Journal articles on the topic 'Clausole abusive'
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1
Giorgi, Gloria. "La corretta indicazione dei prezzi e le clausole contrattuali abusive nell'acquisto online dei biglietti aerei." RIVISTA ITALIANA DI DIRITTO DEL TURISMO, no. 23 (January 2019): 257–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dt2018-023003.
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Grammond, Sébastien. "La règle sur les clauses abusives sous l’éclairage du droit comparé." Les Cahiers de droit 51, no. 1 (July 20, 2010): 83–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044137ar.
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Dans la présente étude, l’auteur analyse les arguments employés par les juges québécois lorsqu’ils décident si une clause d’un contrat est abusive, selon l’article 1437 du Code civil du Québec. Cette analyse est inspirée de la distinction souvent employée en common law entre le volet processuel et le volet substantif de l’injustice contractuelle. Ainsi, les tribunaux ont recours à des facteurs substantiels pour évaluer le caractère abusif d’une clause, comme l’équivalence des prestations, la proportionnalité, la réciprocité, la commutativité, l’écart par rapport aux obligations habituelles ou à l’obligation essentielle et le lien de causalité. Cependant, ils se fondent aussi sur des critères processuels pour juger de l’abus, comme l’information donnée à l’adhérent au sujet du contenu du contrat et le respect des attentes raisonnables de l’adhérent.
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Liberadzki, Marcin. "Rozliczenie kredytu mieszkaniowego z niedozwolonymi walutowymi klauzulami indeksacyjnymi." Studia BAS 2, no. 66 (2021): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/studiabas.2021.22.
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This paper deals with how to settle a foreign currency exchange rate indexed mortgage loan between a bank and a consumer if the court declares that the loan agreement has an abusive clause. At present, many consumers in Poland strive to void their contracts on the grounds that they contain an abusive indexation clause, mainly referred to the CHF/PLN exchange rate. The calculations are based on a CHF indexed 30 years mortgage with decreasing monthly installments, starting in 2008. The settlement amount is calculated for two most probable scenarios: 1) the contract is declared void; 2) the contract continues but without the abusive indexation clause. One cannot determine which scenario is definitely better than the other for any party. In the final section of the article the implications for Polish banks are presented.
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Faraguna, Pietro. "On the Identity Clause and Its Abuses: ‘Back to the Treaty’." European Public Law 27, Issue 3 (August 1, 2021): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2021020.
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Identity is a key, but vague, ambiguous and polysemic concept of public law. In EU law, the concept underwent a process of legalization: it emerged as a political clause in the Treaty of Maastricht and gained constitutional meaning after the Treaty of Lisbon. The article traces this process of legalization, arguing that even though the constitutionalization of the identity clause in EU law was primarily addressed to the Court of Justice of the EU, a major role in this process has been played by national courts. The article, however, claims that the process of transformation of the identity clause is not over, and that currently the concept is being subject to abusive and dangerous manipulations. The article supports a comprehensive reading of the identity clause in EU law within the broader context of EU fundamental principles. In particular, the article claims that a tight connection of the identity clause should be kept with the democratic mandate of the EU. This connection emerged very clearly in the Maastricht formulation of the Treaty on the European Union but is still now a viable remedy to reject Member States’ appeals to protect unconstitutional constitutional identities. constitutional identity, primacy, ultra vires, identity clause, abuse
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Lemieux, Marc. "Les clauses abusives dans les contrats d'adhésion." Les Cahiers de droit 41, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043593ar.
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Le texte qui suit étudie les dispositions du Code civil du Québec relatives aux contrats d'adhésion, et plus particulièrement l'article 1437 de celui-ci qui permet aux tribunaux de réduire ou d'annuler les obligations résultant des clauses abusives de semblables contrats. Dans la première partie, l'auteur s'intéresse au phénomène de l'abus dans les contrats en France et au Québec à la fin du xixe siècle. Il est vrai que le Code civil du Bas Canada et le Code civil français ne mettaient à la disposition des tribunaux et des justiciables que des moyens limités pour combattre ces abus. Cependant, le législateur français n'a pas jugé utile de modifier le Code civil français en réaction au phénomène des abus dans les contrats d'adhésion, et il est permis de se demander si l'adoption d'un régime d'exception dans le Code civil du Québec constituait une réponse inévitable au même phénomène en droit civil québécois. La deuxième partie du texte porte sur ce qui expliquerait que le Code civil du Québec ne combatte les clauses abusives que si elles se trouvent dans un contrat d'adhésion (ou de consommation). Le fondement juridique de cette solution n'est pas clair. Il semble plutôt que le législateur ait retenu cette solution à titre de compromis, pour introduire une plus grande part d'équité dans le contrat, sans menacer indûment la stabilité des transactions commerciales. Dans la troisième partie, l'auteur se penche sur quelques controverses relatives à la mise en application de l'article 1437 du Code civil du Québec, qui divisent la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Trois questions sont plus particulièrement discutées : 1) un contrat peut-il être qualifié de « contrat d'adhésion » si l'adhérent n'est pas en position de faiblesse à l'égard du rédacteur ? 2) l'article 1437 peut-il priver d'effet une clause raisonnable produisant une solution jugée abusive par le tribunal dans les circonstances d'un cas donné ? 3) l'article 1437peut-il priver d'effet une clause d'exonération de responsabilité dont le caractère exécutoire serait établi, dans les circonstances d'un cas donné, par l'article 1474 ?
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Adriana, Carmen. "The Abusive Character of the Contractual Clauses Currency Risk Clause." European Journal of Marketing and Economics 1, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejme.v1i1.p157-157.
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Ronfeldt, Thomas. "Anti-abuse Clause or Harmonization?" Intertax 39, Issue 1 (January 1, 2011): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2011002.
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Di Pumpo, Matteo. "Obbligo del giudice di valutare anche d'ufficio il carattere abusivo delle clausole contrattuali contenute nei contratti sottoscritti dai consumatori." Cultura e diritti, no. 2 (2020): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12871/97888333944595.
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Ottavi, Andrea. "Shell Corporations and Beneficial Owners. Current Criticalities and Future Developments from a Multilevel Perspective." Business Law Review 40, Issue 3 (May 1, 2019): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2019016.
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SUMMARY This article takes inspiration from the news leak known as the Panama Papers and focuses on the definition of the beneficial owner clause in both tax and anti-money laundering legislation. Specifically, it analyses the OECD Model Tax Convention, the European Directives and the European Court of Justice case law. This matter is closely linked to the use of offshore corporate vehicles for criminal purposes and the main purpose of the article is to concentrate on the existing gaps in these topics, and to propose effective solutions to combat abusive practices.
