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Journal articles on the topic 'Classification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 23 November 2024

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1

Thomas, Pravin, Anand Kumar, Ahamed Subir, Brian E. McGeeney, Madhav Raje, Divyani Garg, Chaithra D. Aroor, Arunmozhimaran Elavarasi, and Kris Castle. "Classification of Head, Neck, and Face Pains First Edition (WHS-MCH1): Position paper of the WHS Classification Committee." Headache Medicine Connections 1, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 1–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52828/hmc.v1i1.classifications.

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Willatt, D. J., M. S. McCormick, R. P. Morton, and P. M. Stell. "Staging of Maxillary Cancer." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 96, no. 2 (March 1987): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948709600201.

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Of the many proposed classifications for staging maxillary sinus cancer, none has been adopted universally and none is known to be superior to the others. This study identified the best of six currently used classifications using data from 53 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. Analysis of each classification's ability to stage the majority of patients, produce a balanced distribution of T stages, and correlate T stage with treatment and prognosis revealed Harrison's classification to be the best. Harrison's classification should be adopted worldwide as the classification of choice for staging squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.

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Jacob, Elin K. "Proposal for a Classification of Classifications built on Beghtol’s Distinction between “Naïve Classification” and “Professional Classification”." KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION 37, no. 2 (2010): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2010-2-111.

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Feleke, Tekabe Legesse. "Ethiosemitic languages: Classifications and classification determinants." Ampersand 8 (2021): 100074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amper.2021.100074.

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Dozic, Slobodan, Dubravka Cvetkovic-Dozic, Milica Skender-Gazibara, and Branko Dozic. "Review of the World Health Organization classification of tumors of the nervous system." Archive of Oncology 10, no. 3 (2002): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0203175d.

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(Conclusion) Classifications of the nervous system tumors should be neither static nor definitive. The most recent, third, current WHO classification of nervous system tumors was published in 2000. Many substantial changes were introduced. New entities include the chordoid glioma of the third ventricle, the atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, cerebellar liponeurocytoma (the former lipomatous medulloblstoma of the cerebellum), solitary fibrous tumor and perineurioma. The new tumor variants include the large cell medulloblastoma, tanacytic ependymoma and rhabdoid meningioma. Several essential changes were introduced in the meningiomas regarding histological subtypes, grading and proliferation index. In addition to new entities described in the 2000 WHO classification there are newly brain tumor entities and tumor variants, which are not included in the current classification due to the insufficient number of reporeted cases, for example papillary glioneuronal tumor, rosetted glioneuronal tumor, lipoastrocytoma and lipomatous meningioma. They will be probably accepted in the next WHO classificaton. In the current WHO classification the importance of cytogenetic and molecular biologic investigation in the understanding and further classifications of these tumors has been emphasized.

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Fedorova, Natalia. "BASIC CLASSIFIERS OF FORMAL CLASSIFICATION THEORY OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS: HIERARCHIES, VECTORS AND MATRICES, BANDS." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2021, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2021-3-28-40.

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The article considers the importance of a technical system among other technical systems in order to ensure its functioning and development, to classify objects, subjects, processes of the technical and related systems. Previously, the author presented the basics of the formal classification theory. This article describes the basic classifiers and operations with them. Three types of basic classifications are identified: discrete hierarchical, discrete matrix and continuous band classifications. For them the concept, structure, dimension, basic operations (addition, multiplication, equality) are defined. In the hierarchy, the classification attributes can be sorted by subordination, when the classification attributes of the lower levels of the hierarchy detail the features of higher levels. The dimension of the hierarchical classification is the number of levels of classification features. Matrix classifications (including vector and super-matrix) are used when the classification attributes are equal and their values are discrete. Band classifications are similar in structure to matrix classifications, but the value of the classification attribute is the interval of numbers, for which the lower and upper boundaries are determined. The dimension of the matrix and band classifications is equal to the number of non-subordinate classification attributes. For all classifications, multiplication is equivalent to the introduction of new classification attributes, addition is the introduction of new values of already existing classification attributes. A unified approach to various types of classifications makes it possible to plan the structure of classifications of specific technical systems, taking into account the properties of characteristic parameters

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Vu, Catphuong, and David Gendelberg. "Classifications in Brief: AO Thoracolumbar Classification System." Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 478, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000001086.

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Di Lauro, Salvatore, Mustafa R. Kadhim, David G. Charteris, and J. Carlos Pastor. "Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7807596.

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Purpose. To evaluate the current and suitable use of current proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) classifications in clinical publications related to treatment.Methods. A PubMed search was undertaken using the term “proliferative vitreoretinopathy therapy”. Outcome parameters were the reported PVR classification and PVR grades. The way the classifications were used in comparison to the original description was analyzed. Classification errors were also included. It was also noted whether classifications were used for comparison before and after pharmacological or surgical treatment.Results. 138 papers were included. 35 of them (25.4%) presented no classification reference or did not use any one. 103 publications (74.6%) used a standardized classification. The updated Retina Society Classification, the first Retina Society Classification, and the Silicone Study Classification were cited in 56.3%, 33.9%, and 3.8% papers, respectively. Furthermore, 3 authors (2.9%) used modified-customized classifications and 4 (3.8%) classification errors were identified. When the updated Retina Society Classification was used, only 10.4% of authors used a full C grade description. Finally, only 2 authors reported PVR grade before and after treatment.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that current classifications are of limited value in clinical practice due to the inconsistent and limited use and that it may be of benefit to produce a revised classification.

