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1
Allemand, Frédéric, and Amélie Sauvage. "La mutualisation des dettes européennes implique nécessairement un renforcement de la discipline budgétaire." Gestion & Finances Publiques, no. 4 (July 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/gfp.2020.4.008.
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La mutualisation des dettes des États-membres n’est pas permise par les traités européens et impliquerait un transfert de la responsabilité budgétaire des États vers l’Union. La restructuration de telles dettes est envisageable dans le cadre du droit commun (clause d’action collective) et avec l’appui du MES. Des solutions alternatives, plus conformes à l’esprit de l’Union, existent : discipline budgétaire, assistance financière avec l’appui de la BEI, politique d’achat d’actifs par la BCE qui n’est pas sans risques, ni limites.
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Corral, Julie Del. "The Delivery Requirement in So-called Consensual Transfer Systems." European Review of Private Law 21, Issue 5/6 (November 1, 2013): 1277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013077.
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Abstract: This contribution contains a summary of the thesis that the author has defended at the Faculty of Law of the KU Leuven Kulak. The Belgian, as well as the French, transfer system is often presented to be consensual, meaning that the obligatory agreement not only gives rise to the existence of contractual rights and obligations, but also triggers the proprietary effects of the agreement (art. 1138 of the Civil Code). However, from a comparative, as well as from a historical, point of view, not the consensus, but the delivery requirement seems to be essential for the transfer of movable corporeal goods. The author examines the possible existence of such a delivery requirement in the Belgian transfer system of movable corporeal goods, considering some exceptions, such as the so-called "retention of ownership clause", where the obligatory agreement and the transfer of property rights are separated from one another, and the "double sale" where the person who has first been given possession will prevail and will be considered as owner of the movable corporeal good, at the requirement that his possession is in good faith (art. 1141 of the Civil Code). In other words, the author examines the question of whether the transfer of movable corporeal goods (still) requires a delivery act under Belgian law and thus to what extent the Belgian transfer system lends itself to European harmonization. Résumé: Cet article concerne un résumé de la thèse de doctorat que l'auteur a défendu à la Faculté de Droit de la KU Leuven Kulak. Tant d'un point de vue historique, que d'un point de vue comparatif, le système belge (ainsi que le système français) de transfert des droit réels de biens meubles corporels occupe une position unique: le simple contrat obligatoire entraîne le transfert d'un droit réel (art. 1138 du Code civil). Le législateur semble avoir porté préjudice à ce principe dans l'hypothèse d'une vente sous réserve de propriété où la propriété n'est pas transferee immédiatement au moment de la conclusion du contrat obligatoire, ainsi que, par exemple, dans l'hypothèse d'une double vente où on accorde la préférence à celui qui est mis en possession réelle de la chose, à condition qu'il soit de bonne foi (art. 1141 du Code civil). L'auteur examine dans quelle mesure le transfert de propriété des biens meubles corporels nécessite (encore) un acte de livraison en vertu du droit belge et dans quelle mesure le système belge se prête ainsi à une harmonisation européenne.
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Poudrier-LeBel, Louise. "La création de l’hypothèque immobilière conventionnelle." Revue générale de droit 23, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1057118ar.
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La propriété immobilière est recherchée pour la valeur de garantie qu’elle accorde à un créancier sous forme d’une hypothèque immobilière conventionnelle. Une approche comparative des systèmes de droit qui nous sont familiers permet les rapprochements suivants : le droit français transforma l’hypothèque générale et secrète en une sûreté spéciale et publique; la common law effectue plutôt un transfert du titre soumis à un droit de rachat; le droit québécois, d’abord semblable au droit français de la même époque, fit de nombreux emprunts au droit anglais, principalement l’exigence de la publicité. De plus, les droits accordés conventionnellement au créancier, spécialement la clause de dation en paiement, s’inspirent plus de la conception anglaise. La réforme du droit québécois maintient les règles de fond et de forme que nous connaissons, en les adaptant aux réalités modernes sauf quant au caractère solennel du contrat.
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Lett, Didier. "Genre et paix." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 67, no. 3 (September 2012): 629–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900007101.
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RésuméLe 18 février 1306, un traité de paix est signé entre la cité de Camerino et trois communes voisines (Matelica, San Severino et Fabriano) dans lequel est prévue une série de mariages croisés entre leurs habitants : un échantillon socialement représentatif de cent quarante hommes doivent devenir beaux-frères à travers le transfert de cent quarante femmes. À partir de ce document et de cette clause hors-norme, qui, de plus, ne sera jamais appliquée et ne mettra jamais fin aux hostilités, l’article propose une réflexion sur la manière dont se met en place, dans un contexte historique, documentaire et relationnel spécifique, un régime de genre. En adoptant une approche pragmatique et en privilégiant l’utilisation du concept de genre comme un moyen supplémentaire de lire le social, sont tour à tour étudiés les rôles que les hommes de l’élite assignent aux femmes de leur communauté dans les rituels de réconciliation, les alliances matrimoniales qui font figure de paix en miniature, le dispositif mis en place pour assurer les transferts dotaux et l’octroie de la citoyenneté. Dans ce type de régime, les femmes sont des médiatrices : elles doivent véhiculer la paix dans leur ménage pour que celle-ci se diffuse dans l’ensemble du corps de leur commune et transmettre aux hommes une dot et la citoyenneté pour leur permettre de reproduire une domination.
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Kouroutakis, Antonios. "The Virtues of Sunset Clauses in Relation to Constitutional Authority." Statute Law Review 41, no. 1 (July 6, 2018): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy017.
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Abstract This article focuses on the virtues of sunset clauses pertaining to authority. It examines the utility of such clauses in three instances: first, when there is a transfer of constitutional authority; secondly, when there is an exclusively attributed authority, but it is not exercised; and thirdly, when there is a creation of a new authority. In the case of a transfer of authority subject to sunset clauses, unless such authority is re-authorized, the sunset clause brings about its expiration on a prescribed date. In practice, the benefits from the sunset clause are twofold. First, such a clause allows the comprehensive evaluation of the transferred authority, minimizing the risk of any abuse. Secondly, such a clause sets the timetable, which promotes legal certainty. In the case of inactivity while there is an exclusive authority, the use of a sunset clause as an alarm clock creates an incentive for action; or alternatively, with the expiration of the sunset clause, the authority is considered ipso jure and simultaneously exercised. Finally, in the case where new authority is created, such authority may be subject to a sunset clause if it is implemented as a constitutional experiment or if it is controversial in nature because it possibly distorts the system of separation of powers.
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TREFFERS-DALLER, JEANINE. "Ambiguity and transfer in bilingual first language acquisition?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, no. 3 (December 1998): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000339.
