Relevant bibliographies by topics / Classics; Endings

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Classics; Endings'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Classics; Endings"

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Holmes, Nigel. "Gaudia nostra: a hexameter-ending in elegy." Classical Quarterly 45, no. 2 (December 1995): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983880004355x.

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In an earlier article in Classical Quarterly, S. J. Harrison explored the varying frequency of hexameter-endings of the type discordia taetra, where a noun that ends in short a is followed by its epithet with the same termination. It appears from this that while most pre-Augustan poets allow a fairly high frequency of such verse-endings (e.g. Lucretius 1:130, Catullus 1:204), some Augustan poets and their imitators show a distinct tendency to avoid them (e.g. Vergil, Georgics 1:547), while some almost exclude them altogether (e.g. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1:4999, Statius, Thebaid 1:1948). The hexameters of elegiac poetry might be subject to the same restriction; the following are figures for elegy from Catullus to Martial.
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Biddulph, Edward. "What's in a Name? Graffiti on Funerary Pottery." Britannia 37 (November 2006): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x00001847.

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ABSTRACTFascicules 7 and 8 of Roman Inscription of Britain II, dealing with samian and coarse pottery respectively, contain some 60 examples of graffiti associated with funerary contexts. Most graffiti are personal names and traditionally these were thought to record the names of the deceased. Analysis has revealed, however, that the names are more likely to be those of mourners or gift-givers. This is suggested by case-endings (graffiti that indicate possession are relatively few), the presence of multiple names in single graves, and the observation that many names were inscribed on ancillary vessels, rather than cinerary urns.
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Harrison, S. J. "Discordia Taetra: The History of a Hexameter-Ending." Classical Quarterly 41, no. 1 (May 1991): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800003621.

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In Latin Hexameter Verse, his 1903 manual for composers of Latin hexameters which is still useful as a guide to Vergil's metrical and prosodic practices, S. E. Winbolt states that a hexameter ‘must not end with an adjective preceded by a noun with a similar short ending, e.g.…flumina nota’ unless the adjective is emphatic, ‘i.e. strongly distinctive, predicative or antithetical’. Whether or not his distinction between emphatic and non-emphatic adjectives in this position is wholly workable (predicative adjectives are clearly distinguishable, but it is not clear that the other types are), Winbolt here rightly detects a strong tendency in Vergil and other Latin poets towards avoiding endings of this general kind, which we can conveniently call the ‘Discordia taetra’ type after one of its earliest and best-known instances in the Annales of Ennius (225–6 Skutsch ‘postquam Discordia taetra/Belli ferratos postes portasque refregit’). The rarity of this type of line-ending is clear in Vergil; there are only 16 examples, regardless of whether the adjective is emphatic or not, in the 9890 lines of the Aeneid. Such a select and easily-defined phenomenon might prove a yardstick of some interest in the history of the Latin hexameter, for it seems to raise a number of questions to which the answers would be significant and useful. Is this type of ending avoided equally by all poets? Is there an increasing tendency to avoid it as time goes on? Is it associated with any particular genres of hexameter poetry? Do poets tend to use in it the same words or phrases as their predecessors? To discover the answers, this article will look at the ‘Discordia taetra’ phenomenon in Latin hexameter poetry, defining it as the instance where a noun ending in a short vowel (in practice, in ‘-a’) is immediately succeeded by an adjective of similar ending and in agreement at the end of the hexameter, and where such a noun is not a substantivised adjective and such an adjective is neither predicative nor a participle.
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Valente, Simona. "le desinenze personali nella morfologia verbale delle carte cavensi (IX secolo)." Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 1-4 (September 25, 2020): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2019.59.1-4.27.

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Summary:This paper aims to examine some aspects of the verbal inflectional endings found in a corpus of 9th-century legal documents produced in the Lombard duchy of Salerno, in the South of Italy. Compared to nominal inflection, verbal inflection endings display a stronger continuity with the Latin of previous stages. Nevertheless, different types of innovations are observable. On the basis of data from present indicative and subjunctive, two of them will be analysed: 1) innovative forms explicable in terms of well-known morpho-phonological processes and showing convergence with the Romance outcomes 2) innovative variants, that can be interpreted in different ways, diverging both from previous stages of the Latin and from the Romance outcomes. To interpret both these kinds of variation, a crucial role is played by external factors such as the cultural level of the authors of the documents and their capability to conform to the traditional linguistic models.
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Gibson, Roy. "BOOK ENDINGS IN GREEK POETRY AND ARS AMATORIA 2 AND 3." Mnemosyne 53, no. 5 (2000): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852500510796.

