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1
Rubio Alcalá, Carlos. "Topic extraction from adverbial clauses." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.5.1.3744.
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This paper offers new data to support findings about Topic extraction from adverbial clauses. Since such clauses are strong islands, they should not allow extraction of any kind, but we show here that if the appropriate conditions are met, Topics of the CLLD kind in Romance can move out of them. We propose that two conditions must be met for such movement to be possible: the first is that the adverbial clause must have undergone topicalisation in the first place; the second is that the adverbial clause is inherently topical from a semantic viewpoint. Contrast with other language families (Germanic, Quechua and Japanese) is provided and the semantic implications of the proposal are briefly discussed.Keywords: topicalisation; Clitic Left Dislocation; syntactic islands; adverbial clausesEste artículo ofrece nuevos datos sobre la extracción de Tópicos desde oraciones subordinadas adverbiales. Dado que dichas oraciones son islas fuertes, no deberían permitir extracción de ningún tipo, pero mostramos que si se dan las condiciones apropiadas, los Tópicos del tipo CLLD en lenguas románicas pueden desplazarse fuera de ellas. Proponemos que se deben cumplir dos condiciones para que ese movimiento sea posible: la primera es que la propia subordinada adverbial se haya topicalizado en primer lugar; la segunda es que la subordinada adverbial sea inherentemente un Tópico desde el punto de vista semántico. Proporcionamos también algunos contrastes con otras familias lingüísticas (germánica, quechua y japonés) y se discuten brevemente las implicaciones semánticas de la propuesta.Palabras clave: topicalización; dislocación a la izquierda con clítico; islas sintácticas; oraciones adverbiales
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Lahousse, Karen. "L’assertion et l’inversion du sujet nominal dans les subordonnées adverbiales." Ordre des mots et topologie de la phrase française 29, no. 1 (July 6, 2006): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.29.1.10lah.
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In this article we show that the distribution of nominal inversion is not the same in all types of embedded adverbial clauses. We present a new descriptive generalization according to which the appearance of postverbal subjects must necessarily be favoured by the presence of a spatio-temporal topic or an indication of the subject’s focal interpretation in asserted clauses (including concessive and causal clauses), but not in non-asserted clauses (including temporal, comparative and final clauses and embedded clauses beginning with sans que). We argue that the factors which must necessarily be present to license nominal inversion in asserted clauses indicate that the subject is not interpreted as the topic with respect to which the clause is asserted. In non-asserted clauses, the postverbal subject can never be interpreted as the topic with respect to which the clause is asserted, and no additional factors are needed for nominal inversion to be acceptable.
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Herrera Morera, Gisselle. "El infinitivo personal de las oraciones adverbiales en el español de Centroamérica (The Personal Infinitive in Adverbial Clauses in Central American Spanish)." LETRAS 2, no. 58 (January 30, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rl.2-58.1.
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En este trabajo se describen y analizan desde una perspectiva tipológico-funcional las estructuras de infinitivo personal en las oraciones adverbiales introducidas por una preposición + sujeto pronominal + infinitivo [PSpI] en el español de Centroamérica. Se concluye que no hay una tendencia al empleo de tal estructura en esta variedad, aunque se manifiesta como un fenómeno incipiente que podría acentuarse. This paper describes and analyzes, from a typological-functional perspective, personal infinitive structures in adverbial clauses introduced by a preposition + pronoun subject + infinitive [PSpI] in Central American Spanish to show that although there is not a trend to use this structure in this variety, it is an emerging phenomenon that could increase.
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Nowikow, Wiaczesław. "La selección modal en las cláusulas adverbiales introducidas por como si." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2019.464.003.
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The conjunction como si select usually in the subordinated adverbial clauses (modal, conditional and comparative) the tenses of the subjunctive mood cantara / cantase and hubiera / hubiese cantado. However in some papers is mentioned the possibility of the construction of como si with the tenses of indicative mood. This paper contains the analysis of the modal selection after como si and, particularly, the possible substitution of subjunctive by the indicative tenses. The analyses is realized on the ground of the corpus of Real Academia Española (CORPES XXI, CREA, CREA. Versión anotada).
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Qi, Zhu. "An Approach to the Translation of the Logical Adverbials of English Verbal-Nexuses into Chinese." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 40, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.40.2.04qi.
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Selon Jespersen, les "liaisons verbales" se réfèrent à des substantifs abstraits tels que "arrivée, admiration". Ces substantifs sont dérivés de verbes et ont donc des propriétés de verbe. La grammaire transformationnelle de Chomsky révèle qu'en tant que sujet, objet et adverbe, leurs formes logiques semblent être celles d'attributs, mais qu'en réalité, elles sont tranformées dans la structure profonde à partir des sujets, objets et adverbes, et qu'elles doivent par conséquent être traitées en tant que tels par le traducteur. En anglais, l'adverbialisation logique des "liaisons verbales" est un phénomène qui couvre un domaine étendu et est à l'origine de difficultés au moment de traduire. A la lumière de la théorie de Jespersen sur les mots-liaisons verbales et de la grammaire transformationnelle de Chomsky, l'auteur de l'article propose un moyen de traiter ce phénomène dans les traductions de l'anglais en chinois. Cette approche se situe à trois niveaux: les adverbes, les propositions adverbiales et les clauses adverbiales.
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Siagian, Melani Rahmi, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "Penanda Klausa Adverbial Dalam Bahasa Angkola." MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mm.v19i2.3447.
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An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that serves to provide information on the main clause. The presence of an adverbial clause is not a must, but it can help create coherence in a discourse. This study aims to describe the markers of adverbial clauses in Angkola language. The method used is descriptive qualitative markers. Data collections are conducted by speaking, listening, and taking notes. The data in this study are adverbial clauses in Angkola language obtained from native Angkola speakers and also written sources obtained from Angkola language books. Data analysis was carried out by matching the data with the theory contained in the study, namely adverbial clause markers in Angkola language sentences. The results showed that there were five types of adverbial clauses in Angkola language, namely temporal clauses marked by the word dung 'after' and dompak 'when', conditional clauses marked by the word molo 'if', causal clauses (causal clause) which is marked by the word harana 'because', the purpose clause (purposal clause) which is marked by the word anso 'so that/so', and the concession clause (consessive clause) which is marked by the words bope 'although' and aha pe 'what ever'. The use of adverbial clauses can be found at the initial or final position in a sentence.
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Wu, Hsiao-hung Iris. "The syntactic categories of adverbials in Isbukun Bunun." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 45, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00001.wu.
