Academic literature on the topic 'Clause de direction du procès'
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Journal articles on the topic "Clause de direction du procès"
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Ott, Dennis, and Mark de Vries. "Thinking in the right direction." Linguistics in the Netherlands 29 (November 2, 2012): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.29.10ott.
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We propose to analyze right-dislocation constructions in terms of clausal coordination, coupled with ellipsis. While neither rightward movement nor base-generation of backgrounded and afterthought phrases is descriptively accurate, we show that the facts follow straightforwardly on an analysis that takes the dislocated phrase to be the surface remnant of a second clause that is underlyingly parallel to the host clause and reduced by ellipsis at PF. Right-dislocated XPs are thus theoretically assimilated to sluiced wh-phrases, fragment answers, and other sentential fragments. We furthermore suggest that the two clauses in right-dislocation are syntactically related by an abstract coordinating head, making right-dislocation an instance of specifying coordination.
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Chen, Qiaoran. "Usage and Development of the Material Adverse Change Clause." BCP Business & Management 39 (February 22, 2023): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v39i.4072.
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“Material Adverse Change Clause” (hereinafter referred to as MAC clause) refers to a clause arranged in the contract during the acquisition and merger of company in order to provide the buyer with an opportunity to terminate the transaction when the conditions of the target.MAC clause plays an essential role in international M&A. Almost all cross-border M&A agreements include MAC clause, and both parties often spend a lot of time negotiating and writing this clause. However, MAC clause writing is complicated in practice, and MAC clause content is often unsatisfactory. First, this paper analyzes the concept of MAC clause as the starting point, from its role and common types of MAC clause to explain. Secondly, based on the relevant data of MAC clause in international M&A contracts in recent years, this paper analyzes the current situation of MAC clause use, especially the difference between the frustration system of use contract in the UK and the principle of change of use situation in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirdly, starting from the case of LV's acquisition of Tiffany, this paper explains the use of MAC clause in actual cases and finds out the problems with its use. Finally, according to the above issues, this paper puts forward some suggestions for improving MAC clause and studies its development direction.
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Schaefer, Ronald P., and Richard Gaines. "Toward a typology of directional motion for African Languages." Studies in African Linguistics 26, no. 2 (June 15, 1997): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v26i2.107393.
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This paper examines the syntactic and semantic expression of basic directional motion and its manner counterparts across the four language phyla of Africa. We sample languages from each phylum, concentrating on basic, non-deictic, directional motion and its counterpart in which motion, direction, and manner of motion occur simultaneously. Two primary findings emerge. Across Africa, basic directional motion tends to be verb-framed with respect to direction; it conflates the semantic components Motion+Direction in verbs equivalent to 'enter, circle, traverse'. Manner of motion, while maintaining this lexicalization pattern, syntactically registers a Motion+Direction verb and its linear order relative to a Manner verb through either of two primary strategies. Manner precedes Motion+ Direction when the two verbs are conveyed through serial verb sequences, verb compounding, or verb coordination. Manner follows Motion+Direction when the former is specified as a deranked verbal form, e.g., as a gerundive, or as part of a deranked clause, e.g., a subordinate clause.
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Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "(Inter)subjectification and unidirectionality." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 8, no. 2 (June 27, 2007): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.8.2.07clo.
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In this paper the importance of distinguishing synchronic (inter)subjectivity and diachronic (inter)subjectification is stressed. Questions are posed concerning the robustness of hypotheses about matches between semantic function and syntactic position at the left or right periphery of the clause in Japanese, the extent to which subtypes of (inter)subjective function constrain the direction of shift over time, and the optimal unit of analysis (sentence, clause, or intonation unit).
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Ost, François. "Le Marchand de Venise : le pari et la dette, le jeu et la loi." McGill Law Journal 62, no. 4 (February 2, 2018): 1103–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043162ar.
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Le Marchand de Venise est tenu, à raison, pour une des pièces les plus juridiques de W. Shakespeare, avec Mesure pour mesure. Au coeur du débat, la fameuse clause pénale que l’armateur vénitien Antonio se laisse imposer par le prêteur juif de la place, Shylock : une livre de chair prélevée sur son propre corps, en cas de défaut de paiement. On en retient généralement la tirade de Portia plaidant en faveur de la miséricorde (mercy) du prêteur. Et on lit la pièce comme l’illustration du procès éternel entre la lettre et l’esprit, le formalisme juridique et l’équité. La présente contribution entend discuter cette interprétation traditionnelle en replaçant l’intrigue dans son contexte socio-historique : le casino vénitien, ses jeux de séduction et de pouvoir, et le nécessaire financement des aventures d’Antonio par le ghetto. Mais au-delà de l’analyse juridique et du décryptage sociologique, c’est d’une lecture anthropologique que relève l’écriture de Shakespeare. On comprend alors la pièce comme un affrontement de passions juridiques radicalisées. Pour Shylock, le billet à ordre, assorti de la fameuse clause, est l’occasion d’assouvir enfin une vengeance nourrie d’un ressentiment séculaire. Pour Antonio, joueur invétéré, toute l’affaire est l’occasion de jouer son ultime « va-tout » et de jouir à l’avance d’une partie de « qui perd gagne » — car un armateur vénitien ne peut pas perdre, n’est-ce pas, face à un prêteur juif.
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Chyla, Łukasz. "Próba uchwycenia kierunków zmian w zakresie klauzuli rebus sic stantibus w Polsce." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 20 (September 20, 2017): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.20.7.
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Capturing the direction of changes in the scope of the rebus sic stantibus clause under Polish lawThe aim of this article is to present the issue of the influence of the substantial change of circumstances on the parties’ obligation to the contractual agreements. In Poland, this so-called “rebus sic stantibus clause” governed by the article 3571 of the Polish Civil Code which is believed to be not flexible enough to follow the needs of the dynamics of the global economic turnover and also importantly, the certainty of trade. Therefore it has become a source of many controversies and issues in interpretation, which has led to various de lege ferenda postulates. The article’s aim is to thoroughly analyze the essence of the particular amendments, including those based on the Principles of European Contract Law art. 6:111 as well as proposals articulated by the doctrine. In summary, the article makes an attempt to capture the direction of changes in the design of the Polish institution of rebus sic stantibus clause.
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Hogg, R. Malcolm. "Jews, Guardians, and Magna Carta, Clause 11." Law and History Review 4, no. 2 (1986): 367–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743832.
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Clause 11 of King John's Magna Carta has not received as searching an examination as have other clauses of that document. For example, McKechnie's comment runs to only half a page. In the 295 pages which he devotes to the individual clauses of Magna Carta, only his comments on clauses 62 and 63, clauses which he describes as ‘entirely of a formal nature’, and on clauses 53 and 57 are shorter. True, some of the points which have relevance for clause 11 are made in his comment on clause 10. But nearly all such points concern the Jews, whereas it is the intention of the present article to argue that the Jewish aspect of clause 11 has been too much discussed, or too much assumed, at the expense of other aspects, particularly its connection with guardians. After all, the common assumption that clause 11 represents part of a baronial attack on the Jews has been coupled, rather paradoxically, with the admission that it was too superficial to have much effect on the Jews. It is worthwhile inquiring whether the paradox really exists. Is the superficial effect on the Jews an indication that the purpose of the clause, at least in its origin, lay in a different direction? This article will suggest the possibility that unscrupulous guardians were the primary target of clause 11.
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van Vuuren, Sanne. "Information structural transfer in advanced Dutch EFL writing." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.13van.
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This article presents a case study on the role of L1 transfer of language-specific features of information structure in very advanced L2 learners. Cross-linguistic differences in the information status of clause-initial position in a V2 language like Dutch compared to an SVO language like English are hypothesized to result in overuse of clause-initial adverbials in the writing of advanced Dutch learners of English. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating advanced Dutch EFL learners’ use of clause-initial adverbials in a syntactically annotated longitudinal corpus of student writing, compared to a native reference corpus. Results indicate that Dutch EFL learners overuse clause-initial adverbials of place as well as addition adverbials that refer back to an antecedent in the directly preceding discourse. Although there is a clear development in the direction of native writing, transfer of information structural features of Dutch can still be observed even after three years of extended academic exposure.
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Yun, Jeong-In. "Political Party Clause of the Korean Constitution: De Constitutione Ferenda." Korean Association of International Association of Constitutional Law 29, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 165–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.24324/kiacl.2023.29.1.165.
