhanced mechanical properties.

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Hu, Chen, Taufiq Ahmad, Malik Salman Haider, Lukas Hahn, Philipp Stahlhut, Jürgen Groll, and Robert Luxenhofer. "A thermogelling organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogel with excellent printability, shape fidelity and cytocompatibility for 3D bioprinting." Biofabrication 14, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 025005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ac40ee.

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Abstract Alginates are the most commonly used bioink in biofabrication, but their rheological profiles make it very challenging to perform real 3D printing. In this study, an advanced hybrid hydrogel ink was developed, a mixture of thermogelling diblock copolymer, alginate and clay i.e. Laponite XLG. The reversible thermogelling and shear thinning properties of the diblock copolymer in the ink system improves handling and 3D printability significantly. Various three-dimensional constructs, including suspended filaments, were printed successfully with high shape fidelity and excellent stackability. Subsequent ionic crosslinking of alginate fixates the printed scaffolds, while the diblock copolymer is washed out of the structure, acting as a fugitive material/porogen on the (macro)molecular level. Finally, cell-laden printing and culture over 21 d demonstrated good cytocompatibility and feasibility of the novel hybrid hydrogels for 3D bioprinting. We believe that the developed approach could be interesting for a wide range of bioprinting applications including tissue engineering and drug screening, potentially enabling also other biological bioinks such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, decellularized extracellular matrices or cellulose based bioinks.

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Alexa, Rebeca Leu, Horia Iovu, Bogdan Trica, Catalin Zaharia, Andrada Serafim, Elvira Alexandrescu, Ionut-Cristian Radu, et al. "Assessment of Naturally Sourced Mineral Clays for the 3D Printing of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite Inks." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030703.

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The present study investigated the possibility of obtaining 3D printed composite constructs using biomaterial-based nanocomposite inks. The biopolymeric matrix consisted of methacrylated gelatin (GelMA). Several types of nanoclay were added as the inorganic component. Our aim was to investigate the influence of clay type on the rheological behavior of ink formulations and to determine the morphological and structural properties of the resulting crosslinked hydrogel-based nanomaterials. Moreover, through the inclusion of nanoclays, our goal was to improve the printability and shape fidelity of nanocomposite scaffolds. The viscosity of all ink formulations was greater in the presence of inorganic nanoparticles as shear thinning occurred with increased shear rate. Hydrogel nanocomposites presented predominantly elastic rather than viscous behavior as the materials were crosslinked which led to improved mechanical properties. The inclusion of nanoclays in the biopolymeric matrix limited hydrogel swelling due the physical barrier effect but also because of the supplementary crosslinks induced by the clay layers. The distribution of inorganic filler within the GelMA-based hydrogels led to higher porosities as a consequence of their interaction with the biopolymeric ink. The present study could be useful for the development of soft nanomaterials foreseen for the additive manufacturing of customized implants for tissue engineering.

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Mukhametkaliyev, Timur, Md Hazrat Ali, Viktor Kutugin, Olesya Savinova, and Vladimir Vereschagin. "Influence of Mixing Order on the Synthesis of Geopolymer Concrete." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 4777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214777.

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Geopolymers are high-performance, cost-effective materials made from industrial waste that ideally fit the needs of 3D printing technology used in construction. The novelty of the present work lies in the investigation of methods to mix geopolymer concrete from fly ash (FA) class F, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and raw calcined kaolin clay (RCKC) to determine the mixing procedure which provides the best mechanical strength and structural integrity. The experimental results show that aluminosilicates with different reaction parameters when mixed one after another provide the optimal results while the geopolymer concrete possesses the highest compressive strength and the denser structure. The results demonstrated that the reactivity of GGBS, FA, and RCKC increased for different depolymerization speeds of the selected aluminosilicates. This research will provide results on how to improve the mixing order for geopolymer synthesis for 3D printing demands. The highest compressive strength and denser structure of geopolymer concrete is achieved when each type of aluminosilicate is mixed with an alkaline medium separately.

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Chen, Li, Chaves Figueiredo, Çopuroğlu, Veer, and Schlangen. "Limestone and Calcined Clay-Based Sustainable Cementitious Materials for 3D Concrete Printing: A Fundamental Study of Extrudability and Early-Age Strength Development." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091809.

