Academic literature on the topic 'Clausole abusive'

Dans la présente étude, l’auteur analyse les arguments employés par les juges québécois lorsqu’ils décident si une clause d’un contrat est abusive, selon l’article 1437 du Code civil du Québec. Cette analyse est inspirée de la distinction souvent employée en common law entre le volet processuel et le volet substantif de l’injustice contractuelle. Ainsi, les tribunaux ont recours à des facteurs substantiels pour évaluer le caractère abusif d’une clause, comme l’équivalence des prestations, la proportionnalité, la réciprocité, la commutativité, l’écart par rapport aux obligations habituelles ou à l’obligation essentielle et le lien de causalité. Cependant, ils se fondent aussi sur des critères processuels pour juger de l’abus, comme l’information donnée à l’adhérent au sujet du contenu du contrat et le respect des attentes raisonnables de l’adhérent.

This paper deals with how to settle a foreign currency exchange rate indexed mortgage loan between a bank and a consumer if the court declares that the loan agreement has an abusive clause. At present, many consumers in Poland strive to void their contracts on the grounds that they contain an abusive indexation clause, mainly referred to the CHF/PLN exchange rate. The calculations are based on a CHF indexed 30 years mortgage with decreasing monthly installments, starting in 2008. The settlement amount is calculated for two most probable scenarios: 1) the contract is declared void; 2) the contract continues but without the abusive indexation clause. One cannot determine which scenario is definitely better than the other for any party. In the final section of the article the implications for Polish banks are presented.

Identity is a key, but vague, ambiguous and polysemic concept of public law. In EU law, the concept underwent a process of legalization: it emerged as a political clause in the Treaty of Maastricht and gained constitutional meaning after the Treaty of Lisbon. The article traces this process of legalization, arguing that even though the constitutionalization of the identity clause in EU law was primarily addressed to the Court of Justice of the EU, a major role in this process has been played by national courts. The article, however, claims that the process of transformation of the identity clause is not over, and that currently the concept is being subject to abusive and dangerous manipulations. The article supports a comprehensive reading of the identity clause in EU law within the broader context of EU fundamental principles. In particular, the article claims that a tight connection of the identity clause should be kept with the democratic mandate of the EU. This connection emerged very clearly in the Maastricht formulation of the Treaty on the European Union but is still now a viable remedy to reject Member States’ appeals to protect unconstitutional constitutional identities. constitutional identity, primacy, ultra vires, identity clause, abuse

Le texte qui suit étudie les dispositions du Code civil du Québec relatives aux contrats d'adhésion, et plus particulièrement l'article 1437 de celui-ci qui permet aux tribunaux de réduire ou d'annuler les obligations résultant des clauses abusives de semblables contrats. Dans la première partie, l'auteur s'intéresse au phénomène de l'abus dans les contrats en France et au Québec à la fin du xixe siècle. Il est vrai que le Code civil du Bas Canada et le Code civil français ne mettaient à la disposition des tribunaux et des justiciables que des moyens limités pour combattre ces abus. Cependant, le législateur français n'a pas jugé utile de modifier le Code civil français en réaction au phénomène des abus dans les contrats d'adhésion, et il est permis de se demander si l'adoption d'un régime d'exception dans le Code civil du Québec constituait une réponse inévitable au même phénomène en droit civil québécois. La deuxième partie du texte porte sur ce qui expliquerait que le Code civil du Québec ne combatte les clauses abusives que si elles se trouvent dans un contrat d'adhésion (ou de consommation). Le fondement juridique de cette solution n'est pas clair. Il semble plutôt que le législateur ait retenu cette solution à titre de compromis, pour introduire une plus grande part d'équité dans le contrat, sans menacer indûment la stabilité des transactions commerciales. Dans la troisième partie, l'auteur se penche sur quelques controverses relatives à la mise en application de l'article 1437 du Code civil du Québec, qui divisent la doctrine et la jurisprudence. Trois questions sont plus particulièrement discutées : 1) un contrat peut-il être qualifié de « contrat d'adhésion » si l'adhérent n'est pas en position de faiblesse à l'égard du rédacteur ? 2) l'article 1437 peut-il priver d'effet une clause raisonnable produisant une solution jugée abusive par le tribunal dans les circonstances d'un cas donné ? 3) l'article 1437peut-il priver d'effet une clause d'exonération de responsabilité dont le caractère exécutoire serait établi, dans les circonstances d'un cas donné, par l'article 1474 ?