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Natascha Müller presents a very interesting analysis of the structure of the German subordinate clause in bilingual first language acquisition. The main issue in this paper is to explain the fact that some bilingual children – but not all of them – display non-target language structures in German subordinate clauses. That is, the finite verb does not appear in the final position of the subordinate clause. These non-target structures can in part be explained by transfer, but this cannot be the whole story, because some monolingual children produce these structures as well. Bilingual children, though, appear to have problems with the German subordinate clause more frequently than monolingual children. Interestingly, acquiring the target structures is a slow process for children who produce non-target structures. Ivar, the French-German child Müller discusses in most detail, for example, needs two years to acquire the correct position of the finite verb in German subordinate clauses. Müller argues that the problems arise because the input children receive is ambiguous: the finite verb does not always appear in the finite position in German subordinate clauses in adult speech. The ambiguity of this situation opens the way to transfer. In their uncertainty, the children turn to their other language as a relief strategy.
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Chen, Marina Yueh-ching. "English prototyped small clauses in the interlanguage of Chinese/Taiwanese adult learners." Second Language Research 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658305sr243oa.
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This study of consider and find attempts to shed light on second language acquisition of English small clause complements, as in we consider [Mary intelligent] and we find [Mary interesting]. It examines how learners’ First language (Mandarin Chinese) interacts with the target language. The analysis is based on the results of two kinds of tasks: grammaticality judgements, intended to elicit nonnative participants’ implicit knowledge as compared with the responses of native participants; and oral translations to test their explicit access to this knowledge. The results indicate that Chinese learners tend to avoid sentences that contain small clause complements. A related finding is that, like small clause complements, infinitival complements are under-generated and not preferred by the subjects; tensed clauses and clauses introduced by that are preferred. It is suggested that learners’ difficulty with small clause complements involves underlying first language transfer. On the other hand, the difficulty with infinitive clauses may be related to universal developmental order, as the interpretation for an NP involves an extra mechanism, Exceptional Case Marking.
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Shuhama, Yuji. "Clause-sensitivity of Inflectional Morphology in L2 English." Asian Journal of University Education 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14519.
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Abstract: The Interface Hypothesis (Sorace, 2000) developed in line with the Minimalist theory of grammar (Chomsky, 1995 et seq.) supports the view of L2 acquisition that syntactic properties are acquired early while the acquisition of interface properties is delayed. One of the interface properties is inflectional morphology on English verbs, which involves subject-verb agreement at the syntax-morphology interface. Previous studies have revealed that for learners of L2 English, acquiring third person singular -s is harder than regular past -ed due to the absence of meaningless morphemes in L1. However, one question has been disregarded: Where in a clause are these morphemes inserted more successfully? Given that subordinate clauses are more complex than main clauses, this study examines the clause-sensitivity of L2 inflectional morphology. 44 Japanese university students learning English as L2 were asked to complete a grammaticality judgment test and write an essay about a specified topic. The learners’ inflection pattern was surveyed through the test scores and text analysis of the essays. Results show that -s tends to be omitted regardless of clause types, but -ed is omitted more frequently in complement clauses than main clauses. These are due to negative L1 transfer on L2 inflectional morphology and our findings imply the importance of clauses as meaningful units in L2 grammar instructions.
Keywords: Clause-sensitivity, Inflectional morphology, L2 grammar instructions, The Interface Hypothesis.
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Falk, Ylva, and Camilla Bardel. "Object pronouns in German L3 syntax: Evidence for the L2 status factor." Second Language Research 27, no. 1 (December 22, 2010): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386647.
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Several studies on L3 lexicon, and recently also some on L3 syntax, have convincingly shown a qualitative difference between the acquisition of a true L2 and the subsequent acquisition of an L3. Some studies even indicate that L2 takes on a stronger role than L1 in the initial state of L3 syntax (e.g. Bardel and Falk, 2007; Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2010). In this article we further investigate syntactic transfer from L1/L2 to L3 in learners at an intermediate level of proficiency in the target language. Data have been obtained from 44 learners of German as L3, testing the placement of object pronouns in both main and subordinate clauses in a grammaticality judgement/correction task (GJCT). The learners constitute two groups (both n = 22): One group has English as L1 and French as L2 and the other group has French as L1 and English as L2. This particular combination of background languages allows us to pinpoint the source of transfer, since object placement is pre-verbal in French and post-verbal in English, this being applied in both main and subordinate clauses. In target language (TL) German, however, the object placement varies between pre-verbal in the sub clause and post-verbal in the main clause. The two groups behave differently as to both acceptance and rejection of the test items (60 grammatical and ungrammatical main and sub clauses with object pronouns). This difference is significant and can be ascribed to their L2s, respectively. Our results thus show that the L2 transfers into the L3 even at an intermediate level, and on the basis of this we claim a strong role for the L2 status factor.
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Biancalana, Joseph. "CONTRACTUAL PENALTIES IN THE KING’S COURT 1260–1360." Cambridge Law Journal 64, no. 1 (March 24, 2005): 212–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197305006847.
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CLAUSES that provided fixed monetary penalties first appeared in English contracts and conveyances in the first decade of the thirteenth century. Rather quickly thereafter penalty clauses came to be used in a wide variety of contracts and conveyances. They were used in (1) agreements over tithes, (2) settlement of disputes, (3) arbitration agreements, (4) agreements to transfer or not to transfer land, (5) marriage property agreements, (6) warranties of title to land, (7) leases, (8) agreements to pay rents and annuities, loans, and in a variety of other transactions. The penalty clause was just another clause in the agreement. At about the middle of the thirteenth century other methods of inserting a penalty clause into an agreement began to be used. A penalty clause could be made part of a recognizance on the plea rolls, the Exchequer rolls, or the Chancery rolls. The recognizance itself could be a penalty to enforce a side agreement. A money bond could serve as a penalty rendered void if the terms of a separate, conditional acquittance were met. A bond or a statute merchant could be given to a third party under an agreement to give the bond or statute merchant to the promisee if the promisor failed to carry out his agreement. By 1348 the penal bond with conditional defeasance endorsed on the back of the bond had been invented.
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Sanjaya, Umar Haris, and Mirza Ajeng Thiasari. "GOOD FAITH ON ANIMAL CARE AGREEMENT : STUDY OF ARTICLE ABOUT TRANSFER OF ANIMAL OWNERSHIP." JHR (Jurnal Hukum Replik) 10, no. 2 (October 10, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jhr.v10i2.6771.
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Abstract: This study aims to analyze and determine the good faith in the use of clauses on the transfer of animal ownership in animal care services business actor in GPSPK Depok. This study provides an analysis for the implementation of good faith in animal care contract. Problem formulations for this journal are; How is the implementation of good faith in the use of the transfer of animal ownership clause in animal care services business actor? and is the implementation of good faith in the transfer of animal ownership is in accordance with the good faith of contract implementation? This research is normative legal research accompanied by supporting data. The research data was collected through literature study. The analysis was carried out using qualitative methods. Based on the research results, it is concluded that: First, the service user binds himself to an animal care contract that contains the clauses of the transfer of animal ownership. However, the business actor does not execute these clauses, even though the business actor has the opportunity to do so. Second, the clauses of the transfer of animal ownership are against the good faith of contract implementation which refers to: fairness, equity, and reasonableness.