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Abstract This paper examines the morpho-syntactic properties of elements that realize adverbial meanings in Isbukun Bunun and investigates how its adverbs are syntactically represented. I show that most adverbial meanings are realized as verbs in this language, with only a few adverbial expressions realized as adverbs in the traditional sense. Specifically, the adverbial verbs, just like typical verbs, have to occur sentence-initially, take inflectional morphology and attract cliticization, whereas the genuine adverbs are invariable in form and exhibit relatively free distribution. The paper also presents evidence which bears on the debate concerning the syntax of adverbials and shows that a hybrid treatment is needed in which phrasal adverbs are adjoined to clauses while adverbial verbs are located in strictly-ordered functional projections in the backbone of the clause.
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Ruskan, Anna. "Evidential adverbials in Lithuanian: a corpus-based study." Kalbotyra 67, no. 67 (December 16, 2015): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/klbt.2015.8945.
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The present study examines the functional distribution of the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly/clearly’, tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ and aišku ‘clearly/of course’ in Lithuanian fiction and academic discourse. The aim of the study is to identify the evidential and/or pragmatic functions of perception and communication-based adverbials which can be traced synchronically to different syntactic environment (a predication manner adverbial and a CTP clause). The paper examines the frequency of these adverbials, their position, scope, functions, co-occurrence with argumentative markers, word class (adverb or non-agreeing adjective) and the type of discourse they occur in. The research is conducted by applying a corpus-based methodology and the data are obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely from the subcorpus of fiction, and the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian. The perception-based adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘clearly/visibly’ and aišku ‘clearly/of course’ denote inferences drawn from perceptual and conceptual evidence and contribute to persuasive authorial argumentation, while the communication-based adverbial tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ functions as a hearsay marker. The latter may also be used as an epistemic marker which refers to unreal or imagined situations. In contexts of common knowledge, the adverbial aišku ‘clearly/of course’ acquires interactional and textual functions and thus reveals traces of pragmaticalisation. In academic discourse, it signals interaction with the addressee and links units of discourse, while in fiction it functions as a speech act modifier in a variety of emotive contexts. The pragmaticalisation of aišku ‘clearly/of course’ is also marked by its high frequency, positional mobility (initial, medial, final) and scopal variability (clausal, phrasal). Alongside its discrete evidential and pragmatic functions, the adverbial aišku ‘clearly/of course’ displays the merger of the two functions. The adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly/clearly’ and tariamai ‘allegedly/supposedly’ do not acquire a pragmatic function, which is indicated by their frequency and position. The results of the present study corroborate the findings of previous studies that common sources of evidential adverbials and pragmatic markers in Lithuanian are verb-based, adjective-based and noun-based CTP clauses.
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Nau, Nicole. "Adverbial clause combining in Latgalian." Baltic Linguistics 9 (December 31, 2018): 45–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.369.
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This paper investigates techniques of clause combining in spoken Latgalian, based on a corpus of 5 hours of recorded interviews with eleven speakers from different parts of Latgalia (Eastern Latvia). The study focuses on inter-clausal relations that are most typically expressed by adverbial clauses and in grammars of European languages are largely associated with adverbial subordinators such as English when, if, because, or although. In spoken Latgalian these relations are most often marked by a combination of lexical, grammatical and prosodic features. Patterns described in detail include asyndetic constructions with grammatical marking, clause chaining, clause combining with semantically vague or polysemous connectives, and correlative constructions. The study calls for a broad understanding of adverbial clause combining, without recourse to the problematic concept of subordination and without assuming the complex sentence as a syntactic or textual unit. Such an approach is needed to pay justice to the intricate structures of fluent speech.
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Lipták, Anikó. "Relativization strategies in temporal adjunct clauses." Linguistic Variation Yearbook 2005 5 (December 31, 2005): 65–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/livy.5.04lip.
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This article takes a close look at the internal structure of temporal adverbial clauses in a number of unrelated languages, with a goal of uncovering the syntactic variation in these. The focus of discussion will be on temporal clauses that take the form offree relatives. It will be shown that there are minimally two different free relative strategies that can be found in temporal adverbial clauses: anordinary free relativestrategy with a gap in the position of a temporal modifier inside the relative clause and anIP-relativizationstrategy that involves relativization of the whole IP of the temporal clause. It will be shown that the latter strategy is awh-relativization strategy as well and it shows similarity to clausal relativization (sentences of the typeTom arrived, after which Susan left). The language in which the IP-relativization strategy will be isolated and fully analyzed is Hungarian. In this languagebefore/after-clauses (among some other temporal clauses) clearly exhibit a relative clause structure that is different from ordinary relatives. The evidence found in Hungarian will prove useful for the analysis of some temporal clauses in other languages as well. It will be shown that IP-relativization most probably underliesafter-clauses in German and Serbian, too. Further, a brief comparison of Hungarian temporal clauses to temporal clauses in other postpositional languages (Hindi and Basque) will suggest that the IP-relativization strategy inbefore/after-clauses can be thought of as a syntactic alternative tonominalization.
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Nurhasanah Purba and Mulyadi. "Subordinate Clauses Used in Anak Boru Sanina in Simalungun Wedding Ceremony." Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/lakhomi.v1i1.340.
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The aims of this study is to find out subordinative clause in Anak boru sanina utterances in simakungun wedding ceremony. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The result shows that the study is found only adverbial clause while noun clause and relative clause are do not found. The kind of adverbial clause that found are 13 clauses containing of purpose, 9 clauses are containing of manner, 4 clause are containing of causes, 2 clauses are containing of effect, and 2 clauses are containing of condition. The discussion shows that adverbial clause most appear in Anak Boru Sanina utterances in Simalungun wedding ceremony because in this position Anak Boru Sanina as the leader of wedding ceremony so all the utterances containing of adverb clause and the most is purpose to carry out the role of Simalungun culture.
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Fauziah, Anisak Syaid, Mustofa Kamal, Djatmika Djatmika, and Sumarlam Sumarlam. "PERBEDAAN ANTARA KLAUSA SUBORDINATIF BAHASA INDONESIA DAN BAHASA INGGRIS." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 14, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v14i2.324.
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The aim of this study was to describe the difference between subordinate in Indonesian and in English viewed from subordinate clause theory from Jim Miller. This study used qualitative descriptive approach. Primary data of this study were written texts containing sentences and clauses in English and Indonesian the corpus of which was selected from academic texts. Data were collected using record. Segmenting immediate constituent was used to analyze the data. The research revealed that Indonesian has neither elliptic conjunction in all relative and adverbial clauses nor non-finite subordinate clauses. English has no elliptic conjunction only in relative clauses showing possessiveness and all adverbial clauses except for time and result but has non-finite subordinate clauses. Indonesian has no relative clause elliptic conjunction non-finite subordinate clause. English relative clause elliptic conjunction is available and empty elliptic conjunction in all adverbial clauses appear. English has non-finite subordinate clauses.