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Kozhanov, Anton L., and Oleg V. Voevodin. "ON RECLAMATION PUMPING STATIONS CLASSIFICATION." Land Reclamation and Hydraulic Engineering 14, no. 3 (2024): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31774/2712-9357-2024-14-3-261-283.

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Purpose: analysis and construction of hierarchical and facet classifications of reclamation pumping stations (RPS). During the research, a search, analysis, comparison and systematization of RPS types were carried out in accordance with regulatory and technical documentation, as well as the developments of various Russian scientists. When developing and constructing RPS classifications, the following methods were used: facet and hierarchical. Discussion. As a result of the study and analysis of various sources of information, it was found that the existing RPS classifications in most cases are presented according to one classification criterion. In this regard, a classification has been carried out at several levels. First, the main classification criteria such as the purpose and main characteristics, including flow and pressure, were determined, according to which the hierarchical classification was built. Subsequently, lower order classification features were considered: importance classes, degree of durability, design, type of building, structure configuration, location relative to the irrigation source, location in the system, degree of use, type of water intake structure and source, devices used and control principle. Based on the indicated classification criteria, hierarchical and facet classifications of the RPS were formed. Conclusions. As a result of research, a hierarchical classification of the RPS by main types with a hierarchy of vague subordination up to the seventh level with minor groups of classification characteristics has been developed. The use of the facet method made it possible to combine all types and kinds of RPS into a more detailed classification with the introduction of some independent classification features of lower levels, specifying certain types of RPS within the hierarchical classification levels. The developed hierarchical and facet classifications of RPS make it possible to their further use in the development of a regulatory document on RPS design.

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Fortune, Nicola, Stephanie Short, and Richard Madden. "Building a statistical classification: A new tool for classification development and testing." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 36, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 1213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-200633.

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Statistical classifications are essential for collecting consistent data that can be compared over space and time. However, a publicly-documented body of practice concerning how to undertake the development and testing of a statistical classification is currently lacking. What aspects of the classification should be tested during the development process? How do we judge whether the classification is fit-for-purpose? How should problems and shortcomings be identified so that they can be remedied? To fill this gap, we drew on existing, authoritative sources to develop an analytic structure for use in the development and testing of statistical classifications. It consists of two components: (1) a statistical classification development and testing framework reflecting the required features of a statistical classification; and (2) a 4-tier model representing the main elements that make up a statistical classification, to use as a heuristic structure within which to locate issues identified and consider how they can be addressed. In this paper, we outline the development of the framework and model, and reflect on their application in testing a draft classification of health interventions. We propose this analytic structure as a new tool to support those engaged in the development of statistical classifications.

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Yaroshynskyi, M. S., O. V. Sirotkin, D. P. Sinko, S. B. Hunko, and D. O. Manoliuk. "Correctness of Flat Classification." Èlektronnoe modelirovanie 45, no. 2 (April 24, 2023): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/emodel.45.02.034.

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Classifications are widely used in semantic networks and decision support systems based on formal knowledge and are part of computer ontologies. Classifications and computer ontologies built on them are the result of the work of one or more experts. As a result, such classifications reflect the subjective view of the author or authors on the world and the relationship between the classes (concepts) of the created classification. In the work, the authors propose an approach that will allow assessing how correctly the classification is constructed.

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Shchegolev, A. I., U. N. Tumanova, G. G. Karmazanovsky, and O. D. Mishnev. "Cholangiocarcinoma: classification and staging." Medical Visualization, no. 5 (October 28, 2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24835/1607-0763-2018-5-55-64.

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The main classifications of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) are currently the TNM classification, as well as the Bismuth–Corlette and MSKCC classifications. The criteria of T, N and M categories and characteristics of the stages of cholangiocarcinoma of the proximal and distal bile ducts, which are specified in the modern 8th edition of the international TNM classification, are presented. TNM classification is the most common for the development of treatment methods and the determination of disease prognosis. The Bismuth–Corlette classification, which characterizes the CC of the bile ducts in the region of the gate of the liver, is used to determine the type and volume of surgery. MSKCC classification of the CC of proximal bile ducts is designed to assess the prognosis of resectability, the risk of metastases and long-term survival of patients.

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Michelson, James, and John Delaney. "Ankle Fracture Stability-based Classification." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00348.

