Journal articles on the topic 'Clause de direction du procès'
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Ott, Dennis, and Mark de Vries. "Thinking in the right direction." Linguistics in the Netherlands 29 (November 2, 2012): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.29.10ott.
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We propose to analyze right-dislocation constructions in terms of clausal coordination, coupled with ellipsis. While neither rightward movement nor base-generation of backgrounded and afterthought phrases is descriptively accurate, we show that the facts follow straightforwardly on an analysis that takes the dislocated phrase to be the surface remnant of a second clause that is underlyingly parallel to the host clause and reduced by ellipsis at PF. Right-dislocated XPs are thus theoretically assimilated to sluiced wh-phrases, fragment answers, and other sentential fragments. We furthermore suggest that the two clauses in right-dislocation are syntactically related by an abstract coordinating head, making right-dislocation an instance of specifying coordination.
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Chen, Qiaoran. "Usage and Development of the Material Adverse Change Clause." BCP Business & Management 39 (February 22, 2023): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v39i.4072.
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“Material Adverse Change Clause” (hereinafter referred to as MAC clause) refers to a clause arranged in the contract during the acquisition and merger of company in order to provide the buyer with an opportunity to terminate the transaction when the conditions of the target.MAC clause plays an essential role in international M&A. Almost all cross-border M&A agreements include MAC clause, and both parties often spend a lot of time negotiating and writing this clause. However, MAC clause writing is complicated in practice, and MAC clause content is often unsatisfactory. First, this paper analyzes the concept of MAC clause as the starting point, from its role and common types of MAC clause to explain. Secondly, based on the relevant data of MAC clause in international M&A contracts in recent years, this paper analyzes the current situation of MAC clause use, especially the difference between the frustration system of use contract in the UK and the principle of change of use situation in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirdly, starting from the case of LV's acquisition of Tiffany, this paper explains the use of MAC clause in actual cases and finds out the problems with its use. Finally, according to the above issues, this paper puts forward some suggestions for improving MAC clause and studies its development direction.
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Schaefer, Ronald P., and Richard Gaines. "Toward a typology of directional motion for African Languages." Studies in African Linguistics 26, no. 2 (June 15, 1997): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v26i2.107393.
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This paper examines the syntactic and semantic expression of basic directional motion and its manner counterparts across the four language phyla of Africa. We sample languages from each phylum, concentrating on basic, non-deictic, directional motion and its counterpart in which motion, direction, and manner of motion occur simultaneously. Two primary findings emerge. Across Africa, basic directional motion tends to be verb-framed with respect to direction; it conflates the semantic components Motion+Direction in verbs equivalent to 'enter, circle, traverse'. Manner of motion, while maintaining this lexicalization pattern, syntactically registers a Motion+Direction verb and its linear order relative to a Manner verb through either of two primary strategies. Manner precedes Motion+ Direction when the two verbs are conveyed through serial verb sequences, verb compounding, or verb coordination. Manner follows Motion+Direction when the former is specified as a deranked verbal form, e.g., as a gerundive, or as part of a deranked clause, e.g., a subordinate clause.
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Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "(Inter)subjectification and unidirectionality." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 8, no. 2 (June 27, 2007): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.8.2.07clo.
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In this paper the importance of distinguishing synchronic (inter)subjectivity and diachronic (inter)subjectification is stressed. Questions are posed concerning the robustness of hypotheses about matches between semantic function and syntactic position at the left or right periphery of the clause in Japanese, the extent to which subtypes of (inter)subjective function constrain the direction of shift over time, and the optimal unit of analysis (sentence, clause, or intonation unit).
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Ost, François. "Le Marchand de Venise : le pari et la dette, le jeu et la loi." McGill Law Journal 62, no. 4 (February 2, 2018): 1103–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043162ar.
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Le Marchand de Venise est tenu, à raison, pour une des pièces les plus juridiques de W. Shakespeare, avec Mesure pour mesure. Au coeur du débat, la fameuse clause pénale que l’armateur vénitien Antonio se laisse imposer par le prêteur juif de la place, Shylock : une livre de chair prélevée sur son propre corps, en cas de défaut de paiement. On en retient généralement la tirade de Portia plaidant en faveur de la miséricorde (mercy) du prêteur. Et on lit la pièce comme l’illustration du procès éternel entre la lettre et l’esprit, le formalisme juridique et l’équité. La présente contribution entend discuter cette interprétation traditionnelle en replaçant l’intrigue dans son contexte socio-historique : le casino vénitien, ses jeux de séduction et de pouvoir, et le nécessaire financement des aventures d’Antonio par le ghetto. Mais au-delà de l’analyse juridique et du décryptage sociologique, c’est d’une lecture anthropologique que relève l’écriture de Shakespeare. On comprend alors la pièce comme un affrontement de passions juridiques radicalisées. Pour Shylock, le billet à ordre, assorti de la fameuse clause, est l’occasion d’assouvir enfin une vengeance nourrie d’un ressentiment séculaire. Pour Antonio, joueur invétéré, toute l’affaire est l’occasion de jouer son ultime « va-tout » et de jouir à l’avance d’une partie de « qui perd gagne » — car un armateur vénitien ne peut pas perdre, n’est-ce pas, face à un prêteur juif.
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Chyla, Łukasz. "Próba uchwycenia kierunków zmian w zakresie klauzuli rebus sic stantibus w Polsce." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 20 (September 20, 2017): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.20.7.
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Capturing the direction of changes in the scope of the rebus sic stantibus clause under Polish lawThe aim of this article is to present the issue of the influence of the substantial change of circumstances on the parties’ obligation to the contractual agreements. In Poland, this so-called “rebus sic stantibus clause” governed by the article 3571 of the Polish Civil Code which is believed to be not flexible enough to follow the needs of the dynamics of the global economic turnover and also importantly, the certainty of trade. Therefore it has become a source of many controversies and issues in interpretation, which has led to various de lege ferenda postulates. The article’s aim is to thoroughly analyze the essence of the particular amendments, including those based on the Principles of European Contract Law art. 6:111 as well as proposals articulated by the doctrine. In summary, the article makes an attempt to capture the direction of changes in the design of the Polish institution of rebus sic stantibus clause.
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Hogg, R. Malcolm. "Jews, Guardians, and Magna Carta, Clause 11." Law and History Review 4, no. 2 (1986): 367–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743832.
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Clause 11 of King John's Magna Carta has not received as searching an examination as have other clauses of that document. For example, McKechnie's comment runs to only half a page. In the 295 pages which he devotes to the individual clauses of Magna Carta, only his comments on clauses 62 and 63, clauses which he describes as ‘entirely of a formal nature’, and on clauses 53 and 57 are shorter. True, some of the points which have relevance for clause 11 are made in his comment on clause 10. But nearly all such points concern the Jews, whereas it is the intention of the present article to argue that the Jewish aspect of clause 11 has been too much discussed, or too much assumed, at the expense of other aspects, particularly its connection with guardians. After all, the common assumption that clause 11 represents part of a baronial attack on the Jews has been coupled, rather paradoxically, with the admission that it was too superficial to have much effect on the Jews. It is worthwhile inquiring whether the paradox really exists. Is the superficial effect on the Jews an indication that the purpose of the clause, at least in its origin, lay in a different direction? This article will suggest the possibility that unscrupulous guardians were the primary target of clause 11.