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Rakhmasari, Dwi Lia. "Reduced Adverbial Clause In English." English Education and Literature Journal (E-Jou) 2, no. 01 (January 29, 2022): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53863/ejou.v2i01.373.
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Human cannot communicate with one another without language. Good language will affect the effectiveness of the information delivery. Using a good adverb clause is one of effective sentence example. However, the continuous use of adverb clauses will also create redundancies in the delivery of information. Therefore, it is necessary to have a variety of uses of adverb clauses, one of which is the use of reducing adverb clauses. This research provides a description of what elements that can be reduced in the Reduced Adverbial Clause and what changes that occurs in Reduced Adverbial Clause after the reduction process is carried out. The data of this research is collected from corpus with note-taking technique. This study uses qualitative methods with interactive techniques. Interactive technique covers three components, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. This research found that adverbial clause can be reduces as long as it has the same subject. Elements that can be reduced in adverbial clause are subject, subject and auxiliary, and conjunction. The changes of reduced clause can be in the form of present participle, past participle, and clause without subject and auxiliaries. Keywords: Reduced Adverbial Clause, Language, Adverbial Clause
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Mansfield, John, and Danielle Barth. "Clause chaining and the utterance phrase: Syntax–prosody mapping in Matukar Panau." Open Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2021-0023.
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Abstract Clause chaining is a form of syntactic dependency holding between a series of clauses, typically expressing temporal or causal relations between events. Prosodic hierarchy theory proposes that syntactic constituents are systematically mapped to prosodic constituents, but most versions of the theory do not account for clause chain syntax. This article presents original data from Matukar Panau, a clause-chaining Oceanic (Austronesian) language of Papua New Guinea. The clause chain is a syntactic constituent in which final-clause TAM scopes over preceding clauses. There are also other types of multi-clausal structures, encompassing subordinate adverbial clauses, and verbless copula clauses, and we analyse all these as instances of the “syntactic sentence.” The syntactic sentence maps to a distinct prosodic domain, marked by the scaling of L% boundary tones, and we equate this domain with the “utterance phrase” posited in some versions of prosodic hierarchy theory. The prosodic characteristics of the Matukar Panau utterance phrase are similar to those found in non-chaining languages, but while other languages use this prosody to mark pragmatically related groups of clauses, in Matukar Panau it most commonly maps to a syntactic sentence.
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Genetti, Carol. "The participial construction of Dolakhā Newar." Studies in Language 29, no. 1 (March 11, 2005): 35–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.29.1.03gen.
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The terms “(clause) chaining” and “converbal constructions” are used for the classification of similar types of clause linkage. Chaining is generally used for constructions which do not entail subordination, while converbs are defined as subordinate. In Dolakhā Newar adverbial and “participial” clauses are not syntactically distinct, but neither are they subordinate. I propose that the term “converb” be redefined as a clause-linkage strategy that subsumes adverbial clauses and clauses akin to the Dolakhāe “participial”, and that there be no requirement that converbs be either subordinate or adverbial. I provide an analysis of “case prolepsis”, the casemarking of an argument by a verb in a non-adjacent clause, and argue that this results from the participial construction applying at a distinct level of clause structure.
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Tomić, Božana. "The Frequency and Use of Communicative Verbs Show, Speak, Talk - Argue Within Adverbial Clauses in Written and Spoken Discourse." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (May 15, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/288ckm71r.
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The focus of this paper is on usage of communicative verbs show, speak, talk and argue within adverbial clauses. Since adverbial clauses are used to realize time, place, manner and contingency semantic categories, the main goal of this paper is to illustrate the use of adverbial clauses that have communicative verbs show, speak, talk, and argue as verbals. The aim is to analyze the frequency and distribution of the verbs show, speak, talk and argue in all types of adverbial clauses. We will also present similarities and dissimilarities of their use in the specific adverbial clauses, and show the specific features of their use within each type of adverbial clause. We will also determine the most frequent type of adverbial clause in each register. The goal is also to present certain features of the selected verbs along with their practical use in spoken and written language. Except that, we will also determine the most frequently used subordinators that introduce all types of adverbial clauses, their use and distribution across analyzed corpus.
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Jasionytė-Mikučionienė, Erika. "On adverbial clauses in spoken Lithuanian." Lietuvių kalba, no. 15 (December 28, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2020.22443.
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The aim of the paper is to investigate adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession in spontaneous private communication. The study explores semantic relations between the main and subordinate clauses, grammatical features and predominant conjunctions.The data for the research was collected from the morphologically annotated Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, namely, its sub-corpus of spontaneous private speech which is used at home, at friends’ place, or which is produced by close friends.The analysis of spontaneous private communication shows that the finite adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession are related to a set of conjunctions, but other indicators such as the use of verbal categories (especially tense, aspect and mood), contextual lexical markers as well as pragmatic inference also help to determine the semantic relationship between the main and the subordinate clause.In a spoken language, temporal clauses are usually combined with the conjunctions kai, kaip ‘when’, kol ‘while’, less frequently – with kada ‘when’; causal clauses are combined with the conjunction nes ‘because; since’, less frequently – with kad and kadangi ‘because’; conditional clauses are typically combined with the conjunction jeigu ‘if’, less frequently – with jei ‘if’, concessive clauses – with the conjunction nors ‘though’. The conjunctions kai ‘when’, kol ‘while’, kadangi ‘because’, jeigu and jei ‘if’ correlate with the particle tai that is very frequent in a spoken language, while the conjunction nors ‘though’ – with the contrastive conjunction bet ‘but’.In the natural language flow, the structure of adverbial sentences is modified: other sentential and discourse units can intervene between the main and the subordinate clauses, and the adverbial conjunction moves from the initial to the medial position.Traditional Lithuanian grammars emphasise that the position of adverbial clauses is undefined: they can appear before or after the main clause. However, the analysis of spontaneous speech shows that the position of a subordinate clause is influenced by the semantic relationship between the clauses. If a subordinate clause refers to a previous action or event, then it dominates in a preposition. Besides, the position of an adverbial clause is also influenced by correlative conjunctions: the main clause with the correlative particle tai dominates in the postposition.The research also revealed that Lithuanian adverbial clauses could function at the discourse level: in dialogues, the structure of a complex sentence is broken down and subordinate adverbial clauses can acquire additional – discourse – functions. Adverbial conjunctions, in their turn, can indicate relations with a previous discourse.
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Li, Wenwen, and Yijun Long. "A Development Study on the Ordering Distribution of Temporal Adverbial Clauses by Chinese EFL Learners Based on Dependency Treebank." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2022-0404.