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Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Rotational ankle fractures are common in orthopaedic surgery, however existing classification systems are mostly descriptive in nature and do not explicitly guide surgical decision-making. A Stability-Based classification was developed recently to provide a more prognostic classification. The purpose of this study was to compare the reproducibility of existing ankle fracture classifications, and determine the ability of the Stability-Based classification to predict clinical treatment. Methods: One hundred ninety-three consecutive ankle fractures treated at our institution were retrospectively analyzed. Rotational type injury patterns in patients >18 years old were included. None of the subjects were clinically treated or evaluated by the study authors. The fractures were treated by attending physicians who were unaware of the Stability-Based classification system. Pathologic fractures were excluded. Three observers classified injury radiographs using the Lauge-Hansen, Weber/AO, and Stability-Based classifications systems. Reproducibility (inter-observer variation) of each classification system was calculated using kappa statistics. Prognostic values were evaluated by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for the ROC curves (using surgery as the positive outcome) for each classification. Results: The Stability-Based classification was showed the excellent reproducibility (kappa .938, 95% CI .921-.952), along with the Weber/AO classification (kappa .97, 95% CI .961-.976), while the Lauge-Hansen had the lowest reproducibility (kappa .74, 95%CI .664-.795). The AUC for the three classifications were .883 (95%CI .852-.914), .626 (95%CI .576-.675), and .698 (95%CI .641-.755), respectively (Figure 1). The AUC was significantly better for the Stability-Based classification compared to the other 2 classifications (p<.001). Conclusion: The AO/Weber classification had excellent reproducibility, but did not predict the need for surgical stabilization accurately. In contrast, the Stability-Based classification system was both highly reproducible (kappa .938) with excellent prognostic ability to identify patients who got surgery (AUC .883). Furthermore, there were no patients who were classified as stable who failed non-operative treatment. The Stability-Based classification was found to have superior prognostic capacity compared to both the Lauge-Hansen and AO/Weber classification systems. This extends earlier studies by showing the reproducibility of the Stability-Based classification system and directly demonstrating its prognostic superiority to other classification systems.

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Kohn, Mark D., Adam A. Sassoon, and Navin D. Fernando. "Classifications in Brief: Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of Osteoarthritis." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 474, no. 8 (February 12, 2016): 1886–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4732-4.

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Tassy, Pascal. "THE CLASSIFICATION OF PROBOSCIDEA: HOW MANY CLADISTIC CLASSIFICATIONS?" Cladistics 4, no. 1 (March 1988): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00467.x.

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Bernstein, J., B. A. Monaghan, J. S. Silber, and W. G. DeLong. "Taxonomy and treatment – a classification of fracture classifications." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 79-B, no. 5 (September 1997): 706–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.79b5.0790706.

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Alton, Timothy B., and Albert O. Gee. "Classifications in Brief: Letournel Classification for Acetabular Fractures." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 472, no. 1 (November 9, 2013): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-3375-y.

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Rosenbaum, Andrew J., and John A. DiPreta. "Classifications in Brief: Eichenholtz Classification of Charcot Arthropathy." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® 473, no. 3 (November 21, 2014): 1168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-4059-y.

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Kwaśnik, Barbara H. "Changing Perspectives on Classification as a Knowledge-Representation Process." KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION 46, no. 8 (2019): 656–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2019-8-656.

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No matter how immutable a classification may seem, it is, after all, an artifact of the human imagination and functions in a particular place and time. The author describes her personal inquiry into classification as a knowledge-representation process. She traces her changing perspectives on how classifications should be viewed and evaluated by posing the following questions: 1) How does the classification process enable or constrain knowing about something or discovering something we did not already know?; 2) In what ways might we develop classifications that enhance our ability to discover meaningful information in the information stores that form a part of our scholarly as well as our everyday lives?; and 3) How might classifications mask or distort knowledge, and how might they serve to disenfranchise people and ideas? These questions are considered through a discussion of classification structures, personal classification, the link of classification to theory, everyday working classifications, translation of classifications, cognitive aspects, browsing, genres, warrant, and the difficulties of navigating complex ontological commitments. The through thread is the importance of context, because classifications can only be seen with respect to the human endeavors that generate them.

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Ghanghoria, Shikha, Sachin Sharma, and Priya Jain. "Celiac Disease: Comparison of Oberhuber Classification and Corazza- Villanacci Classification." Annals of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 6, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): A135–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apalm.2190.

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DRUMMOND, CARL N. "ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF SANDSTONES." Earth Sciences History 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.1.215.

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ABSTRACT Over the last three-quarters of a century various grain-based classification systems have been developed in order to categorize sandstones on the basis of the relative abundances of their three most common components: quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments. A review of the historical development of sandstone classification is undertaken to elucidate evolution in geological understanding represented by various methodologies of classification. The compositional fields defined in traditional sandstone classifications are found to be largely incompatible with subpopulations of sandstones grouped according to interpreted sedimentary tectonic provenance. The origin of this incompatibility between descriptive classifications and genetic classifications arose from the fact that neither approach established classification field boundaries on the basis of processes known to control the origin and evolution of sandstone composition. The development of the study of a range of factors that influence sandstone petrogenesis and grain composition are reviewed along with the introduction of several critical statistical techniques applicable to multicomponent grain abundance analysis. From the understandings gained by the evaluation of these advances in classification practice a set of potential topics for future consideration are introduced.

