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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Classifications in comparative law'
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Ahmed, Mukarrum. "A comparative study of the fundamental juridical nature, classification and private law enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements in the English common law of conflict of laws, the European Union private international law regime and the Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230177.
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During the course of this PhD thesis, it will be argued that it is misconceived to think of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements as unilaterally enforced domestic private law obligations within an English 'dispute resolution' paradigm because multilateral private international law rules are essentially secondary rules for the allocation of regulatory authority which may not permit a separation of functions or the relative effect of such agreements. In other words, a multilateral system for the public ordering of private law will assume priority over or trump the existence of the private law rights and obligations of the parties to the jurisdiction and choice of law agreement and the unilateral enforcement of such rights via anti-suit injunctions and the damages remedy. Otherwise, the private law enforcement of the mutual contractual obligation not to sue in a noncontractual forum attributed to an exclusive jurisdiction agreement may operate as a 'unilateral private international law rule' with a controversial and confrontational allocative function of its own. It may lead to the 'privatization of court access' by dubiously perpetuating and prioritizing the unilateral private ordering of private law over the multilateral public ordering of private law. Moreover, the enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements by private law remedies within a multilateral system will necessarily distort the allocative or distributive function of private international law rules by giving precedence to the redistributive will of the parties premised on principles of corrective justice inter partes of questionable applicability. International structural order is compromised in the unilateral private law enforcement of jurisdiction and choice of law agreements as such enforcement gives rise to a clash of sovereign legal orders and also the possibility of 'regime collision' by interfering with the jurisdiction, judgments and choice of law apparatus of foreign courts which a multilateral conception of private international law is supposed to prevent in the first place. However, this PhD thesis will argue that outside the confines of the EU private international law regime, the variable geometry that is characteristic of the international commercial litigation sphere may not impede the separation of functions within such agreements. Whether an English court ought to grant a pragmatic private law remedy enforcing such agreements is of course another matter. Ultimately, a more comprehensive concept of transnational justice in private international law disputes informed by methodological pluralism needs to be developed. A notion of transnational justice which seeks to simultaneously balance the competing demands of the notion of 'conflicts justice' which prioritizes ex ante multilateral allocative imperatives and the idea of an ex post material justice between the litigating parties in the individual instance.
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Strijdom, Glyniece Candice da Costa. "The duplication in the classification of funeral insurance and its effect on the policyholder: A comparative study." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78732.
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"Death is inevitable. A funeral, in one form or another, regardless of culture or religion, is inevitable. Obtaining insurance cover for a funeral is usually easy, generally affordable, and most importantly: based on an inevitability.
It is therefore not surprising that funeral insurance is a considerable portion of Life Insurance business in South Africa. Countless South Africans ensure that, even if they have no other insurance policies in place, they have, at the very least, funeral cover for themselves or their loved ones.
In terms of the Insurance Act 18 of 2017, there are a total of nine classes of Life Insurance Business, namely: Risk, Fund Risk, Credit Life, Funeral, Life Annuities, Individual Investment, Fund Investment, Income Drawdown and Reinsurance. Funeral cover can be underwritten under either the Risk class or the Funeral class of Life Insurance Business.
The classes of Life Insurance Business have various prudential and market conduct standards that need to be adhered to. Although some of these standards are constant throughout the various classes, there are some standards that differ. The mini-dissertation explores these differences, as well as what effect these differences would have on the public.
In essence, the author discusses the two classes in which funeral insurance
can be underwritten, the various standards that are applicable to the two classes, as well as whether or not the choice of class would ultimately affect the policyholder, and if so, if said effect is to the policyholder’s detriment."Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Mercantile Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Aurino, Marta. "Les modèles de justice constitutionnelle : entre inadéquation et innovation : pour une analyse multidimensionnelle de la justice constitutionnelle comparée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0433.
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Cette thèse propose une réévaluation des modèles traditionnels de justice constitutionnelle par le biais d'une approche comparative et empirique. La distinction classique entre les modèles américain et européen, confrontée à la diversité croissante des systèmes de justice constitutionnelle dans le monde, révèle d'importantes limites conceptuelles. Pour dépasser ces frontières, deux orientations analytiques émergent : l'une visant à élaborer de nouveaux modèles théoriques basés sur des critères renouvelés, et l'autre visant à développer des outils d'analyse novateurs, mieux adaptés à la complexité actuelle. C'est cette seconde approche, moins explorée, qui constitue le coeur de ce travail. À partir d'une analyse empirique des systèmes de justice constitutionnelle à l'échelle mondiale, en utilisant la méthode des analyses de correspondances, un outil d'analyse multidimensionnelle a été conçu. Cet outil permet de représenter la diversité des systèmes juridiques dans une perspective fluide et évolutive, en prenant en compte les variations contextuelles ainsi que les interactions multiples influençant le contentieux constitutionnel. Plutôt que de classer les systèmes selon des critères rigides, il les positionne dans une dynamique ouverte, reflétant la complexité de leurs interactions. L'objectif central est de mieux comprendre le rôle du juge constitutionnel, en analysant son intervention au regard des normes de référence du contrôle de constitutionnalité, des modalités d'accès à la justice et des compétences des Cours constitutionnelles. En adoptant une méthodologie empirique et multidimensionnelle, ce travail transcende les cadres traditionnels pour embrasser la complexité et la multiplicité des réalités juridiques contemporaines tout en créant un outil didactiqueThis thesis proposes a reassessment of traditional models of constitutional justice through a comparative and empirical approach. The classical distinction between the American and European models, when confronted with the growing diversity of constitutional justice systems worldwide, reveals significant conceptual limitations. To address these challenges, two analytical pathways emerge: one aimed at developing new theoretical models based on revised criteria, and the other focused on creating innovative analytical tools better suited to contemporary complexities. It is this latter, less explored approach that forms the core of this work. Drawing on an empirical analysis of constitutional justice systems globally, and employing correspondence analysis methods, a multidimensional analytical tool has been developed. This tool allows for the representation of the diversity of legal systems in a fluid and evolving framework, accounting for contextual variations and the multiple interactions influencing constitutional litigation. Rather than classifying systems according to fixed criteria, it positions them within an open dynamic, reflecting the complexity of their interactions. The central objective is to better understand the role of the constitutional judge by examining their participation in the decision-making process, with a focus on constitutional review standards, access to justice, and the competencies of Constitutional Courts. By adopting an empirical and multidimensional methodology, this work seeks to transcend traditional frameworks in order to embrace the complexity and multiplicity of contemporary legal realities while creating a didactic tool
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Pal, Mahesh. "Factors influencing the accuracy of remote sensing classifications : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10314/.
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Within last 20 years, a number of methods have been employed for classifying remote sensing data, including parametric methods (e.g. the maximum likelihood classifier) and non-parametric classifiers (such as neural network classifiers).Each of these classification algorithms has some specific problems which limits its use. This research studies some alternative classification methods for land cover classification and compares their performance with the well established classification methods. The areas selected for this study are located near Littleport (Ely), in East Anglia, UK and in La Mancha region of Spain. Images in the optical bands of the Landsat ETM+ for year 2000 and InSAR data from May to September of 1996 for UK area, DAIS hyperspectral data and Landsat ETM+ for year 2000 for Spain area are used for this study. In addition, field data for the year 1996 were collected from farmers and for year 2000 were collected by field visits to both areas in the UK and Spain to generate the ground reference data set. The research was carried out in three main stages.The overall aim of this study is to assess the relative performance of four approaches to classification in remote sensing - the maximum likelihood, artificial neural net, decision tree and support vector machine methods and to examine factors which affect their performance in term of overall classification accuracy. Firstly, this research studies the behaviour of decision tree and support vector machine classifiers for land cover classification using ETM+ (UK) data. This stage discusses some factors affecting classification accuracy of a decision tree classifier, and also compares the performance of the decision tree with that of the maximum likelihood and neural network classifiers. The use of SVM requires the user to set the values of some parameters, such as type of kernel, kernel parameters, and multi-class methods as these parameters can significantly affect the accuracy of the resulting classification. This stage involves studying the effects of varying the various user defined parameters and noting their effect on classification accuracy. It is concluded that SVM perform far better than decision tree, maximum likelihood and neural network classifiers for this type of study. The second stage involves applying the decision tree, maximum likelihood and neural network classifiers to InSAR coherence and intensity data and evaluating the utility of this type of data for land cover classification studies. Finally, the last stage involves studying the response of SVMs, decision trees, maximum likelihood and neural classifier to different training data sizes, number of features, sampling plan, and the scale of the data used. The conclusion from the experiments presented in this stage is that the SVMs are unaffected by the Hughes phenomenon, and perform far better than the other classifiers in all cases. The performance of decision tree classifier based feature selection is found to be quite good in comparison with MNF transform. This study indicates that good classification performance depends on various parameters such as data type, scale of data, training sample size and type of classification method employed.
