Academic literature on the topic 'Classification of paradoxes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Classification of paradoxes"
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Byung-Hong Son. "Traditional Classification of Paradoxes." Studies in Philosophy East-West ll, no. 76 (June 2015): 237–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15841/kspew..76.201506.237.
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Ladov, Vsevolod A., and Stanislav M. Stoev. "On Ramsey's classification of paradoxes." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya, sotsiologiya, politologiya, no. 46 (December 1, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/46/5.
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HSIUNG, MING. "Elementary cellular automata and self-referential paradoxes." Journal of Logic and Computation 30, no. 3 (April 2020): 745–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa022.
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Abstract We associate an elementary cellular automaton with a set of self-referential sentences, whose revision process is exactly the evolution process of that automaton. A simple but useful result of this connection is that a set of self-referential sentences is paradoxical, iff (the evolution process for) the cellular automaton in question has no fixed points. We sort out several distinct kinds of paradoxes by the existence and features of the fixed points of their corresponding automata. They are finite homogeneous paradoxes and infinite homogeneous paradoxes. In some weaker sense, we will also introduce no-no-sort paradoxes and virtual paradoxes. The introduction of these paradoxes, in turn, leads to a new classification of the cellular automata.
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Serpeninova, Y. S., І. М. Burdenko, and D. A. Novikova. "The essence and concepts of accounting information paradoxes and assessment of their impact on management decisions." Problems of Theory and Methodology of Accounting, Control and Analysis, no. 3(50) (January 25, 2022): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26642/pbo-2021-3(50)-36-41.
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Accounting information serves as a primary source for the formation of financial and management accounting data for further managerial decisions. However, existing forms of financial reporting cannot fully meet the information needs of stakeholders. One of the reasons is the paradox of accounting information. Accounting paradoxes are not fully studied and requires proper coverage, first of all, the generation of theoretical and methodological framework, in order to better understand and optimize the existing contradictions and controversial issues. The article highlights the economic essence of accounting paradoxes, their importance in the process of making effective management decisions, identifies the causes of formation, impact and consequences of distortion of the accounting data in making rational management decisions.
On the basis of the conducted research the author’s classification of accounting paradoxes on common signs is generated. The role of the influence of accounting data paradoxes on the further activity of the enterprise is argued. The causal relationship between the possibility of distortion of accounting information at different stages of its formation depending on the object of accounting and its further transformation into management data is identified. As a result of the analysis of the outlined topic a number of solutions of problem questions are offered, namely: optimization of the accounting information, minimization of influence of paradoxes of the accounting information.
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Stewart, EA. "The comparative constitution of twinship: strategies and paradoxes." Twin Research 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2000): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.3.3.142.
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AbstractIn both traditional and modern societies, twinship, as an unusual mode of reproduction, involves difficulties for social systems in maintaining consistent classification systems. It is proposed that the most prevalent response to twinship involves various ‘strategies of normalisation’ to defuse and contain the potential disruption. This proposition is illustrated and analysed in relation to ethnographic maternal drawn mainly (but not exclusively) from African communities in the twentieth century. Following a discussion of twin infanticide as the most extreme of the normalising strategies, the article concludes by identifying a number of paradoxes in the social construction of twinship. Twin Research (2000) 3, 142–147.
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Baranov, Dmitry. "DEPERSONALIZED OBJECTS: PARADOXES OF ETHNOGRAPHIC COLLECTIONS." Antropologicheskij forum 16, no. 47 (December 2020): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2020-16-47-113-136.
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In ethnographic studies of material culture, things are described primarily as signs of social phenomena; but things themselves remain in the shadows. Even when it comes to museum research, a material object is considered either as an element of the classification series, or as an example of the manufacturing and living techniques in the local tradition, or as a representative of the cultural contexts from which it was removed. The very collection format of museum storage hides the uniqueness of a thing, because the collection is not able to accommodate its singular nature, since each thing is really a “universe of individuality”. The article examines possible ways for museum ethnography to go beyond its inherent anonymous and depersonalizing discourse. As an alternative to the latter, a “biographical” focus is proposed, which allows one to see subjectivity and individuality in things. The uniqueness of a thing is manifested not only in its biography, but also in its very materiality: material, shape, design, texture, color, weight, smell, etc. The close attention of the ethnographic museum to specific objects and the people to whom they belonged makes it possible to highlight those details and particulars, without which it is impossible to understand culture as a whole.