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Chen, Chia-Mei, and Shi-Hao Wang. "Advancing Malware Classification With an Evolving Clustering Method." International Journal of Applied Metaheuristic Computing 9, no. 3 (July 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamc.2018070101.

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This article describes how honeypots and intrusion detection systems serve as major mechanisms for security administrators to collect a variety of sample viruses and malware for further analysis, classification, and system protection. However, increased variety and complexity of malware makes the analysis and classification challenging, especially when efficiency and timely response are two contradictory yet equally significant criteria in malware classification. Besides, similarity-based classifications exhibit insufficiency because the mutation and fuzzification of malware exacerbate classification difficulties. In order to improve malware classification speed and attend to mutation, this research proposes the ameliorated progressive classification that integrates static analysis and improved k-means algorithm. This proposed classification aims at assisting network administrators to have a malware classification preprocess and make efficient malware classifications upon the capture of new malware, thus enhancing the defense against malware.

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Wu, Yejun. "Organization of Complex Topics in Comprehensive Classification Schemes: Case Studies of Disaster and Security." KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION 50, no. 2 (2023): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2023-2-99.

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This research investigates how comprehensive classifications and home-grown classifications organize complex topics. Two comprehensive classifications and two home-grown taxonomies are used to examine two complex topics: disaster and security. The two comprehensive classifications are the Library of Congress Classification and the Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries. The two home-grown taxonomies are AIRS 211 LA County Taxonomy of Human Services – Disaster Services, and the Human Security Taxonomy. It is found that a comprehensive classification may provide many subclasses of a complex topic, which are scattered in various classes. Occasionally the classification scheme may provide several small taxonomies that organize the terms of a subclass of the complex topic that are pulled from multiple classes. However, the comprehensive classification provides no organization of the major subclasses of the complex topic. The lack of organization of the major subclasses of the complex topic may prevent users from understanding the complex topic systematically, and so preventing them from selecting an appropriate classification term for the complex topic. Ideally a comprehensive classification should provide a high-level conceptual framework for the complex topic, or at least organize the major subclasses in a way that help users understand the complex topic systematically.

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Shi, Li Jun, Xian Cheng Mao, and Zheng Lin Peng. "Method for Classification of Remote Sensing Images Based on Multiple Classifiers Combination." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 2561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2561.

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This paper presents a new method for classification of remote sensing image based on multiple classifiers combination. In this method, three supervised classifications such as Mahalanobis Distance, Maximum Likelihood and SVM are selected to sever as the sub-classifications. The simple vote classification, maximum probability category method and fuzzy integral method are combined together according to certain rules. And adopted color infrared aerial images of Huairen country as the experimental object. The results show that the overall classification accuracy was improved by 12% and Kappa coefficient was increased by 0.12 compared with SVM classification which has the highest accuracy in single sub-classifications.

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Ravi, Pallam, Hari Narayana Batta, and Greeshma S. Shaik Yaseen. "Toxic Comment Classification." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (June 30, 2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23464.

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Choudhary, Dr Swati, Dr aditya saxena, Dr abhishek, Dr Gunjan Gulati, Dr ankita Khare, and Dr Krishna deo Prasad. "Artefact & Classification." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 6 (June 2016): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/sjmps.2016.2.6.4.

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Aggarwal, Sameer, and Vikas Bachhal. "Classification of Pelvis and Aetabulum Injuries." Trauma International 2, no. 2 (2016): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/ti.2016.v02i02.022.

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Classifications are meant for easier academic communication as well as predict prognosis and outcome. The importance of classification is best stressed in case of pelvis and acetabular fracture. the complex anatomy of the area and complexity of the injuries makes it difficult to standardise a classification that will easily predict the management protocol and outcomes. Various attempts have been made over the years to find the best classification system for these complex injuries and this review takes the readers through these many classifications and also presents the currently acceptable classification. Keywords: Hip fractures – complication – salvage procedure – therapeutic algorithm.

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McDonough, Caitrin W., Steven M. Smith, Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff, and William R. Hogan. "Optimizing Antihypertensive Medication Classification in Electronic Health Record-Based Data: Classification System Development and Methodological Comparison." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): e14777. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14777.