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The Korean Constitution’s political party clause(party clause) and party legislation which were designed during the authoritarian regime have since shaped the reality of party politics and the party system so far. Particularly, the theoretical background and legal argument that formed the basis for such party regulation still impact constitutional jurisprudence and judicial practice. This article thus explores a way forward to get out of the wrong path paved in the past that has led the Korean malfunctioning party politics. In scholarship and politics, the problem regarding the interpretation and reform of party law – ie. ‘Political Parties Act’ – that regulates the political parties has been actively discussed. Relatively, however, any intensive discussion on the party clause in the Constitution which justifies such party regulation was rare. So, in the first place, bringing a new perspective to the interpretation of the party clause would be necessary in terms of de constitutione lata. Nonetheless, a more fundamental solution would be revising the party clause, Article 8, of the current Constitution, which remains in its original form for the last sixty years and keeps justifying the anachronic party legislation. In this sense, this article argues it is now inevitable to engage in de constitutione ferenda due to the party clause’s problematic background and interpretative limitations, examines the various ideas presented to revise the party clause in the constitutional amendment discussions under the current Constitution, and finally suggest a desired direction for amending the party clause, Article 8, of the Korean Constitution.
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Hayashi, Midori, and David Yoshikazu Oshima. "Graded (metric) tenses in embedded clauses: The case of South Baffin Inuktitut." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (October 23, 2017): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4135.
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This work discusses how tenses in South Baffin Inuknitut (SBI; the Eskimo-Aleut family), which are associated with remoteness specifications, are interpreted in embedded clauses. In SBI dependent clauses, the reference point forremoteness specifications may be, but is not necessarily, relativized (shifted) to a time other than external “now”. For example, while the hodiernal past (marked by suffix -qqau) designates the day of utterance as its domain of coverage, it may not do so in a subordinate clause. Whether an embedded tense may and must be relativized with regard to remoteness depends on four factors: (i) whether the embedded tense is relativized with regard to temporal direction (the past-present-future opposition), (ii) what the type of the subordinate clause is, (iii) what the tense of the superordinate clause is, and (iv) what the tense of the subordinate clause is. The findings suggest that tense systems across languages may contrast not only with respect to under what circumstances shifting of the directional temporal reference point takes place, but also with respect to under what circumstances shifting of the reference point fortemporal remoteness takes place.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Clause de direction du procès"
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Ung, Sreida. "Essai sur la transmission de l'action en justice." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASH006.
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Chacun est libre de disposer de son patrimoine comme il l'entend, dans le respect de l'ordre public. Il est donc libre de transférer tout ou partie de son patrimoine. Il est traditionnellement admis que l'action en justice suit le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liée, tel un satellite. L'intérêt de la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel peut être difficile à appréhender, comme il est difficile de concevoir l'utilité d'un satellite qui ne graviterait autour d'aucune planète. La difficulté liée à la compréhension d'une transmission de l'action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif auquel elle est rattachée est également liée au fait que l'action en justice n'est pas admise comme un élément distinct du patrimoine. Bien que difficile à appréhender, une telle transmission n'est pas dénuée d'intérêt tant pour le transmettant que pour le bénéficiaire de la transmission. Pour le transmettant, l'intérêt de cette transmission réside de toute évidence dans la prise en charge par une autre personne des dépenses liés au procès, plus particulièrement s'il ne peut bénéficier de l'aide juridictionnelle ou s'il ne bénéficie pas d'assurance juridique. A l'image des sociétés de financement de procès, le bénéficiaire de la transmission recevrait une sorte de rémunération pouvant consister en un pourcentage sur le résultat obtenu en contrepartie de sa prise en charge des coûts du procès. Le transmettant s'évitera donc les frais d'un procès, tout en profitant des effets du jugement sur son droit subjectif substantiel.L'examen du droit positif force à reconnaître l'existence de figures de transmission de l'action en justice, avec ou sans le droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est rattachée, avec ou sans le consentement de son titulaire.La présente étude se propose d'apporter un regard critique sur ces figures de transmission et de mettre en lumière les contraintes particulières attachées à la transmission d'une action en justice indépendamment du droit subjectif substantiel auquel elle est liéeEveryone is free to dispose of their assets as they wish, in compliance with public order. Then they are free to give all or part of their assets. It is traditionally and widely accepted that a legal action follows the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as a satellite. It may be complex to apprehend the interest of a transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, as it may be difficult to understand the use of a satellite with no planet to orbit around. Legal actions are not considered an asset, which makes the understanding of its transfer without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked, more difficult to apprehend. Even though it is complex to understand, this transfer may be of interest. The one who gives their legal action will not have to bear the costs of a trial. This is of interest to them especially if they are not entitled to legal aid or if they don't have legal expenses insurance. As third-party funding in Common law countries, the one who receives the legal action may charge its remuneration on a percentage taken on the result of the trial. Then the giver will avoid the costs of going to court.A review of current substantive law forces us to recognize the existence of cases of transfer of legal actions, with or without the substantive subjective right to which it is linked, with or without the consent of its holder.This present study aims to present a critical view of these cases of transfer of legal actions and to highlight specific constraints of the transfer of legal action without the substantial subjective right to which it is linked
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Ramparany-Ravololomiarana, Hobinavalona. "Le raisonnable en droit des contrats." Poitiers, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008POIT3012.
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Malgré le peu d'intérêt que l'on accorde au raisonnable, il est consubstantiel au droit des contrats. L'analyse de ses manifestations souvent latentes en droit positif conjuguée avec une approche plus prospective a permis de dégager un veritable système. Conçu comme un instrument d'adéquation des moyens aux fins, le raisonnable commande et justifie l'adaptation de certains élements du contrat pour que ceux-ci s'accordent avec la réalisation de l'opération contractuelle. De même, il justifie l'orientation du comportement du contractant vers le résultat attendu du contrat. De la sorte, le recours au raisonnable permet d'expliquer certaines solutions de droit positif, mais il regorge également de plusieurs autres solutions complémentaires voire substituables à celles-ciDespite the little interest shown by the legal experts in the notion of reasonableness it is consubstancial with the legal system of contracts. The analysis of its expressions, which are, most of the time, latent in the civil law, combined with a more prospective approach leads to the elaboration of a real system of law. The question of reasonableness, seen as instrumental in the appropriateness between means and aims, commands and justifies to adapt some of the elements of a contract to make them be in accordance with the implementation of the legal agreement. As well, it justifies the sometimes slanted behavior of one party to a contract to reach the expected aim of a legal operation. Thus having recourse to the notion of reasonableness allows to explain some of the choices made by the French legislator but it also leads to many other solutions, some thought as complementary and some others thought as a substitute to the legal solutions
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Laferrière, Aude. "« […] sans m’arrêter un seul instant de débiter mes dit-il, et se dit-il, et demanda-t-il, et répondit-il, certaines formules des plus prometteuses […]. » (S. Beckett, L’Innommable) : L’incise de citation dans les genres narratifs." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040211.
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L’incise de citation a mauvaise réputation dans le champ narratif, où elle est pourtant fort utile pour indiquer la source des répliques : elle soulève de nombreuses polémiques, tant sur le plan de la théorie que de la pratique. Peu traitée par les études grammaticales, elle est souvent fustigée par les discours normatifs dès qu’elle s’écarte du prototypique dit-il, au nom de transgressions de certaines règles syntaxiques et logiques, décourageant les auteurs qui déplorent sa monotonie de la déjouer par des variations distributives et lexicales. Ce travail vise à exposer les difficultés analytiques soulevées par cette forme, qui voit bon nombre de ses réalisations rejetées comme incorrectes, et à s’interroger sur les fondements de tels jugements. Le parcours diachronique d’un vaste corpus narratif invite à reconsidérer sa monotonie, en rendant compte de son histoire, qui est celle d’une diversification formelle et fonctionnelle : bien plus que simple escorte du dialogue qui se contenterait d’en indiquer les actants, elle possède de nombreux rôles textuels qui font d’elle un enjeu narratorial et esthétiqueInterpolated clauses have a bad reputation in the narrative field, although they are very useful in indicating the source of lines ; they arouse numerous theoretical as well as practical controversies. Seldom dealt with in grammatical studies, they are often censured by normative discourses whenever they stray from the prototypical he said, as they transgress certain syntactic and logical rules. This censure discourages those authors who lament their monotony from trying to avoid this thanks to distributive and lexical variations. This study aims at showing the analytical difficulties that are raised by this form – many variants of which are rejected as incorrect –, and seeks to question the bases of such judgments. Looking at a vast, diachronic corpus of narrative texts invites us to qualify its monotony by accounting for its history, one of formal and functional diversification : interpolated clauses do not accompagny dialogues simply to point out their speakers, they have many textual roles that put them at the centre of narratorial and aesthetic issues
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Durançon, Delphine. "La Cour d'assises : une juridiction séculaire et atypique en perpétuelle quête de rénovation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS140/document.