SUMMARY This article takes inspiration from the news leak known as the Panama Papers and focuses on the definition of the beneficial owner clause in both tax and anti-money laundering legislation. Specifically, it analyses the OECD Model Tax Convention, the European Directives and the European Court of Justice case law. This matter is closely linked to the use of offshore corporate vehicles for criminal purposes and the main purpose of the article is to concentrate on the existing gaps in these topics, and to propose effective solutions to combat abusive practices.

Caught between abusive partners and restrictive immigration law, many undocumented Latina women are vulnerable to domestic violence in the United States. This article analyzes the U-Visa application process experienced by undocumented immigrant victims of domestic violence and their legal advisors in a suburb of Chicago, United States. Drawing on theoretical concepts of structural violence and biological citizenship, the article highlights the strategic use of psychological suffering related to domestic violence by applicants for such visas. It also investigates the complex intersection between immigration law and a humanitarian clause that creates a path towards legal status and eventual citizenship.

Nel primo capitolo del lavoro si mette in luce l'evoluzione storica (dal diritto romano al Codice civile italiano del 1865) del fenomeno della patologia negoziale, nelle molteplici forme di manifestazione, nei diversi modi di accertamento e nelle varie conseguenze, ricostruendo il progresso della scienza giuridica nella elaborazione concettuale della materia. Nel secondo capitolo si svolge un'analisi storica e positiva del sistema di controllo delle condizioni generali di contratto adottato nei Paesi europei di lingua tedesca (Germania e Austria). Nel terzo capitolo viene descritto lo stato del diritto francese in materia di clausole abusive, con speciale riferimento ai rimedi individuali. Nel quarto capitolo viene tracciato un quadro normativo del diritto dei consumi nell'ordinamento spagnolo, con speciale riferimento ai rimedi individuali. Nel quinto capitolo viene illustrato il modello inglese in materia di clausole abusive, alla luce dell'Unfair Contracts Terms Act del 1977 e delle Unfaìr Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations del 1994 e del 1999. Nel sesto capitolo, viene analizzata la disciplina italiana delle clausole abusive nei contratti dei consumatori, con speciale riferimento al rimedio individuale previsto dall'art. 1469-quinquìes cod. civ. In the first chapter of the piece of work it is highlighted the historical evolution (starting from the Roman Law up to the Italian Civil Code dated 1865) of the phenomenon of the contractual pathology, in its displaying multiple forms, in its different ways of ascertainment and in its various consequences, by reconstructing the progress of the juridical science in the conceptual drawing up of the topic. In the second chapter it is developed an historical and positive analysis of the controlling system of the general conditions of the contract adopted in the European German speaking countries (Germany and Austria). In the third chapter it is described the status of the French Law related to the unlawful clauses, with special reference to the individual remedies. In the fourth chapter it is traced a normative picture of the consumer Spanish legal system, with special reference to the individual remedies. In the fifth chapter is illustrated the English model, as regards the unfair clauses, from the Unfair Contracts Terms Act dated 1977 to the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations dated 1994 and 1999. In the sixth chapter, it is analysed the Italian discipline of the abusive clauses in the consumers contracts, with particular reference to the individual remedy provided by art. 1469-quinquies Italian Civil Code.

La législation sur les clauses abusives, issue de l’article L. 132-1 du Code de la consommation, est d’application quotidienne. La notion de clause abusive n’en demeure pas moins confuse. Il est vrai que trente-cinq années d’applications erratiques ont contribué à la rendre peu accessible et peu prévisible, ce qui nuit à la sécurité juridique. Pour restaurer cette notion, une double démarche s’impose. Il faut, d’abord, la délimiter afin de réserver son application uniquement aux personnes qui méritent d’être protégées contre les clauses abusives et aux seules stipulations qui créent véritablement un déséquilibre significatif entre les droits et obligations des parties au contrat. La notion de clause abusive apparaît alors comme un mécanisme destiné à sanctionner les abus de la liberté contractuelle dans les contrats de consommation. Il faut, ensuite, procéder à l’identification de la notion de clause abusive en cherchant à définir et à caractériser le standard du déséquilibre significatif, notamment à l’aune des critères dégagés de la pratique. Chemin faisant, la notion de clause abusive s’impose comme une notion incontournable du droit de la consommation et, plus largement du droit des contrats, notamment en ce qu’elle participe au renouveau de la théorie générale du contrat
The legislation on unfair terms set out by Article L. 132-1 of the French Consumer Code is applied on a daily basis. The notion of unfair terms nevertheless remains unclear. Thirty-five years of inconsistent and erratic application have indeed contributed to making this legislation inaccessible and difficult to predict, thereby damaging legal security. The reinforcement of this notion necessitates a two-pronged approach. First of all, the concept must be delimited in order to restrict application solely to those individuals requiring protection against unfair terms and only to those terms that genuinely do generate a material imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. The notion of unfair terms then becomes a mechanism aimed at sanctioning abuses of contractual freedom in consumer agreements. The concept must then be identified, by seeking to define and characterize the standard of material imbalance, in particular against the yardstick of criteria generated by practical application. In doing so, the notion of unfair terms becomes a central notion of consumer law and, more widely, of contract law, in particular with regard to its participation in the renewal of general contract theory