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Background Computable phenotypes have the ability to utilize data within the electronic health record (EHR) to identify patients with certain characteristics. Many computable phenotypes rely on multiple types of data within the EHR including prescription drug information. Hypertension (HTN)-related computable phenotypes are particularly dependent on the correct classification of antihypertensive prescription drug information, as well as corresponding diagnoses and blood pressure information. Objective This study aimed to create an antihypertensive drug classification system to be utilized with EHR-based data as part of HTN-related computable phenotypes. Methods We compared 4 different antihypertensive drug classification systems based off of 4 different methodologies and terminologies, including 3 RxNorm Concept Unique Identifier (RxCUI)–based classifications and 1 medication name–based classification. The RxCUI-based classifications utilized data from (1) the Drug Ontology, (2) the new Medication Reference Terminology, and (3) the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System and DrugBank, whereas the medication name–based classification relied on antihypertensive drug names. Each classification system was applied to EHR-based prescription drug data from hypertensive patients in the OneFlorida Data Trust. Results There were 13,627 unique RxCUIs and 8025 unique medication names from the 13,879,046 prescriptions. We observed a broad overlap between the 4 methods, with 84.1% (691/822) to 95.3% (695/729) of terms overlapping pairwise between the different classification methods. Key differences arose from drug products with multiple dosage forms, drug products with an indication of benign prostatic hyperplasia, drug products that contain more than 1 ingredient (combination products), and terms within the classification systems corresponding to retired or obsolete RxCUIs. Conclusions In total, 2 antihypertensive drug classifications were constructed, one based on RxCUIs and one based on medication name, that can be used in future computable phenotypes that require antihypertensive drug classifications.

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Luu-dam, Ngoc A., Ngan T. Lu, Thai H. Pham, and Truong V. Do. "Classification of Vascular Plants in Vietnam According to Modern Classification Systems." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 20, 2023): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040967.

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Vietnam is extremely rich in biodiversity, with a remarkable range of habitats and more than 13,500 species of vascular plants recorded for the flora of Vietnam. This number represents about 3 to 5% of the world’s diversity of vascular plants. Over the past 30 years, there were two important documents on the vascular plants of Vietnam published, An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam (IFV) and Checklist of Plant Species of Vietnam (CPSV). During the past half century, the advent of molecular phylogenetics has witnessed dramatic changes in the classifications of vascular plants, and some modern classification systems of vascular plants have been established, e.g., PPG I, GPG, and APG. However, the vascular plants of Vietnam have not yet been classified according to these modern classification systems. In this paper, we present the history of the classification of vascular plants in Vietnam, compare the circumscription of all families of vascular plants occurring within Vietnam in IFV, CPSV, and the modern classification systems when applicable, and summarize familial assignments of all controversial genera in the different classifications. Furthermore, we also arrange the 37 families of lycophytes and ferns occurring within Vietnam according to the latest classification system (PPG I) and the 8 families of gymnosperms according to the latest Christenhusz’s system (GPG). The 246 families of angiosperms are arranged according to the fourth edition of the latest Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV). These results are the foundation stones and would be helpful for future research on the flora of Vietnam and the arrangement of plant collections in Vietnamese herbaria based on the updated classifications.

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FURTADO, Luiz Felipe de Almeida, Thiago Sanna Freire SILVA, Pedro José Farias FERNANDES, and Evelyn Márcia Leão de Moraes NOVO. "Land cover classification of Lago Grande de Curuai floodplain (Amazon, Brazil) using multi-sensor and image fusion techniques." Acta Amazonica 45, no. 2 (June 2015): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201401439.

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Given the limitations of different types of remote sensing images, automated land-cover classifications of the Amazon várzea may yield poor accuracy indexes. One way to improve accuracy is through the combination of images from different sensors, by either image fusion or multi-sensor classifications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine which classification method is more efficient in improving land cover classification accuracies for the Amazon várzea and similar wetland environments - (a) synthetically fused optical and SAR images or (b) multi-sensor classification of paired SAR and optical images. Land cover classifications based on images from a single sensor (Landsat TM or Radarsat-2) are compared with multi-sensor and image fusion classifications. Object-based image analyses (OBIA) and the J.48 data-mining algorithm were used for automated classification, and classification accuracies were assessed using the kappa index of agreement and the recently proposed allocation and quantity disagreement measures. Overall, optical-based classifications had better accuracy than SAR-based classifications. Once both datasets were combined using the multi-sensor approach, there was a 2% decrease in allocation disagreement, as the method was able to overcome part of the limitations present in both images. Accuracy decreased when image fusion methods were used, however. We therefore concluded that the multi-sensor classification method is more appropriate for classifying land cover in the Amazon várzea.

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Kim, Tae-Shin, Jae Hee Kuh, Junhoe Kim, Woon Tak Yuh, Junghoon Han, Chang-Hyun Lee, Chi Heon Kim, and Chun Kee Chung. "Spinal Schwannoma Classification Based on the Presumed Origin With Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Images." Neurospine 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2024): 890–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.14245/ns.2448468.234.

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Objective: Classification guides the surgical approach and predicts prognosis. However, existing classifications of spinal schwannomas often result in a high ‘unclassified’ rate. Here, we aim to develop a new comprehensive classification for spinal schwannomas based on their presumed origin. We compared the new classification with the existing classifications regarding the rate of ‘unclassified’. Finally, we assessed the surgical strategies, outcomes, and complications according to each type of the new classification.Methods: A new classification with 9 types was created by analyzing the anatomy of spinal nerves and the origin of significant tumor portions and cystic components in preoperative magnetic resonance images. A total of 482 patients with spinal schwannomas were analyzed to compare our new classification with the existing classifications. We defined ‘unclassified’ as the inability to classify a patient with spinal schwannoma using the classification criteria. Surgical approaches and outcomes were also aligned with our new classification.Results: Our classification uniquely reported no ‘unclassified’ cases, indicating full applicability. Also, the classification has demonstrated usefulness in predicting the surgical outcome with the approach planned. Gross total removal rates reached 88.0% overall, with type 1 and type 2 tumors at 95.3% and 96.0% respectively. The approach varied with tumor type, with laminectomy predominantly used for types 1, 2, and 9, and facetectomy with posterior fixation used for type 3 tumors.Conclusion: The new classification for spinal schwannomas based on presumed origin is applicable to all spinal schwannomas. It could help plan a surgical approach and predict its outcome, compared with existing classifications.