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Simonian, Joseph. "The Paradoxes of Chemical Classification: Why `water is H2O' is Not an Identity Statement." Foundations of Chemistry 7, no. 1 (2005): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:foch.0000042887.03317.11.
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Baleanu, Dumitru, and Arran Fernandez. "On Fractional Operators and Their Classifications." Mathematics 7, no. 9 (September 8, 2019): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7090830.
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Fractional calculus dates its inception to a correspondence between Leibniz and L’Hopital in 1695, when Leibniz described “paradoxes” and predicted that “one day useful consequences will be drawn” from them. In today’s world, the study of non-integer orders of differentiation has become a thriving field of research, not only in mathematics but also in other parts of science such as physics, biology, and engineering: many of the “useful consequences” predicted by Leibniz have been discovered. However, the field has grown so far that researchers cannot yet agree on what a “fractional derivative” can be. In this manuscript, we suggest and justify the idea of classification of fractional calculus into distinct classes of operators.
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Latypov, I. A. "‘Counterfinality’ in sociological theory: Reconceptualization of the concept." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-4-697-710.
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Counterfinality is defined as unintended consequences of the uncoordinated actions of rationally acting individuals. Even before the concept was introduced by Sartre and developed by Elster, counterfinality was considered by many scholars. Some defined counterfinality as a type of social paradoxes and dilemmas, others - as an outcome of social interaction. Description and analysis of such social contradictions and paradoxes can be found in the works of Hobbes, Mandeville, Smith, Marx and Hegel. In the 20th century, sociologists also considered the issue of unintended consequences. Many classic papers of Merton contributed to the sociological analysis of the unintended consequences of intentional actions. Subsequent works focused on their classifications, and the phenomenon of counterfinality was highlighted in almost every classification. The term counterfinality was introduced by Sartre as an appendage of history, an unforeseen consequence of many interactions. The sociological study of counterfinality was initiated by Elster. He analyzes counterfinality not within the functionalist paradigm, but in the methodological individualism perspective, and for him, counterfinality acts as a basis for social change. The authors analysis of the main ideas of Sartre, Elster and other authors on counterfinality reveals its distinctive features in general and in the sociological analysis of social action in particular. The author argues that today the counterfinality theory consists mainly of responses and criticism of the ideas of Sartre and Elster, and that further sociological research should focus on conditions, features and consequences of counterfinality, and on its empirical indicators.
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Jacobs, Marshall L., and Robert H. Anderson. "Rationalising the nomenclature of common arterial trunk." Cardiology in the Young 22, no. 6 (December 2012): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951112001606.
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AbstractHearts having a common arterial trunk belong to a family of congenital cardiac malformations for which traditional systems of classification and nomenclature are plagued by internal paradoxes, incompatibility between systems due to the lack of potential for identification of synonyms, or irreconcilable inconsistencies with our current knowledge of cardiac development and morphology. A simplified categorisation that classifies these hearts on the basis of pulmonary or aortic dominance reconciles the existing disparate categorisations, is in keeping with recent findings concerning cardiac development, and emphasises the principal morphologic determinant of surgical outcome.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Classification of paradoxes"
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Eldridge-Smith, Peter, and peter eldridge-smith@anu edu au. "The Liar Paradox and its Relatives." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20081016.173200.