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La Cour d'assises : une juridiction séculaire et atypique en perpétuelle quête de rénovation. Indubitablement, la Révolution française demeurera l’événement majeur de l'histoire des institutions françaises. Par le renoncement à la société d'Ancien Régime, les nouveaux constituants bouleversèrent durablement la vision de la société, l'identité et les grands principes des institutions. Dans ce contexte de profondes mutations, on assista à l'émergence d'une « autre Justice », un service public construit sur des assises modernes et durables. Ainsi, en matière criminelle, la loi des 16 et 21 septembre 1791 institua une juridiction singulière, le tribunal criminel départemental – qui deviendra quelques années plus tard la Cour d'assises –. Cette institution se distingua dès son origine par sa composition mixte associant magistrats professionnels et citoyens tirés au sort. Près de 250 ans après son adoption, cette juridiction criminelle perdure dans le paysage institutionnel. De la sorte, on peut s'interroger sur les raisons de la longévité d'une institution trop souvent envisagée à travers le prisme de la Révolution. Le but de cette thèse était donc d'étudier les dynamiques qui présidèrent à l'évolution de celle-ci. Car, au fil de son existence, la Cour d'assises a sensiblement évolué, dans sa composition et dans son fonctionnement jusqu'à y voir l'abandon de la figure révolutionnaire et la dénaturation de l'institution originelle. La première partie de ce travail est consacrée au particularisme structurel de la Cour d'assises, sa composition mixte. Car associer des techniciens du droit à des citoyens néophytes a toujours été un choix controversé. Dans un premier titre, l'institution populaire est envisagée sous l'angle historique et sous la question de la légitimité. Il s'agit alors de comprendre non seulement les raisons qui gouvernèrent l'adoption d'une telle forme de justice, mais également celles qui expliquent sa préservation. Dans un second titre, le propos se concentre sur l'identité des juges professionnels et populaires appelés à composer les Cours d'assises.La seconde partie de cette thèse a trait au fonctionnement de la juridiction criminelle. Longtemps sa composition mixte commanda un fonctionnement particulier, distinct de celui des autres juridictions pénales. Pourtant, il est notable que des réformes successives ont imposé une certaine rupture avec la vision révolutionnaire suscitant ainsi des mutations profondes de la procédure de jugement criminel. Dans un premier titre, on envisage la procédure criminelle sous l'angle des acteurs du procès criminel, dans la gestion des débats. Aussi est-il encore nécessaire de s'interroger sur l'efficacité actuelle de la discussion criminelle. Dans un second titre, c'est la phase décisoire du procès criminel, récemment sujet de réformes d'ampleur, qui est examinée. Le travail de recherche a donc porté sur les réformes successives qui ont affecté la juridiction d'assises.Celle-ci, bien qu'ancienne et toujours attachée à son histoire, est une institution en perpétuel renouvellementThe French "Cour d'assises" : an age-old and atypical court of laws constantly reforming itself. The French Revolution certainly remains a major event in French history. As the Ancien Régime failed, the vision of society matured, such as the way we consider public institutions. In that context of acute transformations, we could witness the birth of another kind of justice based on modern and sustainable principles. Above all, new constituents established, for criminal law, a very extraordinary jurisdiction : the Cour d'assises. The main peculiarity of that institution consisted in its joint composition, as professional magistrates had to work with ordinary citizens to judge. 250 years later, this criminal jurisdiction still lasts. So, we can wonder why this so old institution is still working. This thesis aims to study movments that have affected the Cour d'assises troughout years. Actually, that institution has noticeably evolved in its composition and its working, so that it no longer looks like the institution established during the XVIIIth century. The first section deals with the joint composition of the court. In fact, couple law professionals to neophytes is certainly a controversial choice. A first sub-section intends, through an history of jury, to explain why a popular court had been chosen to punish crimes. In this part, we also wonder about the legitimacy of that kind of Justice. A second sub-section looks at the members of jury's identity. The second section of the thesis deals with the institution's working. For a long time, the composition of the court explained how it worked. However, successive reforms renew the institution. A first sub-section takes into consideration the role each of the members of the criminal court plays during proceedings. It also questions about the efficiency of the criminal trial. A second sub-section is dedicated to the final phase of the criminal process, which has recently been reformed. To sump up, the research deals with successive reforms that have deeply affected the French criminal court. In spite the fact it is an old institution, always attached to the French Revolution, the Cour d'assises is an institution that goes on reforming itself
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Briend, Cyril. "Le contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB177/document.
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Le professionnel que l'on croyait capable de défendre ses intérêts, par opposition au salarié ou au consommateur, s'est révélé tout autant victime de contrats déséquilibrés depuis quelques décennies. L'apparition de puissantes entreprises privées dans différents secteurs entraîne, de toute évidence, une inégalité entre les professionnels. Notre étude souligne la complexité de trouver un juste critère pour identifier de manière juste ce qu'est un professionnel partie faible. Il n'est pas possible de dire si, de manière générale, telle entreprise est plus puissante qu'une autre, car la personne morale partie au contrat peut cacher des intérêts difficiles à cerner au premier abord. Le juge ne peut pas non plus être l'arbitre autoritaire des prix sans risquer un détournement de sa fonction. Nous développerons le parti suivant : un contrat entre professionnels est dit d'adhésion lorsque celui-ci n'a pas donné lieu à une négociation idoine ; le juge doit alors s'efforcer de regarder le processus de pourparlers ainsi que les circonstances qui ont précédé la convention. De multiples critères peuvent aider le juge, tels que la taille de chaque entreprise, les parts de marché, les propos échangés par les parties, leur bonne ou mauvaise foi ou encore les efforts engagés par elles. Si le choix de l'analyse des négociations nous apparaît ultimement le plus juste, nous tiendrons cependant compte de ses limites. Il serait illusoire de penser que le juge peut toujours parvenir de manière certaine à connaître l'intégralité des circonstances antérieures au contrat. C'est pourquoi nous ajouterons à l'analyse des négociations un système de présomptions - quoique réfragables - lorsque la disproportion des prestations ou la différence de taille des entreprises ne laisse pas de place au doute. Nous mettrons enfin en lumière les stratégies employées par les parties fortes pour contourner cette analyse des négociations, comme des stipulations néfastes ou une tactique d'internationalisation. Il sera donc préféré une impérativité renforcée en droit national ainsi qu'en droit international. Une fois l'analyse des négociations effectuée, nous essayerons de proposer des sanctions à la hauteur du phénomène. Le juge, selon nous, doit être en mesure de modifier le contrat de façon souple, aussi bien de manière rétroactive que par un changement en cours d'exécution du contrat. Le caractère extrême de certains comportements contractuels nous incite à réfléchir à la possibilité d'un droit pénal plus dissuasif ou bien un droit « quasi pénal » sanctionnant ces comportements de manière plus appropriée. Néanmoins, c'est surtout au niveau de la procédure que se joue la protection contractuelle des professionnels. Un référé ajusté à cet objectif a tout lieu de répondre aux exigences de célérité qui gênent les parties faibles dans leurs démarches. Nous soulignerons aussi l'importance d'un système d'actions collectives qui surmontent efficacement l'écueil du coût du procès. À l'inverse, la sécurité juridique des entreprises nous conduira à proposer une procédure de protection par un système de droit doux. Première partie : L'identification du contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels. Deuxième partie : Le traitement judiciaire des contrats d'adhésion entre professionnelsThe professional, supposed to be able to defend his interests, by opposition to the employee or the consumer, has proven to also be victim of imbalanced contracts for a few decades. The emergence of powerful private companies in various sectors clearly leads to inequalities between professionals. Our study underlines the difficulty to find the best criterion to identify what a professional weaker party is. It is impossible to say that globally such company is stronger than another because the legal person party to the agreement can hide many interests, which are hard to seize at first sight. Nor can the judge arbitrate prices in an authoritarian way without risking a misappropriation of his part. We shall side for this idea: a business-to-business agreement is to be qualified of adhesion contract as long as it does not give place to adequate bargaining; so the judge has to look the bargaining process and the circumstances preceding the contract. Many criteria can help the judge such as the size of the company, market parts, exchanged words, the good or bad faith of the parties or the efforts they have made. If we consider the bargain analysis as the ultimately rightest choice, we have to contemplate its limitations. It would not be realistic to consider that the judge could always discover every circumstance prior to the agreement. This is why we shall join a system of presumptions - albeit rebuttable - to the bargain analysis, when the difference of size of companies or the disproportion of provisions is obvious. We shall put into light the strategies used by strongest parts to bypass the bargain analysis, such as harmful clauses or internationalization tactics. Thus, we shall opt for high obligatory standards, as well as in national law than in international law. Once the bargain analysis is done, we shall try to suggest sanctions adapted to the concern. The judge, in our opinion, must be able to modify the agreement in a very flexible way, either retroactively or during the implementation of the said agreement. The gravity of various contractual behaviors must lead us to think about a form of criminal law or a "quasi criminal" law in order to combat those behaviors in a more suitable mean. Nevertheless, the protection of the professional weaker part is also to be dealt on a procedural ground. A proceeding for interim measures is likely to face the needs for celerity, which bother the weakest parts for their action. We shall also underline the advantages of a class action, which could overcome the financial issue of the lawsuit. Conversely, the legal security of business will bring us to foster a protection by a soft law system. First Part: The identification of the business-to-business adhesion contract. Second Part: The judicial treatment of business-to-business adhesion contracts
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Reeb, Sonia. "La réception du concept de nationalité des sociétés par le juge fiscal français." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020070.