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Prasad KM, Shiva, and Dr T. Hanumantha Reddy. "Text Mining: Classification of Text Documents using Granular Hybrid Classification Technique." International Journal of Research in Advent Technology 7, no. 6 (July 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32622/ijrat.76201910.

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MacKenzie, William H., and Del V. Meidinger. "The Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification Approach: an ecological framework for vegetation classification." Phytocoenologia 48, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/2017/0160.

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Gracheva, R. G. "Genetic and substantive soil classifications and their applicability in geobotanical research." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 149 (December 10, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0201-7997-2019-149-55-64.

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The first soil classifications dividing soils according to their individual properties and reflecting the resource value of soils were, in fact, substantive classifications. The appearance of soil science that studies soils as special natural bodies changing in space according to natural laws has led to the emergence of genetic soil classifications. The most detailed multilevel Classification of soils of the USSR (1977) is ecological genetic classification based on the relationship between soils and soil formation conditions, where the type of vegetation cover is the top hierarchy level. With the development of soil science, inconsistencies between the genetic classification and the growing volume of knowledge, difficulties in its formalization, and contradictions with the zonal approach have appeared. A paradigm of substantive classification has emerged based on modern measurable morphological and analytical indicators of soils. It is most fully implemented in the World reference base for soil resources (WRB); a compromise option is the substantive- genetic Soil Classification of Russia (2004). In these classifications, for the first time soils with strong human influence (Antrosols and Technosols) are included at a high classification level. The tasks of substantive classifications are the certainty of soil identification; however, discrete classification cells with tight boundaries do not correspond to the continual nature of soils. When using WRB 2014, geobotanical studies receive a certain “freedom” from soils, at the same time, the rigid framework of the parameters of soil properties makes it possible to more accurately identify soil-depended condition of the vegetation cover.

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Mohamed, Elfadil Abdalla, Fathi H. Saad, and Omer I. E. Mohamed. "Effects of Classification Techniques on Medical Reports Classification." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 2 (April 16, 2014): 4206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i2.2906.

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Text classification is the process of assigning pre-defined category labels to documents based on what a classifications has learned from training examples. This paper investigates the partially supervised classification approach in the medical field. The approaches that have been evaluated include Rocchio, NaÃ¯ve Bayesian (NB), Spy, Support vector machine (SVM), and Expectation Maximization (EM). A combination of these methods has been conducted.Â The experimental result showed that the combination which uses EM in step 2 is always produces better results than those uses SVM using small set of training samples. We also found that reducing the features based on tf-tdf values is decreasing the classification performance dramatically. Moreover, reducing the features based on their frequencies improve the classification performance significantly while also increasing efficiency, but it may require some experimentationÂ

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Vasconcelos, Márlon de Castro, Adriano Sanches Melo, and Albano Schwarzbold. "Comparing the performance of different stream classification systems using aquatic macroinvertebrates." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 25, no. 4 (December 2013): 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2013000400006.

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AIM: We evaluated five stream classification systems observing: 1) differences in richness, abundance and macroinvertebrates communities among stream classes within classification systems; and 2) whether classification systems present better performance using macroinvertebrates. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of taxonomic resolution and data type (abundance and presence) on results. METHODS: Five stream classification systems were used, two based on hydroregions, one based on ecoregions by FEOW, a fourth one based on stream orders and the last one based on clusters of environment variables sampled in 37 streams at Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. We used a randomization test to evaluate differences of richness and abundance, a db-MANOVA to evaluate the differences of species assemblages and Classification Strength (CS) to evaluate the classifications performance. RESULTS: There were differences of richness and abundance among stream classes within each stream classification. The same result was found for community data, except for stream order classifications in family level. We observed that stream classes obtained for each stream classification differed in terms of environment variables (db-MANOVA). The classification based on environment variables showed higher CS values than other classification systems. The taxonomic resolution was important to the observed results. Data on genera level presented CS values 12% higher than family level for cluster classification, and the data type was dependent on the classification system and taxonomic resolution employed. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that classifications based on cluster of environment variables was better than other stream classification systems, and similar results using genera level can be obtained for management programs using family resolution in a geographical context similar to this study.

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Столяр and T. Stolyar. "Innovation Types and Their Classification." Economics 4, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18766.