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Nikolaev, Alexander. "The Aorist Infinitives in -EEIN in Early Greek Hexameter Poetry." Journal of Hellenic Studies 133 (2013): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426913000050.

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AbstractThis paper examines the distribution of thematic infinitive endings in early Greek epic in the context of the long-standing debate about the transmission and development of Homeric epic diction. There are no aorist infinitives in -έμεν in Homer which would scan as ◡◡ – before a consonant or caesura (for example *βαλέμεν): instead we find unexplained forms in -έειν (for example βαλέειν). It is argued that this artificially ‘distended’ ending -έειν should be viewed as an actual analogical innovation of the poetic language, resulting from a proportional analogy to the ‘liquid’ futures. The total absence of aoristic -έειν in Hesiod is unlikely to be coincidental: the analogical form must have been the product of a specifically East Ionic Kunstsprache, and so could have been simply unknown in some other Ionian school of epic poetry where Hesiod was trained. Finally, the striking avoidance of anapaestic aorist infinitives in -έειν is argued to be explained better under the ‘diffusionist’ approach to the Aeolic elements in Homeric diction than under the ‘Aeolic phase’ theory.
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Marshall, M. H. B. "Thomas A. Robinson: Greek Verb Endings: a Reverse Index. Pp. xiii + 80. Lewiston, N.Y./Queenston, Ontario: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1986. $29.95." Classical Review 38, no. 2 (October 1988): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00122656.

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COO, LYNDSAY. "SATYRIC NOSTALGIA IN THE AESCHYLEAN TETRALOGY." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 62, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-5370.12104.

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Abstract This article examines the role of the satyr play in what appears to have been the distinctly Aeschylean form of the thematically connected tetralogy. In all known cases, Aeschylus’ satyr plays move backwards in time, dramatizing episodes that occur either before or within the time frame of their accompanying tragedies. I argue that this chronological dislocation means that the ‘happy endings’ of satyr play must be understood in the light of the events of the preceding trilogy, and can usually be seen as brief interludes of joy within a wider tragic arc. As a result, the satyr play, instead of erasing the effect of its accompanying tragedies, is capable of generating a nostalgic response that intensifies the emotional effect of both genres.
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Ireland, Stanley. "Euripidean Endings - F. M. Dunn: Tragedy's End: Closure and Innovation in Euripidean Drama. Pp. ix + 252. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Cased, £35. ISBN: 0-19-508344-X." Classical Review 48, no. 1 (April 1998): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009840x00330116.

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Zheltova, Elena V., and Alexander Ju Zheltov. "Latin Case System: Towards a Motivated Paradigmatic Structure." Philologia Classica 15, no. 2 (2020): 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2020.203.

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The article attempts, firstly, to critically analyze the traditional order of cases in Latin, secondly, to discover an internal mechanism that brings the elements of a paradigm together, and thirdly, to present a new model of the nominal and pronominal case paradigms in Latin. The authors develop the idea that the crucial role in structuring a case paradigm belongs to morphemic syncretism. The syncretism is treated as a systemic phenomenon of morpheme neutralization rather than a result of phonetic reduction. In the paradigm built on this principle, the cases marked with the same endings necessarily take adjacent positions. There is a certain correlation between the morphemic syncretism and the semantics of cases extensively exemplified in the Latin literature. Taking this as reference point, the authors establish a formally motivated paradigmatic order of cases and single out a set of semantic features that shape the case paradigm. This method enables authors to find the non-contradictory paradigmatic positions for both the core and the “marginal” cases (vocative and locative). Applied to the pronominal cases, however, it reveals the significant discrepancy between the nominal and pronominal paradigms concerning two cases — nominative and genitive. The pronominal nominative’s special status is determined by its pragmatic rather than syntactic functions, which is typical for pro-drop languages. The genitive case appears in three different forms that originate from the possessive pronouns and correspond to the three basic functions of the genitive — possessive, objective, and partitive ones. Such transparadigmatic syncretism brings together the paradigms of personal and possessive pronouns, which are related by nature. The approach suggested in this study makes it possible to present in a new way the nominal and pronominal case paradigms, to demonstrate in what points they differ from each other, and to highlight some functional and semantic features of the particular cases.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Classics; Endings"