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Le concept de nationalité des sociétés, qui traduit le rattachement politique d’une société à un Etat, a longtemps semblé impossible à définir, les critères retenus par les juges variant en fonction des décisions. Pour ajouter à la confusion, les juges ne distinguaient pas toujours la nationalité de la lex societatis. En énonçant dans un arrêt Roval de 1990 que la nationalité d’une société se déduisait de la localisation de son siège de direction effective, le juge fiscal a livré de la notion la première définition à portée universelle. La solution n’est cependant pas totalement satisfaisante. D’une part, elle procède d’une lecture erronée de la définition contenue dans la clause conventionnelle de non-discrimination selon la nationalité applicable en l’espèce, qui renvoyait à la loi de constitution de la société. Cette méprise a eu pour effet d’étendre la portée du principe conventionnel de non-discrimination bien au-delà des intentions des rédacteurs du Modèle de convention OCDE, jusqu’à prohiber les différences de traitement selon la résidence des sociétés. La solution mériterait d’être réexaminée. Hors de tout contexte conventionnel, elle conserve sa pertinence. Cependant, si le siège de direction effective se situe, comme l’a jugé le Conseil d’Etat, à l’endroit où les personnes exerçant les fonctions les plus élevées dans une société prennent les décisions stratégiques, ce siège pourrait s’avérer difficile à localiser pour les sociétés les plus internationalisées. Le maniement du concept de nationalité par le juge fiscal et son articulation avec la notion fiscale de résidence seront alors analysés, notamment en lien avec l'application des principes de non-discrimination conventionnel et communautaire qui prohibent les différences de traitement fondées respectivement sur la nationalité et la résidence du contribuable. Il apparaît en effet que le juge fiscal, en butte à l'imprécision des concepts dont il doit faire application, tende parfois à les confondre ou les utiliser de façon simplificatriceThe concept of nationality of companies, which expresses the political connection between a given company and a State, has long been impossible to define as French judges would resort to different criteria depending on each case. The courts would also frequently mix up the concept of nationality with the notion of « lex societatis », thus creating additionnal confusion. Lastly a 1990 tax case Roval led French Civil Supreme Court to hold that the nationality of a company derives from the location of its effective seat of management. This definition is not totally satisfactory though. It derives from a misinterpretation of the non-discrimination treaty provision applicable to the case, which conveys to this clause a much broader scope than was initially intended by the drafters of the OECD Model convention and indirectly weakens French domestic rules that discriminate among companies depending on their tax residence. The Roval case should be reconsidered in light of the treaty definition of « nationals », which refers to the law of incorporation of the companies. Outside of a tax treaty context, the reference to the effective seat of management concept sounds more suitable. French administrative Supreme Court clarified that such a seat would be where strategic decisions necessary for the conduct of the enterprise’s business are in substance made by the most senior managers. In practise, determining the location of that seat may prove to be quite difficult for certain multinational entities
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Forge, Alexis. "Essai sur l’éviction du juge en droit du travail." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020016.
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L’introduction de mécanismes d’éviction du juge en droit du travail est le signe d’une volonté d’anticiper et de « déjudiciariser » les conflits. Est privilégié un accord choisi, adapté, satisfaisant toutes les parties plutôt qu’une décision subie, contraignante, prise par un tiers. Sécurisées par le législateur et par le juge, la rupture conventionnelle et la transaction ont été plébiscitées par les parties. Elles demeurent toutefois susceptibles d’être améliorées. Longtemps écartés en droit du travail, hors conciliation prud’homale, les modes alternatifs de règlement des différends ont été promus par les pouvoirs publics mais n’ont pas connu l’essor attendu. Ces processus non juridictionnels ont vocation à être déployés mais supposent d’être renforcés et adaptés à la matière sociale. Face à ces dispositifs, la place du juge doit être révisée et son contrôle « renouvelé »The introduction of measures designed to avoid taking industrial disputes before a judge illustrates the current policy of anticipating outcomes and settling matters out of court. Preference is given to coming to an agreement that corresponds to the case in hand and satisfies all the parties involved rather than a decision imposed by a third party. The common consent termination and the settlement agreement, supported by both the legislator and the judge, have become widely appreciated practices. There is, however, room for improvement. After being excluded from employment law in France for many years, with the notable exception of industrial tribunal conciliation, alternative ways of settling disputes have recently been promoted by the public authorities, but have not proved as popular as expected. These mechanisms are designed for widespread application but they need to be reinforced and adapted to the corporate world. The judge’s position needs be revised and judges need to be able to exercise greater control
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Elatafy, Sherif. "La responsabilité des centres d'arbitrage." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3013/document.
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Les litigants sollicitent les centres d’arbitrage pour diriger l’arbitrage dans toutes ses phases afin de donner une garantie supplémentaire qui assure la validité de la sentence arbitrale. Compte tenu du rôle important que les centres d’arbitrage jouent pendant l’instance arbitrale, les litigants mécontents de la sentence arbitrale ou du jugement annulant la sentence tentent d’engager la responsabilité du centre d’arbitrage dès lors qu’il a surveillé, dirigé et participé au rendu de la sentence.De plus en plus la responsabilité des centres d’arbitrage est mise en cause devant les juridictions étatiques différentes, les fonctions et les pouvoirs exercés par les centres d’arbitrage ainsi que le régime de responsabilité leur est applicable font l’objet d’une attention critique de la part de la doctrine dans plusieurs systèmes juridiques. On s’interroge sur l’origine des rapports qui lient les centres d’arbitrage aux autres acteurs de l’arbitrage, sur les obligations et les pouvoirs conférés aux centres d’arbitrage, et sur les fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage pour établir enfin un régime de responsabilité homogène et pertinent à l’égard des fonctions exercées par les centres d’arbitrage qui a une vocation à s’appliquer dans la majorité des systèmes juridiquesParties to arbitration seek arbitral institutions to administrate their arbitration in order to have an extra guarantee that ensures the validity of the arbitral award. Given the role that arbitral institutions play during the arbitral procedure, parties unsatisfied either by the arbitral award or the annulment of the award tend to claim the liability of arbitral institution for the awards it had supervised, administered and participated in.The more the allegations of liability raise against the arbitral institutions before courts, the more the issue of arbitral institutions’ functions, powers and liability becomes controversial in different jurisdictions. Therefore, the present study tends to clarify the origin of the relationship existing between arbitral institutions and other parties involved in the arbitration at issue, the duties and powers assigned to the arbitral institutions and the functions performed by the arbitral intuitions, which helps eventually in establishing a kind of liability that complies with the functions performed by the arbitral institutions and can be applied in many jurisdictions
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Kardimis, Théofanis. "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.
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La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’AréopageThe first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights
Books on the topic "Clause de direction du procès"
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Zayac, Yuliya, Nataliya Istomina-Kastrovskaya, Svetlana Kolesova, and Tat'yana Smoleusova. Methods of teaching mathematics in elementary school. Workshop. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1891467.
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The textbook is a collection of methodological tasks. Its purpose is to prepare the future teacher for the upbringing and development of younger students in the process of teaching mathematics. The professional competencies acquired in the process of solving methodological tasks will contribute to the implementation in practice of the requirements of the federal state educational standards of primary general education and will help develop students' methodological thinking, form their ability to apply mathematical, pedagogical, psychological and methodological knowledge for the successful organization of educational activities of younger schoolchildren.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students of pedagogical institutions of secondary vocational education studying in the specialty "Teaching in primary classes". It can be used by teachers and students of pedagogical universities (the direction of training "Pedagogical education"), as well as teachers working in primary classes and undergraduates.
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Ouellette, François. L' accès des caméras de télévision aux audiences des tribunaux. Montréal, Qué: Éditions Thémis, 1997.
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Zaykova, Svetlana. Administrative law. Workshop. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996265.
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A workshop on the subject "Administrative law" at the undergraduate, master's and specialist program covers 14 topics (General part of administrative law) and contains plans of practical classes, the list of normative legal and other legal acts, recommended literature, test questions, legal issues, practical, creative and test tasks, exercises for work with scientific articles, themes, essays, reports, control and course works, final works.
Developed taking into account Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation in the direction of training 40.03.01 "Jurisprudence" and the specialty 40.05.04 "Judicial and prosecutorial activities."