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Abstract Temporal adverbial clause is an important language structure and exhibits different features in English and Chinese, which brings about difficulties for Chinese EFL learners. Based on the theory of Dependency Grammar, the study attempts to investigate the ordering distribution of temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners at the beginning, intermediate and advanced levels. The results show that: 1) Chinese EFL learners at different proficiencies tend to precede temporal adverbial clause to main clause. With the increase of proficiency, the postposition of temporal adverbial clauses by learners increases and is approaching to the ordering preference of target language. 2) The ordering distribution of subordinators for temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners is consistent with native English, showing a tendency of 100% preposition, which ascribes to the high frequency and salience of subordinators in English. 3) MDD is one of the significant motivations that cause the preference of prepositional temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners. As a kind of natural language, interlanguage has a unique cognitive mechanism which distinguishes from both native and target language. This study provides a more comprehensive theoretical reference for learners at different proficiencies to understand and learn temporal adverbial clauses, as well as data support from empirical research for language teaching.
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Kanaby, Dler Sadiq, and Shukry Ahmad Muhammad. "The role of iconization in the order of the adverbial clause in the Kurdish language." Twejer 5, no. 1 (June 2022): 417–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2251.10.
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This study is an attempt to establish the order of the adverbial clause in the Kurdish language, and to identify the main place of this kind of clause by taking advantage of (iconicity factor) from the functional-typological point of view, which precedes or followers the main clause. Adverbial clauses are the sub-sentences, which appear in complex sentences and describe a part of the main clause or the whole main clause. This type of clause in the Kurdish language is divided into several types, such as adverbial clauses (time, place, causal, conditional, purpose, result, measure, and vice versa), which can be preceded and followed by main clause. In order to determine the main location of the types of adverbial clause from a functional-typological point of view, a number of factors have been taken into account, which is one of the factors (the iconicity factor). According to viewpoints (Diessel: 2005, 2008, 2011) the iconicity factors an important role in ordering and identifying certain types of adverbial clause such as clauses (time, place, conditional, purpose and result). The iconicity factor is the order of events outside the language, which must similarly be order within the language. That is, how the event occurs outside the language, it must be reflected in the language in the same way. If an adverbial clause event occurs before main clause outside the language, it must be reflection the same way inside the language. That is to say, the adverbial clause precedes of the main clause. First, we try to discuss the concept, definition, and types of iconicity, and then discuss the role of this doing factor in the ranking of the types of adverbial clause in the Kurdish language.
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FONTEYN, LAUREN, and NIKKI VAN DE POL. "Divide and conquer: the formation and functional dynamics of the Modern English ing-clause network." English Language and Linguistics 20, no. 2 (October 14, 2015): 185–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674315000258.
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The present article offers a corpus-based analysis of the diachronic development of the usage profiles of three adverbial non-finite clauses in Modern English: the free adjunct, the verbal gerund and the absolute construction. By treating present-participial adverbial clauses and adverbial gerunds as part of a single adverbial ing-clause network, this article sheds new light on the different semantic and functional-pragmatic factors motivating the formal variation within the ing-clause network. By means of two mixed-model logistic regression analyses, we determine the relative impact of the independent variables of adverbial semantics, position, degree of coreference and length on the language user's choice in (i) whether or not to include augmentation (syndesis) and (ii) whether or not to include an overt subject in the adverbial ing-clause. The resulting picture is one of an emerging adverbial ing-clause network in which the internal variation is determined by principles of processing complexity.
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Klimenko, Sergei. "A corpus study of kasama ‘companion’ in Tagalog." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 46, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 240–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.00019.kli.
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Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based study of a number of different types of previously undescribed constructions formed with the Tagalog noun kasama ‘companion’. Apart from independent and attributive uses, kasama frequently occurs as the predicate of an adjunct clause that can introduce a comitative participant, a semantically depictive secondary predicate, an event-oriented adjunct, or a predicative complement. The study analyses the frequency of kasama in all of these types of constructions and looks into their specific properties. This includes: the semantic distinction between additive and inclusory constructions with kasama; animacy agreement between arguments of kasama in additive constructions; variation in case marking of arguments of kasama; the preponderance of the absence of linkers – commonly known to introduce adverbial clauses in Tagalog – which are used to attach the kasama clause to the main clause; attested controllers of the kasama clause; positions available for the kasama clause in the sentence. Variation in case marking and compatibility with linkers suggests a classification of Tagalog adjunct clauses similar to that of Tagalog adverbials and prepositions. There is also some evidence to believe that kasama is being grammaticalized as a preposition. Comitative and semantically depictive constructions with kasama, which account for a quarter of the corpus sample, have never been studied before, despite the fact that Tagalog is included in several typological studies on comitative and depictive constructions.
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Lahousse, Karen. "Information structure and epistemic modality in adverbial clauses in French." Studies in Language 34, no. 2 (August 13, 2010): 298–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.34.2.03lah.
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In this paper it is argued that, contrary to what is often assumed, embedded adverbial clauses have an information structure articulation independent from that of the main clause. More particularly, it is shown that the specific way in which information structure is expressed in adverbial clauses depends on the possibility vs. impossibility of epistemic qualification in the adverbial clause. The claim is based on new empirical evidence concerning the distribution of a clearly information structure-driven syntactic configuration: verb-subject word order in French.
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Wahyu Nugraha, I Komang Sulatra, and Purwati. "SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ADULTERY NOVEL." SPHOTA: Jurnal Linguistik dan Sastra 12, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/sphota.v12i1.681.
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A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It explains and gives more information to the main clause. There are three major types of subordinate clause such as: Complement Clause, Relative Clause, and Adverbial Clause (Miller, 2002:63). This research is a library research that aims to find out types and functions of subordinate clause found in Adultery. This research uses several theories from expert in other to analyze the problems in this study. The book written by Jim Miller (2002) entitled An Introduction to English Syntax and the book written by Bas Aarts (2001) entitled English Syntax and Argumentation, Second Edition are used. It is stated that there are three major types of subordinate clause that can be recognized as Complement clause, Relative clause, and Adverbial Clause. Then, the clause functions such as Clauses Functioning as Subject, Clause Functioning as Direct Object, Clauses Functioning as Adjunct and Clauses Functioning as Complements within Phrases. The result of this research shows that three major types of subordinate clause are found. Furthermore, the clause functions are also found as well, however only Clauses Functioning as Subject weren’t found in this research.
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Flaate Høyem, Inghild. "Ereigniskontrollierte Adjunkte im Deutschen." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 47, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 507–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2019-0023.