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Lüddecke, Kathrin L. G. "The beginnings of narrative closure in Homeric epic." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312611.

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Sherman-Ishayek, Norma Lillian. "Closing gestures in opening ideas : strategies for beginning and ending in classical instrumental music." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60092.

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This paper studies the formal ambiguity that arises when a closing gesture occupies a beginning location in the instrumental works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Accordingly, I am interested in those formal areas within a piece that are concerned with the functions of either "beginning" or "ending."
I first present a systematic survey of the theoretical principles underlying the formal functions of beginning and ending in this style. I then show some specific examples of typical cadences and of initial units that imitate them. Next, I focus on the "main theme," observing how the function of "beginning" is performed by a "closing initial idea" and then, how the main theme's cadences express their proper function. Finally, I study what happens in other locations such as the return of the main theme, the cadence closing the form, and post-cadential material.
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Zewi, Tamar. "A syntactical study of verbal forms affixed by -n (n) endings in Classical Arabic, Biblical Hebrew El-Amarna Akkadian and Ugaritic /." Münster : Ugarit, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39996485s.

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Alusala, Nelson. "An analysis of strategic-military issues in the ending of Civil wars : a case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1994 – 2004." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45471.

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This study is an analysis of how military issues can contribute to a sustainable ending of civil wars particularly in Africa. The continuous warfare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 1996 and 2004 is used to understand the nature of civil wars and how they relate to classical strategic theory of war in general and their termination in particular. According to classical strategic military theory, war must always be guided by clear political objectives. Without this, war becomes an irrational act and spins out of control. Tactical victory gained in the battlefield over an opponent must be translated into strategic victory for war to end sustainably. This can only be done if the political objective of the war has been attained. But also crucial are the terms and conditions of peace that the victor offers the defeated opponent. Not all wars end with a tactical victory in the battlefield. In many instances of modern wars, and in particular with the current civil wars in Africa, there is a stalemate. This forces the belligerent parties to negotiate. Within the context of the DRC, the first war (1996-1997) ended in a tactical victory for the Rwandan alliance (composed of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi) over the regime of President Mobutu. However, this victory was not translated into strategic victory (long term peace). The alliance, despite having installed a new leader (Laurent Kabila) in the DRC, remained an occupying force, with the Rwandan military commander taking over the role of the DRC’s military chief of staff. This was in part because the political objectives of the Rwandan alliance had changed from revenge on Mobutu for sheltering and supporting the perpetrators of the genocide in Rwanda, to economic exploitation of the abundant natural resources of the DRC. The outcome was that the proxy (Kabila) turned against his backers as he sought to gain legitimacy and support from his fellow Congolese citizens. President Kabila ordered the Rwandan alliance out of the country. The alliance then started a second war (1998-2002) aimed at deposing the former proxy and establishing new proxies. The situation had however changed as the old proxy (Kabila) had acquired new partners (Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe). This, apart from transforming the DRC war into Africa’s first continental war (in terms of the number of countries that were eventually involved), turned into a stalemate. This resulted in negotiations that took a long time to complete. The first round of negotiations produced the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement (LCA) in 1999 with two independent tracks that led to two levels of agreements: inter-state agreements and intra-state agreements. None of these were implementable until 2002 when the DRC negotiated with Rwanda and with Uganda separately on military issues of the conflict. These negotiations produced the Pretoria Accords between the DRC and Rwanda, and the Luanda Accords between the DRC and Uganda. The withdrawal of the militaries of Rwanda and Uganda from the DRC paved way for their proxies, The Rally for Congolese Democracy - Goma (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie - RCD-Goma) and the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (Mouvement de Libération du Congo – MLC) to join the Inter-Congolese National Dialogue (ICND) which ended in 2004 without a conclusive agreement on military issues.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Political Sciences
PhD
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Books on the topic "Classics; Endings"

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Munīf, ʻAbd al-Raḥman. Endings. London: Quartet Books, 1988.