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De Luca, Anna. "Umbrella Clauses and Transfer Provisions in the (Invisible) EU Model BIT." Journal of World Investment & Trade 15, no. 3-4 (July 28, 2014): 506–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-01504008.
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The draft Investment Chapter of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) between the European Union (eu) and Canada includes an umbrella clause, on eu’s proposal. Nevertheless, the inclusion in the final text of such a clause appears to be uncertain. Furthermore, the wording of the umbrella clause, proposed by the eu, fails to address all uncertainties regarding the effects and scope of application of umbrella clauses still existing in jurisprudence. Conversely, the inclusion in the draft Investment Chapter of a transfer provision, accompanied with safeguard provisions in case of serious balance-of-payments difficulties and external financial difficulties, does not seem to be a contested issue between the Member States and Canada. A new development at the eu level might make investment protection matters more complicated: following the opening of the negotiation on a free trade agreement with the us, some Member States (such as Germany) oppose investment arbitration tout court at least in the prospective eu-us ceta.
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Rizal, Moch Choirul. "Sanksi Tindak Pidana Pencantuman Klausula Baku pada Karcis Parkir Kendaraan Bermotor." al-Daulah: Jurnal Hukum dan Perundangan Islam 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.299-322.
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Abstract: This article discusses about a criminal sanction of the standard clauses in a motor vehicle parking ticket for parking service manager according to article 18 paragraph (1) jo. article 62 paragraph (1) of Law No. 8 year 1999 about consumer’s protection. Standard clause is an agreement where the procedure of making it is unilateral. A standard clause listed on the ticket motorists has violated the provision of article 18 paragraph (1) letter a, namely “the businesses doers, in offering goods and/or services that are held for trading, are prohibited from making or including a standard clauses in each document and/or agreement if they had declare the transfer of responsibility of entrepreneurs”. The inclusion of a standard clause as mentioned in the above provisions can be categorized as a criminal offense. The criminal penalty of such act is imprisonment of a maximum 5 (five) years or a criminal sanction of a maximum Rp. 2,000,000,000.00 (two billions rupiah) as stipulated in article 62 paragraph (1) UUPK. In Islam, these are included a criminal act and they have not stipulated in the text yet. So that, it becomes the authority of ulil 'amri to determine the punishment.Keywords: Sanctions, criminal act, standard clause, motor vehicle
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VÉRONIQUE, DANIEL. "The development of referential activities and clause-combining as aspects of the acquisition of discourse in French as L2." Journal of French Language Studies 14, no. 3 (November 2004): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269504001796.
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This article describes the development of temporal reference and clause-combining in the acquisition of French L2 by adult Moroccan Arabic L1 speakers. The contribution of iconicity and of transfer from L1 in this development is discussed. The path towards grammaticalisation is less clearly marked in the domain of clause combining than in the domain of temporal reference, where after use of lexical and pragmatic means, inflection on the verb develops. Grammaticalised subordination is rarely used, except for circumstancial clauses. Paratactic devices such as clefting and NP copy tend to be used for discursive functions such as the introduction of background information in narratives, for instance.
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Serra Pfenning, Isabel. "Reseña del libro: TELGE, Claus (2017)." Transfer 15 (December 16, 2019): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/transfer.2020.15.493-501.
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SERRA PFENNIG, Isabel (Universitat de Les Illes Balears). Reseñadel libro: TELGE, Claus (2017). “Brüderliche Egoisten”. Die Gedichtübersetzungenaus dem Spanischen von Erich Arendt und HansMagnus Enzensberger. Heildelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter,págs. 312.
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Aquaria Putri S, Melisa. "KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM SUATU PERJANJIAN BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN." Jurnal Gagasan Hukum 2, no. 02 (December 30, 2020): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jgh.v2i02.8553.
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Perjanjian konsumen pada dasarnya dibuat guna memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen dengan jumlah yang tinggi, maka untuk mempermudah pelaku usaha perjanjian konsumen dicetak secara masal dengan klausula baku yang ditetapkan sepihak. Namun kewenangan sepihak ini berpotensi disalahgunakan pelaku usaha dengan mencantumkan klausula baku yang dilarang. Klausula baku yang dilarang menurut UUPK adalah klausula yang berisikan pembebasan tanggung jawab pelaku usaha kepada konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis klausula baku dalam suatu perjanjian serta akibat hukumnya berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Klausula baku yang dilarang merupakan klausula dalam perjanjian baku yang berisikan pengalihan tanggung jawab pelaku usaha. pengalihan tanggung jawab tersebut telah diatur larangan pencantumannya melalui Pasal 18 Ayat (1) UUPK. Kemudian terhadap perjanjian yang dipastikan menggunakan klausula baku yang dilarang maka akibat hukumnya sebagaimana yang diatur dalam Pasal Ayat (3) UUPK adalah batal demi hukum.
Consumer agreements are basically made to meet the needs of consumers in high numbers, so to make it easier for business actors, consumer agreements are printed en masse with standard clauses set unilaterally. However, this unilateral authority has the potential to be misused by business actors by including standard clauses that are prohibited. Standard clauses that are prohibited under UUPK are clauses that contain the release of the responsibility of business actors to consumers. This study aims to analyze the standard clauses in an agreement and their legal consequences based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. This type of research is normative legal research. The result of this research is that the standard clause that is prohibited is a clause in the standard agreement which contains the transfer of responsibility for business actors. the transfer of responsibility has been regulated by the prohibition of its inclusion in Article 18 Paragraph (1) of the UUPK. Then, for agreements that are confirmed to use standard clauses that are prohibited, the legal consequences as stipulated in Article Paragraph (3) of the UUPK are null and void
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Dirdal, Hildegunn. "Cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of relative clauses by Norwegian learners of English." Nordic Journal of Language Teaching and Learning 10, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/njltl.v10i2.1079.
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This paper reports on an exploratory study of cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of relative clauses by young Norwegian learners of English, comparing L1 Norwegian and L2 English material from the TRAWL (Tracking Written Learner Language) Corpus to L1 English material from the GiG (Growth in Grammar) Corpus. Previous reports of cross-linguistic influence in this domain have usually involved language pairs that have very different relativization strategies. This study investigates whether similarities between relative clause systems may lead to more subtle effects in the choice of relativizer, the type of head nominal, the syntactic function of the relativized item, the extent of relativization from embedded clauses and the use of relative clauses in special constructions such as existentials and clefts. Although the material is limited, the study found traces of the Norwegian system in the learners L2 English, signalling that this is an area worth further investigation. The learners struggled with the choice between who and which, but used that/zero in a very similar way to their L1 English peers. The L2 English group also had slightly higher frequencies of relative clauses belonging to existentials and clefts, and where the relativized item stemmed from a further embedded clause. These results are consistent with a usage-based theory of second language acquisition, where learners are assumed to transfer features of constructions from their L1 when they are similar enough for them to make a cross-linguistic identification.