For students of law faculties of educational institutions of higher education, teachers of disciplines of "Administrative law", "Administrative process", "Administrative responsibility," researchers and practitioners, and a wide range of readers interested in administrative law.
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Thaler, Paul. The watchful eye: American justice in the age of the television trial. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1994.
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5
Baholdina, Irina, and Nina Golysheva. Accounting and financial accounting. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1121598.
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The textbook consists of 15 chapters, as well as a set of practical (situational) cases for independent work of students of economic universities and faculties.
Each chapter contains methodological guidelines for practical classes and situational tasks that allow integrating the knowledge gained in the process of studying financial accounting. The final part of the textbook contains a cross-cutting task, the solution of which allows the student to complete an internship as an accountant at a conditional enterprise. The complex of practical (situational) cases for students ' independent work consists of 10 options and includes five cases.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for undergraduate students studying in the direction of training 38.03.01 "Economics "(profile "Accounting, analysis and audit"), teachers, students of economic specialties of full-time, part-time, correspondence and distance learning, students of the system of additional professional education, practitioners of accounting services, management personnel, audit companies.
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Mark, Brealey QC, and George Kyla, eds. Competition Litigation. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780199665075.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive guide to all aspects of competition litigation in the UK. It covers both practice and procedure in the UK courts as well as in the Competition Appeal Tribunal. All aspects of case work are covered, from commencement of proceedings, group litigation, jurisdiction, applicable law, evidence, remedies, costs, and arbitration to criminal proceedings, giving competition lawyers a full analysis of the litigation process. There are also new chapters dedicated to the practice and procedure in Scotland and Northern Ireland.Fully updated in its second edition, coverage reflects important amendments to the Competition Act 1998; for example, the introduction of rules for class actions in the Competition Appeal Tribunal. As a result of the implementation of the Damages Directive, Directive 2014/204, new rules have been introduced for disclosure and joint and several liability. The book also covers the new cartel offence, which no longer has the mens rea of dishonesty.The new edition covers a range of important new cases: to name but a few, Sainsbury’s v MasterCard on the pass-on defence; Dorothy Gibson and Walter Merricks on opt-out class action; Cooper Tire and Toshiba Carrier on anchor defendants; and Deutsche Bahn on applicable law.
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Watchful Eye: American Justice in the Age of the Television Trial. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 1994.
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Hernández Villarreal, Gabriel. La reforma al proceso ejecutivo: estudio del impacto que sobre este tiene el análisis económico del derecho. Editorial Universidad del Rosario, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7476/9789587385083.
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Múltiples y de antaño han sido las propuestas encaminadas a reformar el proceso ejecutivo, mas todas ellas han tenido que afrontar el hecho de que en éste se entroncan dos procedimientos que son de naturaleza diversa, lo que ha generado un desplazamiento hacia un tipo de proceso que ya no tiene como objeto único la ejecución, sino que también persigue la declaración del derecho. Adicionalmente, tales propuestas de cambio se han centrado en los aspectos normativos, dejando de lado —por lo menos en forma explícita— cualquier consideración acerca de la escuela de pensamiento más influyente en los últimos 30 años, como es la del análisis económico del derecho. Bajo ese contexto y desde una perspectiva liberal, propia de la corriente del denominado garantismo procesal, la presente obra no solo se ocupa de diferenciar las distintas clases de títulos ejecutivos y las variadas ejecuciones que podrían adelantarse con base en ellos, así como de proponer unos cambios en el diseño del procedimiento empleado para lograr el cumplimiento de las obligaciones que se reclaman por esta vía; sino además de exponer el impacto directo que sobre tales modificaciones tiene en una economía de mercado el análisis económico del derecho.
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Urrieta, Luis, and George W. Noblit, eds. Cultural Constructions of Identity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676087.001.0001.
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Cultural Constructions of Identity is a collection of meta-ethnographic syntheses of qualitative studies addressing cultural identity theory. Meta-ethnography, developed by Noblit and Hare in 1988, uses a translation theory of interpretation to preserve the unique aspects of studies to the degree possible while also revealing the analogies between them. The contributors to this book use different identity theory frames to study various intersections of race and ethnicity with gender, age, class, and sexuality. The foci range is important to the project of speaking to identity theory broadly but in particular to the cultural construction of identities, as well as to the potential of meta-ethnography as a method and as a theory-generating process. The focus on education in this book also highlights the vast proliferation of sociocultural studies of identity in the field. The book ends with the learned lessons of identity theory and future directions for theory and qualitative synthesis.
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Messmer, Roland, and Claus Krieger, eds. Narrative zwischen Wissen und Können. Academia – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783985720118.
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While the direction of thought (or logic) from knowledge to application (ability) is quite justified for cognitive school subjects, other thought and action processes are evident for physical education. Thus, in a sport learn-ing process, the skill comes first and only later the knowledge about it. Knowledge and ability are constitutive for the practice of physical education. This volume brings together contributions that deal with empirical and theoretical aspects of "knowing how" and "knowing that" in sports education and didactics. Many of the contributions are based on papers presented at the annual conference of the DGfE Section Sport Pedagogy 2020, which took place from 1-4 December 2020 in Muttenz near Basel. Other contributions have been written especially for this volume. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Jürg Baumberger, Carolin Bischlager-Imhof, Simone Bislin, Kathrin Bretz, Prof. Dr. Christian Brühwiler, Dr. Sonja Büchel, Prof. Dr. Ilaria Ferrari, Prof. Dr. André Gogoll, Jun.- Prof. Dr. Julia Hapke, Phillipp Hendricks, Prof. Dr. Stefan König, Prof. Dr. Claus Krieger, Felix Kruse, Prof. Dr. Dr. Jürgen Kühnis, Dr. Uta Leber, Prof. Dr. Roland Messmer, Andrea-Maria Nadenbousch Blanc, Dr. Frank Olaf Radtke, Dr. Daniel Rode, Prof. Dr. Marchell Saß, Prof. Dr. Matthias Schierz, Dr. Daniel Schiller, Niklas Schirrmacher, Lara Stamm, Mario Steinberg, Christian Theis, Dr. Nils Ukley, Dr. Jolanda Vogler, Matthias Wittwer, Dennis Wolff and Dr. Benjamin Zander.
Book chapters on the topic "Clause de direction du procès"
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Sha, Dung Pam. "Political Economy of Public Policy." In Public Policy and Research in Africa, 159–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99724-3_7.
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AbstractThis chapter explains public policy making and implementation from a political economy perspective. It is argued that the making and implementation of public policy is enveloped in contestations and bargaining between interest groups with competing claims over rights and resources. The use and control of political power helps shape the direction and class character of public policy. The policy outcomes help to further reproduce the position of the ruling class in control of the state apparatus. This chapter examines the concepts of political economy and public policy, and discusses some of the variants of political economy and how each conceives of public policy making process and implementation. The chapter further discusses the role of political economy in problem-solving and finally, how political economy approaches evidence in public policy research.
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O’Dwyer, Maria, Carmel Hannan, and Patricia Neville. "4. ‘Let Them Play’." In Play in a Covid Frame, 77–96. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0326.04.
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The Republic of Ireland has undergone a process of profound social change since the 1990s. This process of ‘accelerated modernization’ has transformed all aspects of personal and political life including, but not limited to, successive cycles of economic boom (Celtic Tiger economy 1994-2007) and bust (recession 2008 on), changing demographic trends based on inward and outward migration, the growing divide between rural and urban areas, lower fertility rates and the rise of working mothers and the issue of affordable childcare. These changes have impacted on the ludic landscape of Irish children. At one level, play has become transformed into a signifier of social mobility and affluence, with structured, supervised indoor play being deemed to be more socially desirable to unstructured outdoor play. Further class distinctions about play are encoded on the sports field. Irish national sports such as hurling, Gaelic football and camogie, traditionally seen as rural pastimes, are increasingly seen as ways to foster a sense of community for children and their families in the densely populated eastern part of the country. Interestingly, there has been little critical engagement with the ‘play divide’ in the Irish context. This book chapter takes the ‘play divide’ concept to interrogate the status of children’s play in a Covid-19 Ireland from a child-centric perspective. Using data from the national ‘Growing Up in Ireland’ study survey we will explore how the disruptions caused by Covid-19 and the ‘rediscovery’ of the health benefits of outdoor, green play provide us with an opportunity to draw out the classist nature of play in Ireland and contemplate its future direction.
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Kirousis, Lefteris M., and Lefteris M. Stamatiou. "The Satisfiability Threshold Conjecture: Techniques Behind Upper Bound Improvements." In Computational Complexity and Statistical Physics. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195177374.003.0015.