Les droits français, moldave et communautaire de la consommation partagent, sinon une source, du moins, une certaine idée de la protection du consommateur contre les clauses abusives. La comparaison avec les systèmes français et de l’Union Européenne mettent, par exemple, en évidence l'opportunité de l'adoption d’un mécanisme de lutte contre les clauses abusives dans les contrats de consommation. Les critères de l’absence de négociation directe, de la contrariété à l’exigence de bonne foi et d u déséquilibre significatif, piliers du système de protection, permettent au juge d'apprécier les clauses abusives avec souplesse, dans les trois systèmes, à l’effet de garantir l'efficacité de la protection du consommateur comme partie faible au contrat.La comparaison avec le système en vigueur en France, plus particulièrement, met toutefois en lumière les limites du système moldave. En Moldova, les difficultés viennent de l’intérieur ; on voit se reproduire des erreurs du passé, lorsque, par exemple, les pouvoirs publics incitent les consommateurs -surtout les plus démunis -à la surconsommation. La notion de consommation durable doit s'appliquer aussi dans ce domaine. À défaut, des dysfonctions sociales surgissent inévitablement. En France, en revanche, les ennuis viennent de l'extérieur. Les besoins du marché européen unique ont parfois pour effet de réduire la protection organisée au sein de l'ordre juridique national. Le mécanisme d'harmonisation maximale de la législation de l’Union Européenne placele législateur national dans une position délicate par rapport aux attentes du mouvement consumériste. Il pourrait en être ainsi en matière des clauses abusives dans un futur proche
French law, Moldavian law and Community law concerning the right consumer share, if not a source, at least, a certain idea of consumer protection against unfair terms. The comparison with the French and with the system of the European Union, put, for example, in evidence the desirability of adopting a mechanism to combat unfair terms in contracts concluded with consumers. Lack of direct negotiation, contradiction with the requirement of good faith and the significant imbalance, pillars of the protective system, allow the judge to appreciate unfair terms flexibly in all three systems, with the effect of guaranteeing the effectiveness of consumer protection as a socially vulnerable part of the contract. The comparison with the system in force in France, in particular, highlights in the same time the limits of the Moldovan system. In Moldova, the difficulties arise from inside, we see the same mistakes of the past when, for example, public powers encouraged consumers, especially the poor to overconsumption. The concept of sustainable consumption should also be applied in this area. Otherwise, social dysfunctions appear inevitable. In France, however, the problems are coming from the outside. The needs of the single European market sometimes have the effect of reducing the protection offered by the national legal order. The maximum harmonization of the legislation of the European Union places the national legislator in a difficult position in relation to the expectations of the consumerist movement. This might actually be, incidentally, in the field of unfair terms and, in the near future
Dreptul francez, moldav şi comunitar cu privire la dreptul de consum împărtăşesc, dacă nu o sursă, cel puţin, o anumită idee de protecţie a consumatorului împotriva clauzelor abuzive. Comparaţia cu sistemul francez şi cu cel al Uniunii Europene, pune, spre exemplu, în evidenţă oportunitatea adoptării unui mecanism de luptă împotriva clauzelor abuzive în contractele încheiate cu consumatorii. Criterille de lipsa negocierii directe, contradicţia cu cerinţade bună credinţă şi de dezechilibru semnificativ, piloni ai sistemului de protecţie, permit judecătorului de a aprecia clauzele abuzive cu flexibilitate, în toate cele trei sisteme, cu efectul de a garanta eficienţa de protecţie a consumatorului ca parte defavorizată a contractului.Comparaţia cu sistemul în vigoare din Franţa, în mod special, evidenţiază în aceleaşi timp limitele sistemului moldovenesc. În Moldova, dificultăţile provin din interior, vom vedea aceleaşi greşeli din trecut cînd, de exemplu, puterile publice încurajau consumatorii, în special cei săraci -la supraconsum. Conceptul de consum durabil trebuie de asemenea să se aplice în acest domeniu. În caz contrar, disfuncţii sociale apar inevitabil. În Franţa, cu toate acestea, problemele vin din exterior. Nevoile unei pieţi europene unice au uneori ca efect de a reduce protecţia oferită de ordinea juridică naţională. Mecanismul de maximă armonizare a legislaţiei Uniunii Europene plasează legiuitorul naţional într-o poziţie dificilă în raport cu aşteptările mişcării consumeriste. Acest fapt ar putea fi, de altfel, şi în materia clauzelor abuzive, într-un viitor apropriat