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Romano, Valerio Cosimo. "Empirical Comparative Law." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200991.
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Infantino, Marta. "Comparative Law of causation in Tort Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123595.
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this article analyzes the causal element of torts from the perspective of comparative law, focusing on the field of tort liability. Thus, it specifies both the particular aspects of the investigation as well as each legal system studied. then, the article discusses the differences and similarities of each system. Later, it stops on the dominant approaches examining its success on facing the tort phenomenon in order to highlight the essential characteristics that determine the various approaches tort liability can assume.El presente artículo analiza el elemento causal de la responsabilidad civil desde una perspectiva de derecho comparado, haciendo énfasis sobre el campo de la responsabilidad aquiliana. Así, precisando tanto los aspectos particulares de la propia investigación como de cada Ordenamiento Jurídico estudiado, el artículo aborda las diferencias y similitudes de cada Ordenamiento. De esta forma, se detiene sobre los enfoques dominantes examinando la capacidad de los mismos. Ello con la finalidad de evidenciar las características esenciales que determinan los diversos alcances que puede asumir la responsabilidad aquiliana.
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Pardolesi, Roberto, and Massimiliano Granieri. "The Future of Law Professors and Comparative Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123064.
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In this paper, the authors analyze the positions on the objectives of Comparative Law as an autonomous discipline, as well as the intersection between law and economics and its implications for future studies of law. this is studied in relation not only to what is Law, but with what it should be. ending the authors propose a new perspective for comparatists lawyers, seeking to revitalize legal research.En el presente artículo, los autores analizan las posiciones acerca de los objetivos del Derecho Comparado como una disciplina autónoma, así como la intersección entre Derecho y la economía y sus implicancias en los futuros estudios del Derecho. todo ello se estudia a en relación no solo a lo que es el Derecho, sino con lo que debería ser. Finalizan los autores proponiendo una nueva perspectiva para los abogados comparatistas, buscando revitalizar la investigación jurídica.
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Cabrillac, Rémy. "Economic Duress: overview of Comparative Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122572.
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This paper explains how the notion of economic duress is understood in different legal regimes of Civil Law and Common Law. This way, the author first addresses the concept of economic duress from a restrictive sense (as a defect of consent) and, later, develops the concept from a wider perspective (taking into account an objective economic imbalance).El presente artículo explica cómo se entiende la noción de violencia económica en diversos ordenamientos jurídicos tanto del Civil Law como del Common Law. Así, el autor aborda primero el concepto de violencia económica en un sentido restringido (como vicio del consentimiento), y posteriormente lo desarrolla desde una perspectiva más amplia (tomando en cuenta un desequilibrio económico objetivo).
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McCoy, Gerard John Xavier. "Uxorial privileges in substantive criminal law: a comparative law enquiry." University of Canterbury. School of Law, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3674.
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This thesis investigates three exemplars of uxorial substantive privileges in the criminal law: the marital coercion doctrine, the intraspousal conspiracy exemption, and the uxorial post-offence accessorial immunity. Their history, choreography and variations are comparatively investigated across the common law jurisdictions including the impact of statutory interventions. The principal argument is that the judicial and legislative treatment of these uxorial privileges has been inconsistent or erratic so that they are not the products of any systematic, modern development in the criminal law. This thesis proposes that there is no justification for their continued retention in common law legal systems. Archival, Parliamentary, and other sources have been used to identify the factors impinging upon the creation of specific statutory uxorial privileges. The diaspora of these laws throughout the other common law jurisdictions is investigated. The discussion is illustrated by examination of the particular issues raised by polygamy, customary law concubinage as well as by gender-reassignment. This thesis examines whether both gender-specific and marriage-specific criteria are valid constituents within the parameters of substantive criminal law. It traces the genesis of these special defences within the criminal law available exclusively to women, from the time of King Ine of the West Saxons c712, to examine the current status of such laws throughout common law jurisdictions. The investigation explores factors shaping the creation of a statutory defence of marital coercion by the British Parliament in 1925 and outlines the challenges generated by that law and its extraordinary resilience. This thesis demonstrates the failure of the criminal law to provide an overarching construct to implement emergent gender equality.
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Pourbaix, Marie-Noëlle. "Étude comparative sur l'abandon d'enfants." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0011/MQ32552.pdf.
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Wang, Yu Xi. "The concept of mixed legal system : a Chinese perspective." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586420.
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Elliesie, Hatem, Peter Scholz, Beate Backe, and Kai Kreutzberger. "Zeitschrift für Recht und Islam (ZR&I)." Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V, 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15664.
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Die Zeitschrift für Recht und Islam (ZRI) (vormals GAIR-Mitteilungen) ist die Vereinszeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V. Neben Nachrichten aus dem Verein befasst sich die ZRI vor allem mit neuen Entwicklungen zum und im Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten, gibt einen Überblick über die Gesetzgebung im In– und Ausland, berichtet über aktuelle Rechtsprechung und Fatawa, sichtet jüngst erschienene Literatur und enthält Rezensionen, Tagungsberichte und Aufsätze.
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Elliesie, Hatem, Peter Scholz, Beate Backe, and Kai Kreutzberger. "Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam." Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23375.
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Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der GAIR-Mitteilungen deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden.:Editorial (5–6)
Zur Rechtsprechung:
KG, Beschluss vom 7. 4. 2015 – Verfahrenskostenhilfe für Antrag auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe von Peter Scholz (7–9)
AG Baden-Baden, Beschluss vom 11. 9. 2015, in Fortführung von AG Darmstadt, Beschluss vom 15. 5. 2014 – Sittenwidrigkeit der Vereinbarung auf Zahlung einer Brautgabe für den Ehevollzug von Peter Scholz (11–14)
Artikel:
Religionsfreiheit im Lichte der Neutralität. Zu den Entscheidungen des Bundes-verfassungsgerichts, des Landesarbeitsgerichts Berlin-Brandenburg, des Verwaltungsgerichts Augsburg und des Europäischen Gerichtshofes zu Musliminnen mit Kopftuch am Arbeitsplatz von Kirsten Wiese (15–41)
Kopftuchverbote für Lehrerinnen im Rückblick von Sabine Berghahn (43–67)
Gerechtigkeit und gutes Leben in der Kopftuchdebatte von Felix Ekardt (69–83)
Zwischen Logozentrismus und Dekonstruktion. Zur Rolle des istiḥsān im System der uṣūl al-fiqh von Rike Sinder (85–105)
Textautorität und Dekanonisierung — Zeitgenössische muslimische Zugänge zum säkularen Topos Menschenwürde im Horizont einer historisch sensibilisierten Exegese des Qurʾān von Rüdiger Braun (107–119)
Das islamrechtliche Genre der themenspezifischen Rechtsliteratur Themenspezifische Rechtsliteratur als gegenwärtiges Phänomen von Noha Abdel-Hady (121–140)
The Approach to Homosexuality in Contemporary Fatāwā: Sexual Practices or Sexual Orientation? von Serena Tolino (141–158)