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van Vuuren, Sanne. "Information structural transfer in advanced Dutch EFL writing." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.13van.
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This article presents a case study on the role of L1 transfer of language-specific features of information structure in very advanced L2 learners. Cross-linguistic differences in the information status of clause-initial position in a V2 language like Dutch compared to an SVO language like English are hypothesized to result in overuse of clause-initial adverbials in the writing of advanced Dutch learners of English. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating advanced Dutch EFL learners’ use of clause-initial adverbials in a syntactically annotated longitudinal corpus of student writing, compared to a native reference corpus. Results indicate that Dutch EFL learners overuse clause-initial adverbials of place as well as addition adverbials that refer back to an antecedent in the directly preceding discourse. Although there is a clear development in the direction of native writing, transfer of information structural features of Dutch can still be observed even after three years of extended academic exposure.
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Yun, Jeong-In. "Political Party Clause of the Korean Constitution: De Constitutione Ferenda." Korean Association of International Association of Constitutional Law 29, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 165–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24324/kiacl.2023.29.1.165.
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The Korean Constitution’s political party clause(party clause) and party legislation which were designed during the authoritarian regime have since shaped the reality of party politics and the party system so far. Particularly, the theoretical background and legal argument that formed the basis for such party regulation still impact constitutional jurisprudence and judicial practice. This article thus explores a way forward to get out of the wrong path paved in the past that has led the Korean malfunctioning party politics. In scholarship and politics, the problem regarding the interpretation and reform of party law – ie. ‘Political Parties Act’ – that regulates the political parties has been actively discussed. Relatively, however, any intensive discussion on the party clause in the Constitution which justifies such party regulation was rare. So, in the first place, bringing a new perspective to the interpretation of the party clause would be necessary in terms of de constitutione lata. Nonetheless, a more fundamental solution would be revising the party clause, Article 8, of the current Constitution, which remains in its original form for the last sixty years and keeps justifying the anachronic party legislation. In this sense, this article argues it is now inevitable to engage in de constitutione ferenda due to the party clause’s problematic background and interpretative limitations, examines the various ideas presented to revise the party clause in the constitutional amendment discussions under the current Constitution, and finally suggest a desired direction for amending the party clause, Article 8, of the Korean Constitution.
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Hayashi, Midori, and David Yoshikazu Oshima. "Graded (metric) tenses in embedded clauses: The case of South Baffin Inuktitut." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (October 23, 2017): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4135.
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This work discusses how tenses in South Baffin Inuknitut (SBI; the Eskimo-Aleut family), which are associated with remoteness specifications, are interpreted in embedded clauses. In SBI dependent clauses, the reference point forremoteness specifications may be, but is not necessarily, relativized (shifted) to a time other than external “now”. For example, while the hodiernal past (marked by suffix -qqau) designates the day of utterance as its domain of coverage, it may not do so in a subordinate clause. Whether an embedded tense may and must be relativized with regard to remoteness depends on four factors: (i) whether the embedded tense is relativized with regard to temporal direction (the past-present-future opposition), (ii) what the type of the subordinate clause is, (iii) what the tense of the superordinate clause is, and (iv) what the tense of the subordinate clause is. The findings suggest that tense systems across languages may contrast not only with respect to under what circumstances shifting of the directional temporal reference point takes place, but also with respect to under what circumstances shifting of the reference point fortemporal remoteness takes place.
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Harvey, Arlene. "Definitions in English technical discourse." Functions of Language 6, no. 1 (November 26, 1999): 53–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.6.1.03har.
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This paper explores degrees of equivalence constructed in English technical definitions. From an ergative perspective, the degree of equivalence depends upon the effectiveness of the clause (i.e. effective vs middle). Effective clauses tend to be encoding in orientation (i.e. the direction of the coding in the clause is from the gloss to the term) whereas middle clauses tend to be decoding (from term to gloss) (Halliday 1967/8, 1994; Davidse 1992a, 1996). In technical definitions, ideational meaning (expressed in relational clauses) is typically metafunctionally dominant and lexicogrammatically "deautomatized" (Mukarovsky 1977), while interpersonal meanings (expressed in mood and modality) are less dominant and "automatized". In technical definitions, the source of knowledge is either absent but probeable or absent and non-probeable. It is argued here that, despite the general automatization of interpersonal meaning in definitional clauses, a residue of interpersonality is in fact critical to the degree of equivalence constructed in the clause.
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Pilote-Coulombe, Catherine. "Jurisprudence 2 – La Cour suprême interprète la clause de « garde, direction ou gestion »." Assurances et gestion des risques 86, no. 1-2 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1062466ar.
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Blesse, Sebastian, Friedrich Heinemann, Eckhard Janeba, and Justus Nover. "Die Zukunft der Schuldenbremse nach der Pandemie." Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik 70, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfwp-2021-2045.
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Abstract The German constitutional fiscal rule (the „debt brake“) is increasingly subject to a reform debate that has intensified with the fiscal fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic. This article presents survey evidence from the German state parliaments on views and preferences for the future of Germany’s fiscal rule. The survey among all 16 state parliaments was conducted between May and July 2020 with a participation of almost 30 per cent of all state parliamentarians. The results indicate that the debt brake still enjoys a large general support from more than two thirds of the parliamentarians. However, a reform in the direction of an investment clause is increasingly popular, much more than a clause that would support debt-financed climate policy measures.
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Lee, Kyuhong and 정필운. "A Necessity and the Desirable Direction of Constitutional Revision on the Intellectual Property Clause." Korean Lawyers Association Journal 59, no. 11 (November 2010): 57–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.17007/klaj.2010.59.11.002.
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Martins, António. "Corporate Financing, Interest Deduction and Tax Controversies." Intertax 41, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 2013): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2013042.
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This article focuses on a general tax principle: the usual corporate income tenet that, for being deductible, costs have to be necessary or indispensable to generate revenue or to maintain the corporation as a going concern. After exposing its possible meaning, we analyze its impact on court decisions and legal controversies regarding some intra-group financing operations. These controversies have, in our view, been a major reason for the recent introduction of quantitative limitations to interest deduction in the Portuguese corporate income tax code. The Portuguese tax law already had several ways of restricting interest expenses without recurring to the new clause of quantitative automatic limitation. In the light of such a set of legal avenues for restricting interest deduction, the new clause inserted in the tax code is a move in the direction of abandoning principles in favour of rules.
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Almeida Suarez, Manuel. "Spanish (de)queísmo." Spanish in Context 8, no. 1 (July 5, 2011): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.8.1.01alm.