La loi du 10 janvier 1978 est le texte le plus important permettant de lutter contre les abus du professionnel mais le législateur a également prévu un certain nombre et textes permettant de les prévenir : mieux vaut prévenir que guérir
The Unfair Terms Act 1978 is the most important act to make a stand against professionnal's abuse, but the lawyer have taken many texts to prevent it * Prevention is better than cure

La presente tesi ha come obiettivo analisare il concetto e le specie di squilibrio eccessivo della relazione giuridica di consumo, nonché la possibilitá di correzione di una delle specie di squilibrio eccessivo – l’esercizio abusivo della posizione giuridica dei fornitori – per mezzo della clausola generale di divieto di vantaggio eccessivo, previsto nel Codice di Difesa del Consumatore (Art. 39, V c/c art. 51, IV e §1°). Si tratta, in essenza, di uno studio sulla stessa relazione giuridica di consumo, ragione per la quale si impone, inizialmente, un’analisi con riferimento ai suoi pressuposti fatico-normativi, elementi costitutivi e caratteristica fondamentale (Parte I, Capitolo1) per, soltanto dopo, affrontare il tema degli “squilibri” (strutturale e eccessivo) esistenti in questo tipo di relazione giuridica (Parte I, Capitolo 2), quando si cerca di dimostrare che lo squilibrio eccessivo non si confonda con lo squilibrio strutturale (intrinseco), nella misura in cui questo è realtà costitutiva della stessa relazione giuridica di consumo, essendo, per questo, riconosciuta e tollerabile dal dirito; invece, lo squilibrio eccessivo è realtà che supera i limiti del “giuridicamente tollerabile” – cioè, dello stato di squilibrio strutturale – e, per questo motivo, necessita di essere correta da un mezzo dell’ordine giuridica ( nel caso brasiliano, dal sistema giuridico di protezione e difesa dei consumatori, centralizzato nei valori e norme costituzionali e sistematizzato nel Codice di Difesa del Consumatore – Legge n. 8.078, dell’11 settembre 1990). E per la correzione delle situazioni di squilibrio eccessivo della relazione di consumo generate dall’esercizio abusivo della posizione giuridica dei fornitori il legislatore brasiliano, attento alla necessità di comprensione del diritto privato come un sistema giuridico aperto (Parte II, Capitolo 3) ha costruito il Codice di Difesa del Consumatore come uno microsistema dotato di norme casistiche e di norme aperte (le cosidette “clausole generali”), distacandosi, tra loro, la clausola generale di divieto di vantaggio eccessivo, che si intende essere la “clausola fondamentale di correzione dell’abuso nelle relazioni giuridiche di consumo” (Parte II, Capitolo 4), allo stesso tempo in cui suo ambito di applicazione, fissato dallo stesso leggislatore (CDC, art. 51,§1º), contiene, dovuto alla sua grande generalità, l’ambito delle altre clausole generali di correzione e abuso, così come quelle di funzione sociale ed economica del diritto, buona-fede obiettiva, buone abitudine e lesione enorme, tutelando, infine, la globalità dei legittimi interessi dei consumatori – cioè, i loro interessi di natura patrimoniale e esistenziale – danneggiati dalla attuazione abusiva dei fornitori nel mercato di consumo.
A presente tese tem por objetivo analisar o conceito e as espécies de desequilíbrio excessivo da relação jurídica de consumo, bem como a possibilidade de correção de uma das espécies de desequilíbrio excessivo – o exercício abusivo de posição jurídica dos fornecedores – por meio da cláusula geral de proibição de vantagem excessiva, prevista no Código de Defesa do Consumidor (Art. 39, V c/c art. 51, IV e §1º). Trata-se, em essência, de um estudo sobre a própria relação jurídica de consumo, razão pela qual se impõe, inicialmente, uma análise acerca de seus pressupostos fático-normativos, elementos constitutivos e característica fundamental (Parte I, Capítulo 1) para, só então, enfrentar o tema dos “desequilíbrios” (estrutural e excessivo) existentes nesse tipo de relação jurídica (Parte I, Capítulo 2), quando se busca demonstrar que o desequilíbrio excessivo não se confunde com o desequilíbrio estrutural (intrínseco), na medida em que este é realidade constitutiva da própria relação jurídica de consumo, sendo, por