Relevant bibliographies by topics / Clause Strengthening

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Clause Strengthening'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Clause Strengthening"

1

De Angelis, Emanuele, Fabio Fioravanti, Alberto Pettorossi, and Maurizio Proietti. "Contract Strengthening through Constrained Horn Clause Verification." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 373 (November 22, 2022): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.373.3.

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Carwan, Carwan, and Sari Indah Lestari. "Use Of Standard Clauses in Transactions Therapeutics Based on Regulation Theory." International Journal of Social Service and Research 3, no. 11 (November 14, 2023): 2735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i11.576.

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The standard informed consent clause is prepared and formed by one of the parties to make it easier for doctors and patients to create a therapeutic agreement. One of the parties designed and developed this standard clause to make it easier for doctors and patients to form a therapeutic contract. However, in practice, it is found that the application of standard clauses prepared in advance by hospitals or doctors is only concerned with signatures and has an impact of dissatisfaction that is detrimental to patients. The research method used is juridical-normative. The results showed that based on the theory of legislation, normatively, the standard clause does not violate the principle of freedom of contract because the standard informed consent clause in the Therapeutic Transaction is a form of the initiative of doctors and hospitals as parties who have more expertise to form the main guidelines for doctors and patients in carrying out health services. In Decision Number 63/Pdt.G/2021/PN Kpn, the use of standardized informed consent clauses in therapeutic agreements provides repressive legal protection in the trial and has a positive influence, namely strengthening informed consent as vital and valid evidence in the problem because it has guided whether medical actions are carried out by the agreed actions, SP, SOP, and patient needs.
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Can, Cheng, and Zhihui Wang. "Difficulties and Optimization Paths of the Application of "Cross-default" Clause in Chinese Real Estate Corporate Bonds." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 25, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/25/20230489.

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Since the second half of 2021, the collapse of the Chinese real estate market has resulted in a large number of bond defaults by real estate companies. Among many constraint clauses, the "cross-default" clause has caused considerable problems in triggering and enforcement due to its late introduction in China and the lack of guidance on its application. This paper analyzes the difficulties in the application of the real estate "cross-default" clause and proposes optimization paths based on the differences and similarities of regulations between domestic and foreign markets. This will help Chinese real estate companies to use the "cross-default" clause more effectively and protect the interests of bond issuers and holders. The paper adopts the method of legal regulation analysis and case analysis, focusing on the actual application of the "cross-default" clause in the Chinese market including unclear triggering conditions and a lack of effective enforcement methods. The paper proposes optimization plans including strengthening government supervision, improving laws and regulations, optimizing bond issuance mechanisms, and enhancing credit ratings of bond issuers. The significance of the research lies in providing practical recommendations and measures to improve the operation mechanism of the Chinese bond market, and to provide reference and guidance for Chinese real estate companies in risk management.
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Burgess, Mark Alexander, Charles Gretton, Josh Milthorpe, Luke Croak, Thomas Willingham, and Alwen Tiu. "Dagster: Parallel Structured Search." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 13 (June 26, 2023): 16404–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i13.27060.

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We demonstrate Dagster, a system that implements a new approach to scheduling interdependent (Boolean) SAT search activities in high-performance computing (HPC) environments. Our system takes as input a set of disjunctive clauses (i.e., DIMACS CNF) and a labelled directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure describing how the clauses are decomposed into a set of interrelated problems. Component problems are solved using standard systematic backtracking search, which may optionally be coupled to (stochastic dynamic) local search and/or clause-strengthening processes. We demonstrate Dagster using a new Graph Maximal Determinant combinatorial case study. This demonstration paper presents a new case study, and is adjunct to the longer accepted manuscript at the Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2022).
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Fernandes, Wanderley, and Jéssica Ricci Gago. "Extensão Objetiva da Cláusula Arbitral." Revista Brasileira de Arbitragem 11, Issue 43 (September 1, 2014): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/rba2014035.

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ABSTRACT: The growth and strengthening of arbitration in Brazil after the ruling by the Brazilian Supreme Court on the proceedings number SE 5206, through which the en banc Court ruled for the constitutionality of several sections of the Brazilian Arbitration Law (Federal Law number 9.307, dated September 23rd, 1996) raised many and new challenges for the consolidation of arbitration as a trustworthy dispute resolution alternative. This work analyses one of the polemic questions that arose, which is the possibility of extension of the objective effects of the arbitration clause in linked contracts. The theme regards the enforceability per relationem of the arbitration clause which is not expressly provided in a determined and specific contract, although it integrates several linked contracts which compose a complex relationship between the same parties. Both arguments which ground the favorable and unfavorable opinions concerning the extension of the objective effects of the arbitration clause were raised and the research sought to identify which of those arguments better adjust to Brazilian Law. The conclusion is for the possibility of the extension of the objective effects of the arbitration clause concerning linked contracts in complex economic relationships between the same parties.
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Zhang, Daqun. "Towards multiple hyperTheme: Theme beyond the clause." Text & Talk 37, no. 6 (September 20, 2017): 663–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2017-0026.