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My thesis aims at contributing to classifying the Liar-like paradoxes (and related Truth-teller-like expressions) by clarifying distinctions and relationships between these expressions and arguments. Such a classification is worthwhile, firstly, because it makes some progress towards reducing a potential infinity of versions into a finite classification; secondly, because it identifies a number of new paradoxes, and thirdly and most significantly, because it corrects the historically misplaced distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I emphasize the third result because the distinction made by Peano [1906] and supported by Ramsey [1925] has been used to warrant different responses to the semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I find two types among the paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and membership, but the division is shifted from where it has historically been drawn. This new distinction is, I believe, more fundamental than the Peano-Ramsey distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. The distinction I investigate is ultimately exemplified in a difference between the logical principles necessary to prove the Liar and those necessary to prove Grellings and Russells paradoxes. The difference relates to proofs of the inconsistency of naive truth and satisfaction; in the end, we will have two associated ways of proving each result. ¶
Another principled division is intuitively anticipated. I coin the term 'hypodox' (adj.: 'hypodoxical') for a generalization of Truth-tellers across paradoxes of truth, satisfaction, membership, reference, and where else it may find applicability. I make and investigate a conjecture about paradox and hypodox duality: that each paradox (at least those in the scope of the classification) has a dual hypodox.¶
In my investigation, I focus on paradoxes that might intuitively be thought to be relatives of the Liar paradox, including Grellings (which I present as a paradox of satisfaction) and, by analogy with Grellings paradox, Russells paradox. I extend these into truth-functional and some non-truth-functional variations, beginning with the Epimenides, Currys paradox, and similar variations. There are circular and infinite variations, which I relate via lists. In short, I focus on paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and some paradoxes of membership. ¶
Among the new paradoxes, three are notable in advance. The first is a non-truth functional variation on the Epimenides. This helps put the Epimenides on a par with Currys as a paradox in its own right and not just a lesser version of the Liar. I find the second paradox by working through truth-functional variants of the paradoxes. This new paradox, call it the ESP, can be either true or false, but can still be used to prove some other arbitrary statement. The third new paradox is another paradox of satisfaction, distinctly different from Grellings paradox. On this basis, I make and investigate the new distinction between two different types of paradox of satisfaction, and map one type back by direct analogy to the Liar, and the other by direct analogy to Russell's paradox.
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Schirmer, Frank, and Michael Tasto. "Reflexive Power(s)? - Exploring the Dynamics, Contradictions and Paradoxes of Evolving Political Forms in Innovative Organizations.: Paper presented at the EGOS Colloquium 2009, Barcelona, July 2-4, 2009; Sub-theme 19: Power, resistance and hegemony in the contexts of organizational and institutional change." Technische Universität Dresden, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28719.
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How do reflexive political forms within organizations and the design of innovation processes co-evolve? This paper focuses on emerging reflexive forms of power and authority, considered as regimes beyond pure domination (Clegg et al. 2006: 330 f.). We assume that preserving freedom and initiative of individuals, while not undermining the power of organizational top elites, is particularly essential for business success of organisations operating in high-tech, innovative sectors. Up to now, however, neither the development of related political forms within organisations, nor their intertwinements with innovation processes have been very well understood. Therefore this paper studies the linkages between innovation processes and reflexive political forms of organizations. More specifically, the paper aims to explore in detail the contested, antagonistic and paradoxical processes an organisation must undertake in designing a reflexive political form, a “political hybrid” (Clegg et al. 2006: 333), conducive to innovation capabilities and innovation processes in high-tech companies. Theoretical reasoning is underlined by first insights from a longitudinal case study, being part of a comparative case study program, focusing on the co-evolution of political forms and innovation process design in a SME in southern Germany. The paper contributes to the debate on power and innovation in several respects. First, we will propose a dynamic approach to exploring change and development of political forms within organisations. Most of the literature concerned with different political forms and political regimes within organisations is still centred on static typologies and its comparison (Clegg et al. 2006: 332). Second, we will examine the often neglected, contradictory processes shaping hybrid political forms in organisations. Third, we will conceptually and empirically explore linkages between innovation processes and emerging political hybrids within organizations. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, a research desideratum both in the literature on power and the literature on innovation processes (e.g. Hage and Meeus 2006; Poole and Van De Ven 2004; Vigoda-Gadot and Drory 2006; Clegg et al. 2006).
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Kaden, Christian. "Kontext als Text - eine Paradoxie?" Bärenreiter Verlag, 1998. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36826.
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Rexroth, Tatjana. "Abhängigkeiten und Paradoxien im Verhältnis zwischen Musik und Politik." Bärenreiter Verlag, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71800.