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Kohl, Stephanie Jean. "More than victims: Resiliency of undocumented Latinas near Chicago, United States, and the strategic use of psychological suffering in obtaining legal status." Migration Letters 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i3.638.
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Caught between abusive partners and restrictive immigration law, many undocumented Latina women are vulnerable to domestic violence in the United States. This article analyzes the U-Visa application process experienced by undocumented immigrant victims of domestic violence and their legal advisors in a suburb of Chicago, United States. Drawing on theoretical concepts of structural violence and biological citizenship, the article highlights the strategic use of psychological suffering related to domestic violence by applicants for such visas. It also investigates the complex intersection between immigration law and a humanitarian clause that creates a path towards legal status and eventual citizenship.
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Sánchez Herrero, Andrés. "La cláusula penal abusiva y el requisito de la desproporción de la pena." Revista Jurídica Austral 1, no. 2 (December 12, 2020): 773–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.26422/rja.2020.0102.san.
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The central requirement on which depends whether or not a penalty clause is abusive (and the-refore whether or not it should be reduced) is analysed: its disproportion. To this end, it must be determined whether it is proportionate to the value of the compensable damage it replaces. Consequently, notwithstanding the provisions of the law, the creditor cannot disregard the damage if the term is contested by the debtor. Although in theory the creditor is also required to have taken unfair advantage of the debtor’s situation, this requirement is ignored in judicial practice, which highlights the centrality of the compensable damage in this matter.
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Navarro, Aitor, and Leopoldo Parada. "The Proposal for an EU Anti-avoidance Directive: Some Preliminary Thoughts." EC Tax Review 25, Issue 3 (June 1, 2016): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2016013.
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On 28 January 2016, the European Commission made public a package of measures aimed to tackle tax avoidance and abusive practices in the European internal market. The package includes a detailed proposal for a new European Union (EU) Anti-avoidance Directive addressing six main issues: deductibility of interest; exit taxation; switch-over clause; General Anti-avoidance Rule (GAAR); Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) rules; and hybrid mismatches. This article provides a critical analysis of the Proposal for a Directive taking into consideration some of the implications of its implementation at stake. The final aim of this work is to contribute some elements that can improve the future debate on these matters.
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Rodríguez, Juan López. "Some Thoughts to Understand the Court of Justice Recent Case-Law in the Danmark Cases on Tax Abuse." EC Tax Review 29, Issue 2 (March 1, 2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2020009.
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Abuse of law is a general principle of EU law and has direct effect and priority over national law.National authorities have to apply it without the need of a specific provision of EU law. It is a self-protection tool and guarantees that the competences of the EU do not extend beyond their limits. This principle is the same in all areas of EU law. It has an objective and a subjective element. The beneficial owner clause addresses specific forms of tax abuse. As such, it is embraced by the more general principle of abuse of law. Under this view, there is not a need to codify the principle in a legal provision. In this case, it is required to prove the intention of abuse.When codified by law, it is transformed into a requirement to apply a specific tax regime: the tax administration must prove the objective element of abuse but not the animus fraudis. In the interest and royalties directive plays this role. In the parent-subsidiary directive can be invoked as an anti-abuse clause, but the intention to defraud has to be proved. Abuse, general principle, EU law, EU competence, sovereignty, objective element, subjective element, proof, beneficial owner, OECD materials
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Pavillon, Charlotte. "ECJ 26 October 2006, Case C-168-05 Mostaza Claro v. Centro Móvil Milenium SL – The Unfair Contract Terms Directive: The ECJ’s Third Intervention in Domestic Procedu." European Review of Private Law 15, Issue 5 (October 1, 2007): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2007039.
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Abstract:Directive 93/13/EEC requires any court which hears an action for annulment of an arbitration award to determine whether the arbitration agreement is void and to annul the award if it finds that that arbitration agreement contains an unfair term to the consumer’s detriment, where this issue is raised in the action for annulment but was not raised by the consumer in the arbitration proceedings. This ruling is based on an analogy with the Eco Swiss judgment and on the public interest of the protecting the consumer, in view of the risk that of the latter being is unaware of his rights or of encountering difficulties in enforcing them. These grounds as well as the questionable finding that the Directive amounts to Community public policy, are subjected to critical review in this paper, following the Cofidis case – the latter being the second occasion on which a national procedural rule had to yield to the principle of effectiveness. The most striking feature of this judgment is the contrast between the Court’s far-reaching intervention in the domestic procedural legal order, at the expense of the principle of procedural autonomy on the one hand, and its will to leave the assessment of what constitutes an unfair term to the discretion of the national courts on the other. If the Court has its way, the harmonisation of the protection against unfair contract terms will be procedural rather than substantive by nature. Résumé: La directive 93/13/CEE implique qu’une juridiction nationale saisie d’un recours en annulation d’une sentence arbitrale apprécie la nullité de la convention d’arbitrage et annule cette sentence au motif que ladite convention contient une clause abusive, alors même que le consommateur a invoqué cette nullité non pas dans le cadre de la procédure arbitrale, mais uniquement dans celui du recours en annulation. Cette décision est fondée sur une analogie avec l’arrêt Eco Swiss et sur l’intérêt public de la protection du consommateur, eu égard au risque que celui-ci soit dans l’ignorance de ses droits ou rencontre des difficultés pour les exercer. Ces fondements ainsi que la reconnaissance douteuse du caractère d’ordre public communautaire de la directive sont soumis à une évaluation critique. Aprèès l’affaire Cofidis, la Cour fait une seconde fois plier une règle de procédure nationale devant l’effet utile de la directive. L’aspect le plus frappant de cet arrêt est le contraste entre l’immixtion dans l’ordre procédural interne, au prix du principe de l’autonomie procédurale, et sa volonté de laisser la définition de ce qui constitue une clause abusive à la discrétion du juge national. S’il en tient à la Cour, l’harmonisation de la protection contre les clauses abusives sera celle des procédures nationales plutôt qu’une harmonisation sur le plan du contenu de la directive. Zusammenfassung: Richtlinie 93/13/EWG impliziert, daß ein nationales Gericht, das über eine Klage auf Aufhebung eines Schiedsspruchs zu entscheiden hat, die Nichtigkeit der Schiedsvereinbarung prüft und den Schiedsspruch aufhebt, wenn die Schiedsvereinbarung eine missbräuchliche Klausel zu Lasten des Verbrauchers enthält, auch wenn der Verbraucher diese Nichtigkeit nicht im Schiedsverfahren, sondern erst im Verfahren der Aufhebungsklage eingewandt hat. Dieses Urteil stützt sich auf eine Analogie mit der Eco Swiss Entscheidung und auf das öffentliche Interesse am Verbrauc
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Derenčinović, Davor. "Freedom of Expression and its Restrictions in Europe : On the Applicability of Article 17 of the European Convention of Human Rights to Disinformation (Fake News)." Law, Identity and Values 1, no. 2 (2021): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55073/2021.2.7-18.