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Abstract The present paper investigates small clause adjuncts displaying the phenomenon referred to as ‘event control’ in literature. Many languages, including German, employ non-finite clauses (besides finite clauses) as propositional adjuncts, for instance infinitival, participial and small clause adjuncts. The subject of these adjunct clauses is left unexpressed and must generally be interpreted co-referentially with the subject or object of the matrix clause (subject or object control), but the matrix event itself can also be interpreted as the controller. Adjuncts involving event control have, to my knowledge, never been examined jointly or particularly thoroughly. The aim of this paper is therefore to provide insight into German data involving event control in different kinds of non-finite propositional adjunct clauses, by examining common and diverging syntactic and semantic properties. The data comprises nominative DPs (Germ. Satzappositionen), adverbial infinitives headed by um (Engl. in order to), adverbial present and past participle constructions, and adverbial small clauses headed by the particle als. Furthermore, I discuss briefly how these data could be captured theoretically, by analyzing them as adjuncts in different syntactic-semantic domains and as obligatorily controlled (OC) adjuncts according to the OC-properties described by Landau (2013).
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Artawa, Ketut, Made Sri Satyawati, Shiohara Asako, and Ketut Widya Purnawati. "Temporal Adverbial Clause Markings In Balinese." International Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i2.12776.
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Temporal adverbial functions can be realized by a subordinate clause. This subordinate clause is called temporal adverbial clause. The temporal adverbial clause is marked by a particular word(s) according to its semantic function. Balinese has several temporal adverbial clause markers, which can be in a simple or a complex form. The simple form is one word marker, while the complex form can be a phrase. Although there is a set of semantic function classifications, but somehow, not all of those semantic functions of the temporal adverbial in Balinese are filled by an adverbial clause. This paper focuses on the markers of those temporal adverbials, which are realized by an adverbial clause. The data in this paper, which are obtained from several short stories collections in Balinese, are descriptively analyzed. The result showed that Balinese has a number of marker variations, which do not only depend on the semantic function of temporal adverbial, but also depend on the speech level of the utterance. This means that a particular semantic function may be exclusively marked by several markers.
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Kongsakorn, Janjira, and Prommintra Kongkaew. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMPLEX SENTENCES USED IN SELECTED THAI POLITICAL NEWS IN ONLINE BANGKOK POST." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i3.2017.1751.
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The present work aimed to analyze complex sentences and study the types of the complex sentences as used in the selected Thai political news stories from online Bangkok Post. Four Thai political news stories were selected for the study. They were the news stories published in April 2016. The news stories were analyzed based on the following types: Adverbial clauses, relative clauses and nominal clauses. The study found that the complex sentence type which was used with the highest frequency was a nominal clause. It accounted for 44 %. The type of the complex sentence; which was ranked second in use was an adverbial clause. It accounted for 29%. The type of the complex sentences which was least used was a relative clause. It represents 27 %.
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Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita, and Katsunobu Izutsu. "Stopgap subordinators and and but: A non-canonical structure emergent from interactional needs and typological requirements." Cognitive Linguistics 28, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 239–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0027.
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AbstractThe present article examines the usage of coordinators as subordinating devices. An investigation of a corpus of spoken American English reveals that and and but can occupy clause-final position and be used for marking syntactic and functional asymmetries. It has been pointed out that such final coordinators arise as a result of interactional contingencies (Barth-Weingarten 2014, Dialogism and the emergence of final particles: The case of and. In Susanne Günthner, Wolfgang Imo & Jörg Bücker (eds.), Grammar and dialogism, 335–366. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter). However, a cross-linguistic observation suggests that not all coordinators can be used as clause-final elements. Our research demonstrates that the emergence of clause-final and and but does not only come from interactional needs but also presupposes typological requirements. Head-initial (VO) languages like English, where adverbial clauses are marked by clause-initial subordinators, are subject to three competing motivations for the ordering of main and adverbial clauses (Diessel 2005, Competing motivations for the ordering of main and adverbial clauses. Linguistics 43(3). 449–470). Our study contends that clause-final coordinators serve as stopgap subordinators, which help to resolve such competition between the three motivating forces.
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Catasso, Nicholas. "Some notes on central causal clauses in Venetian." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 57, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 519–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2021-0020.
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Abstract The goal of this paper is to provide novel evidence in favor of an integration of Haegeman’s (2002) taxonomy of adverbial clause subordination by discussing some data from C-introduced causal constructs in Venetian, the Italo-Romance dialect spoken in the city of Venice. Haegeman’s model is based on a two-class categorization of adverbial structures into central clauses, in which matrix-clause phenomena (such as the licensing of some sentence-initial or sentence-final discourse particle-like items, XP-fronting) are excluded, and peripheral clauses, in which these phenomena are licit. The external-syntactic distinction predicted by this model, namely a semantic differentiation resulting from TP/VP-adjunction for central vs. CP-adjunction for peripheral adverbial clauses, has severe consequences for the internal syntax of the a/m constructions, the most striking being the absence of the upper projections of the Split CP of central constructs. The data presented in this paper, however, suggest that (at least) in Venetian, (some) main-clause phenomena may also be licensed in central adverbial clauses under specific circumstances. Additionally, it will be shown that the conclusions drawn from the observation of the Venetian data match the behavior of the same constructions in Standard Italian, as well as in other languages, under the very same conditions.
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PENTREL, MEIKE. "Connecting the present and the past: cognitive processing and the position of adverbial clauses in Samuel Pepys's Diary." English Language and Linguistics 21, no. 2 (July 2017): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674317000120.
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The present article studies the linear order of main and temporal adverbial clauses in theDiary of Samuel Pepys (1660–1669). In the development of a framework that combines cognitive and historical data, processing principles identified for Present-day English (e.g. Prideaux 1989; Diessel 2008) are tested for this ego-document from the seventeenth century. The factors investigated are the iconic temporal order of both clauses, the length of the adverbial clause and the implied meaning of the clauses. Moreover, the discourse function of the respective clauses will be discussed. On the basis of the Uniformitarian Principle, the present study assumes that processing principles that are valid for Present-day English predict the position of the clause in past language stages to a similar extent.
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Whitmal, Ayana. "Deriving a complex <em>BIN</em> through adverbial <em>BIN</em> complexes." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 5288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5288.
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Work by Green (1998) discusses 3 sub-types of stressed BIN in African American English (AAE): stative, habitual, and completive. BIN constructions that co-occur with temporal adverbials exhibit limited grammaticality, with each sub-type differing in how they interact with these adverbials. Non-BIN constructions that involve multiple instances in the same clause of adverbials of the same class exhibit restrictions that resemble BIN + adverbial data. Drawing on works that analyze BIN as a remote past marker (Rickford 1975, Green 1998) and on works connecting adverbial position to interpretation (Ernst 2020), I argue that BIN is an adverbial itself that situates the initiation of an eventuality in the remote past. This adverbial BIN, in concert with certain combinations of tense and aspect, forms a complex that makes up the canonical BIN construction.
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Andersen, Torben. "Clause-internal antitopics in Berta, a Nilo-Saharan verb-second language." Studies in Language 41, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 99–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.41.1.04and.