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The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of different grades of calcined clay on the extrudability and early-age strength development under ambient conditions. Four mix designs were proposed. Three of them contained high, medium, and low grades of calcined clay, respectively, and one was the reference without calcined clay. In terms of extrudability, an extrusion test method based on the ram extruder was introduced to observe the quality of extruded material filaments, and to determine the extrusion pressure of tested materials at different ages. For evaluating the very early-age strength development, the penetration resistance test, the green strength test, and the ultrasonic pulse velocity test were applied. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the developed mix designs were determined by the compressive strength test at 1, 7 and 28 days. Finally, the main finding of this study was that increasing the metakaolin content in calcined clay could significantly increase the extrusion pressures and green strength, shorten the initial setting time and enhance the compressive strength at 1, 7, and 28 days.

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Klug, Christina, and Thomas H. Schmitz. "Examining the Interactions of Design Parameters in the LDM of Clay as the Basis for New Design Paradigms." Ceramics 5, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5010012.

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In the future, architects will not only develop digital designs based on existing technologies and concepts, but will also pursue and experiment with various forms of self-developed processes. The following empirical study deals with the materialization of digital instructions and machine parameters in 3D-printed clay elements. Specifically, forms of materialization are investigated in the transitional area where ideal geometrically defined data and process-related material information intersect. Liquid materials generate additional information quality through their material-immanent shape-forming properties. In previous studies, this somewhat complex material behavior was considered rather problematic and attempts were made to reduce the flow behavior of materials in the printing process. In contrast, this study examines the special possibility of liquid deposition modelling and present new ways of dealing with the material viscosity during and after the printing process.

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Dewada, Surendra Singh, and Amit Telang. "A review of recently developed polymer composite materials for fused deposition modeling 3D printing." Materials Research Express 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 122001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac3b13.

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Abstract Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly evolving technology due to its numerous advantages over traditional manufacturing processes. AM processable materials are limited and have poor mechanical performance, restraining the technology’s potential for functional part manufacturing. Although FDM is the most popular and growing technique, the inferiority of the material limits its application to prototyping. Nanocomposite material improves the thermal, mechanical, and electrical performance of FDM objects. Mostly polymer nanocomposites are feasible to process and several researchers have reported enhanced performance with polymer nanocomposites. Carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, nano clay, and carbon fiber are primary reinforcements to thermoplastics. The current state of the art relevant to advances in nanocomposites for the FDM process, as well as the influence of nanofillers on mechanical properties of the build object are reviewed in this paper.

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Hu, Chen, Lukas Hahn, Mengshi Yang, Alexander Altmann, Philipp Stahlhut, Jürgen Groll, and Robert Luxenhofer. "Improving printability of a thermoresponsive hydrogel biomaterial ink by nanoclay addition." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 691–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05190-5.

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Abstract As a promising biofabrication technology, extrusion-based bioprinting has gained significant attention in the last decade and major advances have been made in the development of bioinks. However, suitable synthetic and stimuli-responsive bioinks are underrepresented in this context. In this work, we described a hybrid system of nanoclay Laponite XLG and thermoresponsive block copolymer poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazine) (PMeOx-b-PnPrOzi) as a novel biomaterial ink and discussed its critical properties relevant for extrusion-based bioprinting, including viscoelastic properties and printability. The hybrid hydrogel retains the thermogelling properties but is strengthened by the added clay (over 5 kPa of storage modulus and 240 Pa of yield stress). Importantly, the shear-thinning character is further enhanced, which, in combination with very rapid viscosity recovery (~ 1 s) and structure recovery (~ 10 s), is highly beneficial for extrusion-based 3D printing. Accordingly, various 3D patterns could be printed with markedly enhanced resolution and shape fidelity compared to the biomaterial ink without added clay. Graphic abstract

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Manikandan, Karthick, Xuepeng Jiang, Amit A. Singh, Beiwen Li, and Hantang Qin. "Effects of Nozzle Geometries on 3D Printing of Clay Constructs: Quantifying Contour Deviation and Mechanical Properties." Procedia Manufacturing 48 (2020): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.05.160.

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Kontovourkis, Odysseas, and George Tryfonos. "Robotic 3D clay printing of prefabricated non-conventional wall components based on a parametric-integrated design." Automation in Construction 110 (February 2020): 103005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.103005.

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Lesovik, Valery, Aleksandr Tolstoy, Roman Fediuk, Mugahed Amran, Mujahid Ali, and Afonso R. G. de Azevedo. "Improving the Performances of a Mortar for 3D Printing by Mineral Modifiers." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 7, 2022): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081181.