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Arif Hariyanto and Ika Fitriana. "URGENSI KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM AKTIVITAS BISNIS." Al-Hukmi : Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Keluarga Islam 1, no. 1 (May 13, 2020): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/alhukmi.v1i1.740.
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The term standard clause is often used specifically in the practice ofbuying and selling that occurs between businesses and consumers.Consumers are forced to accept it even though this is a unilateralagreement in the form of transfer of responsibility by business actors toconsumers. As a result of the existence of this standard clause if there is adefect in the goods that have been purchased, the consumer cannotreturn the item back wherein in Islamic law the business / purchasetransaction is determined by the validity of a contract that is carried outand discussed in the division of khiyar rights. In addition, this standardclause is also regulated in Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning ConsumerProtection (UUPK).Thus, the focus of this research objective is to find out the application ofstandard clauses in business practices and to describe the approach ofIslamic law and La w no. 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protectionagainst standard clauses in business practices or buying and selling.In the approach of Islamic law the application of this standard clausemust be carried out in an interadin manner. While according to Law no. 8of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) the application of thisstandard clause continues to provide protection for consumers infulfilling the rights of consumers to be served properly and notdiscriminatory as well as the right to get compensation in the form ofreplacement of similar goods if there is a disability.
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Cerrudo Aguilar, Alba. "Cyclic transfer in the derivation of Complete Parenthetical Clauses." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.5.1.3742.
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The goal of this paper is to show that some parentheticals are indeed syntactic orphans (cf. Haegeman 1988) and that this intuition can be formalized using tools independently motivated in linguistic theory. We concentrate on new data regarding clitic realization in what are commonly called Reduced Parenthetical Clauses (RPCs). We show that these constructions with clitic differ of their reduced counterpart in many aspects; crucially, they behave as root domains. Thus, we argue that they are derived independently from the host clause (in a parallel workspace) and their linear interpolation occurs during the Spell-Out process, assuming a dynamic version of cyclic Transfer (cf. Chomsky 2001, Uriagereka 1999).
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McLeod, Alyssa K. "Sales, Acquisitions, and Mergers of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 2 (February 2021): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i2.5.
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Direct-to-consumer genetic tests have become increasingly popular in the United States within the last few years. However, these tests pose many risks to the consumer, most notably privacy risks. A subset of these privacy risks involves the issue of company mergers, acquisitions, and sales. Many companies in the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market have privacy policies that contain a variation of a “business transfer” clause. These clauses specify that in the event the company goes through a business transition such as a sale, merger, or acquisition, the consumer’s personal information—including the consumer’s DNA—will be among the assets transferred. This Article explores the risks associated with these business transfer clauses as they relate to the consumer, and presents a solution to mitigate said risks. The solution lies in FTC v. Toysmart, wherein a toy company that filed for bankruptcy was restricted in selling its assets—which included its customers’ personal data— only to entities with the same interests as the toy company. This Article urges that the default interpretation standard of business transfer clauses track similarly such that a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company may only be sold to, merged with, or acquired by a company with the same or like interests.
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Polinsky, Maria. "REANALYSIS IN ADULT HERITAGE LANGUAGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, no. 2 (May 6, 2011): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226311000077x.
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This study presents and analyzes the comprehension of relative clauses in child and adult speakers of Russian, comparing monolingual controls with Russian heritage speakers (HSs) who are English-dominant. Monolingual and bilingual children demonstrate full adultlike mastery of relative clauses. Adult HSs, however, are significantly different from the monolingual adult controls and from the child HS group. This divergent performance indicates that the adult heritage grammar is not a product of the fossilization of child language. Instead, it suggests that forms existing in the baseline undergo gradual attrition over the life span of a HS. This result is consistent with observations on narrative structure in child and adult HSs (Polinsky, 2008b). Evidence from word order facts suggests that relative clause reanalysis in adult HSs cannot be attributed to transfer from English.
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Quintero, María Jesús Pérez. "Mitigating Commitment through Negation." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 685–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0033.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar constitutes a powerful model to account for the complex phenomenon of Neg-Raising in a consistent and systematic way. Previous studies on Neg-Raising, the phenomenon involving the transfer of the negative from a complement clause to the matrix clause, have traditionally characterized it in terms of syntactic and, more extensively, semantic criteria. These studies have focused on the delimitation of the type of verbs involved in this construction, since Neg-Raising is only allowed by some complement taking verbs, all related to certain kinds of modality. However, despite having been studied extensively, Neg-Raising remains an unclear phenomenon in certain respects. Taking as a point of departure the classification of Complement Clauses resulting from the application of the three parameters (Entity Type, Presupposition and Factuality) proposed within Functional Discourse Grammar, it is possible to arrive at a consistent delimitation of the constructions exhibiting Neg-Raising. Furthermore, the Morphological Level allows accounting for Neg- Raising without resorting to any kind of movement rule. It is through the operation of Morphological Encoding that the negative comes to occupy its position in the matrix clause.
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Fischer, Alain, Mathias Dewatripont, and Michel Goldman. "L’innovation thérapeutique, à quel prix ?" médecine/sciences 36, no. 4 (April 2020): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2020059.
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Comment préserver l’accessibilité aux nouveaux médicaments pour tous les patients qui en ont besoin ? La question se pose à la lumière des prix exorbitants auxquels les thérapies géniques, mais aussi les biothérapies et de nouvelles molécules chimiques, sont commercialisées. L’analyse montre qu’à court/moyen terme, l’arrivée sur le marché d’un nombre croissant de nouveaux traitements à haute valeur ajoutée mais à des prix très élevés deviendra insoutenable pour les organismes payeurs qui sous-tendent notre système de santé. Les arguments de rentabilité invoqués par les sociétés pharmaceutiques pour justifier les prix proposés sont à tout le moins contestables, d’autant plus qu’ils ne sont pas documentés de façon transparente et que cette industrie jouit déjà de marges bénéficiaires considérables, en comparaison de celles d’autres secteurs du monde économique. Quant aux promesses de guérison définitive assurée par certains traitements, il faudra encore attendre quelques années pour en vérifier le fondement. À l’aube d’une réforme qui apparaît incontournable, nous formulons plusieurs propositions pour faire avancer le débat, en particulier : (1) mettre en œuvre la résolution avancée par plusieurs états membres de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) pour assurer la transparence des coûts de développement des nouveaux médicaments ; (2) imposer une clause de prix raisonnable dans les accords qui régissent le transfert de technologies entre les institutions académiques soutenues par des fonds publics et les entreprises privées ; (3) instituer une instance européenne commune de négociation des prix des médicaments adaptée aux conditions socioéconomiques de chaque pays ; (4) conditionner le remboursement des traitements innovants à leur commercialisation par des entreprises - ou des filiales de celles-ci - répondant à des normes certifiant leur responsabilité sociétale et (5) développer en Europe des partenariats public-privé à but non lucratif, pour la création de quelques unités de production de biothérapies et thérapies géniques. L’objectif général de ces mesures serait de fixer un cadre qui permette de définir des prix qui garantissent un juste retour de l’investissement public vers le système de santé tout en assurant pour les entreprises un profit d’un niveau conforme au marché et une incitation suffisante à investir dans les domaines prioritaires pour la santé publique.