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This article deals with clausal constituent order and dislocation constructions in Berta, a Nilo-Saharan language with indicative clauses being verb-second. The preverbal slot is occupied by either an unmarked NP which may have any or no grammatical relation to the verb, a focus constituent, or a particular function word. This slot may be empty, but in that case it implies a zero third person referent. In addition to left-dislocated NPs, which are clause-external and which are resumed pronominally clause-internally, in some cases by zero, Berta also has a construction in which an NP is right-dislocated but remains inside the clause. This “antitopic” is marked by a preposition, and it has a clause-internal pronominal antecedent which may be zero and which is either a subject, an object or an adverbial. The clause-internal status of the antitopic is evidenced by the fact that it may be followed by certain other clause-internal constituents.
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HAEGEMAN, LILIANE. "The movement analysis of temporal adverbial clauses." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 3 (October 19, 2009): 385–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309990165.
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In the literature it has been proposed that temporal adverbial clauses can be derived by wh-movement of an operator (e.g. when) to the left periphery (Geis 1970, 1975; Enç 1987: 655; Larson 1987, 1990; Dubinsky & Williams 1995; Declerck 1997; Demirdache & Uribe-Etxebarria 2004: 165–70). After reviewing the arguments that have been proposed in favour of such a movement analysis, the article provides additional empirical evidence in support of the analysis. The data concern so-called Main Clause Phenomena (MCP) or Root phenomena, that is, syntactic phenomena such as argument fronting, Locative Inversion, preposing around be, VP preposing and Negative Inversion, which in English are by and large restricted to main clauses. The unavailability of these MCP in temporal adverbial clauses follows directly from the movement account. The movement analysis will be extended to conditional clauses and factive clauses.
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Lahousse, Karen. "La distribution de l’inversion nominale en français dans les principales non interrogatives et les subordonnées circonstan." Grammaires et Lexiques Comparés 26, no. 1 (September 30, 2003): 123–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.26.1.10lah.
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Summary This article deals with the distribution of nominal inversion in non-interrogative main clauses and embedded adverbial clauses in French. As for main clauses, it is established that nominal inversion occurs when the clause contains a stage topic, i.e. a spatio-temporal location, whether overt (indicated by an adverb or PP) or covert (indicated by a spatio-temporal link with the preceding context). Then, it is shown that nominal inversion is also allowed in main clauses when the subject is a restrictive focus, because of the presence of a restrictive focus particle such as ne...que or seul, or because of the reference of the subject being exhaustively specified. It is then shown that both principles also explain the occurrence of nominal inversion in embedded adverbial clauses: in temporal clauses, nominal inversion is licensed without the presence of an additional factor, whereas, in causal and concessive clauses, nominal inversion is only allowed if the clause contains a stage topic or an indication of the focal interpretation of the subject. Finally, it is shown that the same explanation also acccounts for nominal inversion in comparative clauses and in main clauses preceded by the comparative adverb of manner ainsi.
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Wong, May L.-Y. "Corpora and intuition: a study of Mandarin Chinese adverbial clauses and subjecthood." Corpora 1, no. 2 (November 2006): 187–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2006.1.2.187.
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This paper presents a corpus-based approach to investigating the distribution of adverbial clauses and their subjects (overt vs. non-overt) in spoken and written Mandarin Chinese. It argues that the choice of subject type is determined by three variables, namely, given-new information, semantic function of adverbial clause and text type. In written Chinese, the distribution of subject types varies across semantic classes of adverbial clauses, but not across text categories. The influence of semantic classes on the distribution of subject types, however, depends on text type. For the same semantic function, the decision as to whether to include a subject is governed by given and new information. In contrasting the distribution of subject types of adverbial clauses across speech and writing, it was found that both spoken and written Chinese use more overt subjects in clauses of reason. Methodologically, this study demonstrates how quantitative corpus-linguistic methods can be used to supplement introspective theoretical assumptions with authentic, observable evidence in order to gain better insights into the behaviour of adverbial clauses in speech and writing.
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Adam, Brahim. "Negation in Musgum." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.3.16.
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This paper studies the negation construction in musgum language.We collect the musgum data on negation from native users and analyse them in terms of Kayne’s (1994) antisymmetry and Rizzi’s (1997) split CP approaches. We identify the free negation element (á:à) and several negation markers (kài, kirkài, kài tiŋ and kirkài tiŋ) that close independent and complex clauses. In complex structures with completive and relative clauses, the main clause cannot contain a negation marker. In complex structure with adverbial clause, negation marker can be present in main and adverbial clauses. We discover that Negation Phrase is the highest projection, higher than Force Phrase, rejecting the split‐CP projections order of Rizzi (1997). When the negation head is generated, Inflexion Phrase is subject to heavy pied‐piping. It occupies the specifier of Negation Phrase.
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Twose, Gareth. "What's in a clause?" Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 17, no. 1 (February 2008): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947007085056.
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In this article, I aim to identify and explicate stylistic distinctiveness in the use of - ed clauses in parts of Milton's Paradise Lost, in the process testing findings outlined in a 1968 article by Seymour Chatman. I compare the frequency of occurrence of the clause type in the Milton texts with that in a constructed corpus of Early Modern English poetry, and with that in the Helsinki corpus. I measure differences in usage of the clause type by focusing on the use of -ed clauses in stretched chains of control, and on the way adverbially functioning -ed clauses map onto conceptual semantic space. I demonstrate how literary effects are conditioned and enabled by the clause type's properties as outlined in cross-linguistic studies. I prove that in the data analysed Milton's use of -ed clauses is a distinctive feature of his style.
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Wang, Leihong. "An Event Structure Analysis of Object-oriented Adverbial Clauses." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0901.15.
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In Mandarin Chinese, there exists such adverbial clause as “Li Zhen cuicuide zhale yipan huashengmi” (Li Zhen fried a dish of peanuts crispy), in which the adverbial modifies the predicate verb but semantically orients to the object. This kind adverbial clause can be formulated as “NPs+APo+De+VP+NPo=NP+VP+O and O is characterized by the adverbial”. The object-oriented adverbial clause is a mismatched syntax-semantics phenomenon, with the mapping between form and meaning distorted. Many previous studies have proposed not fully identical analyses for the syntactic distribution, pragmatic motivation and constraints. However, few researches have made syntactic and semantic analyses from the perspective of event structure in the framework of formal linguistics, which leaves wide space for further study.Event structure theory is adopted in this paper to make analysis of object-oriented adverbial clauses in event semantics perspective. This paper aims to examine the syntactic structure from the perspective of event semantic structure and explore how event structure is represented in syntactic structure of object-oriented adverbial clause.
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Sahkai, Heete, and Anne Tamm. "Verb placement and accentuation: Does prosody constrain the Estonian V2?" Open Linguistics 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 729–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2019-0040.