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Erection of buildings using 3D printing has great potential. However, its mass use for high-rise buildings is hampered by the lack of cement mortars with the required technical characteristics, the most important of which is high plastic strength (in the first minutes after pouring). The significance of the work (novelty) lies in the creation of a composite binder using a mineral modifier obtained by joint grinding up to 500 m2/kg of bentonite clay, chalk, and sand. A comprehensive study of the developed mortars was carried out from the standpoint of the necessary characteristics for volumetric concreting of high-rise thin-walled buildings. A composite binder for high-strength composites (compressive strength up to 70 MPa) has been obtained, which can provide effective mortars for 3D-additive high-rise construction technologies. The influence of the genetic characteristics of the modifier components on the properties of the composite binder has been established. The hydration process in this system of hardening concrete of the optimal composition proceeds more intensively due to the significantly larger specific surface of the mineral modifier components, which act as an active additive and activators of the crystallization of new growths. It has been proven that the features of mortars of high-strength fine-grained composites for 3D-additive technologies of high-rise buildings must meet special properties, such the rheotechnological index and the bearing capacity of the freshly formed layer (plastic strength or dimensional stability). Compared with a conventional mortar, the plastic strength of the developed one increases much faster (in 15 min, it is 762.2 kPa, in contrast to 133.0 kPa for the control composition). Thus, the strength remains sufficient for 3D printing of high-rise buildings and structures.

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Faksawat, Kridsada, Pichet Limsuwan, and Kittisakchai Naemchanthara. "3D printing technique of specific bone shape based on raw clay using hydroxyapatite as an additive material." Applied Clay Science 214 (November 2021): 106269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2021.106269.

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Chan, Shareen S. L., Ryan M. Pennings, Lewis Edwards, and George V. Franks. "3D printing of clay for decorative architectural applications: Effect of solids volume fraction on rheology and printability." Additive Manufacturing 35 (October 2020): 101335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101335.

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AlZahrani, Abdullah A., Abdulrahman A. Alghamdi, and Ahmad A. Basalah. "Computational Optimization of 3D-Printed Concrete Walls for Improved Building Thermal Performance." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122267.

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Three-dimensional printing technologies are transforming various sectors with promising technological abilities and economic outcomes. For instance, 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) is revolutionizing the construction sector with a promise to cut projects’ costs and time. Therefore, 3DPC has been subjected to extensive research and development to optimize the mechanical and thermal performance of concrete walls produced by 3D printing. In this paper, we conduct a comparative investigation of the thermal performance of various infill structures of 3DPC walls. The targeted outcome is to produce an infill structure with optimized thermal performance to reduce building energy consumption without incurring additional material costs. Accordingly, a computational model is developed to simulate the thermal behavior of various infill structures that can be used for 3DPC walls. The concrete composition and the concrete-to-void fraction are maintained constant to focus on the impact of the infill structure (geometric variations). The thermal performance and energy-saving potential of the 3DPC walls are compared with conventional construction materials, including clay and concrete bricks. The results show that changing the infill structure of the 3DPC walls influences the walls’ thermal conductivity and, thereby, the building’s thermal performance. The thermal conductivity of the examined infill structures is found to vary between 0.122 to 0.17 W/m.K, while if these structures are successful in replacing conventional building materials, the minimum annual saving in energy cost will be about $1/m2. Therefore, selecting an infill structure can be essential for reducing building energy consumption.

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Ruscitti, A., C. Tapia, and N. M. Rendtorff. "A review on additive manufacturing of ceramic materials based on extrusion processes of clay pastes." Cerâmica 66, no. 380 (December 2020): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132020663802918.

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Abstract This paper aims to present a state of the art of additive manufacturing (AM) of ceramic materials based on extrusion processes of clay pastes, reviewing the definitions and classifications of the AM field under current international standards. A general overview on the AM category ‘material extrusion’ is provided and the class ‘paste deposition modeling’ is proposed for those techniques based on the extrusion of pastes that are solidified by solvent vaporization, with the aim of distinguishing it from the class ‘fused deposition modeling’, which is applied to extruded polymers through temperature plasticization. Based on the survey of background information on 3D printing technology by ceramic paste extrusion, a classification and historization of the innovations in the development of this technology are proposed.

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Tang, Danna, Liang Hao, Yan Li, and Zheng Li. "Effect of clay functionally graded materials on dual gradient direct ink writing behavior and microstructure of geological model." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-01-2019-0023.