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Humphreys, Edward, Jan Andersson, and Lars-Göran Sund. "A European Private Company and Share Transfer Restrictions." European Business Law Review 23, Issue 4 (July 1, 2012): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2012027.
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Restrictions on the transfer of shares, in the articles of association and shareholders' agreement are of crucial importance for SMEs. Associates running a business together are dependent on a fragile balance in ownership positions, as well as the expertise of each shareholder and manager of the business. We criticize the EU approach to transfer restrictions, as presented in the Commission's proposal for a "Statute for a European private company" (2008). Not all of the suggested restrictions are suitable under all circumstances in the articles of association. One example is a prohibitive clause, which must be limited both in time and to transfers (not transmission) of shares. Further, other options, such as a mandatory buy-sell agreement, are not considered. Such a clause can be of the utmost importance in the case of some transmissions, e.g. upon intestate succession.
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Yuanitasari, Deviana. "The Role of Public Notary in Providing Legal Protection on Standard Contracts for Indonesian Consumers." Sriwijaya Law Review 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol1.iss2.43.pp179-190.
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Public Notary is needed in conducting businesses of varying sectors. For example, people who want to own a house through a bank with House Ownership Loan (Kredit Pemilikan Rumah - KPR). Quite similar to a purchase of common loan contracts, the purchase of KPR contract is formulated into a standard contract. Its contents and clauses have been previously prepared by the bank. Then, bank customers as debtors only have the option to accept the entire contents and clauses of the KPR contract, otherwise they will not be granted KPR loan. As the consequence, the position of banks as lenders and customers as debtors are never equal. Debtors are powerless and have to comply with the content of the contract. This research discusses the protection given by notary in the drafting process of standard contract based on Law No 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen - UUPK) and Law No. 2 of 2014 on the Rules of Notary Profession (Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris - UUJN). The result of the study showed that a public notary has a strong foundation to protect consumers’ rights according to the UUPK. An application of this, among others, the notary’s refusal has to include the entire content of the KPR agreement into a deed before s/he could examine whether the two parties of the agreement occupy an equal position and have proportionate power. For instance, in the transfer of responsibility clause from a bank as a business owner – a notary is entitled to advise the bank that its activity has violated the UUPK. If the bank insists that the clause is instructed by its central bank, the notary can help explain that the revision of the clause will help the Bank avoid the violation of UUPK.
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Omar, Jamal Ali. "Kurdish EFL learners’ conceptual transfer in L2 writing." Journal of Education Culture and Society 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20181.163.172.
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Abstract
The phenomenon of language transfer in SLA learning and use is perennial and cannot be silenced easily. In L2 writing, the phenomenon is found to affect the written products sound nonnative and, even ambiguous. It is thought that the transfer occurs at the conceptual and structural level of language use. The present paper examines Kurdish EFL learners’ writing aiming at identifying transfer types, particularly, the negative transfer. To this end, 20 university level English major students argumentative writing are analyzed focusing on the conjuncts and adjuncts to find out any track of L1 concepts. The logical clause relationship of cause-effect was the area of focus. The results of the study showed that L1 concepts have been used in forming the relations between sentences and clauses spelt out by lexical signals of sentence connectors and subordinators. It is also found that L1 concepts transferred into L2 writing. The insights gained from the results of the study reveal that there is a problem, especially the negative influence of L1, which needs to be attended.
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Gomtsian, Suren. "Exit in Non-Listed Firms: When and How to Use Share Transfer Restrictions?" European Business Law Review 27, Issue 6 (November 1, 2016): 719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2016033.
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Share transfer restrictions are typical elements of governance in non-listed firms where members, given the locked nature of investments, are in strong dependence upon each other’s actions and contract for special share transfer clauses to ensure successful cooperation. First purchase rights, such as a right of first refusal and a right of first offer, and tag-along rights stipulate efficient investments by discouraging value-decreasing transfers of shares to third parties and reducing incentives for opportunistic renegotiation. Similar problems arising during the ordinary course of business are solved by different forms of put and call options, including their special buy/sellout modifications – Russian roulette clauses. The study of the best practices of contracting for share transfer restrictions in closely-held firms can help improving the practices of business organization.
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Sáez del Álamo, Luis Ángel. "Superlative QP “Hyper-Raising” in dialectal Spanish: the role of dormant Edge Features." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 9, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.9.1.5429.
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In this paper I deal with a particular relative-clause superlative construction attested in Spanish dialects like Canariense (Bosque & Brucart 1991) and Puerto Rican (Rohena-Madrazo 2007), among others. In this construction the superlative quantifier raises to the left of the complementizer of the relative clause. However, as observed by Bosque & Brucart (1991), only object quantifiers can move in this way; subject quantifiers cannot. I account for this assymmetry by assuming Bianchi’s (2000) raising analysis for relative clauses, Kandybowicz’s (2009) theory on edge features and Pesetsky & Torrego’s (2001) proposal on Tense-to-Comp movement (among other assumptions). Object-quantifier movement correlates with Tense-to- Comp movement, which activates an edge feature for objects and allows them to escape the phasal minimal domain undergoing Transfer. This is not possible for subject-quantifier movement. I also propose that the determiner introducing a relative clause bears an uninterpretable [Superlative] feature with clitic-like properties. This feature forces the determiner to post-syntactically cliticize to the superlative quantifier degree word, a process which requires linear adjacency. This accounts for certain restrictions on this sort of superlative quantifier raising already pointed out by Bosque & Brucart (1991) The proposal (similar to the one in Rohena-Madrazo 2007) that [Superlative] may also be in Force in these dialects (if selected for Force by the determiner) explains a more restrictive (and widespread) variant of this construction.
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Halimah, Nur. "Students Error Analysis in Using Adjective Clauses “Who and Whom” In Present Continues Tense." INTERACTION: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa 5, no. 1 (November 16, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36232/jurnalpendidikanbahasa.v5i1.323.