Die Debatte über weibliche Genitalverstümmelung in ägyptischen Fatwas des 20. Jahrhunderts von Elisabeth Trepesch (159–180)
Rechtswissenschaftliche Argumentationsstrukturen und propagandistische Rhetorik in ʿAbdullāh ʿAzzāms Rechtsgutachten „Die Verteidigung der muslimischen Gebiete ist die oberste individuelle Pflicht“ von Petra Nendwich (181–196)
How Islamic Is the West? Recent Approaches to Determining the “Islamicity” and “šarī ʿa Compliance” of Modern States* von Sarah Albrecht (197–223)
“Paralleljustiz” in Berlin’s Mḥallamī Community in View of Predominately Customary Mechanisms von Mahmoud Jaraba (225–237)
Legal Framework of Doing Business with Iran von Tannaz Jourabchi-Eisenhut (239–249)
Product Liability in the Near and Middle East. A Comparative Study of Egyptian, Qatari and Iranian Law von Nicolas Bremer (251–274)
Liability of Managers and Directors under the Law of the GCC Countries: A Comparative Study of the Liability Regimes Existing in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region Illustrated at the Example of Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates von Nicolas Bremer (275–303)
Buchbesprechungen:
Hans-Georg Ebert / Julia Heilen: Islamisches Recht. Ein Lehrbuch von Peter Scholz (305–307)
Hatem Elliesie / Thilo Marauhn (eds.): Legal Transformation in Northern Africa and South Sudan von Matthias Hartwig (309–314)
Bruno Menhofer / Dirk Otto (Hgg.): Recht nach dem Arabischen Frühling, Beiträge zum islamischen Recht IX von Katrin Seidel (315–321)
Hans-Georg Ebert (Hg.): Beiträge zum Islamischen Recht X von Aouni Shahoud Almousa (323–329)
Mahmoud Bassiouni: Menschenrechte zwischen Universalität und islamischer Legitimität von Assem Hefny (331–333)
Ghassem Ghassemi: Criminal Policy in Iran Following the Revolution of 1979 – A Comparative Analysis of Criminal Punishment and Sentencing in Iran and Germany von Silvia Tellenbach (335–337)
Tagungsberichte:
Tagungsbericht „Interdisciplinary Approaches to Legal Pluralism in Muslim Context“ (6.–7. 10. 2016), Institut für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft und Exzellenzcluster „Religion und Politik“, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster von Ulrike Qubaja & Yvonne Prief (339–344)
Tagungsbericht Workshop „Islamisches Recht: Methoden und Kontexte“ (14. / 15. 4. 2016), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt von Hakkı Arslan (345–351)
Tagungsbericht: „Zakāt in Deutschland? Ansätze, Ideen und Perspektiven“ (21.–22. 9. 2015), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Souheil Thabti (353–355)
Konferenzbericht: „The Reform of Islamic Law“ (9. / 10. 10. 2015), Zentrum für Islamische Theologie (ZITh), Universität Tübingen vonDebora Müller (357–361)
Konferenzbericht: „Bioethik im Islam – Theologische, kulturelle und juristische Perspektiven“ (9.–11. 5. 2016), Institut für Islamische Theologie (IIT), Universität Osnabrück von Samet Balci (363–371)
Conference Report: 2015 Gingko Library – British Institute of Persian Studies Conference: Iran’s Constitutional Revolution of 1906 and the Narratives of the Enlightenment (14.–16. 9. 2015), British Academy, London, UK von Victor Rohm (373–383)
Call for Papers (385–388)
Impressum (389–390)
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Scholz, Peter, Hatem Elliesie, Beate Anam, and Kai Kreutzberger. "Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam: ZR&I." Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht e.V. (GAIR), 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33661.
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Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam/Journal for Law & Islam deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bieten die Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam/Journal for Law & Islam außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL 5
RECHTSPRECHUNG & URTEILSBERICHTE 9
Anerkennung und Wirksamkeit islamisch geprägter Eheauflösungen in Europa: Anmerkungen zu OLG München, Beschluss vom 13. 03. 2018 - 34 Wx 146/14, den Schlussanträgen des EuGH-Generalanwalts Saugmandsgaard Øe vom 14. 09. 2017 und EuGH, Urteil vom 20. 12. 2017 - C-372/16 (Soha Sahyouni ./. Raja Mamisch) (Lena-Maria Möller) 9
High Court of England & Wales, Commercial Court: A Ṣukūk-al-muḍāraba Structured to Provide a Fixed Return and Alleged to Be Illegal under UAE Law Will not Be Unwound for Illegality. Dana Gas PJSC v Dana Gas Sukuk Limited and others [2017] EWHC 2928 (Comm) (Kai Kreutzberger & Abir Haddad) 17
Supremacy of Parliament in Pakistan (Zia Ullah Ranjah) 35
Anmerkung zum Beschluss des OLG Hamm, 22. 4. 2016 – II 3 UF 262/15 (Bruno Menhofer) 39
Anmerkung zum Beschluss des OLG Bamberg, 12.5.2016 – 2 UF 58/16 (Bruno Menhofer) 43
ARTIKEL 51
Scharia – Lost in Translation. Die Merkmale der Scharia im Licht einer soziologischen Theorie des Rechts und der normativen Ordnung (Reik Kirchhof) 51
Creating Meanings: The Constructivist Concept of Interpretation in Islamic Legal Theory from the 4th Century Onwards (Serdar Kurnaz) 83
Scharia-Normen im Wandel: Zum Konzept der Fatwa-Wandelbarkeit zwischen Tradition und Moderne (Mahmud El-Wereny) 101
Zum Stand der maqāṣid aš-šarīʿa in den rechtsmethodologischen Überlegungen vor aš-Šāṭibī (gest. 1388) (Ahmed Abdelemam A. Ali) 123
Zur Mitwirkung von Frauen an den Fiqh-Institutionen (Ahmed Gad Makhlouf) 135
„Menschenwürde/Karāma(t)“: Zur Frage eines möglichen Konsenses in der Menschenrechtsdebatte am Beispiel der Islamischen Republik Iran (Anja Pistor-Hata & Kerstin von der Decken) 155
Walking a Tightrope: Balancing Law, Religion and Gender Equality in the Aftermath of the Indian Supreme Court’s Triple ṭalāq Ban (Tanja Herklotz) 179
Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung in Ägypten – Kann der Einsatz für mehr Kinderrechte dieser Praxis entgegenwirken? (Sylvia Riewendt) 205
Außergerichtliche und informelle Eheschließungen zwischen Syrern – die sogenannte Barrānī-Ehe (Fatma El cheikh Hassan) 215
Zum iranischen Verfassungs- und öffentlichen Wirtschaftsrecht: Auslegung und Umsetzung von Artikel 44 der Verfassung (Lara-Lauren Goudarzi-Gereke) 225
Ein Gericht im Ausnahmezustand: das Türkische Verfassungsgericht nach dem Putschversuch (Maria Haimerl) 247
REZENSIONEN 265
Neue Werke zum Recht des Islamischen Finanzwesens (Kai Kreutzberger) 265
Le Code Marocain de la Famille en Europe. Bilan comparé de dix ans d’application. Sous la direction de Marie-Claire Foblets (2016) (Hans-Georg Ebert) 273
Hakki Arslan: Juridische Hermeneutik (uṣūl al-fiqh) der ḥanafitischen Rechtsschule am Beispiel des uṣūl al-fiqh-Werks Mirqāt al-wuṣūl ilā ʿilm al-uṣūl von Mulla Ḫusraw (gest. 885/1480). Reihe für Osnabrücker Islamstudien Band 25 (2016) (Serdar Kurnaz) 277
Norbert Oberauer: Islamisches Wirtschafts- und Vertragsrecht. Eine Einführung (2017) (Kilian Bälz) 289
Philipp Stompfe: Die Gestaltung und Sicherung internationaler Investor-Staat-Verträge in der arabischen Welt am Beispiel Libyens und Katars, Studies in International Investment Law 22 (2017) (Achim-Rüdiger Börner) 293
Sina Fontana: Universelle Frauenrechte und islamisches Recht (2017) (Irene Schneider) 297
TAGUNGSBERICHTE 309
Conference Report: The Ibāḍiyya in the Context of Early Islamic Theology and Law. International Workshop, Orient-Institut Beirut (27. 1. 2017) (Astrid Meier & Hans-Peter Pökel) 309
Tagungsbericht: Konferenz: Scharia und Grundgesetz, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main (5. Mai 2017) (Katja Rieck) 313
Conference Report: Workshop Muslim Secularities: Explorations into Concepts of Distinction and Practice of Differentiation, Leipzig University, Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences (Kolleg-Forschergruppe, KFG) Multiple Secularities – Beyond the West, Beyond Modernities (18–20 June 2017) (Julia Heilen & Mohammad Magout) 325
Conference Report: Gender and Sharīʿah in Muslim Legal Theory and Practice, Göttingen University (12–14 October 2017) (Nijmi Edres) 331
Bericht zur Tagung Wirtschaftsrecht MENA – Aktuell organisiert vom Verein zur Förderung eines Kompetenzzentrums Recht und Wirtschaft der arabischen und islamischen Welt an der Universität Heidelberg – Law and Economics of the Arab and Islamic World (LEA) in Heidelberg (17. November 2017) (Peter Göpfrich) 335
SONSTIGE BERICHTE 345
Understanding Sharia: Past Perfect/Imperfect Present Project Report (Nijmi Edres) 345
Verein zur Förderung eines Kompetenzzentrums Recht und Wirtschaft der arabischen und islamischen Welt an der Universität Heidelberg – Law and Economics of the Arab and Islamic World (LEA) (Peter Göpfrich) 353
CALL FOR PAPERS. AUFRUF ZUM EINREICHEN VON BEITRÄGEN FÜR DIE ZR&I 357
IMPRESSUM 361
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Elliesie, Hatem, Peter Scholz, Beate Anam, and Kai Kreutzberger. "Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam: ZR&I." Gesellschaft für Islamisches und Arabisches Recht e.V, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36328.