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Abstract Theme, the building block for the Textual Metafunction in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), is itself an element at the clause rank. Its function and application, however, can only be fully recognized in the unfolding discourse. This article extends multiple Theme to the discourse level and proposes the notion of multiple hyperTheme that exists beyond the clause, with a view to developing the system of Theme in SFL and strengthening its role in discourse analysis. The article begins with an overview of the historical development of Theme, primarily reflecting on hyperTheme initiated by Daneš (1974, Functional sentence perspective and the organization of the text. In Daneš František (ed.), Papers on functional sentence perspective, 106–128. The Hague: Mouton) and developed by Martin (1992a, English text: System and structure. Philadelphia: John Benjamins) and Martin and Rose (2003, Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. London: Continuum). By redefining hyperTheme and suggesting that it should not just be confined to the ideational dimension, this article introduces multiple hyperTheme which may cover the three strands of meaning (ideational, interpersonal and textual), offering a more delicate system of hyperTheme in SFL. The complexities and delicacies of different elements within the category of multiple hyperTheme are illustrated in its various patterns such as Interpersonal ^ Ideational, Textual ^ Ideational, Textual ^ Interpersonal ^ Ideational, Textual ^ Textual/Interpersonal ^ Ideational and Interpersonal/Textual ^ Ideational. Furthermore, the subtle configuration of the interpersonal and the ideational meanings in one grammatical sentence may blur the distinction between multiple hyperTheme and simple hyperTheme, especially when there is no obvious textual element involved.
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Trobevšek Drobnak, Frančiška. "Expanded tenses in the old English orosius a syntactic strengthening*." Linguistica 30, no. 1 (December 1, 1990): 13–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.30.1.13-46.

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The present chapter reports the investigation into certain aspects of the periphrastic construction to be +present participle (e.g. NE: "he is teaching"; OE. "he is laerende") viewed as an example of a syntactic strengthening. The construc­ tion is usually referred to as "continuous tenses/form" or "progressive tenses/form", whereas Nickel (1966) uses "expanded form". Coming closest to this latter term, the "expanded tenses" employed here seems a convenient label for two reasons: a) the use of expanded tenses is not restricted to the expression of verbal aspect (Aspekt) or mode of verbal action (Aktionsart), which is implied by the use of either the term "continuous tenses/form" or the term "progressive tenses/form"; b) the expanded tenses are integrated into the English tense system, in the sense that they can be substituted with the respective non-expanded tenses without any change in the syntax of the clause, e.g.
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B.R. Cagney and K.W.Wong. "The Effect of Detailing Steel in the Compression Regions of Internal Supports on the Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Beams." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 4 (January 1, 2004): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.440.

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A clause on detailing in AS 3600 stipulates that 25 percents of the maximum steel in the span of a reinforced concrete beam has to be extended beyond the near face of each internal support. This suggests that the internal support regions have more flexural ductility than the original designed amount. This ductility is obtained indirectly by determining the amount of moment that the support regions are capable of distributing. Non-linear analysis of beams designed and detailed to the design limits specified by AS3600 shows that they have substantial reserve in moment redistribution and load capacity as a result of the inclusion of steel in the compressive zones of the supports. This reserve capacity can be exploited for design and for the strengthening of beams.
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Beljić, Marina, and Olgica Glavaški. "Effectiveness of bail-out mechanisms in the Eurozone: Global vs. pandemic crisis." Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici 57, no. 45 (2021): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/aneksub2145079b.

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This paper analyses the effectiveness of bail-out mechanisms after the global crisis in comparison to Covid-19 pandemic crisis in the selected Eurozone economies. It seems that in the circumstances of global instability, laissez-faire rules in economy are not enough, meaning that government interventions are desirable and unavoidable. In the Eurozone, the implementation of bail-out programs is related with the problem of a new "impossible trinity" and no-bail out clause. However, the adopted clause on non-use of the bail-out mechanism has had to be ignored several times in the past, and those implementations of bail-outs are focus of this paper. The research is based on descriptive statistical analysis and fixed panel model specification using available data in relation to the bail-out programs in the period 2011-2020 in selected Eurozone economies. The research shows that governments appear to have learned at least three lessons from the global crisis in relation to the bail-out mechanisms: (a) the need for quick implementation of emergency measures, (b) the bail-out mechanism was effective in reducing the fiscal deficit, however, caused an increase in the public debt, and (c) strengthening the fiscal framework of the Eurozone economies by defining supranational fiscal rules remains the essence of a stronger Eurozone and the European Union.
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Milyukov, Sergey, and Nina Skripchenko. "Strengthening Criminal Repressions for Sexual Assaults: Regulatory Vision and Prospective Law Enforcement." Russian Journal of Criminology 16, no. 5 (November 28, 2022): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(5).580-589.