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In Spanish, standard sentences such as Pienso que no vendrá ‘I think s/he will not come’ and No se acordó de que tenía que ir ‘S/he forgot s/he had to go’ can alternate respectively with non-standard sentences as Pienso de que no vendrá (dequeísmo) and No se acordó ø que tenía que ir (queísmo). In order to explain both syntactic processes scholars have proposed different hypotheses: psycholinguistic, functional, social and psychosocial. The aim of this research is to analyse the validity of the functional hypothesis (this is, the possibility that the de/ø alternation conveys a semantic and/or pragmatic meaning) on a corpus recorded in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands). With the purpose of verifying such hypothesis, four variables have been analysed: the verb person of the main clause, the verb tense of the main clause, the source, direction and distance of the information (evidence), and the syntactic structure.
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Achiri-Taboh, Blasius. "A generalized question tag in English." English Today 31, no. 1 (February 17, 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078414000546.
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In several (colloquial) varieties of English around the world, the tag question is reduced to a single generalized invariant tag ‘isn't it?’. This is used irrespective of the general structure and semantic content of the matrix or main, superordinate clause that embeds it. Linguists started debating seriously on the actual use of tag questions in English since the early 1960s and 70s. The debates then were particularly focused on the use of tags on (elliptical) imperatives, with many concluding that the auxiliary in the imperative main clause is an elliptical will that serves as the source of input for the tag that is appended (Katz & Postal, 1964; Postal, 1966). Arbini (1969) discussed the putative parallel between tag imperatives and tag questions, and other early discussions on tags include Bolinger (1967), Huddleston (1970), and Klima (1964). The present discussion looks to a different direction. As already implied, it focuses on the emergence of isn't it? as a generalized invariant tag.
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Lei, Zhendong, and Shaowei Cai. "NuDist: An Efficient Local Search Algorithm for (Weighted) Partial MaxSAT." Computer Journal 63, no. 9 (August 15, 2019): 1321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxz063.
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Abstract Maximum satisfiability (MaxSAT) is the optimization version of the satisfiability (SAT). Partial MaxSAT (PMS) generalizes SAT and MaxSAT by introducing hard and soft clauses, while Weighted PMS (WPMS) is the weighted version of PMS where each soft clause has a weight. These two problems have many important real-world applications. Local search is a popular method for solving (W)PMS. Recently, significant progress has been made in this direction by tailoring local search for (W)PMS, and a representative algorithm is the Dist algorithm. In this paper, we propose two ideas to improve Dist, including a clause-weighting scheme and a variable-selection heuristic. The resulting algorithm is called NuDist. Extensive experiments on PMS and WPMS benchmarks from the MaxSAT Evaluations (MSE) 2016 and 2017 show that NuDist significantly outperforms state-of-the-art local search solvers and performs better than state-of-the-art complete solvers including Open-WBO and WPM3 on MSE 2017 benchmarks. Also, empirical analyses confirm the effectiveness of the proposed ideas.
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Arroyo, José Luis Blas, and Javier Vellón Lahoz. "On the trail of grammaticalization in progress: has el que become a compound relative pronoun in the history of Spanish prepositional relative clauses?" Probus 30, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2017-0010.
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AbstractIn this paper, we examine the grammatical status ofel quein Spanish prepositional relative clauses (el lugaren el quevivo) [the place where I live] from a variationist perspective of the theory of grammaticalization. At least from the nineteenth century onwards, several authors have defended the nature ofel queas a compound relative pronoun, even if these forms continue alternating today with others without the article [el lugaren quevivo], in contrast toel cual, a fully grammaticalized relative since the late fifteenth century.Based on a 3,200,000 word corpus of immediacy text (mainly private letters), we test the hypothesis ofel quebeing a case of grammaticalization in progress from a variationist point of view, examining in depth what happens inside the grammar and the socio-stylistic matrix in different periods of history, from 1700 to 1960. The idea underlying this approach is that the structure of changes as well as the grammaticalization in progress can be inferred from the comparative analysis between different quantitative magnitudes of functionally similar variants. To do so, we have performed three independent mixed-effects regression analyses (Rbrul), one for each century.The results of these comparative analyses confirm the progression ofel quein prepositional subordinate clauses between the early eighteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. Yet, this progression has taken place at a slow pace and, objectively, can only be described as moderate. Moreover, a number of elements of continuity in history are revealed, such as several conditioning factors that are systematically selected and with the same explanatory direction in all periods. This casts serious doubt on the existence of a grammaticalization in progress in the case ofel que, and sees the evolution as not essentially different from other morphosyntactic changes that have taken place in the history of Spanish.
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LABELLE, MARIE, LUCIE GODARD, and CATHERINE-MARIE LONGTIN. "Grammatical and situational aspect in French: a developmental study." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 2 (May 2002): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005056.
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We study the ability of children to provide an appropriate continuation for a stimulus sentence, taking into account the joint demands of situational aspect and grammatical aspect. We hypothesize that the aspectual transitions required by some aspectual combinations play a role in the difficulty of providing an appropriate continuation for them. We tested 130 French-speaking children of 5;06 to 9;0. In general, the data are consistent with the idea that the ability of children to construe an appropriate continuation for a stimulus clause is a function of both the situational aspect of the clause and the grammatical aspect provided by the verbal morpheme. There is a significant tense×situational aspect interaction in the number of continuations that children are able to provide in answer to the stimuli. Contrary to our expectations, there is no significant tense×situational aspect in the number of appropriate continuations, this being perhaps due to the small number of continuations for each stimulus type, but there are trends in the expected direction, which further studies may be able to confirm.
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Cannarsa, Michel. "French Case Note on the Penalty Clause Decisions of the UK Supreme Court." European Review of Private Law 25, Issue 1 (April 1, 2017): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2017014.
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Abstract: This case note is a French perspective on UK Supreme Court decision in Makdessi. English law and French law are known to rely on different approaches towards contractual penalties. This seems to be confirmed after the recent (2016) reform of the French law of obligations. One of the central features of French law on contractual penalties is judicial intervention when the amount of the penalty is derisory or excessive. English law, after Makdessi, could be brought closer to French law as it puts the focus on the substance of the penalty clause and on the legitimate interest in the enforcement of the contract. However, it does so in a trend that further restricts judicial intervention, whereas French law is leaning towards a quite opposite direction.
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Burrow, Sharan. "Australia's Social and Commercial Engagement with China: What Direction for the Relationship?" Journal of Industrial Relations 49, no. 5 (November 2007): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185607082211.
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This article suggests four criteria that any Australian Government should satisfy in promoting new forms of social and commercial engagement in the Australia—China economic and trading relationship. Any Free Trade Agreement (FTA) should require a high level of commitment to meet four standards. First, the inclusion of a labour clause within the agreement. Second, the government must now ensure that there is no disadvantage to Australian industry particularly for the purpose of applying anti-dumping provisions. Third, an Australia—China FTA would need to demonstrate how the economic and trading relationship would become more balanced and why a bilateral FTA will not further compromise the multilateral system. Fourth, the government must demonstrate its commitment to make Australia free trade ready so the nation can maximize the benefits and minimize the costs of commercial engagement with China and other counties. Ultimately corporate globalization will only work for the world's workers and their families when it is underpinned by a fair set of global rules including labour rights.