isso mesmo, reconhecida e tolerável pelo direito; ao contrário, o desequilíbrio excessivo é realidade que ultrapassa os limites do “juridicamente tolerável” – isto é, do estado de desequilíbrio estrutural - e, por este motivo, precisa ser corrigida por meio da ordem jurídica (no caso brasileiro, pelo sistema jurídico de proteção e defesa dos consumidores, centralizado nos valores e normas constitucionais e sistematizado no Código de Defesa do Consumidor – Lei n. 8.078, de 11 de setembro de 1990). E para a correção das situações de desequilíbrio excessivo da relação de consumo geradas pelo exercício abusivo da posição jurídica dos fornecedores o legislador brasileiro, atento à necessidade de compreensão do direito privado como um sistema jurídico aberto (Parte II, Capítulo 3) construiu o Código de Defesa do Consumidor como um microsssistema dotado de normas casuísticas e de normas abertas (as chamadas “cláusulas gerais”), destacando-se, quanto a estas, a cláusula geral de probição de vantagem excessiva, que se entende ser a “cláusula fundamental de correção do abuso nas relações jurídicas de consumo” (Parte II, Capítulo 4), na medida em que seu âmbito de aplicação, fixado pelo próprio legislador (CDC, art. 51, §1º), abarca, por sua grande generalidade, o âmbito das demais cláusulas gerais de correção do abuso, como as de função social e econômica do direito, boa-fé objetiva, bons costumes e lesão enorme, tutelando, enfim, a globalidade dos legítimos interesses dos consumidores – isto é, seus interesses de natureza patrimonial e existencial – lesados pela atuação abusiva dos fornecedores no mercado de consumo.
The present thesis aims to analyze the concept and the species of excessive unbalance of the legal consumption relationship, as well as the possibility of correction of one of the species of excessive unbalance – the abusive use of the legal position of the suppliers – by the inclusion of the general clause of prohibition of unfair advantage, set out in the Consumer Defense Code (Art. 39, V c/c art. 51, IV and §1º). It is, essentially, a study on the legal consumption relationship itself, a reason for which it is imposed, initially, an analysis concerning its phaticnormative presumptions, constitutive elements and key characteristic (Part I, Chapter 1) for, only then, face the topic of “imbalances” (structural and excessive) existing in this type of legal relationship (Part I, Chapter 2), when willing to demonstrate that the excessive imbalance is not confounded with the structural imbalance (intrinsic), inasmuch as this is a constitutive reality of the legal consumption relationship itself, being, therefore, acknowledged and bearable by the law; on the contrary, the excessive imbalance is a reality which overcomes the limits of the “legally bearable” – that is, the structural imbalance status - and, for this reason, it has to be corrected by the law (in the Brazilian case, by the legal system of protection and defense of consumers, centered in the values and constitutional norms e ordered in the Consumer Defense Code – Law n. 8.078, from September 11th, 1990). And for the correction of excessive imbalance situations in the consumption relationship caused by the abusive practice of the legal position of the suppliers, the Brazilian legislator, attentive to the need of understanding of the private law as an open legal system (Part II, Chapter 3) created the Consumer Defense Code as a microsystem with cauistic norms and open norms (the so-called “general clauses”), highlighting, concerning these, the general clause of prohibition of unfair advantage, which is understood as the “key clause of abuse correction in the consumption legal relationships” (Part II, Chapter 4), inasmuch as in its scope of application, set by the legislator (CDC, art. 51, §1º), embraces, due to all things considered, the scope of the other general clauses of abuse correction, such as the law social and economic function, bona fide intentions, good manners and serious harm, tutoring, then, the whole of legitimate interests of the consumers – that is, their interests of property and existential nature – harmed by the abusive practice of suppliers in the consumer market.