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One of the most challenging problems in probability and complexity theory is to establish and determine the satisfiability threshold, or phase transition, for random 3-SAT instances: Boolean formulas consisting of clauses with exactly k literals. As the previous part of the volume has explored, empirical observations suggest that there exists a critical ratio of the number of clauses to the number of variables, such that almost all randomly generated formulas with a higher ratio are unsatisfiable while almost all randomly generated formulas with a lower ratio are satisfiable. The statement that such a crossover point really exists is called the satisfiability threshold conjecture. Experiments hint at such a direction, but as far as theoretical work is concerned, progress has been difficult. In an important advance, Friedgut [177] showed that the phase transition is a sharp one, though without proving that it takes place at a “fixed” ratio for large formulas. Otherwise, rigorous proofs have focused on providing successively better upper and lower bounds for the value of the (conjectured) threshold. In this chapter, our goal is to review the series of improvements of upper bounds for 3-SAT and the techniques leading to these. We give only a passing reference to the improvements of the lower bounds as they rely on significantly different techniques, one of which is discussed in the next chapter. Let ϕ be a random k-SAT formula constructed by selecting, uniformly and with replacement, ra clauses from the set of all possible clauses with k literals (no variable repetitions allowed within a clause) over n variables. It has been experimentally observed that as the numbers m, n of variables and clauses tend to infinity while the ratio or clause density m/n is fixed to a constant a, the property of satisfiability exhibits a phase transition. For the case of 3-SAT, when a is greater than a number that has been experimentally determined to be approximately α < 4.27, then almost all random 3-SAT formulas are unsatisfiable; that is, the fraction of unsatisfiable formulas tends to 1.
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Redish, Martin H. "Habeas Corpus, Due Process, and American Constitutionalism." In Judicial Independence and the American Constitution, 166–98. Stanford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804792905.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the so-called “Suspension Clause” permitting government to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in the event of rebellion or invasion. Although this power has been used with extreme rarity, it presents a serious threat to constitutional democracy, given that it would more likely be used during times of political stress and public paranoia. This chapter argues that the very notion of this suspension is inconsistent with core notions of due process and fair procedure, since it would effectively allow government to jail its political opponents or racial or religious minorities at will, without any possibility of judicial limitation or review. For that reason, enactment of the Due Process Clause in the Fifth Amendment should be deemed to have rendered the Suspension Clause unconstitutional, as any provision in the body of the Constitution inconsistent with the directive contained in an amendment is automatically superseded by that amendment.
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Veblen, Thorstein. "Dress as an Expression of the Pecuniary Culture." In The Theory of the Leisure Class. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199552580.003.0008.
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It will be in place, by way of illustration, to show in some detail how the economic principles so far set forth apply to everyday facts in some one direction of the life process. For this purpose no line of consumption affords a more...
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Kang, Rira, Tae-ho Jeong, and Byunghong Lee. "Lead-Free Perovskite and Improved Processes and Techniques for Creating Future Photovoltaic Cell to Aid Green Mobility." In Recent Advances in Multifunctional Perovskite Materials [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106256.
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Perovskites material is in the spotlight as photovoltaic device due to their optical and physical properties. In a short period of time, this organic-inorganic pevskite can achieve about energy conversion efficiencies of 25.6% by anti-solvent and spin-coating based process. In addition, ambipolar carrier transport properties of perovskite materials open up new directions for the high-efficiency thin-film solar cells. Despite its attractive properties in solar cell application, concerned about device stability and the use of lead compounds (APbX3, A = a cation X = halide) with toxicity cause the potential risk for the human body and environment issue. Therefore, the use of a new classed strucutral materials with intrinsic stability and beneficial optoelectronic properties can be considered as a start of the next chapter in pervoksite device. This chapter is structured into two major parts: In section 1, we introduce more stable class of perovskite, A2SnX6, where Sn is in the 4+ oxidation state. A detailed discussion on the ramifications of material structure and chemistry-related challenges is presented for solution processing, along with careful characterization. In section 2, we talk about the direction of development for perovksite materials to be a next chapter of energy source for a green mobility.
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Rosenfeld, Colleen Ruth. "Fighting Words: Antithesis in Philip Sidney’s Arcadia." In Indecorous Thinking. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823277919.003.0006.
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In Direction for Speech and Style (1601), John Hoskyns described the balancing of contraries characteristic of the figure of antithesis as a battle that takes place in language between words rather than people: “though each touch not the other, yet each affronts the other” with the result that the words of one clause “are aggravated by opposition to every word” in the other clause. Through a reading of the battle in the midst of which Sidney’s revised Arcadia breaks off (never to be ended), chapter five considers how the figure of antithesis and its relentless commitment to the coexistence of contraries constitutes a first principle in the world of the Arcadia. This figure’s ability to calibrate the relation between opposing entities (not unlike the force felt between reversed magnets) becomes both the defining stylistic and structural principle of the Arcadian world and its proof for the existence of God (or a Poet-Maker).
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Gupta, Abhilasha, Krishna Joshi, and Umesh Diwedi. "Image and its Coordinates Detection in Convolution Neural Network Using YOLO Framework." In Artificial Intelligence and Communication Technologies, 905–9. 2023rd ed. Soft Computing Research society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/978-81-955020-5-9-86.
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Computer vision is a field that deals with high level under- standing from digital Images. It provides new directions for making machines attentive and responsive to man. In this paper we are propos- ing an approach that is used for image detection. Face detection is a major problem in this area and many dataset are created for the pur- pose of computer vision. We have various deep learning models like convolutional neural network, recurrent neural network etc. But among all, deep convolutional neural networks are the best model for finding patterns from images. In the same direction we designed a model which receives its input from three fully connected layer that predict the coor- dinates and probability, and fully connected layer gets its input from Pooling layer that would scale back number of parameters when pic- tures are over large. To detect the image features and its coordinates we are using bounding boxes. Image detection is performing with the help of convolution neural network that is getting its input from three fully connected layers and fully connected layer is getting its input from Pooling layer. We used Relu layer to provide input to pooling layer. In this way images features are classified and the image is predicted on the basis of this model. So our output layer predicts both class proba- bility and coordinates of bounding boxes. The work is tested with the help of two experiment setup on two different machines. Results gave remarkable achievement and future directions.
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Khan, Mohd Shariq, and Moonyong Lee. "Optimization of Natural Gas Liquefaction Process." In Handbook of Research on Advances and Applications in Refrigeration Systems and Technologies, 854–80. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8398-3.ch023.
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This chapter provides a brief review of the developments in the optimization of Natural gas (NG) liquefaction techniques since 2001. NG liquefaction is energy intensive and small improvements in liquefaction efficiency brings huge cost benefits thus optimization is needed. To tackle the NG liquefaction optimization problem, two different optimization philosophies, i) deterministic and ii) stochastic, have been adopted. The limitations of the deterministic approach have paved the way for derivative-free stochastic approaches. Although both techniques work well for the reported problem, their application is limited to the specific problems and generalization is quite difficult. Therefore to overcome this problem, a third of the so called knowledge-inspired class have been evolved for NG liquefaction optimization. Thus, this chapter covers the major development that took place in NG liquefaction area and after reviewing the trends future research directions are given.
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Khan, Mohd Shariq, and Moonyong Lee. "Optimization of Natural Gas Liquefaction Process." In Natural Resources Management, 432–56. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch022.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides a brief review of the developments in the optimization of Natural gas (NG) liquefaction techniques since 2001. NG liquefaction is energy intensive and small improvements in liquefaction efficiency brings huge cost benefits thus optimization is needed. To tackle the NG liquefaction optimization problem, two different optimization philosophies, i) deterministic and ii) stochastic, have been adopted. The limitations of the deterministic approach have paved the way for derivative-free stochastic approaches. Although both techniques work well for the reported problem, their application is limited to the specific problems and generalization is quite difficult. Therefore to overcome this problem, a third of the so called knowledge-inspired class have been evolved for NG liquefaction optimization. Thus, this chapter covers the major development that took place in NG liquefaction area and after reviewing the trends future research directions are given.
Conference papers on the topic "Clause de direction du procès"
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Zheng, Jiongzhi, Kun He, Jianrong Zhou, Yan Jin, Chu-Min Li, and Felip Manyà. "BandMaxSAT: A Local Search MaxSAT Solver with Multi-armed Bandit." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/264.
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We address Partial MaxSAT (PMS) and Weighted PMS (WPMS), two practical generalizations of the MaxSAT problem, and propose a local search algorithm called BandMaxSAT, that applies a multi-armed bandit to guide the search direction, for these problems. The bandit in our method is associated with all the soft clauses in the input (W)PMS instance. Each arm corresponds to a soft clause. The bandit model can help BandMaxSAT to select a good direction to escape from local optima by selecting a soft clause to be satisfied in the current step, that is, selecting an arm to be pulled. We further propose an initialization method for (W)PMS that prioritizes both unit and binary clauses when producing the initial solutions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that BandMaxSAT significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art (W)PMS local search algorithm SATLike3.0. Specifically, the number of instances in which BandMaxSAT obtains better results is about twice that obtained by SATLike3.0. We further combine BandMaxSAT with the complete solver TT-Open-WBO-Inc. The resulting solver BandMaxSAT-c also outperforms some of the best state-of-the-art complete (W)PMS solvers, including SATLike-c, Loandra and TT-Open-WBO-Inc.