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Freedom of expression is not an absolute right and has limitations set up by international human rights treaties. The general clause of its limitation falls within the scope of the ‘rights of others’ as provided, for instance, in the European Convention of Human Rights. The role of the courts is to balance freedom of expression and the rights of others, performing a three-step test of legality, necessity, and proportionality of any restriction. However, according to the well-established case law of the European Court of Human Rights, some forms of expression do not enjoy protection under free speech clauses. Therefore, the European Court of Human Rights dismisses claims as manifestly inadmissible under Article 17. This ‘abuse’ clause is invoked when a particular claim is based on undermining the democratic values of a liberal state. The purpose of the abuse clause is to preserve the self-sustainability of the Convention. This paper aims to analyze whether fake news and disinformation campaigns fall under the scope of Article 17.
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Farina, Marco. "Unfair Terms and Supplementation of the Contract." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 3 (July 1, 2021): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021023.
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Article 6, paragraph 1 of Directive 1993/13/EEC provides that unfair terms shall not be binding, whereas the contract shall continue to bind the parties with regards to the terms that can still be effective. Such a rule pursues the particular interest of the consumer, along with the more general interest towards an efficient and competitive market only when the abusive clause is not essential. In fact, when the unfair term constitutes one of the main obligations of the debtor, the contract is not able to continue to exist once deprived from the unfair term. In such situations, in order to provide the consumer with an adequate and effective remedy, a supplementation of the contract is needed.
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Kofler, Georg. "Some Reflections on the Saving Clause." Intertax 44, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 2016): 574–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2016048.
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Action 6 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project deals with tax treaty abuse and proposes inter alia, the inclusion of a seemingly innocuous ‘saving clause’ as new Article 1(3) OECD Model Tax Convention (OECD MC). This clause is aimed at preserving the taxing rights of the residence State. While it changes little with regard to the basic set-up of the OECD MC in one-taxpayer situations, it opens the doors for both Contracting States to tax their residents specifically in two-taxpayer situations which may arise, for example, in cases involving hybrid entities, Controlled Foreign Companies regimes, and transfer pricing adjustments. This article reviews the background of this new OECD MC provision, its longstanding use in US treaty policy, as well as some aspects of its breadth, impact and – intended and arguably unintended – consequences.
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González, Saturnina Moreno. "Critical Review of the ATAD Implementation: Implementation of the EU ATAD in Spain: Outstanding Issues of a Partial Transposion." Intertax 49, Issue 12 (December 1, 2021): 995–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2021101.
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The purpose of this work is to critically analyse the transposition of the Anti-tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD) (1 and 2) into the Spanish tax system. To do so, a distinction is made between the rules that are transposed (exit taxation, controlled foreign companies (CFCs) and hybrid mismatches) and those that are not (limitation on interest deductions and general anti-abuse clause). This analysis will highlight the main differences between the directive and Spanish law and examine whether such discrepancies may be the source of problems of application and even uncertainties about the alignment of Spanish regulations to the directive itself or to EU primary law. Tax avoidance, corporate taxation, general anti-abuse clause, limitation on interest deductions, exit taxation, controlled foreign companies, hybrid mismatches, fundamental freedoms, proportionality, legal certainty.
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Ismail, Faiza. "Murābaḥah Penalty Clause is Ribā in Disguise! The Penalty Clause Questions the Deep-rooted Preference for Literal Interpretation over Substantial Interpretation of Ribā." Arab Law Quarterly 35, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2020): 116–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10037.
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Abstract Following the literal interpretation of ribā, jurists have agreed that muḍārabah and mušārakah are legitimate modes of financing. As both arrangements are highly risky to manage in practice, murābaḥah has been introduced as an alternate mode of financing. Despite its extraordinary success, murābaḥah has led to moral hazard in the form of frequent delays in payments and defaults for which Islamic scholars have introduced a penalty clause as discouragement. Examination of the murābaḥah penalty clause instrument suggests that it is ribā, prohibited when interpreted literally. Moreover, the penalty clause has never been enforced in Pakistani courts. This article suggests that the literal interpretation based on the objectives of Sharīʿah (substantial interpretation) will prevent loopholes such as the abuse of the murābaḥah instrument and consequently the penalty clause as well and will lead to substantial compliance with the principles of Islamic finance.
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Kouroutakis, Antonios. "The Virtues of Sunset Clauses in Relation to Constitutional Authority." Statute Law Review 41, no. 1 (July 6, 2018): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy017.
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Abstract This article focuses on the virtues of sunset clauses pertaining to authority. It examines the utility of such clauses in three instances: first, when there is a transfer of constitutional authority; secondly, when there is an exclusively attributed authority, but it is not exercised; and thirdly, when there is a creation of a new authority. In the case of a transfer of authority subject to sunset clauses, unless such authority is re-authorized, the sunset clause brings about its expiration on a prescribed date. In practice, the benefits from the sunset clause are twofold. First, such a clause allows the comprehensive evaluation of the transferred authority, minimizing the risk of any abuse. Secondly, such a clause sets the timetable, which promotes legal certainty. In the case of inactivity while there is an exclusive authority, the use of a sunset clause as an alarm clock creates an incentive for action; or alternatively, with the expiration of the sunset clause, the authority is considered ipso jure and simultaneously exercised. Finally, in the case where new authority is created, such authority may be subject to a sunset clause if it is implemented as a constitutional experiment or if it is controversial in nature because it possibly distorts the system of separation of powers.
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Walton, Elaine. "The confrontation clause and the child victim of sexual abuse." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 11, no. 3 (June 1994): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01875871.
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Hanni, Noona. "Exclusive Distribution and Non-Compete Clause in Trade: Transnational Agreements in European Union and United States." Udayana Journal of Law and Culture 3, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujlc.2019.v03.i02.p02.