Full textAbstract:
Eine wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft kann ihren inneren Austausch und ihre Wirkung nach Außen nur sicherstellen, wenn sie ihren Mitgliedern und auswärtigen Interessierten ein zeitgemäßes Diskussionsforum bietet. Angesichts des gestiegenen Bedarfs an zuverlässigen Informationen über das islamische Recht und die rechtlichen Entwicklungen in islamisch geprägten Staaten besteht seitens der GAIR die Notwendigkeit, hierzu einen verantwortungsvollen Beitrag zu leisten. Um dieser Aufgabe gerecht zu werden, wird zukünftig der Schwerpunkt der Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam deutlich stärker auf den fachlichen Diskurs gelegt. Das neue Format deckt neueste Entwicklungen in Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung aller Rechtsgebiete im In- und Ausland ab, soweit sie das Recht islamisch geprägter Staaten oder aber Menschen aus solchen Staaten betreffen. Wesentlich ergänzt wird dieses Angebot durch Tagungsberichte, Rezensionen und Aufsätze, in denen auch islamrechtliche Fragestellungen diskutiert werden. Ab 2010 wird darüber hinaus eine eigene Rubrik „Rechtsvergleichung“ aufgenommen, die theoretisch-methodische Aspekte aufgreifen soll. Im Sinne der wissenschaftlichen Tradition bietet die Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam außerdem die Möglichkeit an, auf jeden erschienenen Aufsatz in der folgenden Ausgabe eine Erwiderung oder Ergänzung einzureichen.:EDITORIAL
RECHTSPRECHUNG & URTEILSBERICHTE
Kilian Bälz: Kuwait’s Court of Cassation Upholds Arbitration Clause in Distribution Agreement (7)
Mehmet Osman Gülyesil: Zur Legitimation eines Kopftuchverbots für eine Beamtin in der Kommunalverwaltung. Besprechung von Verwaltungsgericht Kassel, Urteil vom 28. 02. 2018 – 1 K 2514/17.KS (9)
ARTIKEL
Esnaf Begić: Vom staatsrechtlichen Normativ zum sozialethischen Korrektiv. Die Entwicklung der šarīʿa in Bosnien (15)
Katarzyna Brataniec: Constitutional Reforms in Morocco and Jordan in the Context of the Arab Spring (35)
Christoph Zehetgruber: Islamisches Strafrecht in Deutschland? Betrachtungen aus grund-, menschen- und strafrechtlicher Sicht (51)
Naomi Roth: „the gay self is archipelagic“. Zur Intersektionalität von Nation, Sexualität und Religion in Indonesien und ihrer Wirkung auf homosexuelle Männlichkeiten (63)
Scott Morrison: Some Characteristics of Money in English and Islamic Law (73)
Ruben Kühl: Modernes Sklaventum? Die Rechtsstellung des Gastarbeiters in den Golfstaaten (95)
Constantin Frank-Fahle: German Investments in the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Council and the German Foreign Tax Act (113)
TAGUNGSBERICHTE
Ahmed M. F. Abd-Elsalam: Bericht zum V. Symposium des Deutschen Forums für Islamisches Recht: Angewandtes Islamisches Recht. Scharia und Gesellschaft, 22. und 23. September 2017, Zentrum für Islamische Theologie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster (129)
Ibtisam Sadegh & Julie McBrien: Conference Report: Religious Marriages in the Mediterranean, 21–22 March 2018, Malta (139)
Serena Tolino: Conference Report: IX International Conference of Islamic Legal Studies, 6–9 June 2018, Universities of Helsinki & Tampere, Finland (149)
Abdelghafar Salim & Maria G. Nikolova: Conference Report: Law, Islam and Anthropology, organized jointly by the Department Law & Anthropology of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (MPI), the Gesellschaft für Arabisches und Islamisches Recht (GAIR), and the Vereniging tot bestudering van het Recht van de Islam en het Midden Oosten (RIMO) 9–10 November 2018, Halle/Saale (157)
REZENSIONEN
Kilian Bälz: Rezension zu Carlo Pohlhausen, Unternehmensfinanzierung am Kapitalmarkt in den arabischen Staaten. Eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse von Aktien-, Anleihe und Hybridemissionen am Beispiel Ägyptens, der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, Saudi-Arabiens und Jordaniens, Tübingen 2014 (165)
Kilian Bälz: Rezension zu Andrea Issad: Islamisch inspirierte Testamente, Tübingen 2019 (167)
CALL FOR PAPERS (AUFRUF ZUM EINREICHEN VON BEITRÄGEN) (169)
IMPRESSUM Herausgeber der ZR&I: Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam – Journal for Law & Islam / Redaktionssekretariat der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam / Redaktionsmitglieder der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam / Fachgutachter der ZR&I – Zeitschrift für Recht & Islam 10 (2018) / Erscheinungsweise / Inhaltliche Verantwortung / Manuskripteinreichung / Transkription / Zitiervorschlag(173)
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Drummond, Susan G. (Susan Gay) 1959. "Legal itineraries through Spanish Gitano family law : a comparative law ethnography." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38447.
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In the context of globalization, the idea of place is reputed to be losing its footing. This thesis explores the implications of these developments with respect to the way that place is constructed in law by focusing on tensions between the concept of jurisdiction and the ways that the contexts of law overspill it, threatening to engulf comparative analysis. Central to the idea that jurisdiction is losing its familiar moorings is the implication that other forms of thinking about legal normativity are emerging as more commonsensical alternatives to the state-based idea of jurisdiction that emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The thesis explores this hypothesis by bringing elements of the discipline of comparative law (conventionally state based) into play with elements of the discipline of legal anthropology (conventionally culture based). The focus for this theoretical intrigue is an Gitano population in the South of Spain that served as the fieldwork locale for seven months of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 1995. Investigations are centered on the theme of family law. Familiar notions of state and culture, and the legal sensibilities associated with each, are examined through exploring the interplay between local expressions of Gitanitude in Jerez de la Frontera and regional, national, international, and global forces that structure legal sensibilities in the area. The first chapter explores the interplay by focusing on the context surrounding Spain's reforms to family law in the 1980s. The familiar frontiers of the state are prodded through this analysis. The second chapter then explores the frontiers of culture through an examination of a variety of expressions of Gitanitude in Spain. The third chapter brings modified versions of state and culture together in a reconceptualisation of family law. As a whole, the thesis suggests a new way of approaching the problematic relationship between context and the disciplines of comparative law an
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Chen, Liuye <1992>. "Reasonableness in European and Chinese Contract Law. A Comparative Law Study." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9899/1/Thesis_Liuye_Chen.pdf.
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Contemporary private law, in teh last few decades, TEMPhas been increasingly characterized by teh spread of general clauses and standards and by teh growing role of interpreters in teh framework of teh sources of law. dis process TEMPhas also consistently effected those systems dat are not typically centered on judge-made law. In particular in contract law general clauses and standards has assumed a leading role and has become protagonists of processes of integration and harmonization of teh law. Wifin dis context, teh reasonableness clause TEMPhas come to teh attention of scholars, emerging as a new element of connection between different legal systems -first of all between common law and civil law – and even between different legal traditions.
dis research aims at reconstructing teh patterns of emersion and evolution of teh TEMPprincipal of reasonableness in contract law both wifin European Union Law and in teh Chinese legal system, in order to identify evolutionary trends, processes of emersion and circulation of legal models and teh scope of operation of teh TEMPprincipal in teh two contexts.