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Brown, Gwen. We who were raised poor: Ending the oppression of classism. Seattle, WA: Rational Island Publishers, 1994.

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Rowe, Joyce A. Equivocal endings in classic American novels: The Scarlet letter, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Ambassadors, The Great Gatsby. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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Joyce, C. Alan. Under the covers and between the sheets: The inside story behind classic characters, authors, unforgettable phrases, and unexpected endings. Pleasantville, NY: Reader's Digest Association, 2009.

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A syntactical study of verbal forms affixed by -n(n) endings in classical Arabic, Biblical Hebrew, el-Amarna Akkadian, and Ugaritic. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1999.

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Suhotinskaya, Aleksandra. Russian language. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989175.

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In the textbook, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation are grouped by topics: "Spelling of roots", "Spelling of suffixes and endings", "Use of hyphens", "Colons and dashes", etc. Training exercises will help to consolidate the theoretical material. The summary tables and answers to the exercises given at the end of the book allow you to control yourself during independent classes. The reference nature of the book contributes to the rapid and successful preparation for control works, tests and exams in the Russian language. Meets the requirements of the federal state standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education, as well as for high school students, applicants, students and everyone who wants to master the skills of literate writing.
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Munif, Abd Al-Rahman. Endings (Emerging Voices (Quartet)). Quartet Books (UK), 1998.

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Miklitsch, Robert. Periodizing Classic Noir. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038594.003.0011.

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This concluding chapter traces the history of classic noir by reflecting on the way in which the genre has been discursively constituted through its beginnings and endings, an act of periodization that typically entails nominating particular films as the first and last noir in order to differentiate the intervening films from, respectively, proto- and neo-noir. While the recent interest in Stranger on the Third Floor (1940) is one sign that Boris Ingster's film has supplanted The Maltese Falcon (1941) as the first, titular American noir, recent transnational readings of the genre have problematized the reflexive determination of classic noir as a strictly American phenomenon. In fact, the impact of Odds against Tomorrow (1959) on transnational neo-noir indicates that the end or terminus of the classical era is just as provisional—just as open to interpretation and therefore, revision—as its origin.
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Moland, Lydia L. Hegel’s Philosophy of Art. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.26.

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Despite Hegel’s effusive praise for art as one of the ways humans express truth, art by his description is both essentially limited and at perpetual risk of ending. This hybrid assessment is apparent first in Hegel’s account of art’s development, which shows art culminating in classical sculpture’s perfect unity, but then, unable to depict Christianity’s interiority, evolving into religion, surrendering to division, or dissipating into prose. It is also evident in his ranking of artistic genres from architecture to poetry according to their ability to help humans produce themselves both individually and collectively: the more adequately art depicts human self-understanding, the more it risks ceasing to be art. Nevertheless, art’s myriad endings do not exhaust its potential. Art that makes humans alive to the unity and interdependence at the heart of reality continues to express the Idea and so achieves Hegel’s ambitions for its role in human life.
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Series Endings: ...A Whimsical Look at the Final Plays of Baseball's Fall Classic 1903-2003. AuthorHouse, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Classics; Endings"

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How, Alan R. "The Sense of an Ending." In Restoring the Classic in Sociology, 19–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-58348-5_2.

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Linder, Wolf, and Sean Mueller. "Building a Multicultural Society by Political Integration." In Swiss Democracy, 9–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63266-3_2.

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AbstractThis chapter explains how, despite the absence of single ethnic culture, Swiss state- and nation-building was possible. Neither the Swiss nation, nor the Swiss society existed when modern Switzerland was founded in 1848, after a brief civil war. The chapter provides a reading of Swiss history since then as one of gradually achieving the participation of the most important minority groups and the different social classes through proportional representation. Beginning with the losers of the civil war, the Catholic-Conservatives, followed by Protestant farmers and the petite bourgeoise, and ending with the Social-Democrats, the Swiss thus invented the ‘magic formula’ in 1959 for proportionally sharing the seven seats in the federal government. Even the rise of right-wing populism since the 1990s has not changed this basic feature.
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Parini, Jay. "Endings." In The Art of Teaching. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195169690.003.0008.