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Purpose The study aims to explore the composition and microstructure of clay functionally graded materials under the process of double-gradient direct ink writing (DIW). Design/methodology/approach The investigation focused specifically on the pore characteristics of barite-kaolin clay composite after three-dimensional (3D) printing and sintering as well as its bionic application in geophysical model. Findings The model with pore and material variations brought about spatial and nonlinear mechanical properties. Moreover, the vertical gradient and connected pores in the upper kaolin part simulated the natural phenomenon of the landslide model (take Chinese Majiagou landslides as an example). Both the thermal debinding behavior and the kaolin powder particles characteristics [large pore volume (0.019 cm3g–1) and pore size (29.20 nm)] were attributed to the interconnection channels. Originality/value Hence, the macroscopic and microscopic pores achieved by dual-gradient DIW process make it possible to control the permeability and details of properties, precisely in the geological model.

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Glukhova, Svetlana A., Vyacheslav S. Molchanov, Yury M. Chesnokov, Boris V. Lokshin, Elena P. Kharitonova, and Olga E. Philippova. "Green nanocomposite gels based on binary network of sodium alginate and percolating halloysite clay nanotubes for 3D printing." Carbohydrate Polymers 282 (April 2022): 119106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119106.

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Roberts, Tom. "Thinking technology for the Anthropocene: encountering 3D printing through the philosophy of Gilbert Simondon." cultural geographies 24, no. 4 (April 21, 2017): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474017704204.

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The notion that the Earth has entered a new epoch characterized by the ubiquity of anthropogenic change presents the social sciences with something of a paradox, namely, that the point at which we recognize our species to be a geologic force is also the moment where our assumed metaphysical privilege becomes untenable. Cultural geography continues to navigate this paradox in conceptually innovative ways through its engagements with materialist philosophies, more-than-human thinking and experimental modes of ontological enquiry. Drawing upon the philosophy of Gilbert Simondon, this article contributes to these timely debates by articulating the paradox of the Anthropocene in relation to technological processes. Simondon’s philosophy precedes the identification of the Anthropocene epoch by a number of decades, yet his insistence upon situating technology within an immanent field of material processes resonates with contemporary geographical concerns in a number of important ways. More specifically, Simondon’s conceptual vocabulary provides a means of framing our entanglements with technological processes without assuming a metaphysical distinction between human beings and the forces of nature. In this article, I show how Simondon’s concepts of individuation and transduction intersect with this technological problematic through his far-reaching critique of the ‘hylomorphic’ distinction between matter and form. Inspired by Simondon’s original account of the genesis of a clay brick, the article unfolds these conceptual challenges through two contrasting empirical encounters with 3D printing technologies. In doing so, my intention is to lend an affective consistency to Simondon’s problematic, and to do so in a way that captures the kinds of material mutations expressive of a particular technological moment.

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Man, Yiran, Xudong Luo, Zhipeng Xie, and Dianli Qu. "Influence of 3D Printed Topological Structure on Lightweight Mullite Load Bearing Board in Thermal Environment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (March 11, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8340685.

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In order to achieve the purpose of resource and energy saving in the process of producing ceramics products, the hollow lightweight load bearing board in thermal environment with topological structures was made by 3D printing. In this study, the load bearing board manufactured with different topological structures such as vertical grid, oblique square grid, and honeycomb grid was printed by direct ink writing technology using the same raw material of kaolin clay and α-Al2O3 powder. The three kinds of samples were sintered at 1450°C × 3 h. The effect of printed structures on mechanical property of load bearing board samples was investigated. Moreover, the finite element simulation was used to study the stress distribution of the load bearing board. Comparing with results obtained by three kinds of samples, honeycomb grid supported samples proved to be the most appropriate structure in various directions comprehensively.

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Rauzan, Brittany M., Sean E. Lehman, Joselle M. McCracken, Jonghun Lee, Xiao‐Min Lin, Alec Sandy, Suresh Narayanan, Simon A. Rogers, and Ralph G. Nuzzo. "A Printing‐Centric Approach to the Electrostatic Modification of Polymer/Clay Composites for Use in 3D Direct‐Ink Writing." Advanced Materials Interfaces 5, no. 8 (February 12, 2018): 1701579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.201701579.