In view of teh increasingly intense economic relations between Europe and China, wifin teh framework of teh new project called Belt and Road Initiative, a comparative survey of dis type can foster mutual understanding and make communications more TEMPeffective, at teh level of legal culture and commercial relations, and to support teh processes of supranational harmonization of contract law rules.
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Cabral, Harsha, and n/a. "Corporate law, derivative actions : a comparative approach." University of Canberra. Law, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060622.163443.
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This thesis is a culmination of a research of a particular branch of Corporate Law, which
has grown in several major parts of civilized jurisdictions. The thrust of the study was to
evaluate the past, present and the future of a particular type of action known in Corporate
Law under the umbrella of shareholder remedies - the 'Derivative Action' with emphasis
to develop the law in one jurisdiction profiting from another. The research thus reveals
how, when and where the so called action originated, the initial effects these actions had on
the corporate world including shareholders, companies and related persons natural or
juristic. Though much has been written by way of books, treatises and articles and several
researches have dealt with the common topic shareholder remedies in its broad perspect,
there is no separate study carried out on this topic in its global context with a comparative
focus. This study has therefore given me the drive, initiative and courage to look at the
conceptual view or the macro view of the so called 'Derivative Action' with of course
special emphasis on the Australian and Sri Lankan jurisdictions in its micro aspects. This, I
believe is the first time anyone has undertaken such a task. The study thus travels through
distant roads of common law action to the statutory form of the action in the relevant
jurisdictions and finds it driving with much purpose in jurisdictions such as Australia and
Sri Lanka which are both in the transitional era from the common law action to the
statutory action.
The research is based on the collection of material namely, case law - Australian, Sri
Lankan and international on the matters in issue, Legal treatises on the subject matter local
and international, Law reform material - Australian, Sri Lankan and international on the
topic, Bills and Statutes available on the topic in Australia, Sri Lanka and other countries.
I have met resource personnel with regard to Law Reform in several jurisdictions on the
matters in issue and visited the Australian Stock Exchange and the Colombo Stock
Exchange.
The research findings depend mainly on the electronic data available in addition to
resources available at the University of Canberra, the Australian National University,
Colombo Law Library, The Colombo Law Society Library and the Sri Lanka Supreme
Court Judges' Chambers Library and the Sri Lanka Attorney General's Department
Library. Visits to the McGill University in Montreal, Canada and the corporate law sector
in New Zealand, including Universities and Law Offices in Christchurch and Auckland too
has helped me considerably in the process.
Review of the literature of the proposed statutory Derivative Action in Australia and the
proposed statutory Derivative Action in Sri Lanka, are based mainly on; Enforcement of
the duties of directors and officers of a company by means of a statutory derivative action
(Report No. 12) Companies and Securities Law Review Committee. (November 1990.),
Corporate Practices and the Rights of Shareholders (Report of the House of
Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs) Parliament of
the Commonwealth of Australia. (November 1991.), Report on A Statutory Derivative
Action Companies and Securities Advisory Committee. (July 1993.), Corporate Law
Economic Reform Program (CLERP) Proposal Paper No 3 (1997), the CLERP draft
legislative provisions (1998), Australian case law on the application of the common law
Derivative Action, both in the High Court and in individual States and Australian articles
on Derivative Action as a common law remedy and on the introduction of the statutory
action. In the Sri Lankan context, the proposals in Sri Lanka for the statutory Derivative
Action and the case law in Sri Lanka on the application of the common law remedy has
been referred to. Other literature include, material available on the Canadian formula of
Derivative Action, including Statutes, Rules, case law, articles and other relevant data,
material available on the Derivative Actions in the United States, material available in New
Zealand on Derivative Actions, material available in England on Derivative Actions,
namely on the common law approach, case law, articles, Bills, Rules and other connected
material, Statutes on Derivative Actions in other jurisdictions at present and Hong Kong
proposals for a statutory Derivative Action, to name some.
The aforesaid material and the review of the same have assisted the study as follows:
-To place the past, present and the future of the common law Derivative Action.
-Examine the objectives of the Derivative Action.
-The operation of the common law aspects of the action.
-The benefits of the statutory form of the action.
-Experiences of other countries in the recent past on the subject.
-The Australian reform process presently underway.
-The best experiences in Australia with regard to case law.
-To evaluate whether the remedy should be limited to fraud on the minority or whether it
should be extended further even to negligence.
-How best Sri Lanka could benefit from the Australian formula of the statutory form of the
action.
-To evaluate whether the proposed model of the statutory action in Sri Lanka is adequate in
view of the Australian and other accepted formulae on the subject.
-Whether the common law action should be expressly abolished in Sri Lanka.
-Consider the possible introduction of the best methods to Sri Lanka.
Finally, the research speaks for itself the need for a statutory Derivative Action for Sri
Lanka in the future, to be an improvement on the Canadian, New Zealand and Australian
models. The research findings, especially in its conclusions and recommendation in
Chapter 8, will no doubt help to improve the proposed statutory Derivative Action in Sri
Lanka in a small way.
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Sainter, S. "The law of agency : a comparative analysis." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366108.
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Lin, Ching-Lang. "Arbitration in administrative contracts : comparative law perspective." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0023/document.
Full textAbstract:
Il a été longuement discuté de savoir si le système d'arbitrage est applicable pour régler les litiges administratifs qui concernent certains contrats administratifs ou d’autres sans rapport avec le contrat administratif. Dans cette thèse, les trois questions spécifiques sont analysées tour à tour : (1) Est-il possible pour un arbitre ou un tribunal arbitral de trancher des questions relevant du droit administratif? (2) Y a-t-il, ou devrait-il y avoir, des limitations à l'autorité des arbitres et des tribunaux arbitraux? (3) Enfin, après la délivrance d'une sentence arbitrale, quel rôle devrait jouer l'État dans la phase de contrôle judiciaire? La première question concerne l'arbitrabilité et a été discutée dans la première partie (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). La deuxième question a été discutée dans la deuxième partie (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Enfin, sur la dernière question a fait l’objet d’une troisième partie (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). Dans cette thèse, nous avons comparé les systèmes de quatre pays (Canada, Chine, France, Taïwan). En conclusion, nous pouvons donc conclure que l’évolution de la conception du contrat administratif implique de nombreux aspects, y compris les aspects juridiques, économiques, politiques et même culturels. Le développement de la fonction de contentieux administratif, comme ‘’subjectivement orienté" ou "objectivement orienté" aura une incidence sur l'acceptation de l'arbitrage en matière administrative. Dans l'ensemble, l'arbitrage sera plus acceptable dans les systèmes dont la fonction est plus ‘’subjectivement orientée" que dans ceux dont la fonction est "objectivement orientée"While arbitration has traditionally been considered as a means to resolve private disputes, its role in disputes involving administrative contracts is a crucial question in administrative law. In brief, the three specific questions are (1) Can arbitrators or arbitral tribunals decide issues involving administrative law? and (2) Is there, or should there be, any limitation on the authority of arbitrators or arbitral tribunals? (3) Moreover, after the issue of an arbitration award, what role should the State play in the judicial review phase? The first question, the issue of arbitrability, is discussed in part 1 (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). The second question will be discussed in part2 (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Finally, on the question of what happens after the arbitration award, we will discuss judicial review in part 3 (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). We compare legal systems between the four countries: in France, in Canada, in China and in Taiwan. We believe that an administrative contract, at least in its function and conception, is gradually becoming different from a private contract. Innovation with respect to administrative contracts will also reflect the concentration and function of the administrative litigation systems in each country. In addition, the “objective” or “subjective” function of administrative litigation will also affect the degree of arbitrability, as well as arbitration procedures. Taken together, arbitration will be more acceptable in systems whose function is more “subjectively oriented” than in those whose function is “objectively oriented". Finally, “the arbitration of administrative matters” traditionally has been an important question in administrative and arbitration law. In the future, we will continue to see it shine in the doctrine and jurisprudence of both the administrative and arbitration law fields
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Stoker, Stuart Mitchell Imrie. "A comparative study of law reform implementation : selected cases /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42574110.