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Chertykova, Maria D. "MANIFESTATION OF "DIRECTION OF VIEW" MEANING IN THE SEMANTICS OF KHAKAS VERB КÖР- "LOOK, SEE"." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2018): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2018_4_4_144_154.
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The current paper aims at describing the semantic structure of the common Türkic verb кöр- «look, see» and identifying the relevant features in its semantics. Particularly, the meaning of «direction of view» is analyzed when the verb is joined by a noun in the accusative and directional cases, a subordinate clause describing specific situations as well as adverbs with the corresponding meaning. Being polysemantic, the verb, beside its direct meaning, is characterized by 8 indirect ones that are common for other Turkic languages; they are related to 3 spheres: social, emotional, and mental. In addition to those, 4 other lexical-semantic variants were found that preserve the seme of perceptiveness, although it is not dominant in them. All these findings demonstrate huge word-building, high structural and analytic potential of this verb in the Khakas language.
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Ito, Akihiro, and Junko Yamashita. "A corpus-based validation study of the universal processing hypothesis in English relative clause formation." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 149-150 (2005): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/itl.150.0.2004373.
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The present study focuses on spoken and written data in the British National Corpus (BNC). Based on a review of recent studies on English relative clauses, we formulated a Universal Processing Hypothesis (OS >OO>SS> SO) as target hypothesis to be validated using a corpus data approach. A computer program was designed to calculate the frequency of appearance of the four types of relative clauses (OS, OO, SS, and SO). The results indicated this hypothesis to be a valid predictor of frequency of appearance of relative clauses in the domain for written corpus texts. However, it is not supported in context-governed spoken material. Limitations of the present investigation and the direction of future research are also discussed.
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Giordano, Aldo, Ionuţ Radu Răcănel, and Giovanni Voiro. "Steel-Concrete Viaducts in the Orastie-Sibiu Highway: a Eurocode Compliant Project." Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2015-0011.
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Abstract This paper is intended to show the design of two composite bridges along the Orastie- Sibiu motorway, from the basic concepts, applied without the need for a clause-by- clause checking of codes and standards, to the construction methods. The bridges are seismically isolated in the longitudinal direction, while transversally the seismic action is distributed among the piers. Calculations have been carried out through state of the art procedures, taking into account form effect of the cross section. For this reason, different FE models have been set up to study different aspects of the behavior, with increasing degrees of approximation. For example, “beam” elements have been utilised to investigate global effects both in the linear and non linear range, while more accuate 2D and 3D elements have been used for refined cases such as stress checks and local buckling analyses. The present paper goes into detail in particular for what concerns some of the most interesting parts of the design process for the specific case. Namely, time dependent properties of the materials have been considered, and extensive “staged construction” analyses have been carried out to ensure safety in each phase of the complex life of the bridges, while at the same time guaranteeing significant cost savings.
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Gaudez, Florent. "De l'abduction créative comme méthode sémio-anthropologique au service de la sociologie de la connaissance et des représentations." Sociedade e Estado 20, no. 1 (April 2005): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-69922005000100002.
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Une œuvre d'art ne symbolise jamais du social ex nihilo, elle re-symbolise. Si l'on définit le travail de l'œuvre comme une re-symbolisation du donné symbolique, la première étape sociologique face à une œuvre consiste à construire, à partir de matériaux culturels, la configuration du champ symbolique. Une telle posture ouvre des perspectives sur la sociologie des représentations mais aussi éclaire la complexité de l'œuvre d'art et la multiplicité de stratégies littéraires et cognitives propres à l'œuvre. La description sémiologique des structures de l'œuvre est l'une des méthodes les plus fécondes pour replacer l'œuvre dans son contexte historico-sociologique et soumettre à la vérification une étude sociologique. En nous appuyant sur les travaux de C.-S. Peirce et U. Eco, il s'agit ici d'indiquer quelques pistes de réflexion dans cette direction en proposant la démarche abductive qui, plus intuitive que le procès déductif, inventorie et cherche à relier, organiser des données, des signes qui lui semblent devoir découler d'une loi à advenir, mais encore inconnue.
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Huddleston, Rodney. "The contrast between interrogatives and questions." Journal of Linguistics 30, no. 2 (September 1994): 411–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700016704.
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This paper explores the relation between interrogative, a category of grammatical form, and question, a category of meaning. Interrogative contrasts with declarative, imperative, etc., in the system of clause type (not sentence type); a question defines a set of answers. Two kinds of interrogative are distinguished, closed and open -though in some languages they may be distinct primary classes. Three kinds of question are distinguished according to the way the set of answers is defined: polar, alternative and variable questions; another dimension distinguishes information from direction questions. Mismatches between interrogatives and questions are found in the areas of coordination, parentheticals, echoes and questions signalled only prosodically. Mismatches between interrogative phrases and questioned elements are also investigated.
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Schneider, Monique. "Éprouver le passage." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/037334ar.
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Résumé Éprouver le passage — Lorsque se trouve accentuée la dimension de perte inhérente à l'accès au symbolique, la traduction peut apparaître comme le champ privilégié où s'étale cette perte. Direction suivie par J.-B. Pontalis parlant de « la mélancolie du langage » et dotant le traducteur de « la capacité infinie d'être triste ». Une autre orientation se dessine si la traduction est envisagée dans son exercice même et non dans son seul résultat. L'expérience analysée sera celle de la retraduction des textes de Freud, mettant au jour les opérations à l'oeuvre dans les traductions officielles : maquillage des termes se rapportant à la scène de séduction et à la possibilité, pour le maître, d'avoir accès à la jouissance. Ce qui conduit à une mise en abyme du procès de la séduction. De la traduction mystifiée à la traduction impossible : c'est la tentative même de franchissement qui fait apparaître l'inconvertible dans une langue, l'exemple choisi étant le signifiant allemand, Leib, terme désignant, par opposition à Körper, le corps vivant ou le corps en creux, donc connoté de féminité; connotation qu'aucun terme français ne pourra rendre.
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Alshamari, Murdhy R. "Grammaticalisation of ʔelħi:n in Haili Arabic- From Propositional Item to Discourse Particle: Split CP Investigation." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1202.14.
