Academic literature on the topic 'Classics and Religious Studies'

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Journal articles on the topic "Classics and Religious Studies"

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Goldstein, Warren S. "Reconstructing the Classics." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 26, no. 4-5 (November 28, 2014): 470–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341329.

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Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch constructed their theoretical frameworks in debate with historical materialism. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels provided Weber and Troeltsch with the tools of base/superstructure and class analysis that they employed in their analysis of religion. The article places Weber and Troeltsch in the historical context of the rise of the Social Democratic Party and its splintering during World War I. It compares the writing on religion by Engels, Eduard Bernstein and Karl Kautsky with those of Weber and Troeltsch. It focuses on Ancient Judaism, the origins of Christianity, Christian heretical sects, the Reformation, the German Peasant Wars, and the Puritan Revolution. Some points in common are the origins of communism in Judaism and Christianity and the association between Protestantism and capitalism. This article shows how Weber and Troeltsch critically appropriated from historical materialism and uses this with the intent of constructing a critical sociology of religion.
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Wakefield, Gordon S. "Book Reviews : Devotional Classics." Expository Times 101, no. 2 (December 1989): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001452468910100231.

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Peralta, Dan-el Padilla. "Slave Religiosity in the Roman Middle Republic." Classical Antiquity 36, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 317–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.317.

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This article proposes a new interpretation of slave religious experience in mid-republican Rome. Select passages from Plautine comedy and Cato the Elder's De agri cultura are paired with material culture as well as comparative evidence—mostly from studies of Black Atlantic slave religions—to reconstruct select aspects of a specific and distinctive slave “religiosity” in the era of large-scale enslavements. I work towards this reconstruction first by considering the subordination of slaves as religious agents (Part I) before turning to slaves’ practice of certain forms of religious expertise in the teeth of subordination and policing (II and III). After transitioning to an assessment of slave religiosity's role in the pursuit of freedom (IV), I conclude with a set of methodological justifications for this paper's line of inquiry (V).
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Roubekas, Nickolas. "Insularity of the Study of Ancient Religions and “Religion”." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 47, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.34613.

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The article discusses the disciplinary gap between classics, ancient history, and religious studies when studying ancient religions. It addresses the lack of interdisciplinary work and collaboration which stems from a number of factors.
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Davis, G. Scott. "TWO NEGLECTED CLASSICS OF COMPARATIVE ETHICS." Journal of Religious Ethics 36, no. 3 (September 2008): 375–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9795.2008.00353.x.

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Zürn, Tobias Benedikt. "Reception History and Early Chinese Classics." Religions 13, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13121224.

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Thus far, the study of early China and its texts is dominated by originalist approaches that try to excavate the authentic meaning of the classics. In this article, I promote the idea that a shift in focus from the intentions of the authors to the readers’ concrete responses could meaningfully accompany our research on the classics’ “original” meaning. Beyond merely illuminating the cultural and intellectual environments in which the various receptions were produced, such research on the classics’ myriad interpretations could also serve as a postcolonial catalyst, helping us identify field-specific trends and reading strategies that, often unnoticed, impact our understandings of early Chinese texts. In other words, reception history would not only give us insights into the history of early Chinese classics and the variegated worlds they inhabited. It would also help us illuminate and reflect upon the ways we researchers shape and preconfigure our visions of premodern China and its texts.
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Morgan, Drew Phillip. "Hermeneutical Aspects of John Henry Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine." Horizons 16, no. 2 (1989): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0360966900040482.

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AbstractRecent interest in the study of hermeneutics has called for a reexamination of many Christian classics. This has initiated a retrieval of many valuable insights found in the classics that are extremely important for contemporary theology. Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine is such a classic. From the time of its publication in 1845, the Essay has been an important and influential work in the life of Catholic thought. By reexamining Newman's work, we are assisted along the unfolding hermeneutical path known as Catholic theology. This article examines Newman's theory of development, three major objections to that theory, and a review of the relevance of Newman's theory for contemporary hermeneutics.
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Jensen, Christopher. "Book Review: Finding Wisdom in East Asian Classics." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 43, no. 3 (September 2014): 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429814540383c.

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Bradbury, Mary. "Classics Revisited." Mortality 6, no. 2 (July 2001): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576270125109.

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Clairmont, D. A. "Persons as Religious Classics: Comparative Ethics and the Theology of Bridge Concepts." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 78, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 687–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfq052.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Classics and Religious Studies"

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Rask, Katherine. "Greek Devotional Images: Iconography and Interpretation in the Religious Arts." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338473387.

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Short, Richard Graham. "Religion in Cicero." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10590.