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Bremberg, Dennis, and Sarah Högdahl. "Ice Class Strengthening of Existing Reefer Vessels Trading in the Baltic Sea : - A comparative study of ice classifications 1D and 1C." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-193658.
Full textAbstract:
This bachelor thesis strives to perspicuously answer what an ice strengthening of two different existing reefer vessels might mean for operations in the Baltic Sea and illustrate what factors a shipping company needs to consider when initiating such a project. The main purpose is to provide an information basis facilitating the communication between different parties in the shipping industry. The existing specialized reefer fleet is old and few new ships are being built or commissioned. At the same time, there is an increasing demand of shipping perishables to St. Petersburg, inciting the strengthening of existing ships to meet market demands. The methodology used in this report is a compilation of selective literature research (primarily providing qualitative, secondary data) and a comparative study in which the secondary data is applied on the reefer classes Crown and Family. While other classification societies are mentioned, this report focuses on Lloyd’s Register and the ice classes 1D and 1C, suitable for very light and light ice conditions and sailing in convoy with icebreaker assistance. Although ice class 1C is designated for tougher ice conditions than 1D, they share many strengthening requirements. Most substantially, the requirements for 1C concerning the forward region and steering arrangements, stipulated by the Swedish Maritime Administration (Swedish: Sjöfartsverket), are also applicable to 1D. The main differences between these classes originate from the expanse of waterline and structural strengthening in the ice belt, propeller and screw shaft requirements and lastly, the requirements concerning machinery layout and engine output. The results comprise of estimations regarding minimum engine output, ice belt cost, thickness and spread, bow strengthening and a commentary on the remaining requirements that have been omitted in the analysis. Conclusively, depending on the shipping company’s predefined operational and financial goals, the initial choice of class notation should be evident based on the information presented in this report. If, for example, the Crown class is intended for shipping perishable goods to St. Petersburg all year round, the incentives for converting the ship to ice class 1C are strong, due to a higher reliability in ETA. The effects of added weight and higher expenses could however advocate ice class 1D. Similarly, should the Family class only sail sporadically to St. Petersburg, it could be more financially sensible to convert the ship to ice class 1D.
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Magone, Michael A. "Education law priorities and need a comparative analysis /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-09262007-112630/.
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Hjerrild, Bodil. "Studies in Zoroastrian family law : a comparative analysis /." Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/362635250.pdf.
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Conley, Anna. "A comparative law analysis of U.S. judicial assistance." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18431.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyzes 28 U.S.C. §1782 from a comparative point of view, and highlights the problems with the statute that become quite apparent when comparing the statute with its common law counterparts. I have chosen England and Canada as comparative jurisdictions because they are common law jurisdictions with at least some pre-trial discovery, judicial assistance statutes, and developed caselaw regarding these issues. The main deficiencies of §1782 that a comparative analysis brings to light are its anti-comity implications, its unfairness to U.S. defendants, and its refusal to acknowledge worldwide distaste toward U.S. style discovery. A simple solution to §1782's current problems would be to allow only foreign courts and tribunals to request judicial assistance, as opposed to any interested person.La présente thèse adopte une approche comparative à la fois pour analyser l'article 1782 de l'U.S.C. 28 et pour souligner les problèmes qui surviennent lorsque cette loi est comparée à ses pendants des pays régis par la common law. Le Canada et l'Angleterre se sont imposés en tant que pays comparables puisque ces derniers sont régis par la common law, procèdent à des enquêtes préalables, disposent de lois sur l'entraide judiciaire et d'une jurisprudence détaillée faisant état des problèmes qui y sont liés. Aussi, l'emploi d'une méthode comparative a permis de révéler les principales lacunes de l'article 1782, soit ses conséquences néfastes sur la courtoisie entre tribunaux, son injustice à l'égard des inculpés américains et son refus de reconnaître le malaise éprouvé mondialement envers les techniques employées par les États-Unis pour recueillir des éléments de preuve. Par ailleurs, une solution simple aux problèmes actuels de l'article 1782 consisterait à permettre uniquement aux cours et aux tribunaux étrangers de réclamer l'entraide judiciaire, plutôt que de le permettre à toute personne intéressée.
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Singhvi, A. M. "The law of emergency powers : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246633.
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PINTO, JOSE GUILHERME BERMAN CORREA. "COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND WEAK-FORM JUDICIAL REVIEW." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22217@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Até os anos 1980, tratar de controle de constitucionalidade no âmbito do direito comparado significava ignorar a prática constitucional desenvolvida em boa parte dos países da família da common law. Isso porque o Reino Unido, juntamente com algumas de suas ex-colônias (como Canadá, Nova Zelândia e Austrália, além de Israel, cujo território fora um protetorado inglês antes de se tornar um Estado independente), apegados ao dogma da soberania do Parlamento, resistiam em reconhecer a juízes não eleitos competência para invalidar atos emanados dos legítimos representantes do povo. O cenário começa a mudar com a aprovação da Carta de Direitos e Liberdades canadense, em 1982. Nesta ocasião, os direitos fundamentais foram recolhidos em um documento jurídico dotado de supremacia e rigidez, tendo sido facultado a juízes e tribunais invalidar normas que não os respeitassem. Mas, para conciliar a nova prática com a tradição constitucional habituada à supremacia do Parlamento, alguns arranjos foram feitos, de forma a permitir que a última palavra em matéria de interpretação de direitos constitucionalmente protegidos permanecesse com o legislador. Surgiu, assim, um novo modelo de controle de constitucionalidade, no qual o judiciário possui um papel importante, mas não determinante, na proteção a direitos fundamentais. Este modelo, aqui chamado de controle fraco de constitucionalidade, serviu de inspiração para que o próprio Reino Unido e outras de suas ex-colônias adotassem alguma forma de judicial review entre os anos que marcaram a virada do século XX para o XXI. Nesta tese, pretende-se apresentar as características desse novo modelo, contrapondo-o ao modelo tradicional (forte) de controle de constitucionalidade e, ao final, fazer reflexões sobre a possível recepção do novo sistema em países integrantes da família romano-germânica.
By the 1980s, to approach judicial review in the context of comparative law meant to ignore the constitutional practice developed in a number of members within the common-law family of nations. This happened because the United Kingdom, along with some of her former colonies (such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia, besides Israel, whose territory had been an English protectorate before becoming an independent state), attached to the principle of Parliament s sovereignty, resisted the endowment of unelected judges with the power to invalidate acts performed by the people s legitimate representatives. The scenario began to change with the adoption of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. On that occasion, fundamental rights were put into a legal document tagged with supremacy and rigidity; judges and courts having been authorized to invalidate norms that clearly did not respect such rights. However, to accommodate the new practice without sacrificing the constitutional tradition more accustomed to the sovereignty of Parliament, some arrangements were made in order to allow that the last word on the interpretation of constitutionallyprotected rights would remain with the legislator. Thus a new pattern of judicial review appeared in which the Judiciary plays a significant, but not decisive role in protecting fundamental rights. This pattern, herein called weak-form judicial review, inspired the UK herself and other former colonies to adopt some form of judicial review, in the years that marked the turn of the 20th century to the 21st. The present paper intends to present the characteristics of this new pattern, comparing it to the traditional (strong) judicial review pattern, and it eventually elaborates on the possible receptivity to the new system by member countries of the civil law family of nations.
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Kadelbach, Philipp. "The law affecting comparative advertising in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11035.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-159).Preliminary research showed that: firstly, South Africa's policy on comparative advertising is restrictive, and, secondly, that the country has a market structure where such advertising has the potential for a very positive effect on the market. Realising the potential role advertising could play in South Africa, the concept was born; not only to present South Africa's policy on the issue, but also to embark on an abstract analysis of the advertising regulation structure. The analysis provides the opportunity to present reasons for the present restrictive policy, and provides an essential background to pinpointing why policy changes might be necessary, and the changes required to reach a more satisfactory conclusion, based on literature and case reports available to me as at July 2002.
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Kahn, Robert Andrew. "Holocaust denial and the law : a comparative study /." New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400005794.
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Thesis Ph. D--Political science--Baltimore--Johns Hopkins University, 2000. Titre de soutenance : The limits of legal fairness : holocaust denial and the law in America, Canada, France and Germany.Bibliogr. p. 191-198.
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Montanini, Giulia <1992>. "Slavish imitation in Chinese law: a comparative perspective." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11874.