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Exclusive distribution agreements are commonly used in both European Union (EU) and United States (US) markets to ensure the efficient distribution of products and services. This article compares the competition legislation in the EU and US and focuses on the differences in the treatment of vertical agreements. This topic is addressed also from an economic perspective and focuses on the possible abuse of dominant market position by international multisectoral companies. This article focuses on the following legal and economic questions: how do competition legislations regulating vertical agreements differ in EU and US and, what kind of possible effects do transnational exclusive distribution agreements have on international trade and competition. In EU law exclusive distribution agreements, even those which include a non-compete obligation limited to five years, are considered as lawful restrictions on competition as long as they fulfil certain criteria listed in the Block Exemption Regulation. EU competition law recognizes the terms of block exemption and ‘safe haven’, whereas the US antitrust law does not regulate any exemptions to vertical restraints. Vertical restraints are interpreted in the US common law of antitrust in the light of the principle of Rule of Reason. An important difference in these jurisdictions is the definition of relevant markets, which is taken into consideration when evaluating the legality of a vertical agreement under competition law. Both jurisdictions emphasize the market power of the producer, but the allowed percentage of market share varies between EU and US and only EU legislation gives emphasis to the market power of the distributor. These differences in competition legislations regulating vertical agreements can lead to conflicts when interpreting the legality of a distribution agreement. The definition of relevant product markets might lead to big international multisectoral companies abusing their dominant position by entering into exclusive arrangements.
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Markovska, Anna, and Nya Adams. "Political corruption and money laundering: lessons from Nigeria." Journal of Money Laundering Control 18, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-10-2014-0040.
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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss political corruption in Nigeria and to assess the limitation of the immunity clause of the Nigerian constitution. This is particularly important in light of the recent developments to criminalise money-laundering in the country. Design/methodology/approach – This paper evaluates the legal anti-money laundering framework in Nigeria, in particular, the impact of the immunity clause of Nigerian constitution. Findings – Endemic corruption of the political elite leads to the abuse of the constitutional immunity clause, and significantly impairs the activities of the anti-money laundering agencies. Research limitations/implications – This paper draws on the experience of Nigeria, and is specifically looking at one obstacle on the way to fight money laundering and corruption. It is important to conduct further comparative analysis. Originality/value – This paper discusses political, economic and legal developments in Nigeria to show how the immunity clause prevents the successful prosecution of corrupt Nigerian politicians, and discusses measures taken to prevent corruption in the country.
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Doiar, Ye. ". Impact for public administration of the results of concretization of administrative and legal norms during judicial enforcement." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 68 (March 24, 2022): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.68.25.
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Having studied the legal implications for public administration of concretisation of administrative law during judicial application of law, the author substantiates that the pivotal direction of the impact of judicial application of law on the performance of governance functions by administrative authorities is the fulfillment by administrative courts of their purpose by interpreting and applying administrative law conducting, where necessary, their concretisation for the use of applicable legal provision for fair, accurate and comprehensive settlement of disputes relating rights and obligations of administrative-legal relations parties. This is particularly the case in complex law-application situations involving conflicts and gaps in the provisions of administrative law or stemming from the need to apply the law in systemic interconnection with general and sectoral goals and principles of administrative laws and regulations. Author refers to case-law concerning tacit consent in administrative permitting system. Interpreting tacit consent clause in conjunction with the general principles of the permitting system and of the purpose of this legal instrument, administrative courts stressed the inadmissibility of abusing of tacit consent aimed at enabling businesses to engage in certain economic activities even though they have not complied with the relevant regulatory
requirements and seek to circumvent the control component of permitting procedures, misusing the tacit consent instrument for this purpose. As a result, the courts have identified those grounds for evoking tacit consent, that are based on the objectives and principles of the legislation on the permitting system in the field of economic activities and do not directly and clearly follow from the literal normative definition of tacit consent in the provisions of this legislation. The case-law as well determines safeguards preventing abusive practices of private entities, striving to circumvent requirements of the legislation on the permitting system, and, furthermore, it outlines improper procedural administrative practices that facilitate misuse of the tacit consent.
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Van Braband, Pieter, Jan Vandenberghe, and Dina Scornos. "LOB Clauses and EU-Law Compatibility: A Debate Revived by BEPS?" EC Tax Review 24, Issue 3 (May 1, 2015): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2015014.
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In the light of the much-discussed BEPS report, the OECD proposes to implement more effective anti-avoidance measures to be included in international instruments. Limitations on Benefits (LOB) rules are mentioned as one of the possible anti-treaty abuse rules. The compatibility of these clauses with the EU law can be questioned. The purpose of this article is to provide for an in depth analysis regarding the compatibility of the OECD LOB clause with the Fundamental Freedoms. The authors will first briefly set out the context in which LOB clauses are generally inserted (Part 1). Thereafter, the existing CJEU case-law on LOB clauses will be discussed (Parts 2-4). Lastly, the tests contained in the OECD LOB clause will be assessed in the light of the prevention of tax avoidance as a possible justification ground (Part 5). Assuming that the OECD LOB clause is considered to only target 'wholly artificial arrangements', the authors are of the opinion that a correctly applied discretionary relief clause can lead to the fact that the LOB clause is proportionate to attain the aim of combating tax avoidance and evasion. In this respect, it is important that no undue administrative constraints are imposed on the taxpayer.
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Purpura, Andrea. "Article: DAC6: Some (potential) Incompatibility Profiles with Article 6 ATAD." Intertax 51, Issue 1 (January 1, 2023): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2023003.
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From a comparative analysis of Article 6 Anti Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD) and the Directive Administrative Cooperation (DAC)6, it would seem that the disclosure requirements of the latter are in accordance with the concept of tax avoidance (or ‘abuse of rights’) introduced by the general clause of Article 6 ATAD. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the consistency of the DAC6 with the general anti-abuse clause of the ATAD, at least two types of uncertainties appear to arise. The first concerns the consistency of the directive mentioned previously with the ultimate purpose of the anti-avoidance regulations (which is to exclusively prevent and counteract avoidance conduct). The second involves the compatibility of the disclosure requirements imposed by the directive with the general anti-abuse clauses currently in force in some European legal systems (for all, reference will be made to the Italian experience). The comparison outlined above would appear to demonstrate that the reporting obligations established by the DAC6 are overly broad and that they do not adequately take account of the ‘non-tax reasons’ that may justify the cross-border mechanism even for a transaction from which tax advantages may arise at the same time. ATAD, General Anti Avoidance Rule (GAAR), DAC-6, exchange of information, tax avoidance, Article 10-bis
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Sädevirta, Markus. "Regulation of Fixed-Term Employment Contracts in the EU, France, Finland and the United Kingdom: A Comparative Analysis." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 2 (June 1, 2015): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015012.