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dominant kinds of errors and the cause of errors made by the first grade of MA Integral Hidayatullah Makbusun. The data were taken from the erroneous adjective clauses “who and whom” in present continues tense . The test was given by the researcher to the students at MA Integral Hidayatullah Makbusun in the first grade that consists of fifteen students. In analyzing the data, the writer took the result of student test as technique of collecting data. The writer calculated the frequency of errors for each kind and also counted the percentages of errors in the form of table to determine the dominant kind of errors. Finally, the researcher analyzed the cause of errors. After analyzing the data, the researcher found 56% in used who and 69% in used whom. The researcher found kinds of errors There are addition (20 errors or 11.76 %), ommision (44 errors or 25.88 %), subtitution (69 errors or 40.59 %) and ordering (37 error or 21.76%). Therefore, the subtitution error has the highest frequency (69 errors or 40.59%). It proved that the students do not understand the pattern and function of adjective clauses “who and whom” sentence since they often ignore to put an item needed in the well-formed adjective clause sentence. In this research, the writer found that those errors are caused the cause by three types, that is first language interference, overgeneralization, and ignorance of rule restriction. And factors cause of error are interlangual transfer and intralingual transfer. Interlangual transfer is the errors caused by the mother tongue influence. While, intralingual transfer is the error caused by the target language influence.
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Kim Ji Hyon. "L1 Transfer in L2 Relative Clause Attachment." English Language and Linguistics 16, no. 3 (December 2010): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17960/ell.2010.16.3.006.
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Pan, Victor Junnan. "Resumptivity and two types of A′‑dependencies in the Minimalist Program." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 45–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.3.1.02pan.
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This paper examines the derivation of two types of A′-dependencies — relative clauses and Left-Dislocation structures — in the framework of Minimalist Program based on Mandarin data. Relatives and LD structures demonstrate many distinct syntactic and semantic properties when they contain a gap and a resumptive pronoun respectively. A thorough study of the relevant data reveals that when a gap strategy is adopted, island effects and crossover effects are always observed, irrespective of whether the relevant gap is embedded within a relative clause or within an LD structure; on the contrary, when the resumptive strategy is adopted, a sharp distinction is observed between these two structures. A resumptive relative clause gives rise to island effects and crossover effects systematically; by contrast, a resumptive LD structure never gives rise to these effects. In the Minimalist Program, island effects and crossover effects are not exclusively used as diagnostic tests for movement since the operation Agree is also subject to locality constraints. I will argue that a relative clause containing either a gap or an RP and an LD structure with gap are derived by Agree and they are subject to the locality condition whereas a resumptive LD structure is derived by Match that is an island free operation and it is not subject to the locality constraint. Multiple Transfer and multiple Spell-Out are possible in an Agree chain, but not in a Matching chain. The choice of the derivational mechanism depends on the interpretability of the formal features attached to the Probe and to the Goal in the relevant A′-dependencies.
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van Vuuren, Sanne. "Information structural transfer in advanced Dutch EFL writing." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.13van.
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This article presents a case study on the role of L1 transfer of language-specific features of information structure in very advanced L2 learners. Cross-linguistic differences in the information status of clause-initial position in a V2 language like Dutch compared to an SVO language like English are hypothesized to result in overuse of clause-initial adverbials in the writing of advanced Dutch learners of English. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating advanced Dutch EFL learners’ use of clause-initial adverbials in a syntactically annotated longitudinal corpus of student writing, compared to a native reference corpus. Results indicate that Dutch EFL learners overuse clause-initial adverbials of place as well as addition adverbials that refer back to an antecedent in the directly preceding discourse. Although there is a clear development in the direction of native writing, transfer of information structural features of Dutch can still be observed even after three years of extended academic exposure.
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Bao, Zhiming, and Lye Hui Min. "Systemic Transfer, Topic Prominence, and the Bare Conditional in Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2005): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.2.03zhi.
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Colloquial Singapore English has a novel conditional construction in which the conditional clause is not marked morphosyntactically, and must precede the consequent clause. We show that Singapore English, like Chinese, the main substrate language, is topic prominent, and the novel conditional construction is a direct consequence of this new typological status. We analyze the unmarked conditional clause as topic, a basic syntactic position in topic prominent languages. Our analysis shows that substrate influence is systemic: the entire cluster of properties associated with topic prominence is transferred from Chinese to Singapore English.
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Nugraha, Rizal Aditya. "Absolute Power on Land Rights Binding Agreement (Study of Verdict No. 698K/Pdt/2017 and Number 483/Pdt.G/2013/PN.Bdg)." Authentica 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2020): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.atc.2019.2.1.59.
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In the sale and purchase of land rights transactions, before the parties make a sale as outlined in the form of a Purchase Deed made before the Land Deed Maker Officer, the parties first make an agreement made in the form of an authentic deed made before a notary called with the Sale and Purchase Agreement (PPJB). Binding Agreement of Purchase made by a notary is always followed by a power of attorney called absolute power of attorney. According to the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 14 of 1982, the use of absolute power is prohibited from using it for the transfer of land rights. This study aims to analyze the validity of granting absolute power clauses in the Purchase Binding Agreement which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights and analyzing the application of absolute power in the Land Purchase Binding Agreement for land rights, especially against Decision Number 698K / Pdt / 2017 and Number 483 / Pdt. G / 2013 / PN.Bdg. The research method used is normative juridical research by examining secondary data, supplemented by a legislative approach and a case approach. This type of research is Analytical Descriptive using legal inventory research, legal principles, legal discovery in concreto. Data analysis was performed using the Normative Qualitative analysis method. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The validity of the absolute power which is entered as a clause in the Binding Agreement of Purchase is valid. Purchase Binding Agreement as a preliminary agreement (Pactum De Contrahendo) which gave birth to the granting of absolute power clause is an inseparable unit of the Purchase Binding Agreement so that the granting of an absolute power clause in the Sale and Purchase Agreement is not included in the absolute power of attorney which is prohibited by applicable laws and regulations. (2) a. Decision Case Number 698K / Pdt / 2017, the granting of absolute power which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights is invalid because the absolute power of attorney is not based on the principal agreement, thus contradicting the Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 14 of 1982. b. Decision Case Number 483 / Pdt.G / 2013 / PN.Bdg, the granting of absolute power which is used as the basis for the transfer of land rights is legal, because the absolute power of attorney is based on the principal agreement, so it does not conflict with the Minister of Home Affairs Instruction Number 14 of 1982. Keywords: Binding Agreement of Purchase; Absolute Power of Attorney; Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs No. 14 of 1982.
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Suparman, Suparman, and Charmilasari Charmilasari. "Analysis of Phase Structure Realization in Classroom Discourse: A Study of Systemic Functional Linguistics." Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature 4, no. 2 (August 22, 2017): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/ethicallingua.v4i2.624.
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This study aims at describing the phase structure of classroom discourse in SMAN 1 Palopo. The research design employed is a qualitative study. The research location was SMAN 1 Palopo in which the population of the current study was classroom discourse in class X; while the sample were clauses that indicate the phase and interpersonal meaning of the teacher and the students who were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The source of data were the discourses in the biology, Physics and civic education classes. This study uses the theory of systemic functional linguistics to identify the clause phase structure consisting of phases and each sub-phase consists of 5 phases. Phase is used to transfer the science that aims to guide students to understand the material. Sub-phase comprises 33 phases which were divided into 4 static sub-phases and 29 dynamic sub-phases. System dominant mode shows the role of teachers in transferring science or knowledge expect information provided will be accepted by the students.