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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the phenomenon of slavish imitation as an act of unfair competition, in a national and international legal framework, with a special focus on the Chinese practices to safeguard the external form of the products.
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Harrison, John Conacher. "The Mareva injunction : a comparative and critical analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60642.
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This thesis charts the progress of the Mareva Injunction from its inception in 1975 in England, to the present day. It examines selected issues of importance relating to the injunction and provides a critical analysis thereof recommending reforms where appropriate.The thesis commences with an examination of the historical origins of the jurisdiction in England. Chapter II looks at the evolution of the Mareva Injunction and Chapters II to VIII analyse certain legal consequences flowing from the Mareva Injunction which the author considers are of particular interest.
Section B of the thesis is a critical analysis and historical survey of the Mareva Injunction in Canadian law. It attempts to compare and contrast English and Canadian jurisprudence on this topic. The thesis concludes that the majority of jurisprudence in both England and Canada has helped and not hindered the development of the Mareva Injunction.
32
Liu, Hongyan. "Liner conferences in competition law a comparative analysis of European and Chinese law." Berlin Heidelberg Springer, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995338809/04.
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Sims, Vanessa Karin. "Good faith in contract law : a comparative analysis of English and German law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265456.
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The concept of good faith has an important role to play in English contract law, where the elements necessary for its recognition already exist. Nevertheless, the issue has divided the contract community. Although there is strong support for the recognition of such a concept, it is more often rejected on the basis that it would be, at best, unnecessary and, at worst, a serious disruption of contract law. These arguments are correct to the extent that it would indeed be difficult, if not impossible, to transplant an existing continental version of good faith into English law. They fail, however, to consider the possibility of good faith developing organically within the common law, as an overarching principle integral to general law of contract that governs the performance of agreements. In preparation for the argument that the elements necessary for the recognition of a concept of good faith already exist in English law, the use of the term 'good faith' in contracts uberrimae .fidei and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 is contrasted with, respectively related to, the present debate. The analysis then focuses on the implied term of mutual trust and confidence in employment law, which is identified as a functional equivalent to the German concept of Treu und Glauben. The subsequent extension of this comparison to terms commonly implied into commercial contracts culminates in the identification of the key elements of good faith. At one level, it ensures that contracts are performed as they were intended to be, by ensuring that the parties do not abuse contractual rights for an extraneous purpose; at another, it provides an instrument for the enforcement of policy considerations within the contractual framework. The central concern is always the balancing of interests - those of the parties, those of the community within which the parties are operating, and those of society as a whole. The elements thereby identified are more than capable of refinement into a coherent theory; this thesis commences the process of conceptual analysis and thereby takes the first step towards the recognition of a truly English concept of good faith.
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Ibrahim, Ahmad Basri Bin. "Kidnapping and hostage-taking in malaysian law and Islamic law : A comparative study." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497558.
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Staniland, Hilton. "A comparative analysis of maritime liens." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316446.
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Lapointe, Catherine. "La notion de sous-traitance en droit : etude comparative." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61259.
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The present Master's thesis aims to clarify the legal notion of sub-contracting, both in civil and common law, through a study of the subject as regards French and Quebec law, on the one hand, and according to the laws in force in England, in the Canadian common law provinces and in the United States, on the other hand. To this end we have described the development process of sub-contracting and worked out a typology of this notion. Subsequently, we have shown how the legal systems under study have defined sub-contracting, and in which manner their definitions of sub-contracting differ from those given by economists. We have also looked closely at the legal qualification of the process of sub-contracting and the contracts involved, insisting on certain consequences of the qualifications retained. Finally, we have distinguished sub-contracting from other related notions.
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Ramage, Sally. "A comparative analysis of corporate fraud." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/14408.
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The law is stated as at July 2006, before the enactment of the United Kingdom Fraud Act 2006. This thesis covers ‘serious’ corporate fraud and not commonplace petty fraud. I examined corporate fraud, concentrating on a comparison of the United Kingdom’s fraud with that of two civil law neighbouring countries, France and Germany, both with high financial activity, and also with a few American states, common law systems like the English legal system. The objective of this study is to identify ways of combating fraud in the UK by enquiry and discovery as to how fraud occurs and how the two different legal systems- civil and common law- treat fraud. The study reveals factors contributing to corporate fraud and recommendations for combating corporate fraud. Exploring the concept of fraud, my findings are that corporate fraud is facing exponential increase, with the UK government beginning to acknowledge this. I examined the agencies that combat fraud in the states mentioned above including the UK. Although the UK is party to an impressive number of Treaties, which help to combat fraud, treaties dealing with terrorism, drug dealing, money laundering, and other organised crime, corporate fraud is still a serious problem. The conclusions can be summarised as follows. The UK could learn much from the French legal system and the way France prosecutes corporations as per Articles 132, 222, 432, 433 and 435 of the French Penal Code. Germany’s Criminal Code is equally comprehensive in its prescriptive definitions of frauds including corporate frauds as in chapters 8, 19, 2, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 30 of the German Criminal Code. The new UK’s non-codified general, core, offence of fraud, with fraud offences maintained in other statutes such as the Companies Act, likens the UK fraud regulation closer to the US’s with its Criminal Code and other statutes that deal with fraud. The UK has not yet caught up with the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 as regards electronic business systems’ rules. The USA’s federal prescriptive code for fraud offences is akin to the French and German criminal codes and these are found in US Federal Penal Code Title 18, Part 1, Chapter 47, sections 1020 to 1084. Legal privilege is fraud exempt in the United but not in France and Germany. Legal privilege in the UK is partly exempt for SFO investigations and mandatory money laundering reporting.
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Lee, Lai-lan, and 李麗蘭. "The new PRC company law: a comparison with Hong Kong company law : its adequacies and deficiencies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31266629.
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Coxon, Benedict Francis. "Interpretive provisions in human rights legislation : a comparative analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d0a5ddca-9293-4204-b22b-417cdf829464.
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This thesis considers interpretive provisions in human rights legislation in the United Kingdom (UK), New Zealand and two Australian jurisdictions: the Australian Capital Territory and the State of Victoria. It deals with the relationship between certain common law interpretive principles which protect human rights and the rules under the interpretive provisions. It also considers what effect the interpretive provisions have on the overall approach to statutory interpretation, particularly in terms of their impact on the roles of intention and purpose. One of the themes of the thesis is that it is possible to identify a common methodology for the application of the various interpretive provisions. This is facilitated by an emphasis on the concept of purpose, which is flexible and capable of being identified and applied at higher levels of abstraction than the concept of intention as commonly applied by the courts. Despite this common methodology, the results of attempts at legislative rights-consistent interpretation in the relevant jurisdictions differ. We shall see that the UK courts have taken a broader interpretive approach than have their New Zealand and Australian counterparts. This will be explained by reference to the respective contexts of the human rights legislation in each jurisdiction, particularly in terms of legislative history. It will be argued that the purpose of the UK legislation to provide remedies in domestic courts for breaches of the European Convention on Human Rights provides the basis for the UK courts’ approach. The absence of this factor is the primary point of distinction between the UK on the one hand, and New Zealand and Australia on the other, though other issues will be explored. Finally, while as a matter of the interpretation of the UK legislation, and especially of the relevant interpretive provision, the approach of the UK courts is defensible, the significant risk to the principle of legal certainty which it poses will be highlighted.
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Heinemann, Klaus. "Pre-incorporation transactions : a comparative analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59396.
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Whether in common law jurisdictions or in German civil law, the issue of pre-incorporation transactions has always been the subject of considerable controversy. Concerned with the promoters, third parties, the company and its shareholders, the law has found it difficult to balance these frequently conflicting interests without neglecting the need for clear and simple rules. Common law courts, sometimes excessively committed to legal principles, have even come up with absurd results.This survey looks at the various attempts made in order to reconcile legal principles and business requirements--legislative in most common law jurisdictions, juridical in Germany. It will critically examine the approaches taken in Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions and compare their results and reasoning with the solution found in German law. It will be seen that even among closely related legal systems, results differ considerably. The survey will illustrate how established rules of law have turned out to be largely incapable of meeting the challenge of pre-incorporation transactions. From a comparative point of view, some suggestions will be made in order to achieve a solution that is more satisfactory in result and reasoning.