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This article considers the regulation of fixed-term contracts in the Framework Agreement on Fixed-Term Work, in the light of its key objectives. It considers whether the Framework Agreement has managed to retain open-ended contracts as the main form of employment, to prevent the abuse of successive fixed-term contracts, and to sanction such abuse. The article provides a comparative analysis of the regulations implementing the Framework Agreement and their objectives, and an assessment of whether these regulations meet the said objectives, in three European Union (EU) Member States: Finland, France and the United Kingdom (UK). The relevant CJEU case law indicates that the key principles governing the use of fixed-term contracts, such as the key role of open-ended contracts and the principle of objective reasons, are still too imprecise. This, coupled with the fact that the conditions for using successive fixed-term contracts are not precisely determined in Clause 5 and that the Clause does not have vertical direct effect, leads to the conclusion that the Framework Agreement has partly failed in its objective of preventing abuse arising from successive fixed-term contracts and retaining open-ended contracts as the main form of employment, as recent CJEU case law indicates. The effects of the Framework Agreement in respect of Clause 5 have remained relatively modest in the three countries reviewed. Legislation restricting the use of successive fixed-term contracts was already in place in France and Finland, and thus no implementation measures were needed.The UK was one of the few countries that had to introduce completely new measures to implement the Directive. Even in this case, the Agreement has not resulted in any significant improvement in the protection of fixed-term employees.
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Chand, Vikram. "The Interaction of the Principal Purpose Test (and the Guiding Principle) with Treaty and Domestic Anti-Avoidance Rules." Intertax 46, Issue 2 (February 1, 2018): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2018013.
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In the previous contribution, which carried out a detailed analysis of the principal purpose test (PPT), the author had indicated that interesting issues arise with respect to the interaction of the PPT (and the guiding principle) with other treaty based or domestic based anti-avoidance rules. In this contribution, the author, firstly, discusses the interaction of the test with the inherent anti-abuse rule. Secondly, the author discusses the relationship of this test with existing treaty general anti-avoidance rules (GAARs) and specific anti-avoidance rules (SAARs) such as the limitation of benefits clause, the beneficial ownership clause, holding/time period provisions introduced in the articles dealing with dividends/capital gains as well as the anti-abuse rule with respect to permanent establishments in a third State. Lastly, the author analyses the interaction of the PPT with domestic anti-avoidance rules such as judicial doctrines, statutory GAARs and SAARs. It is pertinent to note that this contribution should be read in conjunction with the author’s previous contribution published in the January edition of the journal.
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Łapiński, Karol. "Objective Reasons on the Part of the Employer as a Premise for Entering into an “Unlimited” Fixed-Term Employment Contract." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.02.11.
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Abstract The current wording of Art. 251 § 4 point 4 of the Labor Code, valid since 22.02.2016, is an example of a general clause in labor law. At the same time, the “objective reasons” of the so--called “unlimited” fixed-term contracts entered into belong to the clauses that change their meaning depending on the person who applies an established rule of law. The use of “objective reasons on the part of the employer” on purpose to limit the abuse of “temporary employment” should generally be assessed as incorrect. According to this, the Court of Justice of the European Union may judge this regulation to be illegal according to Clause 5 of Council Directive 99/70 / EC of 28 June 1999, and as incompatible with the purpose and the effectiveness of the framework agreement. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the general clause used by the legislator with further, more specific premises of “objective reasons” for entering into “unlimited” fixed-term employment contracts.
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MEGLIANI, MAURO. "Vultures in Courts: Why the UNCTAD Principles on Responsible Financing Cannot Stop Litigation." Leiden Journal of International Law 28, no. 4 (October 30, 2015): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156515000448.
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AbstractThe decision of the US Supreme Court rendered in NML v. Argentina has enabled the vulture funds to enforce in full their claims against the payments to be made by Argentina in favour of those holders who had tendered their bonds under a previous exchange offer. This scenario may have a disruptive impact on the functioning of the financial markets and endanger the restructuring processes of sovereign debt. The race to the courts by the vulture funds could be stopped under the UNCTAD Principles on Responsible Financing where the behaviour of those creditors who acquire debt instruments of sovereigns in distress and remain aloof from a restructuring to secure preferential treatment is marked as abusive. Unfortunately, so far the legal status of this abusive behaviour is unable to overturn the interpretation of the pari passu clause under New York law given by the US Federal Courts which stands at the base of the problem. To overcome this impasse the suggestion is to insert in the UN proposal of a multilateral legal framework for sovereign restructuring processes a specific provision qualifying as overriding a mandatory restructuring plan approved through a certain quorum which has received certification by the IMF. This qualification would serve the purpose of applying the plan to all creditors, and not just to those who register under the process. Moreover, this qualification would be considered as part of the public policy of the states participating to the UN proposal so as to block the enforcement of judgments rendered in non-participating fora.
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De Witte, Bruno. "Article 4(2) TEU as a Protection of the Institutional Diversity of the Member States." European Public Law 27, Issue 3 (August 1, 2021): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2021026.
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The main argument of this article is that the meaning of the national identity clause of Article 4 (2) TEU should be limited to what its text actually states, namely to a guarantee for the constitutional structures of the European Union (EU) Member States. The article rejects the broader meaning often given to this Treaty provision, namely that it offers a kind of generic protection for national diversity and national constitutional values. Such a broader meaning is not needed, since primary EU law contains many other provisions that protect national diversity, all of which have a specific meaning and role in the EU legal order. Giving Article 4(2) the broader meaning is harmful, as it opens the door to abusive and superficial uses of identity as a justification for non-compliance with EU law obligations from the side of the Member States. national constitutions, institutional diversity, cultural diversity, regional autonomy, judicial organization, national languages
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Marchgraber, Christoph. "The Avoidance of Double Non-taxation in Double Tax Treaty Law: A Critical Analysis of the Subject-To-Tax Clause Recommended by the European Commission." EC Tax Review 23, Issue 5 (October 1, 2014): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2014027.
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Countries around the world have traditionally treated tax planning as a legitimate practice, unless the ambiguous borders to abusive behaviour have been crossed. However, over time, business structures have become more sophisticated and tax authorities have become involved in keeping pace with the continuous improvement of international tax planning. By exploiting the inconsistencies between domestic tax rules and bilateral double taxation conventions it is even possible that certain income remains completely untaxed. In order to properly address this issue of double non-taxation, the European Commission - alongside the work of the OECD on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) - issued a recommendation on aggressive tax planning. The EU Member States are, inter alia, being encouraged to revise their tax treaty policies. The European Commission recommends the incorporation of a general subject-to-tax clause in the Member States' bilateral double taxation conventions. This article analyses whether the Member States are well advised to follow this recommendation.
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Halberda, Jan. "Angielska doktryna promissory estoppel a polska klauzula nadużycia prawa." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 7, no. 2 (2014): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.14.012.2253.