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de, Toro Alfonso. "Paradoja o rizoma?: "transversalidad" y "escriptibilidad" en el discurso Borgeano." Vervuert, 1999. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13096.
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En el año 1992 se publicó un importante libro, editado por Paul Geyer y Roland Hagenbüchle con el título Das Paradox. Eine Herausforderung des abendländischen Denkens, donde el fenómeno de la paradoja se describe como parte integral de la postmodernidad y de la obra de Borges. Estas constataciones me llamaron la atención en esta formulación tan general ya que la paradoja se encuentra en los presocráticos - como los participantes del volumen muy bien saben -, y las descripciones y razones que los autores dan para su lugar privilegiado en la postmodernidad como en la obra de Borges me parecieron dignas de algunas breves reflexiones.:Aproximamientos. - Borges y la disolución de la paradoja. - Conclusión
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Baldovini, Maud. "La classification académique du droit pénal, entre droit public et droit privé : sur un paradoxe de la science du droit." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN0087.
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Le droit pénal a été intégré dans le champ du droit privé à la fin du XIXe siècle lors du sectionnement de l'agrégation des Facultés de droit. L'analyse de la classification académique, conduite à partir des résultats de la consultation des Facultés de droit sur ce projet de réforme dont Adhémar Esmein est l'artisan, met en évidence que l'adoption d’un critère scientifique de division des branches du droit devait logiquement aboutir à l'inclusion du droit pénal dans le droit public. Le paradoxe, qui préside au dénouement de cette réflexion menée par des professeurs de droit, révèle la prévalence d'un impératif pratique sur l'impératif scientifique dans la détermination académique du statut du droit pénal. L'examen de l'argument tiré de la compétence du juge judiciaire en matière pénale conduisant à une impasse, il sera observé que, contrairement à une thèse reçue, la classification du droit pénal en droit privé ne saurait être fondée sur le dualisme juridictionnel. L'investigation établira que la classification du droit pénal en droit privé repose bien plutôt sur la force d’une tradition institutionnelle, dans la mesure où le discours de justification de cette classification est ancré sur les solidarités constitutives du modèle des Ecoles de droit, au premier rang desquelles figure la connivence entre l'enseignement du droit et la pratique judiciaireFrench penal law has been handled as a part of private law since the split of the French law school curriculum in the late nineteenth century, separating private law and public law. The analysis of the current categorization demonstrates that penal law should be included in public law based on a thorough study of the instruction of legal theory in French law schools. The theoretical classification has been dismissed for a more convenient practical approach that includes penal law into private law. The French jurisdictional dualism, in which a judicial judge handles private law and an administrative judge handles public law, also fails to justify the assignment of penal law to private law, as the study of the judicial judge’s arguments reveal. This research will demonstrate that penal law has been listed as private law in a fear of altering a long-standing academic tradition, initiated back in the nineteenth century, when the instruction of the law focused on judicial practical knowledge only, denying the primary theoretical essence of the law
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Herrmann, Manja. "“[B]eide zu einem harmonischen Ganzen verschmolzen”: Particularism, Universalism, and the Hybrid Jewish Nation in Early German Zionist Discourse." HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2014. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35047.
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Carter, Lucette, and Cécile Hardouin. "Use and misuse of quantitative and graphical Information in StatisticsAn Approach in Teaching." Proceedings of the tenth International Conference Models in Developing Mathematics Education. - Dresden : Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft, 2009. - S. 106 - 110, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A1688.
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Miscellaneous examples of misleading statistical data or interpretation are presented in a form suitable for students in mathematics or Social Sciences during a first course of statistics. The aim is to promote critical thinking when confronted (mainly by the media or scientific papers) by information that is biased, incomplete, poorly defined, or deliberately oriented towards a preconceived target. Starting with the simple manipulation of Simpson paradox, the emphasis is put on the need for counfounding in the analysis of relationship between variables.