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Zhang, Sinuo, Imam Akbar Sutejo, Jeehwan Kim, Yeong-Jin Choi, Chang Woo Gal, and Hui-suk Yun. "Fabrication of Complex Three-Dimensional Structures of Mica through Digital Light Processing-Based Additive Manufacturing." Ceramics 5, no. 3 (September 8, 2022): 562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5030042.

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Mica is a group of clay minerals that are frequently used to fabricate electrical and thermal insulators and as adsorbents for the treatment of cationic pollutants. However, conventional subtractive manufacturing has the drawback of poor three-dimensional (3D) shape control, which limits its application. In this study, we propose digital light processing (DLP)-based additive manufacturing (AM) as one of the most effective ways to address this drawback. Two major challenges for the ceramic DLP process are the production of a homogeneous and stable slurry with the required rheological properties and the maintenance of printing precision. The mica green body was fabricated using a 53 vol.% solid loading slurry through DLP, which exhibited good dimensional resolution under an exposure energy dose of 10 mJ/cm2. The precise, complex 3D structure was maintained without any defects after debinding and sintering at 1000 °C. The use of ceramic AM to overcome the shape-control limitations of mica demonstrated in this study offers great potential for expanding the applications of mica.

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Mohan, Anand, Madhuri Girdhar, Raj Kumar, Harshil S. Chaturvedi, Agrataben Vadhel, Pratima R. Solanki, Anil Kumar, Deepak Kumar, and Narsimha Mamidi. "Polyhydroxybutyrate-Based Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14111163.

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Bone-related diseases have been increasing worldwide, and several nanocomposites have been used to treat them. Among several nanocomposites, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based nanocomposites are widely used in drug delivery and tissue engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, PHB use in bone tissue engineering is limited due to its inadequate physicochemical and mechanical properties. In the present work, we synthesized PHB-based nanocomposites using a nanoblend and nano-clay with modified montmorillonite (MMT) as a filler. MMT was modified using trimethyl stearyl ammonium (TMSA). Nanoblend and nano-clay were fabricated using the solvent-casting technique. Inspection of the composite structure revealed that the basal spacing of the polymeric matrix material was significantly altered depending on the loading percentage of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nano-clay. The PHB/OMMT nanocomposite displayed enhanced thermal stability and upper working temperature upon heating as compared to the pristine polymer. The dispersed (OMMT) nano-clay assisted in the formation of pores on the surface of the polymer. The pore size was proportional to the weight percentage of OMMT. Further morphological analysis of these blends was carried out through FESEM. The obtained nanocomposites exhibited augmented properties over neat PHB and could have an abundance of applications in the industry and medicinal sectors. In particular, improved porosity, non-immunogenic nature, and strong biocompatibility suggest their effective application in bone tissue engineering. Thus, PHB/OMMT nanocomposites are a promising candidate for 3D organ printing, lab-on-a-chip scaffold engineering, and bone tissue engineering.

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Wang, Yu, Yaqing Jiang, Tinghong Pan, and Kangting Yin. "The Synergistic Effect of Ester-Ether Copolymerization Thixo-Tropic Superplasticizer and Nano-Clay on the Buildability of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164622.

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The shape retention ability of materials deposited layer by layer is called buildability, which is an indispensable performance parameter for successful 3D printable cementitious materials (3DPC). This study investigated the synergistic effect of nano-clay (NC) and thixotropic superplasticizer (TP) on the buildability of 3DPC. The rheological parameters and static yield stress are characterized by the rheology testing, the green strength is measured by a self-made pressure tester, and the fluidity is tested by flow table. Results indicate that NC significantly increases the growth rate of static yield stress and green strength and TP can improve the initial rheological parameters and fluidity, which ensures the initial stiffness and workability of printed materials. The mixture with 7‰ (by mass of cementitious materials) NC and 3‰ TP obtains excellent extrudability and buildability, due to the synergistic effect of NC and TP. Based on the rheology testing and specific printing experiments, a printable window with 1.0 Pa/s~2.0 Pa/s of the rate of static yield stress evolution over time (RST) or 170 mm~200 mm of fluidity is established. This work provides theorical support for the control and evaluation of rheological properties in 3DPC.

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Ordoñez, Edisson, Sergio Neves Monteiro, and Henry A. Colorado. "Valorization of a hazardous waste with 3D-printing: Combination of kaolin clay and electric arc furnace dust from the steel making industry." Materials & Design 217 (May 2022): 110617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110617.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Clay 3D Printing'

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