Une vision et une cohérence d’ensemble : telles sont les qualités qui manquaient à la notion de déséquilibre significatif inscrite dans trois règles du Code de la consommation, du Code de commerce, et nouvellement du Code civil. Tels sont également les objectifs que se propose d’atteindre cette étude, au travers d’une double démarche. Par la conception, en premier lieu, d’une méthode unitaire et séquencée de qualification du déséquilibre significatif, construite à partir des deux règles spéciales, et applicable à chacune d’elles, mais aussi généralisable, au-delà de celles-ci, à la règle de droit commun des contrats. Par l’élaboration, d’autre part, d’un principe de solution destiné à régir l’articulation entre ces trois règles, prenant la forme d’un principe de non-cumul et de non-option, lequel suppose, pour être pleinement réalisé, de procéder à une redéfinition du domaine d’application personnel de chacune d’elles
A vision and an overall coherence: these are the qualities that were missing from the notion of Ŗsignificant imbalanceŗ inscribed in three rules of the Consumer code, the Commercial code, and, most recently, the Civil code. These are also the objectives that this study proposes to achieve through a double approach. First, it proposes a unitary and sequenced method of qualifying the significant imbalance constructed from the two special rules, and, while being applicable to each of special rules, it can also be generalized beyond them in the general rule of common law. Secondly, it elaborates to form a solution principle intended to govern the articulation between the new rule of common law and one of the pre-existing consumer or competition law, consisting of a principle of non-cumulation and non-option which requires, more broadly, a redefinition of the scope of both

Présentes dans de nombreux domaines, les clauses limitatives de réparation et les clauses exonératoires de responsabilité constituent une pratique très courante. Si elles se rencontrent le plus souvent en matière contractuelle, ces conventions peuvent également aménager la responsabilité extracontractuelle d’un potentiel responsable qui connaîtrait déjà la victime éventuelle, tel un voisin ou un cotraitant dans la réalisation d’un ouvrage. Malgré leur utilité et leur fréquence pratique, ces clauses pâtissent aujourd’hui d’un régime incertain, qui suscite nombre d’interrogations, tant en matière contractuelle qu’extracontractuelle. Pour savoir si une clause limitative ou exonératoire de responsabilité peut jouer en faveur du responsable, il faut dans un premier temps vérifier sa validité. Or, tant les droits spéciaux (droit des transports, droit de la consommation…) que la jurisprudence (notamment l’arrêt Chronopost) ont porté de multiples atteintes aux règles classiques de validité de ces stipulations. Il est dès lors nécessaire d’instaurer des directives renouvelées afin de clarifier cette question primordiale. Dans un second temps, il n’est pas certain que la clause relative à la responsabilité, pourtant valable, puisse déployer tous ses effets. L’efficacité de ces stipulations revêt ainsi une grande importance. Cependant, là encore, les règles de paralysie en cas de faute qualifiée du responsable, ainsi que celles qui gouvernent l’opposabilité des clauses aux tiers victimes d’un dommage causé par un manquement contractuel, méritent d’être rénovées pour balayer les incertitudes qui jalonnent aujourd’hui la matière. À l’heure où le droit de la responsabilité civile est en passe d’être réformé, cette étude propose un nouveau régime applicable aux clauses relatives à la responsabilité pour que la notion recouvre sa fonction de véritable outil de prévisibilité pour les parties
Limitation and exclusion clauses constitute a very common practice in many areas. Although they are more often used in the contractual field, these agreements can also change tort liability of a potential tortfeasor who would already know the potential victim, as a neighbour or a consortium member. Nowadays, despite their utility and practical frequency, these stipulations suffer from an uncertain regime, that gives rise to questions, as much in contractual field as in tort field. Firstly, to know whether an exclusion clause can be invoked by the responsible, we need to verify its validity. Yet, both laws in different fields (transport law, consumer law …) and case law (especially the famous Chronopost case) have affected the classic rules of validity of these stipulations. There is therefore a need to establish new guidelines to clarify this important question. Secondly, it is not certain that the exclusion clause, however valid, will apply. The effectiveness of these provisions is also of great importance. Nevertheless, the rules governing the paralysis in case of gross fault from the responsible and those who regulate the enforceability of clauses to third parties, victims of a damage caused by a breach of contract, should be renovated to sweep away the uncertainties that confuse the subject. At a time when French civil liability law is about to be reformed, this study proposes a new regime for exclusion and limitation clauses in order to restore their true function of foreseeability for parties