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Aktipis, Michael S., and Ron B. Katwan. "Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook Ireland Ltd. and Maximillian Schrems (C.J.E.U.)." International Legal Materials 60, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 53–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.62.
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On July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) issued its ruling in Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook Ireland Limited and Maximillian Schrems, commonly known as Schrems II, invalidating the EU–U.S. Privacy Shield as a valid transfer mechanism under the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and creating significant legal uncertainty for the continued availability of another widely used transfer mechanism, Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs), for transfers of EU personal data from commercial entities in the EU to the United States. The widely anticipated ruling marked the second time in five years that the CJEU had invalidated the legal foundation for such data transfers, which in both cases had been the result of a carefully negotiated compromise balancing European data privacy concerns with statutory and constitutional limitations of the U.S. system (see Schrems I).
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Ho Han. "Language Transfer in Parsing Relative Clauses." English Language and Linguistics 18, no. 1 (April 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17960/ell.2012.18.1.001.
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Yakovleva, Svetlana. "Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’." Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, no. 6 (September 11, 2020): 881–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340189.
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Abstract Cross-border flows of personal data have become essential for international trade. European Union (EU) law restricts transfers of personal data to a degree that is arguably beyond what is permitted under the EU’s World Trade Organization commitments. These restrictions may be justified under trade law’s ‘necessity test.’ The article suggests that they may not pass this test. Yet, from an EU law perspective, the right to the protection of personal data is a fundamental right. An international transfer of personal data constitutes a derogation from this right and, therefore, must be consistent with another necessity test, the ‘strict necessity’ test of the derogation clause of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. This article shows how a simultaneous application of the trade law and EU Charter ‘necessities’ to EU restrictions on transfers of personal data creates a catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance deadlock.
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Harjono, Dhaniswara K. "PEMBERLAKUAN PERJANJIAN BAKU DAN PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP KONSUMEN." to-ra 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/tora.v4i1.1167.
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Abstract
Enforcement of a balcu agreement in the practice of daily economic life is a necessity that is non-negotiable and its validity is based on the principle of freedom of contract that exists in Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the Civil Code. In an effort to provide protection for consumers in the application of standard agreements, UU No. 18 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection has set such standard agreement terms that can be enforced in practice with the threat of cancellation if the conditions are not met, including standard agreements in practice may not contain exoneration calls or clauses that divert and / or release responsibility replied the business man. In judicial practice, there are a number of jurisprudences who have canceled the exoneration clause which frees the liability of the business actor and transfers it to the consumer. This is intended as a form of granting legal protection to consumers in court decisions in relation to the application of standard agreements in society.
Keyword : standard agreement; consumer protection; legal protection.
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Lia Amaliya. "PERAN BADAN PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KONSUMEN (BPSK) KARAWANG TERHADAP PENERAPAN KLAUSULA BAKU DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG PERLINDUNGA KONSUMEN." Justisi Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jjih.v5i1.1266.
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Pada masa sekarang ini perjanjian yang memuat klausula baku antara konsumen dengan pelaku usaha dapat dengan mudah ditemukan. Harus dapat diakui bahwa klausula baku sangat membantu kelancaran perdangangan. Namun hal ini menutup proses negosiasi antara konsumen dengan pelaku usaha sehingga memungkinkan bagi pelaku usaha untuk mengalihkan tanggungjawabnya Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis empiris yaitu menganalisis permasalahan dengan cara memadukan bahan-bahan hukum dengan data primer. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode kepustakaan (library research) dengan menguji bahan-bahan dokumen dan bahan pustaka. Data dianalisis kualitatif-normatif, yaitu menafsirkan dan membangun pernyataan yang terdapat dalam dokumen peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian yaitu bahwa Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen memberikan kewenangan kepada Badan Penyelesaian sengketa Konsumen (BPSK) selaku badan atau Lembaga yang bertugas dan berwenang dalam menyelesaikan sengketa konsumen serta melakukan pengawasan terhadap pencantuman klausula baku.
Kata kunci: BPSK, Klausula Baku, Konsumen
Today, agreements containing standard clauses between consumers and business actors can be easily found. It must be admitted that standard clauses really help the smooth running of trade. However, this closes the negotiation process between consumers and business actors so that it is possible for business actors to transfer their responsibilities. Research uses empirical juridical methods, namely analyzing problems by combining legal materials with primary data. The data collection method uses the library research method by testing document materials and library materials. The data were analyzed qualitatively-normative, namely interpreting and constructing statements contained in statutory regulations documents. The result of the research is that Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection gives authority to the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK) as the agency or institution in charge and authority in resolving consumer disputes and supervising the inclusion of standard clauses.
Keyword: BPSK, Standard Clause, Consumer
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Kofler, Georg. "Some Reflections on the Saving Clause." Intertax 44, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 2016): 574–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2016048.
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Action 6 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project deals with tax treaty abuse and proposes inter alia, the inclusion of a seemingly innocuous ‘saving clause’ as new Article 1(3) OECD Model Tax Convention (OECD MC). This clause is aimed at preserving the taxing rights of the residence State. While it changes little with regard to the basic set-up of the OECD MC in one-taxpayer situations, it opens the doors for both Contracting States to tax their residents specifically in two-taxpayer situations which may arise, for example, in cases involving hybrid entities, Controlled Foreign Companies regimes, and transfer pricing adjustments. This article reviews the background of this new OECD MC provision, its longstanding use in US treaty policy, as well as some aspects of its breadth, impact and – intended and arguably unintended – consequences.
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Ballinger, Susan, Sunny Man Chu Lau, and Claude Quevillon Lacasse. "Pédagogie interlinguistique : exploiter les transferts en classe." Canadian Modern Language Review 76, no. 4 (November 2020): 278–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-76.4.001-fr.
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Lauwers, Peter. "Les pluriels lexicaux dits « massifs » face au conditionneur universel." Lexical plurals and beyond 39, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.39.2.04lau.
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Cette contribution s’intéresse aux pluriels lexicaux en français. Elle montre que les pluriels lexicaux sont toujours dans la portée de dérivations ultérieures qui restaurent le statut [+ comptable], comme cela ressort notamment de la présence de déterminants indéfinis fortement individualisants. Ces transferts s’avèrent reproduire certains transferts classiques entre massif et comptable comme le trieur et le conditionneur universels. Ce dernier donne lieu à différents effets de sens d’après la nature du nom qui sert d’input : délimitation dans l’espace tridimensionnel, délimitation temporelle, délimitation globale d’événements et d’objets complexes et conditionnement qualitatif. Dans certains cas, le transfert aboutit à la réfection du singulier au sein d’une nouvelle opposition grammaticale. Des opérations « au-delà » du pluriel massif confirment à la fois la pertinence structurelle de la classe des pluriels massifs et leur statut proprement massif (massif étant conçu ici à la fois comme ‘dense’ et ‘compact’).