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In view of the permanent reforms of criminal law norms protecting sexual inviolability that are aimed at the penalization and differentiation of criminal liability for sexual assaults against minors, the authors conduct a comprehensive analysis of amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation by laws of January 28, 2022 № 3-FZ and of March 6, 2022 № 38-FZ. They note a new round of strengthening penal prosecution for pedophilic assaults and point out technical and legal drawbacks in the new norms, expressing doubts regarding their criminological validity. By widening the special qualifying features of such crimes as rape and sexual assault, the legislators set stricter punishments for assaults against sexual inviolability than for aggravated types of homicide. The authors analyze the contents of Part 5, Art. 131 and 132 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in its new edition and point out difficulties that could arise during the qualification of sexual assaults committed against two or more minors or associated with committing another grave or very grave crime against a person, as well as in cases of special relapse. They present a critical assessment of Part 3, Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and raise the questions of the validity of strengthening criminal liability for group coercion to sexual actions only against minors (clause «a»), and the feasibility of including «the use of mass media» in the characteristics that increase the public danger of harassment. It is noted that the criminalization of the concealment of grave crimes against minors makes the law enforcers face the problem of the admissibility of incriminating a set of crimes included in Parts 1 and 2, Art. 316 of the Criminal Code in cases when the concealed crimes against minors belong to different categories but have a common intent.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clause Strengthening"

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Vovchok, Zoryana. "The Role of the United Nations Security Council in the Strengthening of the Withdrawal Clause of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368770.

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The DPRK is the only State that attempted to leave the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1993 and 2003. In accordance with Article X(1) of the NPT, a withdrawing State is required, inter alia, to submit notifications of withdrawal to all States Parties to the NPT and to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). However, the role of the UNSC in such a case is not defined in Article X(1) of the NPT. Thus, both in 1993 and 2003, there were disagreements among the UNSC members on the involvement of the UNSC into the matter and its possible actions to respond to the announcements of withdrawal from the NPT. The UNSC was criticized for either not fully deploying its mandate under the UN Charter, or intervening in the matter of withdrawal. In some cases, actions of the UNSC were regarded as an infringement of the sovereign right of States to leave Treaties. This PhD dissertation assesses the powers of the UNSC under the UN Charter that gives the UNSC the mandate to take actions in case of threat to international peace and security. The dissertation focuses on Article 39 of the UN Charter, under which the UNSC defines such threat; and on the competence of the UNSC to pass binding decisions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The dissertation concludes that the UNSC has the authority to define withdrawal from the NPT as a threat to international peace and the security and consequently to take actions under Chapter VII.
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Vovchok, Zoryana. "The Role of the United Nations Security Council in the Strengthening of the Withdrawal Clause of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2010. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/305/1/PhD_dissertation_Zoryana_VOVCHOK_4_May_2010_SIS.pdf.

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The DPRK is the only State that attempted to leave the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1993 and 2003. In accordance with Article X(1) of the NPT, a withdrawing State is required, inter alia, to submit notifications of withdrawal to all States Parties to the NPT and to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). However, the role of the UNSC in such a case is not defined in Article X(1) of the NPT. Thus, both in 1993 and 2003, there were disagreements among the UNSC members on the involvement of the UNSC into the matter and its possible actions to respond to the announcements of withdrawal from the NPT. The UNSC was criticized for either not fully deploying its mandate under the UN Charter, or intervening in the matter of withdrawal. In some cases, actions of the UNSC were regarded as an infringement of the sovereign right of States to leave Treaties. This PhD dissertation assesses the powers of the UNSC under the UN Charter that gives the UNSC the mandate to take actions in case of threat to international peace and security. The dissertation focuses on Article 39 of the UN Charter, under which the UNSC defines such threat; and on the competence of the UNSC to pass binding decisions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The dissertation concludes that the UNSC has the authority to define withdrawal from the NPT as a threat to international peace and the security and consequently to take actions under Chapter VII.
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Vallade, Vincent. "Contributions à la résolution parallèle du problème SAT." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS260.