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The English doctrine of promissory estoppel and the Polish clause of abuse of law The article discusses the problem of evolution and the premises used in applying the English concept known as promissory estoppel. The birth of this legal concept has been discussed on the example of the most important court cases, the so called leading cases, such as, among others, that of High Trees (1947) and Combe v. Combe (1951), in which it was lord Denning who adjudicated. In the article, the author also analyzes the general principles of invoking promissory estoppel. He indicates that in the course of a court trial it is necessary to prove the existence of a promise, on the basis of which the person who was promised something, while acting in accordance with the common sense, decided to withdraw and by undertaking certain definite steps ultimately suffered a loss, whereas withdrawal on the part of the person making a promise would be unjustified. The author of the paper made an effort to try to answer the question whether the abuse of right clause mentioned in Art. 5 of the Civil Code may be regarded as the Polish equivalent of promissory estoppel.
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Parra-Barrera, Sandra M., María del Mar Sánchez-Fuentes, Carlos Fuertes-Iglesias, and Miguel Ángel Boldova. "Sexual Abuse vs. Sexual Freedom? A Legal Approach to the Age of Sexual Consent in Adolescents in Spanish-Speaking Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 10460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910460.
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Child and adolescent sexual abuse (CSA) is an international public health problem. Despite the importance of CSA, there is no consensus definition, and the lack of consensus is related to difficulties in conducting prevalence studies as well as research in other areas. To establish a consensual definition, legal aspects such as the age of sexual consent and the difference in age or power between victim and aggressor as well as aspects related to sexual freedom and sexual indemnity must be considered. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to analyze the age of sexual consent in the legal systems of Spanish-speaking countries and to examine whether the Romeo and Juliet clause is established. To achieve the proposed aims, we employed the legal interpretation method, and we analyzed the current Criminal Codes of the 21 Spanish-speaking countries. From the results, it is found that the age of sexual consent varies between countries, establishing valid sexual consent between 13 and 18 years. In addition, only six countries have the Romeo and Juliet clause that protects sexual freedom in adolescents. Finally, we discussed the lack of consensus on the age of sexual consent and the limitations presented by the Romeo and Juliet clause.
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Scaletscky, Fernanda. "Arbitragem e Parte Fraca: a Questão das Relações de Consumo." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 11, Issue 41 (March 1, 2014): 68–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2014003.
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ABSTRACT: The concept of arbitrability refers to the ability of certain disputes to be submitted to arbitration. Several are the divergences regarding the themes that can use in Brazilian law arbitration to solve the conflicts originating from contractual relations. Among these themes, topping of importance in the national scenario is the question concerning the possibility of consumer disputes to be submitted to arbitration. In view of the dynamism of consumer relations at present, it is necessary to search for alternative and effective mechanisms of dispute resolution, among which stands out the arbitration. However, the use of this mechanism for the resolution of consumer disputes in Brazil is denied due to the barrier imposed by article 51, VII, of Brazilian Consumer Code that considers abusive the clause providing for the compulsory use of arbitration, despite of the fact that article 4º, § 2º, of Brazilian Arbitration Law allows the use of this mechanism in adhesion agreements. This article, based on foreign and domestic doctrine and jurisprudence on the theme, quest demonstrate the feasibility of the use of arbitration in solving consumer disputes.
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Maslov, A. O. "Legal Aspect of Applying Price Parity Clauses by Digital Platform Owners." Russian competition law and economy, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47361/2542-0259-2022-2-30-74-83.
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The article contains a legal analysis of the price parity clause. Its types from the point of view of Russian and foreign competition law. A number of decisions of Russian and foreign courts, antimonopoly regulators made on the basis of antimonopoly investigations against owners of digital platforms who used the clause on price parity in entrepreneurial activities were considered. A comparative analysis of these decisions was carried out to identify similarities and differences in approaches to the legal qualification of the actions of the owner of the digital platform on the use of the price parity clause. In particular, in the countries of the European Union, antitrust regulators and courts have qualified the relevant actions of the owner of the digital platform as a violation of the legislative ban on the conclusion of vertical agreements restricting competition. The Russian antimonopoly regulator and the courts qualify the actions of the owner of the digital platform as a violation of the ban on abuse of dominant position in the relevant commodity market.The article also considers the approaches of Russian and foreign competitive departments, courts to determine the boundaries of commodity markets, the participants of which are the owners of the digital platform.
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Guillemard, Sylvette, and Dieudonné Édouard Onguene Onana. "Le contrat d’adhésion : actualités et droit international privé." Les Cahiers de droit 48, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 635–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043948ar.
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Le contrat d’adhésion occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans les relations contractuelles contemporaines. Outil d’efficacité et de rapidité, il est en outre favorisé par la technique numérique. En effet, les contrats conclus par l’entremise de pages ou de sites Web ne peuvent se former autrement. Que ce soit sur le plan national ou dans le contexte de relations internationales, une très grande partie des contrats de vente actuels sont des contrats d’adhésion. Or ce type de contrat recèle indiscutablement des dangers pour l’adhérent, quelle que soit sa qualité (professionnel ou simple particulier). À cet égard, la notion de clause abusive vient immédiatement à l’esprit. Après avoir passé en revue les figures actuelles du contrat d’adhésion, les auteurs se penchent sur son régime dans les relations internationales. D’une part, ils examinent les protections de l’adhérent dans une relation internationale et prônent une protection de tout adhérent, pas seulement de l’adhérent consommateur, comme a choisi de le faire le codificateur québécois. D’autre part, ils étudient les clauses de droit international privé — clauses de rattachement juridictionnel et clauses de rattachement normatif — et proposent des solutions pour protéger l’adhérent dans les cas où de telles clauses lui sont défavorables.
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Cannarsa, Michel. "Contractual Penalties in French Law." European Review of Private Law 23, Issue 3 (May 1, 2015): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2015024.