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The article reviews modern classifications of innovation types. Currently, scientific sources mention a great number of classifications that were developed on the basis of various criteria, some of which duplicate each other. Some innovation types were mistakenly added to this or that classification group. Also, some innovations that do not belong to the “innovation” category are erroneously classified as “innovations”. In this connection, it is necessary to analyze, organize and systematize the existing classifications of innovation types. The author has made a summary classification that includes 33 innovation types. It is presented in a tabular form and as charts. Also, some of the previously developed classifications have been improved and duplications have been eliminated, which allows both to organize proper registration of innovations and to perform researches in the area of their life cycle.

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Pasapula, Chandra Seker, Makhib Rashid Choudkhuri, Eva R. Gil Monzó, Vivek Dhukaram, Sajid Shariff, Vitālijs Pasterse, Douglas Richie, Tamas Kobezda, Georgios Solomou, and Steven Cutts. "Review of Classification Systems for Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity/Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity and the Novel Development of the Triple Classification Delinking Instability/Deformity/Reactivity and Foot Type." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 4 (February 6, 2024): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040942.

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Background: Classifications of AAFD/PCFD have evolved with an increased understanding of the pathology involved. A review of classification systems helps identify deficiencies and respective contributions to the evolution in understanding the classification of AAFD/PCFD. Methods: Using multiple electronic database searches (Medline, PubMed) and Google search, original papers classifying AAFD/PCFD were identified. Nine original papers were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Results: Johnson’s original classification and multiple variants provided a significant leap in understanding and communicating the pathology but remained tibialis posterior tendon-focused. Drawbacks of these classifications include the implication of causality, linearity of progression through stages, an oversimplification of stage 2 deformity, and a failure to understand that multiple tendons react, not just tibialis posterior. Later classifications, such as the PCFD classification, are deformity-centric. Early ligament laxity/instability in normal attitude feet and all stages of cavus feet can present with pain and instability with minor/no deformity. These may not be captured in deformity-based classifications. The authors developed the ‘Triple Classification’ (TC) understanding that primary pathology is a progressive ligament failure/laxity that presents as tendon reactivity, deformity, and painful impingement, variably manifested depending on starting foot morphology. In this classification, starting foot morphology is typed, ligament laxities are staged, and deformity is zoned. Conclusions: This review has used identified deficiencies within classification systems for AAFD/PCFD to delink ligament laxity, deformity, and foot type and develop the ‘Triple classification’. Advantages of the TC may include representing foot types with no deformity, defining complex secondary instabilities, delinking foot types, tendon reactivity/ligament instability, and deformity to represent these independently in a new classification system. Level of Evidence: Level V.

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KRAVTSOV, H. A., and V. I. KOSHEL. "Classification Calculus. The Classification Correctness." Èlektronnoe modelirovanie 39, no. 5 (October 5, 2017): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/emodel.39.05.059.

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MacConnel, D. J., R. O. Gray, C. B. Stephenson, M. J. Kurtz, J. Rountree, M. Grenon, and D. Egret. "45. Stellar Classification (Classification Stellaire)." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 22, no. 1 (1994): 525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00008294.

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Yitagesu, Mis Elifenesh, and Prof Manisha Tijare. "Email Classification using Classification Method." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 32, no. 3 (February 25, 2016): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v32p226.

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Wolstencroft, K., P. Lord, L. Tabernero, A. Brass, and R. Stevens. "Protein classification using ontology classification." Bioinformatics 22, no. 14 (July 15, 2006): e530-e538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl208.

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Rowe, J. Stan. "Land classification and ecosystem classification." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 39, no. 1-3 (1996): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00396131.

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Nonomura, Machi, Akira Yoshizawa, Masanobu Mizuta, and Shin-ichi Sato. "Comparison of Scope Classifications for Predicting the Need for Airway Intervention in Acute Supraglottitis." International Journal of Practical Otolaryngology 04, no. 01 (January 2021): e6-e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1722883.

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Abstract Background Acute supraglottitis (AS) can cause airway obstruction, sometimes necessitating airway intervention. Some scope classifications were developed to predict the need for airway intervention in patients with AS; however, the most suitable classification for predicting the need for airway intervention remains unclear. Objective This study was performed to validate and compare the usefulness of three scope classifications (Katori's, Tanaka's, and Ovnat-Tamir's classifications) for predicting the need for airway intervention in patients with AS. Materials and Methods We recruited 75 patients (44 males and 31 females aged 20–94 years) with AS who visited Kurashiki Central Hospital between January 2015 and September 2019. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of the scope classifications for predicting the need for airway intervention were measured. Results Of the 75 patients, airway intervention was needed in 23 patients. The AUC was 0.818 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.715–0.922) for Katori's classification, 0.803 (95% CI: 0.699–0.907) for Tanaka's classification, and 0.814 (95% CI: 0.705–0.922) for Ovnat-Tamir's classification. Conclusion Although all three classifications appeared to be useful, the AUC tended to be the highest for Katori's classification.

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Alzahrani, Abdulaziz. "Classification of Urban Spaces: An Attempt to Classify Al-Baha City Urban Spaces Using Carmona’s Classification." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221097892.