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Foster, S. E. "The public right of navigation : a comparative study." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356310.
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Al-Hajeri, Abdul-Rahman R. "Sanctions in public works contracts : a comparative study." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261869.
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Jorge, Aimite. "The change of position defence in comparative perspective." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12521.
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Includes abstract.This work examines the change-of-position (loss of enrichment) defence comparatively in five jurisdictions, namely South Africa, Brazil, England Canada and USA. It advances a three-part argument which contends, first, that when a legal system opts for a general enrichment principle, it must equally limit it with defences. Secondly, that once the limiting mechanisms are chosen, the system must demarcate their contours and establish the inevitable exceptions. Thirdly, that legal system, as a consequence, must also decide whether to require a symmetric ‘gain-loss’ situation, i.e., whether to insist that the measure of recovery be limited by the plaintiff’s loss. If it chooses a symmetry ‘gainloss’, that system might face difficulties avoiding a passing on defence, as the reverse face of change-of-position on the plaintiff’s side, thereby potentially undermining indirectly the principle of legality. If it departs from that symmetry, the passing on defence may ‘normatively’ be ignored, unless for policy reasons it opts to have it. The study concludes that South Africa is bound to adopt explicitly a general principle of unjustified enrichment with change of position as the general defence applicable to all unjustified enrichment claims, save to claims arising from failed bilateral agreements. The study recommends that South Africa may give limited recognition to the passing on defence in its private law of unjustified enrichment where policy considerations do not militate against its application.
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Denson, Razaana. "A comparative exposition of Islamic law relating to the law of husband and wife." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/19564.
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Notwithstanding the enactment of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 the recognition of systems of religious, personal or family law for certain cultural and religious groups has either been limited or is virtually non-existent. To this extent, marriages concluded in terms of Islamic rites do not enjoy the same legal recognition that is accorded to civil and customary marriages. Non-recognition of Muslim marriages means there is no legal regulatory framework to enforce any of the consequences that arise as a result of the marriage, or any orders that are made by the Ulama, thereby creating a perilous situation that has dire consequences for spouses to a Muslim marriage. Despite South Africa’s commitment to the right of equality and freedom of religion, the courts have acknowledged that the failure to grant recognition to Muslim marriages on the ground of gender equality, has worsened the plight of women in these marriages, in that they were left without effective legal protection, should the union be dissolved either by death or divorce. Whilst the ad hoc recognition of certain consequences of Muslim marriages by the judiciary has gone a some way to redress the plight of Muslim women, and provided relief to the lived realities of Muslim women, these decisions are in fact contrary to the teachings and principles of Islam and therefore problematic for Muslims. These court decisions, that are in conflict with Muslim Personal Law (MPL), will ultimately lead to the emergence of a distorted set of laws relating to Muslim family law. This is a real cause for concern. This thesis is written from an Islamic legal theory perspective, which is contrary to western legal theory, as the latter adopts a human rights perspective. The basis of modern western democratic societies is a constitution that is premised on human rights and equality and which advocates the notion that the rights contained in the constitution reign supreme in all matters, religion included. Therefore, where a conflict arises in respect of the freedom of religion and the right to equality, western ideologies and philosophies dictate that the latter trump the former. This would inevitably mean that religious law would have to be adapted and ultimately amended so that it is in compliance with the constitution. From an Islamic religious perspective, this is not feasible and practicing Muslims will find this untenable. This may be legally uncomfortable in South Africa as a constitutional democracy but it is the reality for the adherents of the Muslim faith. A draft Muslim Marriages Bill (MMB) was released in 2003, and an amended MMB was tabled in Parliament in 2010. Both MMBs propose the legal recognition and regulation of Muslim marriages in South Africa. However, the two major issues delaying the enactment of the MMB into legislation are, firstly, whether or not the MMB would pass constitutional muster and secondly, the lack of agreement in the Muslim community on whether the MMB is Shari’ah compliant. Despite the largely consultative process that the MMBs underwent the legislative attempts to enact the MMB into legislation has not been successful. This thesis seeks to provide a possible solution whereby legislation regulating MPL law can be implemented in South Africa, notwithstanding the apparent conflict existing between MPL and the rights contained in the Bill of Rights. Notwithstanding the preference shown by the legislature to enact the MMB into legislation which will grant recognition to Muslim marriages, it is submitted there is a need for the legislature to rethink the approach that has to date been adopted. To this extent, it is submitted that the legislature should reconsider granting recognition to Muslim marriages by enacting legislation that takes the form of general legislation where state recognition is granted to all religious marriages, whether it be Muslim, Hindu or Jewish marriages. General legislation would mean that the state would require the marriage to be registered. However, the prescribed requirements, formalities and the consequences of the marriage would be determined by the chosen religious system of the spouses. On a national level a comparative analysis between Islamic law and the South African legal system, relating to the law of marriage is conducted. For the comparative analysis on an international level the law of marriage in England and Wales has been chosen. South Africa and England and Wales share a commitment to human rights and have adopted various approaches in respect of accommodating the application of Islamic law. Furthermore, an internal pluralism exists within the Muslim communities in South Africa, England and Wales as the majority of Muslims in these countries have to varying degrees developed diverse strategies to ensure compliance with Islamic law, and as well as South African and English law. The manner in which MPL is granted recognition needs to be given careful consideration as the implementation of this legislation will only be successful if it is compatible with the rulings and teachings of Islamic law. Caution should therefore be exercised to ensure that the fundamental aspects of MPL are not compromised as this will result in the legislation not being Shari’ah compliant and there will be no buyin from the Muslim community, with the consequence that this legislation will be mere paper law.
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Jiang, Yun. "Comparative study on the history of derivative action." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3525657.
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Erdemir, Omer. "A Comparative Approach To National Protection Law (1940-1956)." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605670/index.pdf.
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A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO NATIONAL PROTECTION LAW (1940-1956)
Erdemir, Ömer M.A, Department of History Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Seç
il Karal Akgü
n December 2004, 130 pages This thesis introduces a comparative history of National Protection Law of 1940 and 1956. It analyzes the two applications of the law, first, by the Republican People&rsquo
s Party governments during World War II, and second, by the Democratic Party Government during the years between 1956 and 1960 in view of the general economic policies followed during both periods. It argues, in reference to the ideological struggle over Turkish economic development during the twentieth century, that the enactments and applications of the first and second National Protection Law address the authoritarian characteristics of both the Republican People&rsquo
s Party and the Democratic Party. It further argues, the enactment and application of National Protection Law by the Democratic Party government contradicted with the party&rsquo
s economic principles whereas the Republican governments had already been on the interventionist path that they inherited from the previous decade of etatism. In addition, the thesis reveals that the first National Protection Law was more widely applied than the second. In both cases, the application of National Protection Law failed to solve economic problems and aroused a public discontent which brought about political losses for its executors.
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Smith, Anne Marie. "The appraisal remedy in corporate law a comparative study." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5717.
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Kammel, Armin J. "The law of international banking institutions : a comparative analysis /." Vienna : Mille Tre, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/494675012.pdf.
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Smith, Alastair David. "Some comparative aspects of specific implement in Scots law." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236166.
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Plunkett, James Christopher. "The duty of care : a comparative common law analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0323d109-bf6b-4ccc-bbcc-effa936e7b54.
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The general aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed overview of the duty of care enquiry, drawing on both academic analyses and judicial experience in leading common law systems. The thesis starts by exploring the history of the duty concept, including how it first came to be an element of the negligence enquiry, and how it later came to be determined via the use of a general formula. The thesis then explores and analyses the various methods through which the existence of a duty of care has been determined. Having provided an overview of the development of the duty concept, it is then argued that the duty of care is best understood as consisting of two discrete parts: a factual aspect and a notional aspect. It is suggested that the factual aspect of the duty enquiry is superfluous and should be abandoned so that the duty enquiry is a notional issue only. It is then argued that the notional aspect of the duty enquiry is best understood as consisting of two separate types of determinations: those relating to broad situations, and those based on assumptions of responsibility. Both of these types of notional duty determinations are explored in detail. The propriety of basing situational notional duty determinations on considerations of policy, and the necessity of notional duty, are also considered. Finally, the thesis provides an overview of an empirical study of ultimate appellate court duty decisions, investigating, among other things, whether the understanding of duty provided in the thesis is consistent with the practice of the courts.