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Muller, Bruno. "Transfer Learning through Kernel Alignment : Application to Adversary Data Shifts in Automatic Sleep Staging." Thesis, Troyes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TROY0037.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est l’amélioration d’un système de classification automatique des stades de sommeil par la prise en compte des variabilités inter-et-intra individuelles, ces dernières ayant un effet détrimentaire sur la classification. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à la détection des épisodes de sommeil paradoxal au cours de la nuit. Nos recherches se focalisent sur le transfert d’apprentissage et la sélection de détecteurs adaptés, permettant l’individualisation de l’analyse par l’exploitation des propriétés des données observées. Nous avons focalisé nos travaux sur l’application des méthodes d’alignement de noyau, dans un premier temps au travers de l’utilisation du kernel-target alignment étudié ici de manière duale, c’est-à-dire à noyau fixé et optimisé par rapport aux étiquettes recherchées des données de tests. Dans un second temps, nous avons introduit le kernel-cross alignment, permettant d’exploiter plus fortement l’information contenue dans les données d’apprentissage. Les idées développées dans le cadre de ces travaux ont été étendues à la sélection automatique d’un ensemble d’apprentissage adapté à un ensemble de test donné. Les contributions de ces travaux sont à la fois méthodologiques et algorithmiques, à portée générale, mais également centrées sur l’applicationThis doctoral project aims at improving an automatic sleep staging system by taking into account inter-and-intra-individual variabilities, the latter having adversary effects on the classification. We focus on the detection of Rapid-Eye Movement periods during sleep. The core of our research is transfer learning and the selection of suitable detector(s) among a set, allowing the individualisation of the analysis by the exploitation of the observed data properties. We focus on the application of kernel alignment methods, firstly through the use of kernel-target alignment, studied here in a dual way, i.e. the kernel is fixed and the criterion is optimised with respect to the sought target labels. In a second step, we introduced kernel-cross alignment, allowing to take more efficiently advantage of the information contained in the training data. The ideas developed in the framework of this work have been extended to automatically selecting one or more efficient training sets for a given test set. The contributions of this work are both methodological and algorithmic, general in scope, but also focused on the application
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Schnitzspahn, Katharina. "Understanding age-related prospective memory performance: The role of cognitive, motivational and emotional mechanisms associated with age differences in the delayed execution of intended actions." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-73859.
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A pervasive real-world memory task is remembering to carry out intended activities at appropriate moments in the future, such as remembering to call one’s mother after returning from work or to hand a message to a colleague when seeing him in the office on the next morning. Such types of tasks are termed prospective memory (PM) tasks (Einstein & McDaniel, 1996). PM has been identified as one of the most frequent everyday memory challenges (e.g., Maylor, 1990), particularly in old age (McDaniel, Einstein, & Rendell, 2008) and an intact PM is considered to be crucial for the maintenance of independent living (Kliegel & Martin, 2003). Therefore, many researchers have focused on the exploration of possible age differences in PM. While age-related deficits were found in standard lab-based PM tasks, age-related benefits occured in naturalistic tasks that are carried out in participants’ everyday lives. This surprising pattern has been called the age-PM-paradox (Rendell & Craik, 2000). It has been supported by a meta-analysis comparing PM age effects found in studies that focused either on lab-based or on naturalistic PM tasks (Henry, MacLeod, Phillips, & Crawford, 2004). However, the mechanisms which are critical in determining the direction of age effects remain poorly delineated. Thus, the overall aim of the research programme presented in the present thesis was to investigate the age-PM-paradox as well as potential cognitive, motivational and emotional mechanisms and processes associated with age-related PM performance. For that purpose, three experimental studies were conducted testing adult age effects in different PM task settings with different task material. Furthermore, several possible underlying mechanisms suggested by the literature on age effects in PM were measured and/ or varied experimentally.