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Corrales Compagnucci, Marcelo, Mateo Aboy, and Timo Minssen. "Cross-Border Transfers of Personal Data After Schrems II: Supplementary Measures and new Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs)." Nordic Journal of European Law 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36969/njel.v4i2.23780.
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This article analyses the legal challenges of international data transfers resulting from the recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decision in Case C-311/18 Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Limited, Maximillian Schrems (Schrems II). This judgement invalidated the EU-US Privacy Shield Framework but upheld the use of standard contractual clauses (SCCs). However, one caveat is that organisations would have to perform a case-by-case assessment on the application of the SCCs and implement ‘supplementary measures’ to compensate for the lack of data protection in the third country, where necessary. Regrettably, the CJEU missed the opportunity to specify what exactly these ‘supplementary measures’ could be. To fill this gap, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) adopted guidelines on the measures that supplement transfer tools to ensure compliance with the EU level of protection of personal data. In addition, on June 4th, 2021 the European Commission issued new SCCs which replaced the previous SCCs that were adopted under the previous Data Protection Directive 95/46. These new developments have raised the bar for data protection in international data transfers. In this article, we analyse the current regulatory framework for cross-border transfers of EU personal data and examine the practical considerations of the emerging post-Schrems II legal landscape.
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Koltsov, Mikhail. "On the issue of some problems of punishment for committing environmental crimes." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 15 (2020): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2020-4-15-348-355.
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The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that that it addresses the problem of punishment for environmental crimes, which provide for criminal liability for the predatory destruction of flora and fauna, depletion of natural resources. We establish that the humanization of criminal liability, carried out in previous years, negatively affects the deterioration of the environmental situation, therefore, the legislator in 2018 and 2019 took certain measures to supplement and change certain provisions of Chapter 26 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. We analyze the possibility of increasing the role of current domestic criminal law provisions designed to solve the problems of protecting the environment from illegal human actions. We note that the implementation of the most effective modern criminal law policy of the state in the analyzed relations requires the solution of such problems as the inclusion in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of new clauses on responsibility for socially dangerous human behavior in the field of ecology, a significant increase in sanctions if the clause for an environmental crime already exists, the transfer of some environmental crimes from a less serious category to a more serious category, and others.
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Sudarsono, Sudarsono. "RELATIVE CLAUSE TRANSFER STRATEGY AND THE IMPLICATION ON CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS HYPOTHESIS." Journal of Languages and Language Teaching 9, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/jollt.v9i4.4055.
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Foreign language learners may transfer their previous language properties into that of the target language either positively or negatively. The present study was designed to investigate the transfer strategy from the Indonesian relative clauses to the English ones. It was a descriptive study. The data were collected from the theses submitted by the Master's Program students of English Language Education to the university. The study found out that most students relativized subjects successfully but frequently failed to relativize the object of which Indonesian could not do it. The students were not found relativizing indirect objects, oblique, and comparison of which Indonesian did not permit. In conclusion, the study supported the strong contrastive analysis hypothesis.
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Wach, Tomasz. "Transfer Pricing as an Institution Supporting the Anti-Optimization Clause in Counteracting Tax Avoidance." Financial Law Review, no. 25 (1) (March 31, 2022): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.22.007.15657.
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The purpose of this study is to show the relationship between transfer pricing regulations and the anti-tax avoidance clause. The paper discusses the axiology of legal regulations aimed at counteracting tax avoidance practices and the use of non-market prices in relations between related entities. An attempt was made to present the concept of the phenomenon of harmful tax competition, also the essence of tax avoidance, and to contrast this concept with the phenomenon of tax evasion. The phenomenon of tax optimization was also indicated. The relationship between the provisions of the general anti-optimization clause and transfer prices that determine the appropriate state of prices between related entities within the meaning of tax law was also subjected to a detailed analysis.
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Yuan, Chen. "Studies on the Backward Transfer of Interlanguage Syntactic Structure—Taking Temporal Adverbial Clause as an Example." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1006.10.
Full textAbstract:
The research focuses on the language transfer in L2 and L1 environment. The paper explores the language backward transfer from L2 (English) to L1 (Chinese) for mainland Chinese students in Australia as well as in China. With long time scholars concentrated on the forward transfer from L1 to L2 and profited a lot. However, there is some evidence reflected that backward transfer from L2 to L1 may take place in L2 and L1 environment, even in some academic occasion, L1 syntactic rules are losing. In this study, participants are mainland Chinese undergraduates from University of Newcastle and Hei Longjiang Bayi Agricultural University to complete translation and writing tasks. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether the backward transfer occurs in sentence translation and discourse level and the relationship between the backward transfer and L2 proficiency. The expected results are that backward transfer can happen both in L2 and L1 environment and the higher L2 proficiency can decrease backward transfer. In view of this, the research can reflect the complexity of language backward transfer and the relationship with L2 proficiency.
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Kusdianty, Stevyara Rismawathi. "THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS� ERROR IN USING RELATIVE CLAUSE." Indonesian EFL Journal 2, no. 1 (September 12, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v2i1.638.
Full textAbstract:
This study is aimed at investigating error types of Relative Clause and focuses on error of selection items of relative pronoun. Limitation of the study was on the students� error in using relative pronoun (who, whom, which, and whose) in Report Text and the causes of the students� error. This study used descriptive qualitative method. There were two techniques of collecting the data; observation which aimed at giving relative pronoun test in Report Text and interview which aimed at gathering information about the causes of the students made error. 20 students from class XI IPA 1 and XI IPA 2 of SMAN 1 Garawangi were chosen by the researcher as the sample of this study. The theory by Corder (1982), Azar (1999) and Brown (2000) were used as a basic theory to analyze the collected data. Finally, the results of the analysis showed that the students made errors in relative pronoun �who� with number 45 errors or 33.6%. The error in using relative pronoun �whom� were 32 errors or 23.9%. The error in using relative pronoun �which� were 29 errors or 21.6%. The error in using relative pronoun �whose� with number 28 errors or 20.9%. The errors caused by the influences of intralingual transfer or most of the students didn�t understand about the material, and interlingual transfer or the influences from their mother tongue in pronouncing and writing relative pronoun.Keywords: error analysis, relative pronoun, students, report text
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Худокормов and Sergey Khudokormov. "Democratic essence of local self-management as institute of democracy in the constitutional state." Journal of Public and Municipal Administration 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21040.
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Clause is devoted to research of the democratic nature of local self-management in a context of methodology of a modern constitutional law. The author of clause proves the point of view, that local self-management is an independent form of democracy in the sense that, first, local communities possess the right to establishment of structure of institutions of local government, secondly, the constitution guarantees an autonomy of municipalities by transfer of powers of national representation directly against the population to elective bodies.