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This paper explores the linguistic properties of a discourse variant of the temporal adverb ʔelħi:n, used in Haili Dialect of Najdi Arabic (HA). Maintaining the characteristic of co-occurring clause-initially, and examining lexical/discoursal articulated structures, ʔelħi:n has developed a conventionalized discourse use, turning its morphology into a discourse particle that expresses a degree of speaker’s attitude. ʔelħi:n has undergone a process of grammaticalisation, with morphosyntactic consequence: changing its phrasal status to a head one. Evidence supporting this direction derives from intervention effects (Rizzi, 2006)- ʔelħi:n inhabits movement of head-items in syntax. The immediate consequence of this morphosyntactic change has direct impact on the syntax of ʔelħi:n: occurring clause-initially and its phonology: being unable to bear high tone, unlike its temporal adverb counterpart. Implementing cartographic mechanisms, Rizzi’s (1997) Split CP System, and holding to observations that inherently focused material wh-phrase leɪʃ ‘why’ merges in a position c-commanded by ʔelħi:n, it is established that the discourse instance of ʔelħi:n first merges at a discourse head, instantiating a discourse projection, PrtP, whence it semantically wide-scopes the propositional-TP. Constituents preceding ʔelħi:n are then argued to move and remerge at some Spec of a discourse phrase, C-TopP (Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl, 2007). Mapping the CP-layer of HA, the PrtP headed by ʔelħi:n maintains a rigid order in syntax with respect to CP-items, which makes a possible, initial mapping to the left periphery of HA, calling for scrutiny of more structure.
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Marshall, T. R. "Who is a Competent Person?" Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 121, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1422/2021.
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SAMREC (The South African Code for the Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves) Clause 7 notes that 'Documentation detailing Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves from which a Public Report is prepared must be prepared by, or under the direction of, and signed by a Competent Person.' Similar statements with respect to Competent Valuators (CVs) and Qualified Reserves Evaluators (QREs) are contained in the SAMVAL (South African Code for the Reporting of Mineral Asset Valuations) and SAMOG (South African Code for the Reporting of Oil & Gas Resources) codes respectively. What does it mean to be a Competent Person (CP) in the context of compiling/signing-off on SAMCODE (South African Mineral Code) compliant documents? What do the registration and experience requirements mean? Who is ultimately responsible for the report and what does such responsibility prescribe?
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Greggi, Marco. "Article: Shades of Transparency: DAC6 and the Client- Attorney Privilege." EC Tax Review 32, Issue 2 (February 1, 2023): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ecta2023012.
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Tax Law has become more and more a data-centric discipline through the years. The struggle against international tax avoidance and evasion has pushed the European union to pass a number of directives regulating the exchange of information and the taxpayers’ duty to disclose information and data concerning their business and investments. The article considers DAC6 (Directive on Administrative Cooperation, Council Directive 2018/822) a qualitative change in this scenario, as it appears to erode the client-attorney privilege. It imposes, for the first time, a duty of transparency to intermediaries such as consultants and (potentially) lawyers which is in collision with fundamental rights, eventually casting a shadow on the due process clause and (indirectly) the rule of law. The central part of the article focuses on the extension of the privilege in tax law, trying to strike a balance between the need to curb tax avoidance and to preserve the due process clause. The findings are that the client-attorney relationship is one of the pillars the rule of law is built on, it should be preserved in the field of taxation too and eventually that no directive or regulation have the power to waive it. The conclusion is that DAC6 is to be considered a step in the wrong direction by the European legislator as the first ruling of the CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) seems to confirm. Merger directive, 2009/133/EC, 90/434/EEC, shareholder, allotment of shares, merger, demerger, exchange of shares
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Cedden, Gülay, and Özgür Aydın. "Do non-native languages have an effect on word order processing in first language Turkish?" International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 4 (May 3, 2017): 804–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703454.
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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Existing studies on sentence processing in bi-/multilinguals are typically centred on the first language (L1) influence on second language sentence processing. However, there is almost no evidence of influence in the other direction. The aim of this study is to find out whether being mono-, bi-, tri- or plurilingual has an effect on reading times (RTs) in the native language. To this end, Turkish native speakers’ RTs are measured when processing Turkish canonical subject–object–verb sentences, subject–verb–object (SVO) sentences where constituents move to post-verbal positions and SVO– ki sentences where post-verbal constituents are base generated. Design/Methodology/Approach: A non-cumulative self-paced reading task is used in order to measure the RTs of a sentence. The area of interest contains (i) the critical verb, (ii) the verb of the complement clause and (iii) the argument or adjunct of the complement clause (32 sentences + 12 filler sentences). All elements are matched according to their frequency of occurrence and their syllable structure. Data and Analysis: Analyses of variance are performed on RTs of the area of interest. Findings/Conclusions: One of the main findings in this study is that all three sentence types are processed significantly slower by the monolingual group than by the bi- and multilingual groups. We infer that non-native languages have a positive effect on processing the word order in the L1, which might lead to a faster processing in the three sentence types. The findings are discussed in terms of working memory and the “gap-driven strategy”. Originality and Significance/Implications: The results are interpreted from psycholinguistic and syntactic points of view.
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THOMPSON, CYNTHIA K., KIRRIE J. BALLARD, and LEWIS P. SHAPIRO. "The role of syntactic complexity in training wh-movement structures in agrammatic aphasia: Optimal order for promoting generalization." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 4, no. 6 (November 1998): 661–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617798466141.
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This study examined the postulate that training production of syntactically complex sentences results in generalization to less complex sentences that have processes in common with treated structures. Three agrammatic aphasic patients were trained to produce wh-movement structures, object clefts and/or object extracted who-questions, while generalization between these structures was tested. One NP-movement structure, passive sentences, also was tested for control purposes. Wh-movement occurs from the direct object position to specifier position in the complementizer phrase [SPEC, CP] for both wh-movement structures. In who-questions movement occurs in the matrix sentence, whereas, in object clefts movement occurs within an embedded relative clause, rendering them the most complex. Results showed robust generalization effects from object clefts to matrix who-question for 1 participant (D.L.); however, no generalization was noted from who-questions to object clefts for another (F.P.), and 1 participant (C.H.) showed acquisition of who-questions, but not object clefts, during the baseline condition without direct treatment. As expected, none of the participants showed improved production of passives. These findings supported those derived from our previous studies, indicating that generalization is enhanced not only when target structures are related along dimensions articulated by linguistic theory, but also when the direction of treatment is from more to less complex structures. The present findings also support proposals that projections of higher levels in the syntactic treatment are dependent on successful projection of lower levels. For our participants, training movement within CP in a lower (embedded) clause resulted in their ability to project to CP at higher levels. (JINS, 1998, 4, 661–674.)
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Wentkowska, Aleksandra. "IN DEFENSE OF THE RIGHTS OF UKRAINIAN CITIZENS. ACTIONS OF THE COMMISSIONER HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE FIRST MONTH OF RUSSIA’S ATTACK ON UKRAINE, 24.02-24.03.2022." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XXII (March 31, 2022): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9088.
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The attack on February 24, 2022 on the sovereign Ukrainian state undoubtedly violates Art. 1 clause 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on the right to self-determination. By virtue of this law, nations themselves decide about their political status, and they themselves choose the form and direction of economic, social and cultural development. The use of armed force inevitably leads to a violation of fundamental human rights, including the right to life and human dignity. The Commissioner Human Rights carries out his tasks in the field of supporting people seeking refuge in Poland from the war. The first month of the armed conflict was significant in terms of securing the basic needs of people who often fled the occupied and shelled territories of Ukraine even without personal belongings. Both individual and general applications included requests for help in meeting basic needs, such as food, accommodation, medical assistance, financial support, and then finding a job or school
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Kim, Min-Joo. "The ‘imperfective’ in attributive clauses in Korean as a window into the evidential past and the metaphysical future." Studies in Language 40, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 340–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.2.03kim.