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Cette thèse présente des contributions multiples et orthogonales à l'amélioration de la résolution parallèle du problème de satisfiabilité booléenne (ou problème SAT). Une instance du problème SAT est une formule propositionnelle de forme particulière (la forme normale conjonctive est la plus courante) représentant, en général, les variables et les contraintes d'un problème du monde réel, tel que la planification multi-contraintes, la vérification matérielle et logicielle ou la cryptographie. La résolution du problème SAT consiste à déterminer s'il existe une affectation des variables qui permet de satisfaire la formule. Un algorithme capable de fournir une réponse à ce problème est appelé un solveur SAT. Une vision simplifiée d'un solveur SAT est un algorithme qui va parcourir l'ensemble des combinaisons de valeurs possibles pour chaque variables jusqu'à trouver une combinaison rendant la formule vrai (la formule est SAT). Si le solveur a parcouru l'ensemble des combinaisons possibles sans trouver de solution la formule est donc UNSAT. Évidemment, cet algorithme a une complexité exponentielle, en effet le problème SAT est le premier problème à avoir été déterminé NP-complet. De nombreux algorithmes et heuristiques ont été développés pour accélérer la capacité de résolution de ce problème, principalement dans un contexte séquentiel. L’omniprésence de machines multi-cœurs a encouragé des efforts considérables dans la résolution parallèle du problème SAT. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le prolongement de ces efforts. Les contributions apportées par cette thèse se concentrent sur la qualité du partage de l'information entre les différents travailleurs d'un solveur SAT parallèle. Une première contribution présente une méthode efficace pour mettre en œuvre un algorithme asynchrone de réduction de la taille de l'information partagées. Une deuxième contribution combine les informations extraites de la structure particulière de la formule propositionnelle avec les informations extraites dynamiquement pendant la résolution du problème par le solveur afin de créer un filtre qui maximise la qualité de l'information partagée. Enfin, une dernière contribution porte sur l'intégration d'un composant permettant de déterminer de manière probabiliste la valeur de vérité des variables permettant de rendre une formule satisfaisable. L'appel de ce composant lors du processus de résolution permet de guider plus rapidement le solveur vers une solution (si une solution existe)
This thesis presents multiple and orthogonal contributions to the improvement of the parallel resolution of the Boolean satisfiability problem (or SAT problem). An instance of the SAT problem is a propositional formula of a particular form (the conjunctive normal form is the most common) representing, in general, the variables and constraints of a real-world problem, such as multi-constraint planning, hardware and software verification or cryptography. Solving the SAT problem involves determining whether there is an assignment of variables that satisfies the formula. An algorithm capable of providing an answer to this problem is called a SAT solver. A simplified view of a SAT solver is an algorithm that will traverse the set of possible combinations of values for each variable until it finds a combination that makes the formula true (the formula is SAT). If the solver has gone through all the possible combinations without finding a solution, the formula is UNSAT. Obviously, this algorithm has an exponential complexity, indeed the SAT problem is the first problem to have been determined NP-complete. Many algorithms and heuristics have been developed to accelerate the solving capacity of this problem, mainly in a sequential context. The ubiquity of multi-core machines has encouraged considerable efforts in the parallel resolution of the SAT problem. This thesis is a continuation of these efforts. The contributions made by this thesis focus on the quality of information sharing between the different workers of a parallel SAT solver. A first contribution presents an efficient method to implement an asynchronous algorithm for reducing the size of the shared information. A second contribution combines the information extracted from the particular structure of the propositional formula with the information extracted dynamically during the resolution of the problem by the solver in order to create a filter that maximizes the quality of the shared information. Finally, a last contribution deals with the integration of a component allowing to determine in a probabilistic way the truth value of the variables allowing to make a formula satisfiable. The call of this component during the solving process allows to guide the solver more quickly towards a solution (if a solution exists)
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Kucukdogan, Bilge. "An Investigation Of Strengthening Of Historical Masonry Constructions By Steel Skeleton." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608615/index.pdf.

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Historical masonry structures are important cultural assets which reveal the social, archaeological, aesthetic, economical, political, architectural and technical features of their times. Within the course of the time, the structures have been exposed to the destructive effects of the nature and the man. Some has been able to survive somehow and others were totally ruined. Most of the remained structures are in vulnerable condition to upcoming effects and for the continuity of their presence, structural strengthening applications are needed. A variety of applications are used with different levels of respect to original fabric and different extents of intervention within the principles of international charters that regulate the intervention on historical monuments. In this study, a method of strengthening for the historical masonry constructions is developed in a general sense by the use of steel skeleton systems. In the proposed methodology, it is aimed to approach the intact structural conditions as much as possible in the strengthened structure. For the study a 3D model is created to compare the behaviors of the intact and the modified structure. In the modified model some structural elements are replaced by the steel skeleton system as a strengthening application. The behavioral investigation of the two models is performed in the finite element platform. Finally, it is certified that this methodology successfully efficient in approaching the original intact condition of the structure under concern as well as complying with the restoration principles.
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Books on the topic "Clause Strengthening"

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Missing class: Strengthening social movement groups by seeing class cultures. Ithaca: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2014.