Le lien existant entre un sujet de droit (le consommateur) et un domaine du droit aussi technique que l’assurance n’est pas facile à appréhender. Son étude est pourtant nécessaire en égard à l’importance pratique de la question – les contrats d’assurance se comptent pas millions et les procès par milliers – et à son actualité fortement marquée par la « loi Hamon » du 17 mars 2014. Par-delà ces considérations, il est courant de souligner que, confronté à l’assurance, le consommateur est dans une situation de faiblesse et qu’il doit être protégé. Mais quelle branche du droit, du droit de la consommation ou du droit des assurances est la mieux à même de le faire ? Et des conflits de normes peuvent-ils survenir ? A cet égard, la protection offerte par le droit de la consommation est indéniable, notamment en matière d’information du consommateur ou de lutte contre les clauses abusives. Mais le droit des assurances n’a pas attendu l’avènement du courant consumériste pour protéger tout assuré et pas seulement les consommateurs. De ce point de vue, les deux droits n’ont pas la même conception ni du consommateur d’assurance, ni de ma manière dont l’assurance du consommateur doit être réglementée. Ce sont deux axes autour desquels la thèse s’articule. Celle-ci traite aussi bien des personnes à protéger que de l’étendue de la protection, en insistant pour chaque thème sur les conflits de normes réels ou potentiels
Analysing the link between a subject of law (the consumer) and a technical law area as technical as insurance law is not an easy task. Yet, such a study is necessary in view of the pratical importance of the issue – there are millions of insurance contracts underwritten and thousands of lawsuits – and given the highly topical « loi Hamon » adopted on March 17, 2014. Moreover it is a well-known fact that consumer is in a weak position xhen facing insurance and therefore requires protection. But wich area of law is best placed to protect him : consumer law or insurance law ? And may conflicts of laws arise ? Indeed consumer law offers an undoubted protection, in particular with regards to consumer information and fight against unfair contracts termes. However, insurance law dit not wait for the advent of consumerism to protect every policy holder and not only consumers. Both laws do not share the same view of insurance consumer nor of the way consumer insurance must be regulated. This thesis hangs on those two majors hinges. It defines not only who are the individuals to be protected but also what is the scope of that protection. In each case, actual and potential conflict of laws are specifically highlighted

L’office du juge est organisé par le Code de procédure civile au sein des principes directeurs : le juge est tenu de trancher le litige en droit et qu’il dispose, pour ce faire, de la faculté du relevé d’office de moyens de droit. Cette mission soulève une difficulté particulière en droit de la consommation, et notamment au regard du droit des clauses abusives et du crédit à la consommation : ces domaines impliquent la prise en compte du déséquilibre contractuel dû à la faiblesse du consommateur. L’office du juge est confronté à la nécessité de protéger cette « partie faible », ce qui pose la question de savoir si le juge dispose ou non de la faculté du relevé d’office. La difficulté de la réponse à y apporter ouvre une riche controverse (Partie 1) ; le législateur, au gré des réformes, et le juge, au gré des revirements, vont enrichir cette dernière pour finalement aboutir à une consécration du relevé d’office du juge (Partie 2).Le juge national avait d’abord clairement désapprouvé l’exercice du relevé d’office au nom de la notion d’ordre public de protection. La controverse était finalement soumise à l’appréciation du juge communautaire qui avait permis une consécration de la faculté du relevé d’office. Poussé par la jurisprudence communautaire, le législateur français avait fini par s’aligner sur cette exigence. Puis c’est une nouvelle impulsion de la jurisprudence communautaire qui va à nouveau remettre en cause le droit interne par la consécration d’une obligation du relevé d’office pour le juge. La nouvelle loi « Hamon » du 17 mars 2014 et la jurisprudence interne récente ne témoignent pas d’une réelle satisfaction des exigences posées par le droit communautaire.Il faut saisir, de l’ensemble de cette construction laborieuse de la jurisprudence et de la législation interne, la difficulté que pose la question du relevé d’office du juge en droit de la consommation, qui appelle de prochaines évolutions
The office of the judge is organized by the rules of the Code of civil procedure: the judge must solve the litigations in law, and that, in order to do that, he benefits from the right to raise his own motion. This mission raises a particular difficulty in consumer law, especially regarding the law of the unfair clauses and consumer credit: these fields imply taking into consideration the contractual imbalance due to the weakness of the consumer. The office of the judge is confronted to the necessity to protect this « weak party », which raises the question of knowing if the judge has the right to raise his own motion. The difficulty of the answer opens a rich controversy (Part 1): the legislator, at the whim of the reforms, and the judge, at the whim of the reversals, will enrich this latter to finally come to a recognition of the right to raise the motion of the judge (Part 2).First the national judge clearly disapproved the exercising of the right to raise one's own motion in the name of the concept of public order of protection. The controversy was finally submitted to the assessment of the Community judge who enabling a recognition of the right to raise the motion of the judge. Driven by the Community jurisprudence, the French legislator finally lined up with this requirement. Then, a new impulse of the Community jurisprudence will question again the national law by the recognition of the duty of the judge to raise his own motion. The new law « Hamon » of march 17th 2014 and the recent internal jurisprudence are not evidence of a real satisfaction of the requirement set down by the Community law.We must embrace, from this laborious construction of the jurisprudence and internal legislation, the difficulty raised by the question of the right for the judge to raise his own motion concerning law consumption, which calls for future evolutions