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This article discusses the temporal interpretation of two attributive clause markers in Korean -te-un and -nu-un, which are standardly analyzed as carrying past imperfective and present imperfective meanings, respectively. I show that -te-un and -nu-un carry not only temporal but also modal/evidential meanings and they do so in ways hitherto unnoticed. I claim that -te-un presents an eventuality from a retrospective point of view, providing a window into what I call ‘an evidential past’, whereas -nu-un does so from a projective point of view, providing a window into what I call ‘a metaphysical future’. The findings of this paper suggest that the line between Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Evidentiality can be blurrier in some languages than in others, and that when interpreting attributive clauses, what is construed as the viewpoint holder and in which direction the viewpoint is headed relative to some temporal anchor may matter greatly.
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Potet, Jean Paul. "SEMANTICS TRANSFERENCE IN TAGALOG." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 17, no. 1 (March 30, 1988): 67–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000354.
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We say "X gave Y to Z", but "X took Y from Z." What is marked by a change of prepositions in English is marked by a change of verbal affixes in Tagalog. This change of markers is triggered by the direction taken by Y between X and Z. This movement is deemed to be a universal semantic trait. It is proposed to call it "transference." Forward transference (FT) is that of verbs like "give", and backward transference (ВТ) that of verbs like "take." Transference is reversed in a few PA- verbs. Whether they be FT or ВТ, all factitive and causative verbs have the morphology of FT verbs. So have reciprocal verbs despite the fact that transference is neutralized in them. Transference pervades the entire clause nucleus (the verb and its actants). It is not activated in all languages. When so, it is surfaced either in the predicate verb (e.g. Tagalog), or in the preposition before the third actant (e.g. English).
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Westergaard, Marit. "Word Order in Old and Middle English." Diachronica 26, no. 1 (April 9, 2009): 65–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.26.1.03wes.
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In the history of English one finds a mixture of V2 and non-V2 word order in declaratives for several hundred years, with frequencies suggesting a relatively gradual development in the direction of non-V2. Within an extended version of a cue-based approach to acquisition and change, this paper argues that there are many possible V2 grammars, differing from each other with respect to clause types, information structure, and the behavior of specific lexical elements. This variation may be formulated in terms of micro-cues. Child language data from present-day mixed systems show that such grammars are acquired early. The apparent optionality of V2 in the history of English may thus be considered to represent several different V2 grammars in succession, and it is not necessary to refer to competition between two major parameter settings. Diachronic language development can thus be argued to occur in small steps, reflecting the loss of micro-cues, and giving the impression that change is gradual.
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KIM KYUNG RAK. "The Problem and Direction for Revision on the Clause 1, Article 2 of the Law concerning Punishment of Physical Violence and Others." Korean Lawyers Association Journal 62, no. 1 (January 2013): 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17007/klaj.2013.62.1.004.
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Zona, Carlotta Isabella, and Claudia Felser. "Integrating Morphosyntactic and Visual Cues in L1 and L2 Comprehension." Languages 8, no. 2 (April 19, 2023): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8020111.
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This study investigates the relative weighting of morphosyntactic and visual cues in spoken-language comprehension, and whether this varies systematically within and between first (L1) and second language (L2) speakers of German. In two experiments, 45 L1 and 39 L2 speakers answered probe questions targeting the action direction of subject- and object-extracted relative clauses, which were presented either in isolation (Experiment 1) or alongside scene depictions either matching or mismatching the action direction expressed in the sentence (Experiment 2). We hypothesized that visual cues contribute to shaping meaning representations in sentence comprehension, and that sensitivity to morphosyntactic cues during interpretation may predict reliance on visual cues in both L1 and L2 comprehension. We found reliable effects of visual cues in both groups, and in response to both relative-clause types. Further, proxies of morphosyntactic sensitivity were associated with higher agent-identification accuracy, especially in response to object-extracted relative clauses presented with mismatching visual cues. Lastly, morphosyntactic sensitivity was a better predictor of accuracy rates than L1–L2 grouping in our dataset. The results extend the generalizability of models of visuo-linguistic integration across populations and experimental settings. Further, the observed sentence-comprehension differences can be explained in terms of individual cue-weighting patterns, and thus point to the crucial role of sensitivity to distinct cue types in accounting for thematic-role assignment success in L1 and L2 speakers alike.
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Boriak, К., О. Lymarenko, and N. Peretiaka. "FEATURES OF STRENGTH TESTING OF PASSENGER WAGON AUTOMATIC REGULATORS." Key title: Zbìrnik naukovih pracʹ Odesʹkoï deržavnoï akademìï tehnìčnogo regulûvannâ ta âkostì -, no. 1(16) (2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32684/2412-5288-2020-1-16-20-27.
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The automatic regulator РКЗТ-675 (РТПР-675) and РТПР-675M is installed in the brake lever transmission of the passenger car and used for automatical maintenance of gaps between the surfaces of rolling of wheel pairs and brake pads within the established limits irrespective of the wear of the rolling surfaces of wheels. The design of auto regulators allows you to change the stroke of the piston rod and the brake cylinder and to manually release and tighten the regulator. Scope of auto regulators: freight, passenger cars and electric trains of the main railways. The article is devoted to solving the problem of contradictions in clause 15.5.7 of the current departmental Ukrainian instruction ЦЛ-0013 for repairing brake equipment of the railway carriage of the existing requirement for mandatory compliance with screw unscrewing in size "a" within 300-350 mm when testing automatic regulators on an automatic test stand for strength under load a normalized force of 8t in the longitudinal direction, provided that there are no residual deformations of the automatic regulator screw along its length. The article aims to refute the dependence of the values of the stress state of an automatic regulator when testing its strength on a test bench from a change in its length in the entire possible range of screw unscrewing by size "a" in the allowable range of 0-600 mm. The problem is solved by calculation using two different methods, and the results of the stress state values of the automatic regulator with different lengths of screw unscrewing by size “a” are compared with each other. Based on this, the general conclusion is made that the size “a” (within the range of 0–600 mm) of the automatic regulator screw unscrewing when testing it for strength with the same load force (N = 8t ≈ 80 кН) in the longitudinal direction does not affect the calculated value of the screw tension σ = 113.23 MPa when tested on an automatic bench. The developers of the departmental Ukrainian instruction ЦЛ-0013 are invited to make in clause 15.5.7 corresponding changes regarding the requirement of optional observance of the value of the size "a" within 300-350 mm at the bench test of the automatic regulators for the tensile load under the standardized force of 8t.
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Prestia, Joseph D. "‘Civilized States’ and Situational Sovereignty: The Dilemmas of Romanian Neutrality, 1914–1916." European History Quarterly 51, no. 1 (January 2021): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420983582.