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2

Strengthening America's middle class: Finding economic solutions to help America's families : hearing before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, hearing held in Washington, DC, February 7, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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Strengthening America's middle class: Evaluating the economic squeeze on America's families : hearing before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, hearing held in Washington, DC, January 31, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor (2007). Strengthening the middle class: Ensuring equal pay for women : hearing before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, hearing held in Washington, DC, April 24, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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Strengthening the middle class: Ensuring equal pay for women : hearing before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, hearing held in Washington, DC, April 24, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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Strengthening the economy and improving the lives of American workers: Hearing before the Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session, hearing held in Washington, D.C., February 3, 2010. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Strengthening America's middle class through the Employee Free Choice Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor and Pensions, Committee on Education and Labor, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, hearing held in Washington, DC, February 8, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.

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8

International trade: Strengthening worldwide protection of intellectual property rights : report to selected congressional subcommittees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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Leondar-Wright, Betsy. Missing Class: Strengthening Social Movement Groups by Seeing Class Cultures. Cornell University Press, 2014.

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10

Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. Trips and Later Inter-Se Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663392.003.0005.

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This chapter focusses on how ‘Free Trade Agreements’ (FTAs) fit within the existing multilateral framework, primarily with the Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which most FTAs take as basis and benchmark from which the contracting parties modify rules among another (inter-se). In this context, the most prominent issue is the effect the continuous strengthening of the standards of intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement has on the optional provisions and flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement. The chapter examines whether and how the TRIPS addresses such further increases in protection and enforcement. It also looks at conflict clauses in FTAs and how they perceive their relation with the multilateral IP rules, especially the TRIPS Agreement. The principal question here is whether rule-relations within the international IP system are still primarily determined by harmonious interpretation — or if conflict resolution rather functions by choosing one rule over another.
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Book chapters on the topic "Clause Strengthening"

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Wieringa, Siert, and Keijo Heljanko. "Concurrent Clause Strengthening." In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing – SAT 2013, 116–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39071-5_10.

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Van Gelder, Allen. "Generalized Conflict-Clause Strengthening for Satisfiability Solvers." In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing - SAT 2011, 329–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21581-0_26.

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Vallade, Vincent, Ludovic Le Frioux, Souheib Baarir, Julien Sopena, and Fabrice Kordon. "On the Usefulness of Clause Strengthening in Parallel SAT Solving." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 222–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55754-6_13.

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Di Ludovico, M., G. De Martino, A. Prota, G. Manfredi, and M. Dolce. "Damage Assessment in Italy, and Experiences After Recent Earthquakes on Reparability and Repair Costs." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 65–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_4.

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AbstractRecent devastating earthquakes outlined the importance of quantifying losses and the amount of resources needed for the reconstruction process. The restoration of public or residential buildings in the aftermath of the seismic event may significantly affect national economy. This remarks the primary role and crucial need of having accurate predictions of direct and indirect costs for reconstruction in order to plan effective risk mitigation strategies and perform reliable loss scenarios. The recent Italian seismic events have been a unique occasion to collect observational data on existing buildings. The present work, based on the Italian experience of recent earthquakes, aims at discussing the main aspects related to the damage assessment of residential buildings and reconstruction models together with the huge amount of data collected in the reconstruction processes. In particular, an in-depth analysis of the data provided by the reconstruction process of 2009 L’Aquila earthquake is reported focussing on repair and strengthening intervention costs as a function of the empirical damage,repairability issues, and assistance to population costs. The data are discussed separately for reinforced concrete and masonry residential buildings and refers about 10,100 buildings located Outside Historical Centres (OHC) and Inside Historical Centres (IHC). Finally, the criteria adopted for the definition of the building seismic risk classes at the base of the Italian guidelines for seismic risk classification of constructions are presented together with recent policies adopted in Italy in terms of fiscal deduction for strengthening interventions on private residential buildings.
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Desmond, Adrian. "5. Perfectibility." In Reign of the Beast, 159–74. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0393.05.

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With Reform Bill agitation leading to renewed labour activism, Richard Carlile showed his capitalist mettle by moving against the unions and co-operatives. Saull, supporting the co-operators, and acting as treasurer to the National Union of the Working Classes, became alienated from his old mentor. He was appalled at Carlile’s Malthusianism, which also sat ill with Sir Richard Phillips’ notion of the ‘pabulum’ providing adequately for all life at each geological revolution. Saull’s committee-work for co-operative associations are discussed as he developed his progressive palaeontology. When Robert Owen returned from America, a police spy reported that Saull was one of his best friends. The spy further revealed that in 1831 Saull leased Albion Hall as a platform for Owen to deliver his first London lectures. Saull’s relationship, as an Owenite, with his friend Henry Hetherington’s Owen-disdaining radicals is teased out, as is his mediating work with Hetherington’s NUWC fighting the “Taxes on Knowledge”. Saull’s reinvigorated Owenite, perfectibilist faith was now strengthening his geological understanding.
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Uegaki, Wataru. "The doubt-whether puzzle." In Non-Interrogative Subordinate Wh-Clauses, 461–91. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844620.003.0015.