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Due to an increasingly complex mixture of different types of public spaces and their functions in cities, the role of public spaces can be enhanced to serve users under certain circumstances. This paper examines Carmona’s classification of urban spaces in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. Carmona introduces a classification that uses aspects of function, perception, and ownership to distinguish between space types. Twenty urban space types are recognized in four groups, representing a variety from clearly public to private space. The classifications of public spaces will be discussed to arrive at classifications for public spaces based on how public spaces are managed. The article builds an understanding of how such classifications relate to how real public spaces are provided today. In this case study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) map is created for Al-Baha Central District and includes the resulting classifications. From the 119 urban spaces selected to represent this study equally distributed across the study area, there are 12 types that public spaces match Carmona’s classification. The classification of urban spaces for this case study revealed the complexity of public spaces’ nature and the difficulty of distinguishing what is public. Public spaces tend to change and develop over time through other uses and activities. However, the classification of public spaces is a valuable tool that policymakers and planners can use to set comprehensive development plan programs and plan open space strategies.

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Gehlsen, Gale M., and Joan Karpuk. "Analysis of the NWAA Swimming Classification System." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 9, no. 2 (April 1992): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.9.2.141.

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This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the National Wheelchair Athletic Association (NWAA) classification system in swimming events. The NWAA records of freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke in nine classifications of both male and female athletes were used (N=1,256). Each athlete’s speed was calculated from the reported time and distance. There was a significant difference in classification for all events except the paraplegic 50- and 100-m backstroke events. Post hoc data analyses within classification for the 50- and 100-m freestyle events indicated significant differences among all paraplegic classifications. Post hoc data analyses within classifications for the 50-m butterfly event indicated significant differences among all paraplegic classes except Class V and Class VI athletes. Tetraplegic within classification post hoc data analyses indicated significant differences between 1A and both Classes 1B and 1C. Gender differences were statistically indicated for all events. The logic of the medical classification system of the NWAA cannot be totally supported by these data. However, the results do not offer clear direction for any combination of classes.

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Golodnova, N. N., and M. A. Pivovarova. "Verification of classification modernization solutions (the case study of Library Bibliographic Classification)." Scientific and Technical Libraries, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2023-8-122-140.

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Efficiency of library classifications depends on their capacity to embrace current knowledge and social practices. Therefore, the verification (late Latin verificatio – evidence, confirmation, from the Latin verus – true and facio – to make) of upgrade solutions is an essential part of classification system operation and development. The problem of library classification verification is often out of researchers view. The verification mechanism (tools) for upgrade solutions has not been described yet. Therefore, the reliability and relevance of classification upgrade solutions is of scientific and practical value.The purpose of the paper is to summarize the related experience of Research LBC Center of the Russian State Library. Based on s tructured system analysis and the long practice of LBC development and application, the authors examine the mechanism for monitoring publications and identifying innovations, including new terms, concepts, social phenomena, etc., and for assessing and processing data for continuing update of the classification system. Using the example of LBC modernization solutions, the authors discuss advantages and disadvantages of individual methods. They conclude that the classification upgrade verification – essential to the nature of the library classification systems – has to become the key element of the classifying culture. The researchers review and suggest the ways to improve the verification mechanism adopted at the RSL LBC Research Center. The integrated approach to LBC verification is of applied relevance both for the theory of classifications and librarianship.

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H. Goldman, Brian, Abby L. Halpern, Matthew J. Deal, and Menar Wahood. "Classifications in Brief: Fernandez Classification of Distal Radius Fractures." International Journal of Orthopaedics 6, no. 5 (2019): 1129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17554/j.issn.2311-5106.2019.06.319.

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Tian, Chunwei, Guanglu Sun, Qi Zhang, Weibing Wang, Teng Chen, and Yuan Sun. "Integrating Sparse and Collaborative Representation Classifications for Image Classification." International Journal of Image and Graphics 17, no. 02 (April 2017): 1750007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467817500073.

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Collaborative representation classification (CRC) is an important sparse method, which is easy to carry out and uses a linear combination of training samples to represent a test sample. CRC method utilizes the offset between representation result of each class and the test sample to implement classification. However, the offset usually cannot well express the difference between every class and the test sample. In this paper, we propose a novel representation method for image recognition to address the above problem. This method not only fuses sparse representation and CRC method to improve the accuracy of image recognition, but also has novel fusion mechanism to classify images. The implementations of the proposed method have the following steps. First of all, it produces collaborative representation of the test sample. That is, a linear combination of all the training samples is first determined to represent the test sample. Then, it gets the sparse representation classification (SRC) of the test sample. Finally, the proposed method respectively uses CRC and SRC representations to obtain two kinds of scores of the test sample and fuses them to recognize the image. The experiments of face recognition show that the combination of CRC and SRC has satisfactory performance for image classification.

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Wilkerson, Jacob, and Navin D. Fernando. "Classifications in Brief: The Dorr Classification of Femoral Bone." Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 478, no. 8 (May 6, 2020): 1939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000001295.

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