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At the 1914 Crown Council, which decided to keep Romania neutral in 1914, former Conservative prime minister Petre Carp offered his succinct and direct opinion about the direction of Romanian foreign policy in the opening days of the Great War. He admonished the Council that, if Romania wanted to remain among the ‘civilized states’ ( statele civilizate) it had to follow Germany and Austria-Hungary into war immediately. The idea of ‘civilized states’ that dominated the remainder of the Crown Council was not merely an intersubjective social construction. It was a legal term of art in fin de siècle international law that could be applied in the real world. It was only the legally-civilized states that enjoyed the full panoply of rights, privileges, and protections under international law. This is a study of how Romania’s policy-making elite, and Ion I. C. Brătianu’s government, in particular, confronted the challenges of ‘situational sovereignty’. It asserts that, during Romania’s two-year Period of Neutrality (3 August 1914–17 August 1916), Brătianu initially used bilateral conventions as both a method to establish recognition of Romania’s status (or at least a guarantee of territorial integrity) and as a litmus test to determine which (if any) foreign powers recognized Romania as a legal equal. Although he was able to achieve a short-term victory of having an equality clause inserted into the August 1916 political convention with the Entente, it is unclear if that clause could have been durable. Ultimately, Brătianu was trapped between a desire to secure Romania’s recognition through international agreement, but confronted with the reality that Romania’s lack of recognition as a legally-civilized equal meant those very conventions could be unenforceable.
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Fieldson, Rosi. "The afterlife clause; towards a strategy for improved adaptation in retail property." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 35, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-12-2016-0031.
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Purpose The retail sector is one of the largest property concerns in the UK at 154million m2 and worth almost £300billion in capital value (IPF, 2015). Whilst it continues to be a growth sector, many retail developments and supermarkets which have been constructed in the UK since a major boom in the 1980s have seen interventions to replace envelope fabric, update their appearance and be re-configured to suit changing tenant requirements. Others will be demolished to make way for new developments. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach If the cost of adaptations to meet the required outcome is too great, or other drivers are stronger, adaptation becomes conversion or renewal. This process may be more damaging to the environment in terms of energy use, emissions and material wastage but may enable better quality and performing buildings to replace older stock. These decisions will be managed by cost benefit analysis and return on investment (feasibility, viability, risk and market appetite). This paper seeks to understand if it is possible to extend retail building life by anticipating future needs in the retail sector by forecasting what happens after the building is no longer required by the initial user. Findings This research has attempted to capture the knowledge and experience of those responsible for advising the stakeholders that make the significant decisions in retail development. Whist the methods may have been less satisfactory in extracting data, it has shown that predicting adaptability is quite difficult for many reasons. A direction towards increasing long-term adaptability the development is summarised in a list of key deliverables. Research limitations/implications This study has demonstrated a clear need to increase the consideration of defining design life as part of the performance information of a building or development, particularly in terms of whole life cost and asset value beyond the viable term of the end user and the value of the asset in terms of materials and resources (such as embodied CO2 emissions or sequestrated timber). Assessment of the design and evaluation process adopted when existing buildings are in the process of refurbishment is necessary to demonstrate this benefit. Practical implications There remains a major contradiction in the design approach for retail development; the choice between bespoke design which extends the design life and flexible design which maximises the interchangeability of end user. Buildings or parts of buildings may function better for longer if they are purpose built for key operators, anchor retail tenant or leisure use such as a cinema. However, these spaces are more likely to be changed most radically during an intervention to meet alternative functions in the future. Social implications For adaptability to be possible and demonstrable it needs to be clearly communicated at all project stages by definition of design life phases in the brief, specification, construction contract and facilities management documentation. Adaptability can be monitored in the longer term by land registration mapping, planning and building control functions in the local authority as these extend above and beyond the scope of each owner or user, however it would be advisable for facilities managers to adopt clear documentation regarding the performance parameters expected at first occupation and how modifications and interventions can be applied for flexibility and adaptability to changing requirements. Originality/value This review of current practice in UK retail development has demonstrated that although design teams are thinking about the future of developments, they are also driven to meet current requirement because the immediate future is more important than the extended future for generating retail turnover. They are not expected to document any evidence of adaptability considerations. Retailers are equally unable to speculate far enough into the future and depend on immediate annual sales results to remain economically sustainable. This impasse will ultimately prevent any change in the status quo, and legislative intervention may be necessary if society prefers to see buildings within the urban fabric last longer than the terms of a 15-year lease.
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Martel, Erik. "Droit, territoire et gouvernance des peuples autochtones." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 3 (September 2006): 715–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423906369971.
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Droit, territoire et gouvernance des peuples autochtones., OTIS, Ghislain (sous la direction de), Québec : Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004, 197p.Les relations entre les peuples autochtones et les pouvoirs politiques canadiens n'ont pas toujours été—et ne sont pas forcément aujourd'hui—salutaires. Historiquement, une litanie de conflits et d'interminables procès attestent que le gouvernement fédéral a souvent fait preuve d'une profonde incompréhension envers les revendications et les pratiques ancestrales des Premières nations. Malgré des séries d'événements regrettables, le gouvernement canadien semble aujourd'hui faire preuve d'une volonté politique visant à apporter des changements de fond dans l'état de ses relations avec les peuples autochtones, ainsi qu'une amélioration de leurs conditions de vie. Depuis le rapatriement de la constitution et avec l'adoption de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, plus précisément de son article 35 qui assure une reconnaissance des droits des peuples autochtones, d'autres événements ont renforcé cette perception de volonté politique. Notons d'une part la publication du rapport final de la Commission royale sur les peuples autochtones, publié en novembre 1996 et présentant une série d'environ 440 recommandations qui ont pour objectif une modification manifeste des relations entre les Autochtones, les allochtones et le gouvernement; et d'autre part celle du Guide de la politique fédérale sur l'autonomie gouvernementale des Autochtones, qui propose la création d'un partenariat historique permettant la négociation d'ententes visant l'autonomie gouvernementale.
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Pallaver, Matteo. "The Lisbon Treaty and ESDP: Prodi and Howorth Compared." Journal of Contemporary European Research 5, no. 2 (August 18, 2009): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v5i2.149.
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The Lisbon Treaty, as it was first negotiated, is dead and the institutional stalemate has the potential to kill the entire integration process. European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) needs effective institutions, shared rules and clear priorities: to this end both Professor Romano Prodi and Professor Jolyon Howorth think that some reforms are necessary, among others: the introduction of an ‘exit clause’ and the rationalization of the decision making process, with the abolition of the unanimity rule. As regards ESDP and the future of Europe as a reliable and effective player in world politics, Prodi and Howorth believe that the EU is heading in the right direction: more capabilities, more resources, clearer objectives and stronger alliances; this is the recipe that they suggest to increase the quality of the action of the European Union at the international level. Notwithstanding, Prodi and Howorth are well aware that institutions matter but political will matters more. In the field of security and defence the EU lacks political consensus, and this is going to limit the ambitions and aspirations of some important European states.