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Abstract The predicate doubt exhibits a distinctive selectional restriction: it is compatible with declarative and whether-complements but is incompatible with constituent wh-complements. The interpretation of a whether-complement under doubt is also puzzling, as doubt whether p is almost—but not completely—synonymous with doubt that p. This chapter presents a semantic account of these facts, based on the mechanisms of highlighting and exhaustification. Doubt expresses an existential doxastic attitude toward the negation of the highlighted content of the complement while having presuppositions that are sensitive to the ordinary content of the complement. Since that p and whether p are equivalent in the highlighted content but non-equivalent in the ordinary content, the semantics explains fine-grained differences in interpretations between doubt whether p and doubt that p. Furthermore, due to the absence of a stronger scalemate, the interpretation of doubt that/whether p undergoes strengthening via exhaustification, akin to the behavior of scaleless modals.
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Meron, Theodor. "Trying Violations of Human Rights in International Criminal Tribunals." In Standing Up for Justice, 103–15. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863434.003.0005.

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This chapter details the ways in which international criminal tribunals such as the ICTY have contributed to human rights law and protections. In construing the material elements of crimes under international humanitarian law, international criminal tribunals have had recourse to human rights law and jurisprudence, thereby strengthening human rights law and opening new avenues for its penal enforcement. The beginnings of these developments can be traced, first, to the drafting of crimes against humanity clauses in the Nuremberg Charter and, second, to the drafting of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. The tribunals have also made immense contributions to strengthening the proscriptions of rape as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocidal acts. With respect to persecution, the ICTY held that persecution is the gross or blatant denial, on discriminatory grounds, of a fundamental right, laid down in international customary or treaty law, reaching the same level of gravity as the other acts prohibited as crimes against humanity.
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Jarausch, Konrad H. "Professionalization German Style." In The Unfree Professions, 3–24. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195044829.003.0001.

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Abstract In the spring of 1933, most German professionals rushed to curry favor with the new Nazi government. On March 26, the prominent Lawyer Association (Deutscher Anwaltverein, DAV) “welcome[d] the strengthening of national thought and will which has taken place in Germany.” It vowed “to concentrate its energy on serving the recovery of the nation and the empire, on making the state secure and on unifying the people across classes and occupations.
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Weissinger, Sandra E., and Ashraf Esmail. "Hard-Learned Lessons." In Online Course Management, 1247–60. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5472-1.ch064.

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After Hurricane Katrina, numerous studies and policy reports addressed the plight of higher education in New Orleans ( and serve as examples). Of importance to this chapter are those works that focus on the well-being and renewal strategies of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the city () and, in particular, the role that technology plays in addressing the needs of displaced students and strengthening online degree generating programs. This chapter investigates the work of one particular HBCU—North-South—that, post Katrina, had great hopes of building online classes and programs of study. The goal, as articulated by school officials just after Katrina, was twofold: to attract the former student population and to develop a permanent, disaster-ready alternative to traditional on-the-ground classes. Data demonstrate that work to build and maintain online classes has been fragmented, declining significantly by 2008 and benefiting students in a select few programs.
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Deudney, Daniel. "Superpower Restraints, Planetary Security, and Earth Identity." In Dark Skies, 225–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903343.003.0007.

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A third, often-overlooked, space agenda, the Clarke-Sagan and Whole Earth Security programs, aims to close the gap between the territorial state system and technologies and spaces of planetary scope without world government. It extends into space environmentalist, arms control, and globalist approaches. Its ladder includes superpower arms control, space cooperation and satellites for information, science, and Earth habitability. It supports strengthening the Outer Space Treaty, currently under assault. It fears space debris degrading orbital space. It anticipates viewing Earth from space will help support terrapolitan Whole Earth political identities, supplanting parochial nationalities. Its advocates debate asteroid deflection dilemmas, some fearing intentional bombardment, others proposing international planetary defense consortia. How can the great debate between the Clarke-Sagan and von Braun programs be resolved? Clarke and Sagan, uniquely among prominent space expansionists, prioritized nuclear arms control but also embraced Tsiolkovskian visions, posing the question: Are their criticisms of the von Braun military programs applicable to solar space expansion?
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Conference papers on the topic "Clause Strengthening"

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Cho, Jihoon. "Strengthening Class1 Gen2 RFID tags." In 2009 IEEE 6th International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mobhoc.2009.5336912.