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Abspoel, Roland, Jan W. B. Stark, and Henk-Jan Prins. "The influence of vertical shear on the hogging bending moment resistance of ComFlor composite slabs." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7056.
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Composite slabs are designed to transfer loads in one direction e.g. the longitudinal direction of the ribs. To reduce the deflection, it is useful to realise a continuous slab with at least one intermediate support. At the intermediate support in addition to a hogging bending moment a rather large vertical shear force will act. For the verification of the combination of vertical shear and bending clause 9.7.5 of EN1994-1-1 [1] refers to clause 6.4.4 of EN1992-1-1 [2]. However in EN1992-1-1 there is no requirement related to interaction between vertical shear and a sagging or hogging bending moment. Implicitly this implies that interaction may be neglected and that bending moment and shear force may be verified separately. In practice checking authorities not always accept this interpretation of the code and require proof that interaction may be neglected. So Tata Steel Panels and Profiles with Dutch Engineering r.i. BV commissioned Stevin II laboratory of Delft University of Technology to carry out a research program to investigate this interaction. A test program was carried out to gain more insight in the interaction and to find out whether design calculations should take into account M-V interaction when applying the ComFlor series. Two series of respectively three and two test specimens were conducted, namely on ComFlor 210 (TS1 up to TS3) and ComFlor 75 (Tata Steel Panels and Profiles reference ComFlor 60) (TS4 and TS5) produced by Tata Steel Panels and Profiles and supplied by Dutch Engineering r.i. BV in the Benelux. A second point of interest is the contribution of the steel deck to the vertical shear resistance. The reference in clause 9.7.5 of EN1994-1-1 to EN1992-1-1 without mentioning EN1993 causes that in practice only the contribution of the concrete rib is taken into account, the steel deck is neglected completely. This is, of course, a simplification of the actual behaviour.
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Patterson, Jeffrey S., Donald J. Hoffman, and Linda M. Ochs. "Allison 501-K17 SSGTGS Technical Directive Experience." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-169.
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The Allison 501-K17 Ship Service Gas Turbine Generator Set (SSGTGS) is used is provide ship board electrical power on several U.S. Navy Class ships, including the DD-963 Spruance Destroyer, the DDG-993 Kidd Guided Missile Destroyer and CG-47 Ticonderoga Guided Missile Cruiser Classes. The first of these units were placed in service during the mid 1970s. The Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) in conjunction with the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Ship Systems Engineering Station (NSWCCD-SSES) have undertaken a major upgrade effort to improve the reliability, operation, serviceability and maintainability of the unit. This paper examines the process of this program and details the specific improvements made to the unit as a result of this effort. In addition, this paper outlines the experience gained as a result of installing these upgrades in the Fleet.
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SPITAELS, L. "Machining of PAM green Y-TZP: Influence of build and in-plane directions on cutting forces and surface topography." In Material Forming. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902479-135.
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Abstract. The combination of the pellet additive manufacturing (PAM) process and green ceramic machining within the same hybrid machine is a very promising route to obtain green ceramic parts with complex shapes, smooth surface topography and tight tolerances. However, there is still a lack of data due to the novelty of this manufacturing route. This article studies the possible influence of the build and in-plane directions on the cutting forces and surface topography during the milling of Y-TZP green ceramic parts obtained by the PAM process. The RMS cutting forces, arithmetic and total roughness (Ra and Rt, respectively) were measured. The in-plane direction (aligned with one of the horizontal part edges) did not have a significant influence neither on the cutting forces nor on the surface topography. Conversely, the build direction has a significant effect on the cutting forces recorded. The layers deposited the furthest from the build platform required 57.5% less force to be milled than those in contact with it. The surface topography was not significantly modified across the build direction, all values of Ra were within the 0.8 µm Ra class while all Rt values were < 5 µm.
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Fuehne, Joseph P. "Integrating Mechatronics Into an Engineering Technology Curriculum." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38743.
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Mechatronics can be defined as a science combining mechanical elements, electrical elements, fluid power, and computer programming in a complex system to accomplish a certain task, such as the assembly of a hydraulic directional control valve. In the Mechanical Engineering Technology curriculum at Purdue University in Columbus, Indiana, all of these topics are addressed in individual classes but rarely are they considered together in a complex system. Mechatronics has been the vehicle to allow students to investigate a complete system, rather than simply individual elements or topics. In particular, a system that utilizes seven different machines, each controlled by programmable logic controllers, to assemble a directional control valve is employed to present these topics to students. In the absence of a specific class that might be called Mechatronics (a new class is being considered), the operations of the directional control valve assembly are being integrated into several classes including a first-semester class as a way to demonstrate some real-world manufacturing activities to new students who might otherwise become disinterested due to the math, English, and other related courses in the first year. As such, the mechatronics equipment serves as a retention tool. Additionally, the mechatronics system is used in a basic electricity class, a fluid power class, a machine elements class and, finally, an instrumentation and process control class, where all the individual elements are considered in the system. All of these integrating elements are considered in this work.
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Caputo, Antonio C., Renato Giannini, and Fabrizio Paolacci. "Quantitative Seismic Risk Assessment of Process Plants: State of the Art Review and Directions for Future Research." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45374.
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Earthquakes represent a class of Natural-Technical hazards which in the past has been responsible of major accidents and significant losses in many industrial sites. However, while codes and standards have been issued to design specific structures and equipment in the civil and industrial domain, established procedures for Quantitative Seismic Risk Assessment (QSRA) of process plants are not yet available. In this paper a critical review of seismic risk assessment methods applicable to process plants is carried out. Their limitations are highlighted and areas needing further research are identified.
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Gocht, Stephan, Jakob Nordström, and Amir Yehudayoff. "On Division Versus Saturation in Pseudo-Boolean Solving." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/237.
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The conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) paradigm has revolutionized SAT solving over the last two decades. Extending this approach to pseudo-Boolean (PB) solvers doing 0-1 linear programming holds the promise of further exponential improvements in theory, but intriguingly such gains have not materialized in practice. Also intriguingly, most PB extensions of CDCL use not the division rule in cutting planes as defined in [Cook et al., '87] but instead the so-called saturation rule. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study comparing the strengths of division and saturation in the context of conflict-driven PB learning, when all linear combinations of inequalities are required to cancel variables. We show that PB solvers with division instead of saturation can be exponentially stronger. In the other direction, we prove that simulating a single saturation step can require an exponential number of divisions. We also perform some experiments to see whether these phenomena can be observed in actual solvers. Our conclusion is that a careful combination of division and saturation seems to be crucial to harness more of the power of cutting planes.
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Pashias, C., S. R. Turnock, and S. M. Abu Sharkh. "Design Optimization of a Bi-directional Integrated Thruster." In SNAME 10th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-2003-13.
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The majority of thrusters used for the position control of tethered underwater vehicles have asymmetric propulsion characteristics. This paper presents the results of a hydrodynamic design optimisation of a bi-directional integrated thruster. A surface panel method using the perturbation potential method of Morino was used for the optimisation. The model was validated with experimental data giving good agreement. Two versions of the prototype thruster have now been built and tested In this paper details are given of the design optimisation process for the next generation of thruster for use on a work class Remotely Operated Vehicle. A 2-D potential code coupled with integral boundary layer equations has been used to derive an optimum blade section shape for equal performance in both directions. Using the derived sections the complete thruster was optimised for a given operating condition.
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Hemmatian, Babak, Aryan Srivastava, Nathaniel Goodman, Jonathan Lee, Carsten Eickhoff, and Steven Sloman. "Anecdotes Ushered in Marijuana Legalization: A Machine Learning-aided Big Data Analysis of Reddit Discourse (2008-2019)." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.11.