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AbstractThe paper contributes to the understanding of the variation in finite verb placement in Estonian, a verb-second language, by establishing two descriptive facts. First, it identifies a previously undescribed finite verb position in Estonian declarative main clauses, which will be referred to as ‘clause-medial’. The clause-medial position is located between clause-medial sentence adverbials on the one hand, and VP adverbials and the complements of the verb on the other hand. Secondly, the paper reports two empirical studies providing evidence in support of the hypothesis that the occurrence of a finite verb in the proposed clause-medial position, as opposed to its occurrence in the second position, correlates with its accentuation. While clause-medial verbs tend to bear a nuclear pitch accent, second-position verbs don’t. Finally, the paper briefly discusses some broader implications of the existence of the clause-medial finite verb position and of the interaction between verb placement and prosody.
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Hampe, Beate, and Stefan Th Gries. "Syntax from and for discourse II: More on complex sentences as meso-constructions." Yearbook of the German Cognitive Linguistics Association 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gcla-2018-0006.
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Abstract This paper presents a direct continuation of preceding corpus-linguistic research on complex sentence constructions with temporal adverbial clauses in a cognitive and usage-based framework (Diessel 2008; Hampe 2015). Working towards a more systematic construction-based account of complex sentences with before-, after-, until- and once-clauses in spontaneously spoken English, Hampe (2015) hypothesised that the morpho-syntactic realisations of configurations with initial adverbial clauses systematically diverge from those of configurations with final ones as a reflection of the specific functionality of each and that usage properties that are found across instantiations with a coherent functional load are retained in the schematisations creating constructions. This paper employs a multinomial regression in order to test to which extent each of eight closely related complex-sentence constructions with either initial or final before-, after-, until- and once-clauses can be predicted from the realisation of a few key morpho-syntactic properties of the respective adverbial and matrix clauses involved. The results support an analysis of complex-sentence constructions as meso-constructions that are not only specific about the subordinator and the positioning of the adverbial clause, but also retain “traces” of characteristic usage properties.
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Gborsong, Philip Arthur, and Anita B. Appartaim. "An examination of the placement of adverbials in the academic writing of fresh undergraduate students in the University of Cape Coast, Ghana." EJOTMAS: Ekpoma Journal of Theatre and Media Arts 7, no. 1-2 (April 15, 2020): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejotmas.v7i1-2.8.
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Rules have been formulated on how adverbials are used. Such rules as stated by Quirk and Greenbaum (1973), Hornby (1975) and Swan (1995) are silent on how a few adverbials that have no restrictions regarding their position and order in sentences should be used. This paper, relying on language variation in the second language setting as a theoretical framework, explored how undergraduate students used these kinds of mobile adverbials. The quantitative research design and a simple random sampling were applied to select a total of 100 essays and exercises from fresh undergraduates of the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. Analysing these essays and exercises, we concluded that although the adverbial is an optional clausal element, the undergraduate students used it in providing further information on the other clausal elements. In addition, the undergraduate students often placed the adverbials in the mid position of their sentences.
Keywords: Adverbials, GE, Undergraduate students, Clausal elements, Effective communication
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Sumardi, Apen, and Mashadi Said. "ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSES IN “THE SECRET GARDEN” BY FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v3i1.6008.
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This research aims to analyze the adjective and adverbial clauses in “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett. The method used in this research is a content analysis which is to describes the adjective clause and adverbial clause in the novel. Data are obtained, analyzed, and described based on the sentences in the novel. The relative pronoun's adjective shows the highest percentage of 130 or 86%, while relative adverbs show 22 or 14%. The adjective clause in relative pronouns shows the highest percentage caused by the complex sentences, mostly describing someone or things in most sentences in the novel. Meanwhile, adjective clause in time shows 154 or 63%, manner 46 or 19%, reason 35 or 14%, condition 6 or 2%, and concession 4 2%. Adverbial clause in time shows the highest percentage caused by most sentences tell about the time in almost every page.<p> </p>
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Witzenhausen, Elisabeth. "Von Negation zu Domänensubtraktion." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 141, no. 1 (February 22, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2019-0001.
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Abstract Middle Low German (MLG) underwent Jespersen’s Cycle, a change in the expression of sentential negation, whereby a preverbal marker ni (stage I) was adjoined by an adverbial niht (stage II) in the transition towards MLG, and was eventually replaced by it (stage III). In this article, I argue that the single preverbal particle ne/en in MLG became a marker of negation which is located syntactically higher, i. e. above the clause boundary, than the clause in which ne/en appears. This analysis is based on a corpus study investigating MLG exceptive clauses (English unless-clauses). Both on semantic and syntactic grounds, it is shown that these clauses can be explained as being complements of an operator that subtracts the proposition in the exceptive clause from the modal domain of a universal quantifier.
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Prabawati, Ni Luh Satya, I. Gusti Bagus Wahyu Nugraha Putra, and I. Wayan Sidha Karya. "THE STUDY OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN CHINA DAILY NEWSPAPER." Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 2 (2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/jll.2020.v8i2.3578.
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Learning about subordinate clause it gives the understandings of the fuller descriptions of the main clause. This study aimed to find out the types of subordinate clause in complex sentences found in China Daily Newspaper. The data was collected through library research. This study used qualitative analysis method to describe and analysis the data found. The theory proposed by Miller (2002) is used to analyze the types of subordinate clause in complex sentences. The data analysis was presented through formal and informal method. Based on the result, there were three types of subordinate clause found in China daily Newspaper, namely relative clause, adverbial clause, and complement clause. This research found 61 subordinate clauses of complex sentences. Among the three types of subordinate clause, Relative clause is the most frequently found as modifier which 32 data or 52% and followed by Adverbial clause which 20 data or 33%. While the least frequently found is Complement clause which 9 data or 15%.
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Bruening, Benjamin. "Depictive Secondary Predicates and Small Clause Approaches to Argument Structure." Linguistic Inquiry 49, no. 3 (July 2018): 537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00281.
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Some syntactic approaches to argument structure posit small clause constituents to represent what they take to be the semantics of the constructions being analyzed. For example, this approach would analyze a resultative construction like Martha hammered the metal flat as containing a small clause [the metal flat]. In the small clause analysis, the NP the metal is only an argument of the result state denoted by the small clause, and its referent is not part of the causal hammering event. Depictive secondary predicates show that this analysis is incorrect; the NP referent must be part of the verbal causing event. I show this for several constructions that have been analyzed as small clauses: resultatives, caused-motion constructions, verb-particle constructions, and double object constructions, among others. I also revisit arguments that have been presented in favor of small clause analyses (e.g., the argument from adverbial modification) and show that they do not actually favor small clause analyses. Domains of anaphora, in contrast, converge with depictives as a reliable diagnostic for small clauses, as actual small clauses always constitute opaque domains for anaphora.