The first aim of Study 1 was to cross-validate the age-PM-paradox within a single sample. The second aim was to empirically explore the relative importance of four recently proposed factors (motivation, metacognitive awareness, activity absorption, and control over the task) that may be associated with the direction of age effects inside and outside of the laboratory. For that purpose, 20 young and 20 older adults performed a lab-based and a naturalistic PM task, which were similar in structure and demand. The level of control was experimentally manipulated in both task settings. The remaining possibly influencing factors (motivation, metacognitive awareness, and activity absorption) were assessed via questionnaires in the laboratory and with a daily diary in the field. First, analysing mean level age differences, the paradox was confirmed. Second, exploring possible correlates of the paradox revealed that the level of daily activity absorption (i.e., everyday stress) was the most important mechanism in naturalistic PM performance. Further, high motivation and good metacognitive awareness were associated with age benefits in PM performance in the naturalistic task, while high ongoing activity absorption and low control over the PM cue were related to deficits in lab-based tasks. Thus, Study 1 confirmed the age-PM-paradox within one sample and with carefully matched lab-based and naturalistic tasks. In addition, the results indicate that the relative importance of the suggested factors may vary as a function of setting. While cognitive factors were most influential in the laboratory, motivational and knowledge-based factors were associated with high PM performance in the naturalistic task. The strong association between PM performance in the field and everyday stress highlights the need for future studies exploring the mechanisms underlying this effect.
Results from Study 1 suggest that cognitive resources are most influential for PM age effects in the laboratory. Yet, it is not clear, which specific cognitive resources are needed for successful PM performance and if these processes differ between young and older adults. Thus, Study 2 explored the role of executive functions (i.e. shifting, updating and inhibition) as possible developmental mechanisms associated with PM age effects. 170 young and 110 older adults performed a battery of cognitive tests including measures of PM, shifting, updating, inhibition, working memory and speed. A comprehensive set of statistical approaches (e.g. median analyses, structural equation modelling) was used to analyze the possible cognitive correlates in predicting PM performance. First, age effects were confirmed in PM and also obtained in measures of executive control. Moreover, the facets of executive control differently predicted PM performance. Specifically, shifting was the strongest predictor of PM performance in young and older adults as well as for explaining age differences in PM. Thus, Study 2 clarified the role of different facets of controlled attention in age effects in PM and bears important conceptual implications: The results suggest that executive functions are important developmental mechanisms of PM across adulthood beyond working memory and speed. Specifically, shifting appeared to be an essential aspect of cognitive control involved in age-related PM performance. Moreover, examining PM as a latent construct confirmed the convergent and discriminant validity of PM. This demonstrates PM as a separate cognitive construct and suggests that PM is related to, but not identical with, executive control.
Study 3 was set out to explore if the amount of cognitive resources needed to successfully perform a PM task in the laboratory can be influenced by the emotionality of the task material. First studies suggested that emotional task material may enhance PM performance in young and older adults by heightening the salience of the task and thereby reducing the need for controlled attention. However, the extent and mechanisms of this effect are still under debate. Therefore, Study 3 explored possible differential effects of PM target cue valence on PM age effects. For that purpose, 45 young and 41 older adults performed a PM task in which emotional valence of the PM cue was manipulated (positive, negative, neutral). Results revealed an interaction indicating that age differences were smaller in both emotional valence conditions compared to the neutral condition. This finding supports an emotionally enhanced memory effect in PM, but only for the older adults as PM performance in young adults was not affected by cue valence. From a conceptual perspective, the results from Study 3 may also contribute to the explanation of the age-PM-paradox, as they suggest that the neutral material usually applied in lab-based studies might overestimate PM age effects.
In summary, the present thesis makes an important contribution to the ongoing conceptual debate concerning adult age effects in PM performance assessed in the laboratory versus participants’ everyday lives. Results strongly suggest that mostly different variables may be crucial for understanding PM age deficits in the laboratory and age benefits in naturalistic PM tasks. Successful PM performance in the laboratory seems to require high levels of cognitive resources. The present results suggest that shifting ability is especially relevant in this respect. On a task level the emotionality of the material seems to influence the required amount of cognitive resources as it reduced PM age effects. Everyday stress seems to be particularly important for successful PM performance in the field. Thus, possible future studies should specify the relation between stress and PM as outlined in the general discussion.
Books on the topic "Classification of paradoxes"
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Quinn, Emelia. Reading Veganism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843494.001.0001.