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It’s spring in the academic village, with blossoming fruit trees all over campus, the ground smelling of fresh mud, and once again my thoughts turn to summer. I think of those long, delicious months when, without the telephone ringing and student papers sitting on my desk ungraded, without faculty meetings and office hours, without classes to prepare, I’m free again to work exclusively on my own writing. My e-mails will dwindle to communications with a few good friends. Some mornings, I might even sleep in. But spring also brings with it a small feeling of dread. “April is the crudest month,” wrote T. S. Eliot—a memorable line. I think of it again as lawn mowers drone outside the open windows of my classroom, a sweet wind blows papers off my desk, and I begin to anticipate the end of another school year, with the many losses that inevitably attend that moment, marked so vividly by the graduation ceremony, when half a dozen kids I had really come to like, even love, wave to me from the platform as they proceed into their adult life, diplomas in hand. I’m aware that one or two from each class will remain friends forever, but I know as well that there will be many— the majority of those whom I genuinely considered friends—who won’t. It’s not their fault, I tell myself. They will get busy. Soon spouses and children will lay claim to their attention. I’m just a passing figure in their lives; they know this, and I know it. It’s not as bad as it sounds, given the demands I feel myself toward spouse and family, toward a circle of friends that has widened decade by decade. There is only so much attention to go around. I begin to feel this little dread coming on in late March, when the spring snows in Vermont begin to thaw. Huge piles of the stuff grow wet at the edges, melting slowly, so that by the middle of April there are puddles everywhere, and I have for the first time to wear my waders to school.
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"Introduction." In Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels, 1–13. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519369.001.

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"Nathaniel Hawthorne: “My Kinsman, Major Molineux”: The Several Voices of Independence." In Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels, 14–26. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519369.002.

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"Bleak Dreams: Restriction and Aspiration in The Scarlet Letter." In Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels, 27–45. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519369.003.

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"Mark Twain's Great Evasion: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." In Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels, 46–74. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519369.004.

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"Strether Unbound: The Selective Vision of Henry James's Ambassador." In Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels, 75–99. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519369.005.

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"Closing the Circle: The Great Gatsby." In Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels, 100–126. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519369.006.

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"Conclusion: Moby-Dick and Our Problem with History." In Equivocal Endings in Classic American Novels, 127–37. Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519369.007.

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Conference papers on the topic "Classics; Endings"

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Klymyshyn, Nicholas A., Harold E. Adkins, and Jason M. Piotter. "Closure Bolt Modeling for Seal Evaluation Under Extreme Thermal Loads." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45941.

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The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) recently completed an evaluation of a used nuclear fuel transportation package subjected to loads associated with the MacArthur Maze fire and overpass collapse of 2007. This historical event is used as the basis of an extreme accident scenario to investigate the performance of the package system under loads that are beyond regulatory limits and to assess the potential risk to the public. The accident scenario was modeled in a number of physics regimes, including fire dynamics models, thermal models, structural impact models, and structural thermal expansion models. In this case the thermal expansion behavior of the bolted closure was a key component of the leak rate calculations and offered a tough analytical challenge, which was ultimately resolved using a detailed nonlinear finite element model of the bolt threads with thread inserts discretely modeled. This paper describes the analytical steps that were taken, starting with classic bolt stress calculations and ending with sophisticated finite element analysis, while also putting the analysis into context of the larger analytical effort and the assessment of used nuclear fuel transportation package safety that is critical to the mission of the US NRC.
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Hetzler, Hartmut, and Wolfgang Seemann. "Friction Induced Brake Vibrations at Low Speeds: Experiments, State-Space Reconstruction and Implications on Modeling." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14034.