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Bouchon-Meunier, Bernadette, Anne Laurent, Marie-Jeanne Lesot, and Maria Rifqi. "Strengthening fuzzy gradual rules through “all the more” clauses." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fuzzy.2010.5584858.

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Zhang, Duan. "The Strengthening of Expressive Skills in Modern Chinese Classes." In International Conference on Humanity and Social Science (ICHSS2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813208506_0024.

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Willson, Diana, Iain Colquhoun, and Dean Carnes. "Strengthening the Current Class Location Designation System." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78672.

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CSA Z662, Oil and gas pipeline systems, defines class location as “a geographical area classified according to its approximate population density and other characteristics that are considered when designing and pressure testing piping to be located in the area.” In other words, the purpose of class location designations is to identify areas where specific measures are considered necessary to enhance public safety. Designations range from Class 1 (rural) to Class 4 (urban with high-rise buildings). The current class location framework relies mainly on a location factor (L) to represent reliability. Higher reliability is achieved by using more resistant pipe — that is thicker and/or stronger — to reduce the probability of failure from operational hazards, such as corrosion and mechanical damage caused by line strikes. Currently, the need for a particular level of reliability is driven principally by the number of people impacted. This paper discusses possible measures that can be implemented in the next edition of Z662 that, beyond requiring thicker pipe for certain products, will strengthen the class location designation system by considering the potential impact radius of an ignited gas pipeline rupture, as well as the occupancy and nature of buildings within assessment areas. The paper also discusses possible changes to improve environmental protection by introducing the concept of a designated geographical area (DGA) and associated requirements, enhancements to valve spacing requirements, and the handling of changes to class location designations for existing pipelines through interim measures and retroactivity.
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Štefanek, Štefan. "REGULATORY SANDBOXES AND EXPERIMENTATION CLAUSES: AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE THE (CROATIAN) LEGAL SYSTEM MORE ENTREPRENEURIAL." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22416.

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There is a growing need to develop a suitable regulatory framework for innovative business models. Entrepreneurs who seek to explore new opportunities, test out new technologies and offer new services or products are constrained by the existing legal framework, which in most cases does not allow any experimentation and requires the implementation of strict rules. The EU Council Conclusions 13026/20 of 16 November 2020 on Regulatory Sandboxes and Experimentation Clauses highlight that better regulation is one of the key drivers of sustainable, inclusive growth, fosters innovation, digitalisation, and job creation, increases transparency and ensures public support for EU legislation. This paper explores the design of regulatory sandboxes and the distinctions of experimentation clauses. The starting hypothesis is that innovative business is often unrecognised by the legal system. The second hypothesis is that legal requirements and public interest in diligent entrepreneurial behaviour and customer protection should not be compromised. The research and analysis have reinforced and proved that both hypotheses are reasonable. The findings impact on the raising of the regulators’, entrepreneurs’, customers’ and any other stakeholders’ awareness of the need for proper application and creation of the law in accordance with current social needs, while preserving the fundamental social values achieved.
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Natarajan, Harshavardhana, and Akash Vincent. "Development of Silicon Carbide Dispersed Steel Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Process." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0126.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">High-strength steel has several industrial applications such as automobile, tool and die, construction industries etc. However, it is challenging to achieve it. Various strengthening mechanisms, such as dispersion strengthening, alloying, grain boundary strengthening etc., plays a vital role in deciding the properties of the steel. At the industrial level, high-strength steel is produced by adding alloying elements such as Tungsten, Chromium, and Molybdenum in the steel matrix, increasing the high-strength steel cost. On the other hand, Wire Arc Additive manufacturing (WAAM) can produce dispersion strengthening in steel to mimic the properties of a high-strength steel matrix. The WAAM is a relatively low-cost additive manufacturing technology which uses a welding process to build up layers of material to fabricate the finished product. We have dispersed hard silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the mild steel matrix using the WAAM process in this work. SiC-dispersed steel's hardness is 28% higher than mild steel samples prepared by the WAAM process. The SEM micrograph shows the presence of dispersion of SiC in the steel matrix, which increases hardness compared to mild steel samples.</div></div>
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Gerasimova, Natalya Sergeevna, and Natalia Olegovna Rubtsova. "PILATES TRAINING ON THE REFORMER ALLEGRO SIMULATOR - AS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF CORRECTIVE ACTION ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND IMPROVING THE CONDITIONING ABILITIES OF WOMEN ENGAGED IN FITNESS." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges» Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP. April 2023. - Managua (Nicaragua). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230415.2023.38.12.014.