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Abstract: Contractual penalties are a quite classical topic of doctrinal debate in France. The said debate focuses mainly on two issues: contractual freedom on one side and restrictions to it on the other side. In addition to that, the unclear distinction between contractual penalties and liquidated damages clauses in French law raises further questions. In legal practice, the use of contractual penalties is widespread because it reduces the uncertainty surrounding the judicial assessment of damages. Contractual penalties do not, however, exclude completely the judge's intervention. Indeed, a classification as contractual penalty will submit the contractual clause to the judge's moderation power. Drafters of contractual clauses make, therefore, sure not to rely on a wording that could refer to the penalty dimension of a contractual term in order to exclude judicial intervention. This judicial intervention could, however, rely on the unfairness of the clause, whatever the appellation given to it. Although limited to business-to-consumers (B2C) contracts at the moment, the 'contractual term unfairness' approach could be extended to business-to-business (B2B) contracts as well in the future, which would therefore limit to a large extent the debate surrounding the issue of classification as penalties of contractual clauses. Résumé: Le sujet des clauses pénales est assez classique dans le débat doctrinal français. Deux enjeux déterminent plus précisément ce débat : la liberté contractuelle d'un côté et la limitation de cette liberté par le juge de l'autre. A cela s'ajoute le caractère imprécis de la distinction entre la notion de clause pénale et celle d'évaluation forfaitaire du préjudice, créant d'ultérieures interrogations. Dans la pratique, l'usage de ces clauses est particulièrement répandu car il réduit l'incertitude de l'évaluation judiciaire du préjudice. Il n'exclut toutefois pas toute intervention du juge en fonction de la qualification retenue du fait du pouvoir modérateur de la clause pénale qui est accordé au juge par le Code civil. Les rédacteurs de clauses veillent donc à exclure la référence au caractère punitif de la clause afin d'éviter cette intervention du juge. Mais ce dernier peut néanmoins trouver une autre voie d'entrée dans le monde contractuel, notamment en appréciant le caractère abusif de la clause. Cette faculté, qui est pour l'instant limitée aux contrats entre consommateurs et professionnels, pourrait être étendue à tous les contrats. Le débat autour du pouvoir modérateur du juge face aux clauses pénales perdrait ainsi une grande partie de son intérêt.
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Kamanabrou, Sudabeh. "Successful Rules on Successive Fixed-Term Contracts?" International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 33, Issue 2 (May 1, 2017): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2017010.
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In 1999 the European social partners negotiated the framework agreement on fixed-term work which was then put into effect by Council Directive 1999/70/EC. It contains, inter alia, measures designed to prevent abuse of successive fixed-term contracts. As the relevant clause of the agreement is rather loosely framed, its effect on legislative approximation in the EU is debatable. However, a study of the law on successive fixed-term employment contracts of fifteen EU Member States showed that legislative approximation in this field of law has largely been achieved.
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Gormley, William T. "Pitiful Plaintiffs: Child Welfare Litigation and the Federal Courts. By Susan Gluck Mezey. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. 209p. $45.00 cloth, $19.95 paper." American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (March 2001): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401392018.
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In 1988 the American Civil Liberties Union filed a class action lawsuit against the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), on behalf of B. H., a 17-year- old youth in foster care, and nearly 20,000 other children forced to live outside their home because of abuse and neglect. Attorneys accused the DCFS, responsible for pro- tecting and placing such children, with violations of Illinois statutes and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. B. H., for example, had been placed in ten different settings despite clear evidence that children require continuity of care for their emotional growth.
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Blažo, Ondrej. "Nullity and ineffectiveness of contracts as a consequence of violation of EU competition and public procurement rules." Strani pravni zivot, no. 4 (2020): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/spz64-29632.
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The presented paper will focus on the extent of requirements of EU law for nullity or ineffectiveness of contracts in specific areas linked to functioning internal market: competition law, including agreements restricting competition, abuse of dominant position, merger control and state aid, and rules of public procurement. The scope of EU-law-based nullity is quite limited and only Art. 101(2) TFEU provides expressed nullity of agreements restricting competition. In the case of abuse of dominance, nullity of contract constituting abuse of dominant position can be drawn from the principle of effectiveness of EU law. Validity or nullity of contracts violating suspension clause in merger control regime are assessed in two periods - before decision on merger and after decision of the Commission. State aid regime cannot rely on EU-law-based nullity of contracts that violate EU state aid rules. Finally, public procurement rules appear the most complex in this context since they operate with the "right" of the contracting authority to terminate contract and power of revision authority to declare "ineffectiveness" of illegally awarded contract, and therefore revision of directives is suggested.
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Kim, Sang Man. "Reduction clause in an advance payment guarantee (AP-bond) under an overseas construction contract." Journal of Korea Trade 23, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-06-2018-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review characteristics and functions of an advance payment guarantee (AP-Bond), and to analyse some legal and practical issues concerning a “reduction clause” in an AP-Bond under an overseas construction contract. Design/methodology/approach This paper compares relevant provisions of the URDG 758, the UN Convention, the ISP 98, and the FIDIC Silver Book, and also cites relevant case laws of the USA, UK and Korea. This paper also refers many Korean scholars’ views on characteristics of an independent guarantee including an AP-Bond. Findings A demand for payment under an AP-Bond shall not be honoured in the event that an employer wrongfully refuses to issue documents required for reduction of an AP-Bond. A beneficiary shall not be favoured by independence nature of an AP-Bond in case of fraud or abuse of right. Originality/value This paper originally analyzes a “reduction clause” in an AP-Bond. This paper provides logics that a demand for payment shall not be honoured in the event that a beneficiary wrongfully refuses to issue documents required for reduction of an AP-Bond.
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Potts, Keagan. "Possible Reliance: Protecting Legally Innocent Johnson Claimants." Michigan Law Review, no. 119.2 (2020): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.2.possible.
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The writ of habeas corpus presents the last chance for innocent defendants to obtain relief from invalid convictions and sentences. The writ constitutes a limited exception to the finality of judgments. Given the role finality plays in conserving judicial resources and deterring criminal conduct, exceptions created by habeas must be principally circumscribed. Since the Supreme Court’s invalidation of the Armed Career Criminal Act’s residual clause in Johnson v. United States, the federal courts of appeals have attempted to develop a test that protects the writ from abuse by Johnson claimants. This Note first contributes a new understanding of the resulting circuit split. Currently, circuits construe the split to be about a Johnson petitioner’s burden of proof at the jurisdictional stage. However, circuits actually disagree on the standard a petitioner must meet to establish the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. This Note identifies two standards. The sole-reliance standard requires petitioners to show that the sentencing court relied solely on the residual clause, while the possible-reliance standard requires petitioners to show that the court may have relied on the residual clause. Both standards must be shown by a preponderance of the evidence. This Note then deploys this reconceptualization of the circuit split to advance new arguments in favor of imposing the possible-reliance standard at the jurisdictional stage. The possible-reliance standard protects the innocent, preserves the finality of judgments, and conforms with Supreme Court habeas jurisprudence and congressional intent expressed in the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act.
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Justinar, Jun. "INTERPRETASI KLAUSULA PENGECUALIAN DALAM BEBERAPA PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN KOMBATAN ( Interpretation of Exclusion Clauses in International Treaties in relation to the Combatant )." terAs Law Review : Jurnal Hukum Humaniter dan HAM 2, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 61–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/teras-lrev.v2i1.9053.