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Today, low frequency disc-brake noises are commonly explained as self-sustained stick-slip oscillations. Although, at a first glance this explanation seems reasonable, there are indices that cast doubt on it. For instance, the basic frequency of the observed oscillations does not scale with the disc-speed as it is with stick-slip oscillations and the classical model does not explain the observed ending of the vibrations beyond a certain speed. Indeed, our experimental studies on groaning noises reveal two different vibration patterns: stick-slip vibrations at almost vanishing relative speed and a second, differing vibration pattern at low to moderate relative speeds. Yet, these two patterns produce a very similar acoustic impression. While the experiment provides a vast amount of data, the dimension and structure of the underlying oscillation is not known a priori – hence, constructing phenomenological minimal models usually must rely on assumptions, e.g. about the number of DOF, etc. Due to noise and complexity, the measured raw data did only allow for a first straight forward insight, rendering further analysis necessary. Hence, time-delay embedding methods together with a principle component analysis were used to reconstruct a pseudo-phase space together with the embedded attractor to analyse for the system's dimension and to separate signal from noise.
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Dedmon, S. "Going Beyond Conventional Problem Solving for Two Railroad Wheel Defects." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1312.

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Conventional problem solving is a time-honored and accepted methodology for solving many problems we encounter in our daily home and work lives. Thought processes can be linear (like a programmer) or non-linear and still use conventional problem solving skills. Conventional problem solving begins with a statement of the problem, accumulation of data, analysis of data and proposals of solutions to the problem, then testing of the hypotheses. Non-conventional problem solving often skips some of these steps, beginning with a statement of the problem and ending with possible solutions. The tools of conventional problem solving include “critical thinking”, Fool-proofing, “thinking outside the box” and Statistical techniques. Consider the first of our ancestors to figure out that harnessing fire would provide security from large predators, make food safer and easier to eat and make tools such as fire hardened tips on spears. Did all these inventions occur in one moment of genius, or did they take innumerable years to accomplish? Sometime in this process of non-conventional thinking our ancestors brought forth a new technology which ensured the survival of our species. So, how does non-conventional problem solving work? When current theory does not appear to work, then we look to the margins of our science to see if current theory continues to be ineffective. Most theories fail in the margins of the science. A classic example of conventional science failing in the margins is the general and special theory of relativity. Non-conventional problem solving offers greater opportunity for revolutionary rather than incremental, or evolutionary advancements to our science. Other examples are included in this paper. Two wheel related problems are also presented using non-conventional problem solving techniques to provide alternative solutions.
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Roßmann, Ju¨rgen, Michael Schluse, and Ralf Waspe. "3D Discrete Event Systems: An Efficient Way to Model and Supervise Dynamic Behavior in Virtual Environments." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49516.

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The combination of Discrete Event Systems with 3D simulation and control technology to set up versatile virtual environments seems to be at the first glance a contradiction in terms because of mixing up two totally different application classes. But here, the newly developed State Oriented Modeling methodology comes into play providing a comprehensive and flexible object oriented framework for the development of complex Discrete Event Systems. State Oriented Modeling establishes a link between these two worlds using object oriented Petri Nets [10] for the discrete part as well as application specific mappings between continuous and discrete state variables realizing so called 3D Discrete Event Systems. Integrated in a versatile 3D simulation system, State Oriented Modeling allows for the efficient realization of a large class of applications within the large field of virtual environments. It provides a comprehensive, easy-to-use but nevertheless efficient framework for behavior modeling in virtual worlds and real-time simulation applications. When modeling virtual production lines for example, State Oriented Modeling provides an easy way for a close-to-reality simulation of automation systems starting with the control of simple actuators or sensors and ending with the supervisory control of the entire virtual factory. In the field of Projective Virtual Reality [4] State Oriented Modeling supervises the user’s work in the virtual environment to derive his “intention” and then generates appropriate command sequences for intelligent automation hardware. This way, even complex automation systems which may be far away or even in space can be controlled — and the user must not be an automation expert. In the field of interactive visualization and training environments State Oriented Modeling simulates a variety of dynamic objects in the virtual world, integrates interaction components like 2D control elements or application specific driver seats into the virtual environment and supervises training sessions to derive performance indicators. And, in addition to this, State Oriented Modeling is the basis for a new multi-agent and discrete event based approach to realize the virtual human.
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