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The article discusses the methodology of Pilates training using the Reformer Allegro simulator. The effectiveness of classes on this system for the prevention of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, improving the functional state, physical fitness of students and strengthening postural muscles.
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Ranganathan, Soundararajan, Vishaal Aravinth, Shanthosh gopal, Ajith Raja, and Pradeep C. "Design and Analysis of Steering Knuckle at Diverse Strengthening Condition." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0501.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The steering knuckle is an essential component in All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) which withstands alternating loads subjected to different conditions without affecting the vehicle performance. The main objective of the proposed work was to design and analysis the steering knuckle under static conditions to observe stress, total deformation and factor of safety for proposed materials. In this present investigation, Aluminium alloy (AA7075) was chosen as it exhibits good ductility, high strength, toughness and high resistance to withstand impact load. The prime objective of this work was processed under three different conditions like virgin AA7075, AA7075 with T6 heat treatment and AA7075 with T6 heat treatment followed by shot-peening post processed technique was completed and to attain diverse strength of the samples were tested and noted appropriate responses. The secondary objective of our proposed work, an optimum knuckle design was modeled using Solidworks. The proposed materials test values were given as input data to perform static analysis using Ansys workbench by applying constraints and loads such as steering effort, braking torque, cornering force, bumping force and longitudinal load transfer on the developed ATV knuckle design based on calculation. The responses of stress concentration, total deformation and factor of safety were obtained through static analyzed conditions. On comparing AA7075 with T6 heat treated cum shot-peened material properties are higher values and the same as input data set for analyzing the developed design, in which it shows lower deformation value and less stress concentration zone with high factor of safety because of its diverse strengthening with high impact withstand ability of the knuckle. On the whole, this proposed work provides an optimal design approach and selection of suitable post processed material of ATV steering knuckle and to improve traction, vehicle performance due to better weight reduction and long life.</div></div>
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Weinstein, Kathryn. "Visualizing the critique: Strengthening quantitative reasoning skills through design." In HEAd'16 - International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head16.2016.2546.

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In the age of “Big Data,” information is often quantitative in nature. The ability to analyze information through the sifting of data has been identified as a core competency for success in navigating daily life and participation in the contemporary workforce. This skill, known as Quantitative Reasoning (QR), is characterized by the ability to integrate arithmetic, statistics, visualizations and models for the analysis and interpretation of information. For students intending to pursue careers in graphic design, QR competencies are essential for the design of effective visual displays of information. This case study provides design educators with an assignment they can use to introduce students to data analytics and visualization strategies. The study describes how, in two sections of an undergraduate Information Design course, the final critique of a mid-term project was replaced with an anonymous survey instead of the traditional delivery of feedback through verbal dialogue. Responses were collated, stripped of identifiers, and distributed to the class with directions to create data visualizations of the critique. The study reveals the potential of the assignment to strengthen the role of students as active participants in the feedback process, clarify the criteria for assessment, and deliver focused feedback to improve student work. Keywords: Quantitative Reasoning; information design; graphic design; pedagogy; data visualization; design critique.
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Kruszka, Leopold, and Ryszard Chmielewski. "Design analysis of strengthening a damaged supporting structure in a swimming pool building." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.121.

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The issue of strengthening the supporting structure of the swimming pool building, with a special attention on damaged reinforced concrete pillars in the sub-pool, is presented. The technical condition of those pillars in the basement of the swimming pool was defined as the risk of structural collapse. Numerous cracks and the occurrence of deformation of reinforcing bars were noticed. Three columns were damaged in basement rooms. First of all, the cause of damage was determined. The actual load carrying capacity of the built pillars was checked. To this aim, the geometry of the columns was checked first and the actual strength class of built-in concrete. It was found that all columns were made of concrete of the same strength class and good homogeneity of concrete, but this concrete did not meet the standard requirements as a construction material for reinforced concrete structures. The new supporting structure was designed in the form of four-leg cross-sections made of an isosceles angle profile. Due to structural damage, an additional safety factor was adopted, increasing the total load per pillar by 50%. This approach took into account the possible redistribution of loads in the building structure that occurred as a result of damages.
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Reports on the topic "Clause Strengthening"

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Carter, Becky. Strengthening Gender Equality in Decision-making in Somaliland. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.078.

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This rapid review searched for literature on how and why women continue to struggle in Somaliland to achieve formal political representation and to take on informal decision-making roles on local peace and political matters, from community to national levels. Women’s participation in peacebuilding and political decision-making in Somaliland is very limited. A key barrier is the clan system underpinning Somaliland’s political settlement. Entrenched and politicised, patriarchal clans exclude women (and other minority groups) from formal and customary leadership and decision-making roles. Other contributing factors are conservative religious attitudes and traditional gender norms. Structural inequalities – such as low levels of education, lack of funds, and high levels of violence towards women and girls – impede women’s participation. Some women are more disempowered than others, such as women from minority clans and internally displaced women. However, there is increasing disillusionment with clan politicisation and a growing recognition of women’s value. There are opportunities for framing gender equality in local cultural and religious terms and supporting grassroots activism.
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