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Reading Veganism: The Monstrous Vegan, 1818 to Present focuses on the iteration of the trope of ‘the monstrous vegan’ across 200 years of Anglophone literature. Explicating, through such monsters, veganism’s relation to utopian longing and challenge to the conceptual category of the ‘human’, the book explores ways in which ethical identities can be written, represented, and transmitted. Reading Veganism proposes that we can recognize and identify the monstrous vegan in relation to four key traits. First, monstrous vegans do not eat animals, an abstinence that generates a seemingly inexplicable anxiety in those who encounter them. Second, they are hybrid assemblages of human and nonhuman animal parts, destabilizing existing taxonomical classifications. Third, monstrous vegans are sired outside of heterosexual reproduction, the product of male acts of creation. And, finally, monstrous vegans are intimately connected to acts of writing and literary creation. The principal contention of the book is that understandings of veganism, as identity and practice, are limited without a consideration of multiplicity, provisionality, failure, and insufficiency within vegan definition and lived practice. Veganism’s association with positivity, in its drive for health and purity, is countered by a necessary and productive negativity generated by a recognition of the horrors of the modern world. Vegan monsters rehearse the key paradoxes involved in the writing of vegan identity.
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Kitcher, Patricia, ed. The Self. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190087265.001.0001.
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This book is about the ways that the concept of an ‘I’ or a ‘self’ has been developed at different times in the history of western philosophy; it also offers a striking contrast case, the ‘interconnected’ self, who appears in some expressions of African philosophy. If ‘human being’ is a biological classification, ‘I’ is a mental one. What I’s do is think. The most common theme across western accounts of ‘I’s that think’ is that they are self-conscious. A second theme (in the west) is that selves have unity: There is one self who recalls past experiences and anticipates future actions. Despite being self-conscious selves, it has proven difficult to say what a self is without paradox. Normally, the object of consciousness pre-exists the consciousness, but we cannot be a self without being self-conscious, so it seems that a self and the consciousness thereof must be coeval. How can we be self-aware and yet have no idea of what a self is? (It cannot just be a body, since a live human body might not be able to think.) The essays in this volume engage many philosophical resources—metaphysics, epistemology, phenomenology, philosophy of psychology and philosophy of language—to illuminate these puzzles. The Reflections present attempts to approach some aspects of these puzzles scientifically and also provide a sense of how central they are to human life.
Book chapters on the topic "Classification of paradoxes"
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Nurmi, Hannu. "Classification of Paradoxes." In Voting Paradoxes and How to Deal with Them, 120–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03782-9_10.
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Revelli, Luisa. "Lexicometric Paradoxes of Frequency: Comparing VoBIS and NVdB." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 91–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52680-1_8.
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Hayashi, Chikio, and Kazue Yamaoka. "Beyond Simpson’s Paradox: One Problem in Data Science." In Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, 65–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72253-0_9.
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Vancsó, Ödön. "Der Fehler als ein strategisches Werkzeug im mathematischen Erkenntinsprozess." In Auch wenn A falsch ist, kann B wahr sein. Was wir aus Fehlern lernen können, 269–86. WTM-Verlag Münster, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959871143.0.18.
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The dealing with mistakes and errors has a great significance in the mathematical learning process. This is especially true for paradoxes. The article demonstrates the occurrence of wrong conclusions on examples from mathematics lessons in statistics and probability theory. Classification: D70, K50, K70. Keywords: stochastics education, paradoxes in statistics, mistakes, errors, mathematical learning process.
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Ferdinand, Peter, Robert Garner, and Stephanie Lawson. "12. Votes, Elections, Legislatures, and Legislators." In Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198787983.003.0012.
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This chapter explores the interrelationships among votes, elections, legislatures, and legislators in the context of politics. It first considers the two basic paradoxes of voting before discussing elections and their outcomes, which tend to have different virtues: stronger government versus more representative government. It then describes the functions of legislatures as well as measures for establishing quotas to increase gender equality in legislative recruitment. It also introduces a classification of legislatures based upon their capability to stand up to the executive branch of government before concluding with an analysis of the internal structure of legislatures as well as the backgrounds of members of parliament in various countries, focusing in particular on the criticism that lawmakers constitute a ‘political class’.
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Trimble, Michael R., Kousuke Kanemoto, and Dale C. Hesdorffer. "Epilepsy and psychosis." In Psychotic Disorders, edited by Peter Buckley and Brian Miller, 85–92. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190653279.003.0011.