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Guerrero, Lilián, and Rebeca Gerardo-Tavira. "La posición de las cláusulas temporales con cuando." Anuario de Letras. Lingüística y Filología 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.adel.2021.1.00281.
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Previous typological studies have shown that temporal clauses, unlike other adverbial clauses, can occur before or after the main clause, and this order variation has been observed across languages and within the same language. In the case of Spanish, some studies have found that temporal clauses tend to occur at the beginning of the clause. In this paper, we extend the assumptions of typological studies into the analysis of temporal clauses introduced by cuando ‘when’. Based in used data, we found that the initial position is preferred in oral data, while both positions are equally common in writing data. We examine some semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic motivations that, together, may explain this order variation: the semantic nature of cuando, sequential iconicity, length, and syntactic complexity, as well as pragmatic order.
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Martinez, Jesus Olguin. "Contact-Induced Language Change: the Case of Mixtec Adverbial Clauses." Journal of Language Contact 15, no. 1 (November 4, 2022): 1–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-15010001.
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Abstract It is now clear that languages not-genetically related can come to share syntactic structures that were not necessarily borrowed directly in their modern forms. Although it can be challenging to spot these structures, striking similarities in certain patterns and in fine details of usage may shed light on this process. Not only may spotting the patterns be a difficult task, but also establishing the source of diffusion of a trait (i.e., who passed it to whom). These points are illustrated here with constructions termed ‘adverbial clauses’. Examples are drawn from Mixtec languages. The analysis focuses on six types of adverbial clauses. In particular, it is explained how several Mixtec adverbial clause-linking strategies may have spread to Huasteca Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan) and vice versa.
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Wierzbicka, Mariola. "(Zeit)Befindlichkeit und partieller Gleichlauf in der Sprache. Eine Untersuchung zum Deutschen." Forum Filologiczne Ateneum, no. 1(7)2019 (December 31, 2019): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36575/2353-2912/1(7)2019.227.
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The paper discusses ways of expressing the temporal relations of partial simultaneity in adverbial clauses in the German language. Although the relations can be expressed by participle phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases, the adverbial clause is the most frequent means of expressing the relations. The temporal adverbial clause has an almost unlimited range of applications, which stretches from vaguely hinted relation to absolute necessity, and from general statements and clarifications to definite emotionally motivated utterances. Wherever there is an obvious connection between facts, events, actions, relations as well as personal will and feeling, it can be expressed by means of a temporal structure. The subject of the paper is the influence of conjunctions während, als, wenn, seit(dem) and solange on the time arrangement of situations introduced into the time clause and the main clause with regard to morphological, syntactic and semantic elements and dependence on the relation of the correspondence between events in the time clause and events in the main clause in German.
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Haryanti, Sri, Purwo Haryono, Ana Setyandari, and Sukasih Ratna Widayanti. "The Use of Constructions in The Novel The Autumn of The Patriarch by Gabriel Garcia Marquez." Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora 22, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v22i2.12601.
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The present study deals with the features of long sentences in the novel The Autumn of the Patriarch by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. This study aimed to identify the features of long sentences found in the novel and to suggest ways to comprehend the long sentences. This study is beneficial for the development of English teaching, particularly the structure course. The data were in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences used in the novel which were collected through observation method (metode simak). Descriptive qualitative method was employed for analysing the data. The results indicated that most of the sentences were compound complex. Each clause can be identified through its subject, predicate, object, and adverb or complement. Each subordinate clause could be un-derstood by identifying the word(s) modified and introductory word used. By identifying the main clause, sub-ordinate clause, parts of a main clause, subordinate clause, and kinds of phrases, the reader can under-stand the long sentences. In addition, most of the main clauses were pre-ceded by adverbials.
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Tika Bekteshi, Arta. "TIME SUBORDINATORS AND TIME RELATIONS IN ENGLISH AND ALBANIAN." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 54, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 793–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij5405793t.
Full textAbstract:
Language in general is a complex apparatus of the human beings through which we express our innerfeelings, thoughts and ideas. This study was initiated due to the importance of language in general. However, toknow a language does not only mean to know its vocabulary, but how to link the words, the word order in a clauseas well as the order of clauses in a sentence, their role and their relations to each other. The relationship of theclauses in a sentence is especially important concerning complex sentences, in which the clauses are not of the samelevel but show a dependency. So, precisely the adverbial clauses of time are the ones that are highly complicated andcreate confusion. For this reason, most of the people try to avoid them, and use simple clauses instead, nevertheless,this somehow loses the meaning and originality of the idea. This means that although complex, adverbial clauses oftime are crucial in explaining our ideas and thoughts. Based on the great number of the adverbial clauses of time, onthe meanings that they convey as well as on the manner how the meaning is expressed, this study will concentrate ona contrastive analysis of the adverbial clauses of time in English and Albanian. It will focus on the time relations thattime subordinators of time express in both languages. The methodology that is used in this paper is mainlydescriptive and comparative. The paper is based on the analysis of Jack London’s novel White Fang which wastranslated into Albanian under the title Dhëmbi i Bardhë by Bujar Doko. A comparison of the adverbial clauses oftime in both languages is done in order to find their differences and commonalities. Afterwards, a detaileddescription of the data extracted from the comparison is carried out, which will play a major role in proving thehypothesis and coming to a conclusion. The general hypothesis of this study is that most of the adverbial clauses oftime as well as their subordinators will be equivalent in both English and Albanian. The results of the analysis showthat adverbial clauses of time do have a similar structure as well as correspondence in English and Albanian: theoverall structure of both English and Albanian adverbial clauses of time is the same; the subordinators in bothlanguages correspond to their counterparts in expressing time relations, being a fixed time, duration, simultaneity,anteriority or posteriority; both types of clauses are movable, which means that they can take the initial, medial andfinal position in a sentence; and the use of commas is the same as well. There is also a similarity in the word orderof the time clauses. Another similar feature of the adverbial clauses of time in both English and Albanian is that theyare expressed by finite and non-finite clauses.
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Epps, Patience. "Escape from the noun phrase." Diachronica 26, no. 3 (November 9, 2009): 287–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.26.3.01epp.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the evolution of certain subordinating constructions in Hup, a Nadahup (Makú) language of the northwest Amazon. Internal reconstruction, informed by close resemblances among synchronically attested clause types, suggests that Hup’s headless relative clause has given rise to a converb construction, a subtype of adverbial in which a dedicated verb form modifies a main clause. This development provides new insight into the origins of converbs and sheds light on the crosslinguistically common resemblance between relative and adverbial constructions more generally. Additionally, the Hup converbal clause has itself developed a main clause function, and the subordinating morphology employed by the relative and converb constructions is associated with topicalization. The transitions undergone by these structures in Hup contribute to our understanding of the diachronic pathways that may be taken by clauses once they have attained syntactic complexity.