Le droit fiscal international contemporain vit une époque de bouleversement profond dont les développements relatifs à l’utilisation des conventions fiscales portent l’empreinte. La recherche conduira à s’intéresser à différents agissements qui se trouvent, grâce aux travaux consacrés au BEPS, sous le feu des projecteurs. Un éclairage nouveau s’avérait nécessaire, il a permis d’apporter un peu plus de lumière sur la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale trop longtemps restée dans l’ombre. Face à l’absence de définition unanimement consacrée, certains traits caractéristiques seront mis en évidence en insistant sur la dimension fonctionnelle de la notion qui épouse la forme d’un standard. Dans le cadre d’une analyse comparée menée à l’aune des droits français et américain, l’étude a pour objet de l’appréhender sous un regard nouveau en délimitant précisément les modalités de contrôle des opérations abusives. Les techniques de répression des abus mises en œuvre par les juges seront analysées. Les différents dispositifs internes et conventionnels anti-abus seront discutés en insistant sur les points de divergence et de convergence des politiques fiscales conventionnelles américaine et française. Une attention particulière sera portée aux conflits de norme inhérents à la juxtaposition de différents ordres fiscaux. L’idée selon laquelle, sous l’effet de l’instrument multilatéral notamment, la notion d’abus de convention fiscale internationale a acquis une individualité propre sera défendue. Il importera d’en préciser les conséquences au regard de la répression des abus par le juge français
Contemporary international fiscal law is undergoing a period of upheavals regarding the use of tax treaties. The research will lead to an interest in the different type of abuse that, thanks to the work devoted by the BEPS, are under the spotlight. It was necessary to shed some new light on the notion of tax treaty abuse that had long remained in the background. Faced with the absence of an unanimously adopted approach, many characteristics will be highlighted by insisting on the functional dimension of the notion which follows the form of a standard. In the context of a comparative analysis conducted in the light of French and American law, the object of the research is to analyse its several aspects from a new perspective by defining precisely the modalities of controlling abusive schemes. How judges deal with tax treaty avoidance strategies will be analysed. The various internal and international anti-abuses mechanisms will be discussed, highlighting the points of divergence and convergence of U.S. and French tax treaty policies. Attention will be paid to the conflicts of law regarding the juxtaposition of different tax order. The idea that under the effect of the multilateral instrument the notion of tax treaty abuse has acquired a distinct individuality will be defended. It will be important to specify what are the consequences for the application of the notion by the French judge

This chapter explores the final provisions of the citizens’ Directive, which do not concern a single specific issue. Rather, they concern the effective implementation of the Directive as a whole. They include provisions which are absolutely essential for the Directive to have any legal effect at all as well as those deemed necessary to ensure its effective implementation in practice. The most significant provision of these is Article 35, which concerns fraud or abuse of rights. This Article is unobjectionable to the extent that it confirms prior case law and merely reiterates that persons who do not qualify for the rights in the Directive cannot rely upon it. However, this statement begs the question as to who benefits from the rights in the first place. In the interests of legal certainty, it would be useful if the Court of Justice took an early opportunity to clarify the meaning of this clause.