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This chapter reviews the important place that epilepsy has had in developing concepts of psychosis in general and for understanding some of the basic biological issues of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It starts out by offering a historical introduction noting important observations stemming from the nineteenth century. It reviews the complexity of classification in this area, highlighting in particular problems with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM-5). Epidemiology is followed by brief discussions of the relationship between seizures and psychosis, commenting on some paradoxes revealing why postictal psychoses are underdiagnosed, and the pitfalls of missing forced normalization, a concept that relates to the worsening of behavior with the cessation of seizures in people with intractable epilepsy. Finally, the chapter provides some guides to management of patients with epilepsy who have comorbid psychiatric disorders.
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Kelly, Duncan. "Conclusion—Rousseau’s paradox." In The State of the Political. British Academy, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197262870.003.0006.
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This chapter binds the book together, recapitulating its general argument, and offering pointers as to how the study relates to some contemporary questions of political theory. It suggests that a classification that distinguishes between Weber the ‘liberal’, Schmitt the ‘conservative’ and Neumann the ‘social democrat’, cannot provide an adequate understanding of this episode in the history of political thought. Nor indeed can it do so for other periods. In this book, one part of the development of their ideas has focused on the relationship between state and politics. By learning from their examples, people continue their own search for an acceptable balance between the freedom of the individual and the claims of the political community.
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"5. Classification and Nonclassification Questions." In Cognitivity Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Claims of Philosophy, 39–55. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868407-006.
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Bertomeu-Sánchez, José Ramón, and Rosa Muñoz-Bello. "Chemical Classifications, Textbooks, and the Periodic System in Nineteenth-Century Spain." In Early Responses to the Periodic System. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190200077.003.0021.
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The periodic system is closely linked to chemical pedagogy by many different ways. It is commonly accepted that Mendeleev discovered the periodic law while he was attempting to organize the chapters of a general chemistry textbook for his students at St. Petersburg University. The omnipresence of periodic tables in classrooms and textbooks throughout the twentieth century seems to confirm the decisive impact of Mendeleev’s work in chemistry teaching. Thus, one might assume that the advent of the periodic classification was followed by a revolution in late nineteenth-century chemistry classrooms. However, the papers included in this volume have found scarce evidence for a profound transformation of this kind in chemistry education. Our main aim here is to suggest some explanations for this apparent paradox by exploring the rather peripheral context of nineteenth-century Spain. Our approach is based on new historiographical trends in two interrelated areas: the history of science teaching and the circulation of knowledge. Teaching is no longer regarded by historians as a second-rate activity for scientists, but as a creative context in which new knowledge is produced thanks to the complex interaction of many historical forces and agents. Historians who subscribe to this trend also challenge the common view of textbook writing as repetitive, uninspiring work. Mendeleev was certainly not the first teacher to address the problem of finding an accurate classification for chemistry textbooks. In fact, when he prepared his Principles of Chemistry in 1868, there was already a long tradition of chemistry textbooks dating back to the seventeenth century, and many arrangements had been adopted and discussed by Mendeleev’s recent predecessors. Many mid-nineteenth-century textbooks devoted entire chapters to chemical classifications, in which the author presented the debates on artificial and natural classifications and added their own suggestions. One of these books was written in 1855 by Auguste Cahours (1813–1891), a professor of chemistry in Paris, and was translated into Russian with the aid of Mendeleev, just a few years before his work on the periodic system.
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Brown, Timothy A., and David H. Barlow. "A Proposal for a Dimensional Classification System Based on the Shared Features of the DSM-IV Anxiety and Mood Disorders: Implications for Assessment and Treatment." In The Neurotic Paradox, 325–54. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315619996-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Classification of paradoxes"
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Poe, Piper L., Katherine A. Giles, Benjamin Brunner, Rachelle Kernen, and Amanda Labrado. "IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF LATERAL CARBONATE CAPROCK: GYPSUM VALLEY SALT WALL, PARADOX BASIN, COLORADO." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-337663.
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Boehm, J., R. Lange, and M. Krane. "Underweight or Obesity Paradox: Do BMI Classifications Predict Long-Term Survival after Cardiac Surgery?" In 48th Annual Meeting German Society for Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678848.
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