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At least two fundamental types of evidence feature in attempts to persuade: Anecdotal and generalized (Baesler & Burgoon, 1994). Experimental research has found anecdotal evidence more effective at changing attitudes in issues marked by personal significance and health-relevance (Freling et al., 2020). These apply to marijuana legalization, where a massive shift in American attitudes (from 35% to 67% in favor during 2008-2019; Pew Research Center, 2019) was followed by rapid legalization. However, no research to date has examined whether the movement benefited from anecdotal framing. Since the attitude shift coincided with the rise of social media, we developed the largest corpus of marijuana legalization discussions from Reddit to address this gap (more than 3M comments from 2008-2019, comprising more than 300M words). The dataset is the first to separate marijuana legalization discourse from general mentions of cannabis (e.g., product advertisements) across an entire popular platform. We then developed neural network models to distinguish anecdotal from generalized text in the dataset based on three clause-level features derived from linguistic theory: Whether a clause is about a generic kind rather than specific instances, whether it presents a reliable state or an event, and whether events are bounded in time. Principal Components Analysis provided a reliable composite score of the three features, treated as a measure of the degree to which major themes of discourse are anecdotal versus generalized. We combined topic modeling (Latent Dirichlet Allocation; Blei et al., 2003) with hierarchical clustering and smoothed polynomial regressions to track themes’ prominence over time and bin them into broader categories. Anecdotal themes were less prevalent but present in most comments. We trained separate neural networks on human annotations of attitude and persuasion attempt. Within non-argumentative discourse, anecdotes became more prominent only later in time, presumably as a consequence of softening societal attitudes. But they played a more prominent role throughout in arguments favoring legalization, suggesting that they were actively used to persuade others. Were such anecdotal arguments timed in a way that benefitted legalization ballot initiatives? To answer, we inferred user locations and compared the rate of anecdotal themes before and after legalization in comments from pioneering states. Despite the experimental evidence favoring anecdotal argumentation, we found that the 2012 and 2016 legal milestones followed short-term increases in generalized arguments instead. The particular content, however, varied between the two periods. Character judgments were prominent in 2012, while crime and politics took center-stage in 2016. The generalized precedents of legalization in leading states were argumentative and moralistic but had distinctive clause-level profiles. Meanwhile, legal and medical arguments were sidelined, meaning the novel consensus was not informed by much of the relevant information, anecdotal or otherwise. Together, our results show that while the emerging consensus probably benefited from anecdotal argumentation, the legalization movement’s success happened despite its reliance on less effective generalized discussions with less concrete information content. Addressing this discrepancy between experimental research and the direction of societal discourse may help bring about more informed discussions while better enabling the changing of attitudes.
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SooAn, Choi, and Kim YoungSoon. "A STUDY ON STUDENT AGENCY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WHO PARTICIPATED IN NON-FACE-TO-FACE CLASSES." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end079.
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"The purpose of this study is to look at the student as agency who leads the class, and to examine the experience of mutual communication as agency. For this purpose, 4 students who took the social education and major compulsory classes at University A in South Korea were selected as research participants. In order to increase the coherence of the research purpose, in addition to the interview data, the class impressions and midterm and final test assignments written by the students were supplemented. The research results according to this study are as follows. First, the non-face-to-face discussion class allowed students to experience both fear and unfamiliarity from the non-face-to-face environment at the same time. In particular, the non-face-to-face environment made people hesitate about how to communicate. Second, group discussion improved communication between theory and reality by analyzing textbooks based on class theory and sharing the analysis results among students. Third, field trip facilitated the connection between online and offline, allowing them to look back on their own world of life and build confidence as a future teacher. The following are the suggestions accordingly. First, it should promote interaction with students and teachers. Second, the class should provide various connections outside the class. Third, strong motivation for class is required. This study does not suggest a universal law of student agency in that it only targeted students from the College of Education of A University in Korea. However, it is meaningful in that by exploring the process of developing student agency, it gave hints on what direction to take in the future."
Reports on the topic "Clause de direction du procès"
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Goncharova, O. V. Methodological support of the educational process: digital control and evaluation tools for conducting current control and intermediate certification in the discipline "Excursion study of nature at school" for students of the training direction 44.03.01 Pedagogical education, orientation (profile) Biology. SIB-Expertise, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0667.20012023.
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The paper presents guidelines for preparing students for practical classes. For practical exercises, control questions, basic terms on the topic, calculation and situational tasks, test tasks are given. Tasks for independent extracurricular work of students, topics of essays are also given.
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Salas, Humberto, and Marcela Chávez. Estrategias pedagógicas integradas a partir del saber colaborativo con docentes universitarios para el logro de aprendizajes significativos en estudiantes de primer año de la Facultad de Administración y Negocios de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/2050012728/979220182.
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La Universidad Autónoma de Chile tiene un modelo educativo con 4 ejes que son Centralidad en el estudiante, Aprendizaje a lo largo de la Vida, Aprendizajes transversales y Responsabilidad social universitaria. Estos se implementan a partir de diversos mecanismos, entre estos la estrategia de Comunidades Académicas que se basa en la gestión y reflexión de los académicos que realizan docencia con estudiantes en primer año, seguimiento de resultados de aprendizaje e implementación de experiencias didácticas. En ellas resulta clave el liderazgo del director, que impulsa un trabajo colaborativo en comunicación permanente basado en la gestión docente. La caracterización de los estudiantes indica que existen brechas en los resultados de aprendizaje comunicacional, desarrollo verbal y comprensión, capacidad de análisis y pensamiento lógico, habilidades sociales y capacidad de abstracción y análisis, a partir de la revisión de estos resultados los académicos inician un proceso de reflexión para la toma de decisiones en relación a experiencias de aprendizaje que nivelen competencias académicas, generen efecto motivador de los estudiantes por aprender, permitan vincular los saberes académicos con la experiencia de los ámbitos de desempeño, coherente con los principios de aprendizaje basados en experiencias previas y construcción de aprendizajes en contexto para la calidad.
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Jury, William A., and David Russo. Characterization of Field-Scale Solute Transport in Spatially Variable Unsaturated Field Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568772.bard.
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This report describes activity conducted in several lines of research associated with field-scale water and solute processes. A major effort was put forth developing a stochastic continuum analysis for an important class of problems involving flow of reactive and non reactive chemicals under steady unsaturated flow. The field-scale velocity covariance tensor has been derived from local soil properties and their variability, producing a large-scale description of the medium that embodies all of the local variability in a statistical sense. Special cases of anisotropic medium properties not aligned along the flow direction of spatially variable solute sorption were analysed in detail, revealing a dependence of solute spreading on subtle features of the variability of the medium, such as cross-correlations between sorption and conductivity. A novel method was developed and tested for measuring hydraulic conductivity at the scale of observation through the interpretation of a solute transport outflow curve as a stochastic-convective process. This undertaking provided a host of new K(q) relationships for existing solute experiments and also laid the foundation for future work developing a self-consistent description of flow and transport under these conditions. Numerical codes were developed for calculating K(q) functions for a variety of solute pulse outflow shapes, including lognormal, Fickian, Mobile-Immobile water, and bimodal. Testing of this new approach against conventional methodology was mixed, and agreed most closely when the assumptions of the new method were met. We conclude that this procedure offers a valuable alternative to conventional methods of measuring K(q), particularly when the application of the method is at a scale (e.g. and agricultural field) that is large compared to the common scale at which conventional K(q) devices operate. The same problem was approached from a numerical perspective, by studying the feasibility of inverting a solute outflow signal to yield the hydraulic parameters of the medium that housed the experiment. We found that the inverse problem was solvable under certain conditions, depending on the amount of noise in the signal and the degree of heterogeneity in the medium. A realistic three dimensional model of transient water and solute movement in a heterogeneous medium that contains plant roots was developed and tested. The approach taken was to generate a single realization of this complex flow event, and examine the results to see whether features were present that might be overlooked in less sophisticated model efforts. One such feature revealed is transverse dispersion, which is a critically important component in the development of macrodispersion in the longitudinal direction. The lateral mixing that was observed greatly exceeded that predicted from simpler approaches, suggesting that at least part of the important physics of the mixing process is embedded in the complexity of three dimensional flow. Another important finding was the observation that variability can produce a pseudo-kinetic behavior for solute adsorption, even when the local models used are equilibrium.
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Movilidad sostenible. Universidad de Deusto, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/fars2069.
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El transporte es un sector clave en la economía, su evolución está muy ligada a la de esta, y su consumo energético se basa, casi exclusivamente, en combustibles líquidos derivados del petróleo, por lo que sus emisiones directas están asociadas a la demanda, no habiendo sido posible, hasta el momento, lograr la disociación de la misma. Por lo anterior es importante examinar en detalle, dentro del marco de acción establecido por la Directiva 2014/94/UE, la potencialidad del gas natural y la energía eléctrica como energías alternativas a los combustibles líquidos en el transporte, en base al análisis de su evolución, así como de las medidas desarrolladas para su impulso, en los países líderes de la UE en cuanto a su penetración. Este estudio analiza el proceso de implantación y el nivel de utilización alcanzado en el transporte del gas natural y la electricidad, así como las estrategias adoptadas y las previsiones sobre su evolución en países líderes europeos. En el caso del gas natural, se estudia en detalle el caso de Italia, así como los casos de Holanda, Alemania y Suecia. En lo concerniente la electricidad este estudio analiza los casos de Francia y Noruega y se estudian las estrategias de Holanda, Alemania y Suecia en dicho ámbito.