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Abstrak Pengungsi adalah penduduk sipil sehingga apabila ia mengangkat senjata, ia kehilangan status pengungsinya. Pengungsian dalam jumlah besar dalam konflik bersenjata menyebabkan kesulitan untuk membedakan antara pengungsi yang sebenarnya dengan kombatan yang membaur dengan para pengungsi. Oleh karena itu perlu dibuat pedoman teknis untuk membedakan keduanya. Sementara itu untuk penyalahgunaan status pengungsi, Konvensi 1951 tentang Status Pengungsi telah menetapkan Klausula Pengecualian. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang bagaimanakah interpretasi Klausula Pengecualian yang dihubungkan dengan status kombatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan eksploratif yang menggunakan bahan hukum sekunder. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif dan penarikan kesimpulan dilakukan secara deduktif. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa Klausula Pengecualian telah diakui sebagai suatu norma dan telah diadopsi dalam beberapa perjanjian internasional. Pelaku kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan dan perdamaian serta penjahat perang termasuk dalam kelompok yang dikecualikan dari status pengungsi. Kombatan tidak mungkin berstatus sebagai pengungsi karena pengungsi haruslah penduduk sipil. Kata kunci: Klausula Pengecualian, Status Pengungsi, Kombatan. Abstract Refugees are civilians, so if they take up arms, they lose their refugee status. The large number of displaced persons in armed conflict makes it difficult to distinguish between actual refugees and combatants mingling with refugees. Therefore it is necessary to make technical guidelines to distinguish the two. Meanwhile for the abuse of refugee status, the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees has inserted an Exclusion Clause. This raises the question of how the interpretation of the Exclusion Clause relates to combatant status. This research is a normative research with an exploratory approach using secondary legal materials. The analysis was conducted qualitatively and the conclusion was drawn deductively. The result of the discussion shows that the Exclusion Clause has been recognized as a norm and has been adopted in several international treaties. Perpetrators of crimes against humanity and crimes against peace as well as war criminals are included in the group exempted from refugee status. It is impossible for combatants to have the status of refugees because refugees must be civilians. Keywords: Combatant, Exclusion Clause, Refugee Status.
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Wiczanowska, Hanna. "Does gender equality constitute one of the ‘underlying values of the ECHR’ in the light of Article 17 ECHR?" Przegląd Europejski, no. 4-2021 (December 9, 2021): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.21.5.
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The main aim of this article is to answer the question whether gender equality actually constitutes one of the “underlying values of the ECHR” through the lens of Article 17 ECHR. Examining this issue requires taking into account the changing paradigm of militant democracy. The hypothesis posed by the author is that, despite the formal declarations of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), gender equality does not alone justify the application of abuse clause. Moreover, this research claims that, due to its adverse impact on the rule of law principle, Article 17 ECHR is not an appropriate remedy to protect gender equality. The research relies on the analysis of the relevant ECtHR’s rulings on Article 17 ECHR.
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Navarro, Aitor. "The Multilateral Instrument (MLI) and Transfer Pricing." Intertax 49, Issue 10 (October 1, 2021): 803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2021086.
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The Multilateral Instrument (MLI) has a relevant impact on tax treaty measures concerning transfer pricing and the arm’s length principle (ALP). This article examines the incidence of five MLI provisions on transfer pricing that pose significantly interrelated issues, specifically, the saving clause of Article 11(1), the preamble enclosed in Article 6(1) expressing the will to eliminate double taxation without creating opportunities for reduced taxation through tax evasion or avoidance enshrined in the principal purpose test of Article 7(1), the corresponding adjustment provision of Article 17(1), and the mutual agreement provisions envisaged in Article 16. MLI, multilateral instrument, tax treaties, transfer pricing, arm’s length principle, abuse, corresponding adjustments, MAP.
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Singh, Vijay P. "Judicial Approaches to the Criminalisation of Marital Rape." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 29, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09715215211056791.
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In India, as in different traditional cultures, women have been and still are treated in a number of inhumane ways. They are controlled, prone to assault and abuse and risk rape not only outside but within their own homes. Moreover, marital rape is not considered a crime in India. The article attempts to analyse Indian rape laws and to show that exemption for marital rape does not align with the fundamental principles of justice and equality, which is the basic feature of the Indian Constitution. The article argues that the exemption clause should be repealed, and marital rape be criminalised. The article further discusses the approach of the Indian judiciary towards the issue of criminalisation of marital rape.
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Gallo, Franco, and Gaetano Casertano. "The Clause Anti-abuse in the Italian Double Tax Treaties and their Compatibility with the EC Law." Intertax 23, Issue 12 (December 1, 1995): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi1995092.
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Scher, Jonathan. "OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENTS BY VICTIMS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS: A CONFRONTATION CLAUSE ANALYSIS." Family Court Review 47, no. 1 (January 2009): 167–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2009.00247.x.
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Hetarie, Michael Imgran. "Penyalahgunaan Keadaan di Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli oleh Developer." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 22, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v22i1.1972.
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In the housing loan agreement, the developer provides burdensome conditions for housing consumers. Due to the need for a house, the consumer signs an agreement offered by the developer so that in this case the consumer does not have a position of will and/or bargaining power, no mutually beneficial cooperation. and the consumer does not have the will to make an offer, one party suppresses or takes advantage of the other party as well as the standard clause in the Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement (hereinafter abbreviated as PPJB) between the Developer and the Consumer. This does not cause the content and purpose of the agreement to be prohibited, but causes the abused will not to be given in a free state which is often referred to as state abuse. So that the problem arises what is the concept of abuse of circumstances and what is the legal protection for consumers against abuse of circumstances by developers in the Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement. The problem approach used in this research is the statutory approach, and the conceptual approach. The concept of abuse of circumstances is a concept used to examine the validity of an agreement or contract. The abuse of this situation appears in the agreement that the position of the parties is not balanced with each other so that the parties can impose on other parties whose position is weaker to enter into the agreement. Legal protection for consumers against abuse of circumstances by developers in the Sale and Purchase Binding Agreement is legal protection for consumers against abuse of circumstances by developers in the Sale and Purchase Binding Agreements is the provision of compensation if the fault lies with the business actor as stated in the provisions of article 19 paragraph (1) jo . Article 60 paragraphs (1) and (2) jo. Article 19 paragraph (2) and paragraph (3) of the UUPK relates to a maximum loss of Rp.200,000,000.00 (two hundred million rupiah).