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Indrawati, Ni Luh Ketut Mas, Ni Made Suryati, and Ida Ayu Made Puspani. "Serial Verb Constructions in Sikkanese." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0904.16.
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Serial verb construction (hereafter abbreviated as SVC) is a construction consisting of more than one verbs without any overt markers of coordinator or subordinator. SVC is a common phenomenon in isolating languages which lack morphological markers for syntactic processes. Sikka language (Sikkanese belongs to isolating language with SVO type and it does not have diathesis. This research attempts to analyse the typological characteristics of Sikkanese SVCs which cover: prosodic/phonological, morpho-syntactic, and semantic features of SVCs in Sikkanese. The theory adopted in this research is typological theory which is applied by Van Stedent and Ger Reesink (2008) in analysing SVCs in East-Nusantara languages. The prosodic characteristic shows that Sikkanese SVCs fell under one intonation contour, similar to the intonation of a single clause and without being separated by a pause; morphosyntactically SVCs in Sikkanese could be categorised into independent and some belong to co-dependent type without any morphological markers; and symantically they could be analysed into: (1) motion; (2) direction, (3) manner; (4) instrument; (5) purpose; (6) progressive; (7) modality.
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Sokolová, Jana. "Spojka Kým V Sémantických A Komunikačných Súvislostiach." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 66, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jazcas-2015-0009.
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Abstract The study focuses on the communication-oriented analysis and interpretation of semantic and communicative (illocutive) functions of the Slovak conjunction kým [‘while’]. Research is based on the text material of the Slovak National Corpus containing synchronic dynamics of the sentence in which the conjunction kým [‘while’] expresses temporal and/or contrastive meanings. Kým [‘while’] is understood as a poly-semantic and poly-functional word which forms relations of limitative, successive, simultaneous and contrastive-simultaneous coincidence between an independent clause (P) and a whileclause (Q). Regarding the semantic functions of the conjunction, the study also discusses the function of temporal and pragmatic collocations, and complementary and competitive use of synonymous conjunctions. It verifies the connections between the actual dispositions of the conjunction kým [‘while’] and a dialogic or narrative interpretation, the choice of perspective and the sentence order. A part of the study presents the use of the conjunction kým [‘while’] in the communicative functions of assertion, direction, interrogation, satisfaction, commission and admonition. It demonstrates the dominance of illocutions which are based on the negative life experience of a speaker
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Zlotnick, Susan. "“THE LAW'S A BACHELOR”:OLIVER TWIST, BASTARDY, AND THE NEW POOR LAW." Victorian Literature and Culture 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150306051084.
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IN THE MELODRAMATIC FINAL MOMENTSof Charles Dickens'sOliver Twist, Bumble the ex-beadle is exposed for helping to obliterate Oliver's patrimony. When he attempts to shift the blame for his unlawful actions onto Mrs. Bumble, Mr. Brownlow will not allow such a move because, as Brownlow declares, “‘in the eye of the law’” the husband is the “‘more guilty of the two…for the law supposes that [his] wife acts under [his] direction’” (335; ch. 51). While a model of oppressive officialdom and petty tyranny in his public life, Bumble is no match for the termagant he has married; and the revelation of his private humiliation leads him to reply: “‘If that's the eye of the law, the law's a bachelor’” (335; ch. 51). It is easy to dismiss Bumble's assertion that the “law's a bachelor” as an instance of Dickensian wit, but this essay contends thatOliver Twistis a serious exploration of the “bachelor law.” Specifically, it explores one aspect of the New Poor Laws that did favor Britain's bachelors– the bastardy clause.
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Hansen, Martje, and Jens Hessman. "Matching propositional content and formal markers." Sign Language and Linguistics 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 145–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.10.2.05han.
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The question of sentence boundaries in sign language texts is approached by way of a case study in this paper. A short sample German Sign Language (DGS) text is segmented into elementary units and subjected to a functional analysis that identifies topics, predications, adjuncts and conjuncts as the constituents of textual units of a sentence or clause type, i.e. units with propositional content. Results largely agree with and partly refine the results of an earlier more intuitively based analysis. We then turn to a consideration of formal markings of sentence boundaries, reviewing a number of candidates for ‘boundary markers,’ i.e. specific manual signs, gestures, head nods, eye blinks, and dynamic features such as gaze direction, pauses, and transitions, inspecting if these co-occur with any consistency with the boundaries established on the basis of our consideration of propositional content. Results indicate that, while there is a certain correlation between sentence boundaries and the occurrence of these form elements, neither of these functions consistently or exclusively as boundary marker. Formal markings can be predicted to enter but not dominate the larger interpretative process of making sense of a signed text and recognizing its constituent sentences.
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Flynn, Suzanne. "Production vs. Comprehension: Differences in Underlying Competences." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8, no. 2 (June 1986): 135–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100006057.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper empirical data are presented that demonstrate significant differences in the manner in which two commonly used experimental tasks evaluate developing linguistic competence in adult second language (L2) learners. Results indicate that production tests principally evaluate a learner's developing structural competence in the L2. On the other hand, comprehension tests provide a less direct measure of structural competence and are significantly influenced by pragmatic context.Fifty-one adult Spanish speakers at three levels of ESL ability were tested in both their elicited imitation (production) and act-out (comprehension) of complex sentences that were structurally identical. The stimuli varied in terms of the pre- and post-posing of a subordinate adverbial when clause and in terms of the direction of pronoun anaphora (forward and backward). Results from the production test indicate a significant effect of directionality, i.e., a preference for forward pronouns in post-posed clauses at the intermediate level. Results from the comprehension test did not show a significant directionality constraint at any level. They did, however, demonstrate a significant effect due to the use of a biasing pragmatic lead. Such findings are comparable to those found in early first language acquisition (Lust, Loveland, & Kornet, 1980). Implications of these findings for experimental methodology are discussed.
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Temple, Murray C., and Kenneth Hon-Wa Mok. "Starred angles supporting secondary trusses." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-014.
Full textAbstract:
In some large industrial buildings, it is common to span large areas by using primary trusses in one direction and secondary trusses in the other. The secondary trusses frame into the vertical web members in the primary trusses. Starred angles are frequently used as the vertical web members in the primary trusses because of their symmetrical cross section and the ease with which the connections can be made. These starred angles are usually designed as axially loaded members, but the open nature of the cross section and the fact that the secondary truss frames into one of the angles has raised some doubts about this loading assumption. As a result of this concern, an experimental research program was undertaken to investigate the behaviour and strength of starred angle web members supporting secondary trusses. The results obtained indicate that these starred angle compression members are not concentrically loaded, as the stress distribution across the angles is not uniform. It was found that if the slenderness ratio is modified in accordance with the requirements of ASCE Manual 52, the load-carrying capacity of the starred angles supporting secondary trusses can be determined using Clause 13.3.1 of CAN3-S16.1-M84. Key words: angles (starred), buckling, columns (structural), connections, trusses.