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This study describes the religious content of the Ciceronian corpus and reappraises Cicero’s religious stance. Chapter 1 develops a working definition of religion in terms of interested supernatural agents, briefly situating it within the historiography of religion. Support for this definition from scholars in a range of academic disciplines is demonstrated. It is then engaged in Chapter 2 as a tool with which to locate and classify religious material in the Ciceronian corpus, approaching the texts genre by genre and indicating certain difficulties encountered when seeking to divide the religious from the non-religious. Religion in Cicero now defined, Chapter 3 considers the limitations in scope and methodology of previous research on the topic, arguing that these limitations call for a new approach but also suggest how it should proceed. The corpus must be considered as a whole, with twin objectives: to describe and account for conflicting religious viewpoints within and between individual works, and to establish whether a coherent authorial religious position exists. Cicero generally presents religion as beneficial to society, but never expressly sets out to elucidate the reasoning behind this recurrent proposition or collects in one place those beliefs and practices that are repeatedly advocated. Chapter 4 combines disparate Ciceronian material to show how social utility is thought to accrue and how it is predicated upon a surprisingly large and specific body of religious doctrine. This doctrine amounts to a dominant religious ideology; its operation in practice and its substantial resemblance to Roman orthodoxy are illustrated in Chapter 5, a case study on Cicero’s use of religious rhetoric in connection with the Catilinarian conspiracy. Chapter 6 details the similarities and many conflicts between the dominant religious ideology and the religious viewpoints of the Stoics, Epicureans and Philonian Academics as each school is portrayed by Cicero. Finally, Chapter 7 argues that a coherent authorial attitude to religion is present, which maps closely onto the dominant religious ideology and is characterized by a consistent and spirited endorsement of traditional Roman religion in full awareness of competing rational arguments from Greek philosophy. Some possible explanations for this attitude conclude the study.
The Classics
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Tumblin, Jericha Brenn. "Paul in the Gentile Synagogue: The Areopagus Episode (Acts 17:16-34) in its Literary and Spatial Context." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1556299519527043.

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Macrae, Duncan Eoin. "The Books of Numa: Writing, Intellectuals and the Making of Roman Religion." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10899.

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This dissertation provides an intellectual and social history of learned writing on Roman religious culture during the late Republic and early Empire. I examine the ways in which an elite learned literature, for which I propose the name "civil theology", constructed "Roman religion" as a religious system. The first part of the dissertation is an intellectual history of civil theology, especially focused on how these learned texts generated "Roman religion" as an object of knowledge. In order to elucidate how texts can authoritatively construct a religious system, I pursue a comparison between civil theology and the Mishnah, a rabbinic textual compilation. The second part of the dissertation is a social history of civil theology, concentrating on the social contexts of production and reception of the discourse. Firstly, I demonstrate how the discourse was embedded in the social relations of the profoundly competitive late Republican elite. Civil theology was not a socially marginal intellectual activity. Rather, knowledge about Roman religion provided resources for the social self-presentation of the elite. Secondly, I consider how civil theology became implicated in the new imperial socio-political order. Emperors drew on civil-theological knowledge to legitimize "religious reforms" and their personal rule; for the aristocracy, civil theology became entangled with responses to the new situation of autocracy. In a conclusion, I outline the continuing influence of civil theology and its construction of "Roman religion" in the high imperial period and late antiquity and consider how Roman civil theology can complicate the established scholarly approaches to the relationship between books and religion.
The Classics
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Jones, Christopher V. "The use of, and controversy surrounding, the term atman in the Indian Buddhist tathagatagarbha literature." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4f7ce66e-6ac1-4bcd-9c98-10f5f087599e.

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The tathāgatagarbha doctrine of Mahāyāna Buddhism affirms the existence of some permanent, significant content of sentient beings that is of the same character as a Buddha. While this alone was an important innovation within Buddhist thought, some of its authors ventured further to deem this significant content an ātman: a ‘self’, in apparent contradiction to the central Buddhist teaching of the absence of self (anātman) in the constitution of all beings. The aims of this thesis are two. Firstly, to examine usage of the term ātman in the Indian tathāgatagarbha sources which develop use of this expression. This entails a close reading of relevant sources (primarily Mahāyāna sūtra literature), and attention to how this term is used in the context of each. These sources present different perspectives on the tathāgatagarbha and its designation as a self; this study aims to examine significant differences between, and similarities across, these texts and their respective doctrines. The second aim is to attempt an account of why authors of these texts ventured to designate the tathāgatagarbha with the term ātman, especially when some of our sources suggest that this innovation received some opposition, while others deem it in requirement of strong qualification, or to be simply inappropriate. It is not my objective to account for whether or not the tathāgatagarbha is or is not implicitly what we may deem ‘a self’ on the terms of Buddhist tradition; rather, I am concerned with the manner in which this expression itself was adopted, and – in light of clear difficulties raises by it – what may have motivated those authors responsible. I argue not only that we can trace the development of this designation across the tathāgatagarbha literature, but also that those authors responsible for its earliest usage adopted an attitude towards non-Buddhist discourses on the self that requires special attention. This, I believe, had its roots in an account of the Buddha and his influence that advances our understanding of one tradition of Mahāyāna Buddhology, and its ambition to affirm its superiority over other Indian religious traditions.
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Hooker, Mischa A. "The Use of Sibyls and Sibylline Oracles in Early Christian Writers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1210693456.

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Maran, Ji Ra. "Paul’s Discourse on Slavery and Freedomin the Light of Stoic Philosophy." Thesis, Enskilda Högskolan Stockholm, Teologiska högskolan Stockholm, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ths:diva-229.

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This thesis focuses on Paul’s view on freedom for believers in the context ofslavery. Paul’s understanding comes through in his metaphorical usage of slavelanguage in 1 Cor 7:20-24. In this thesis, a comparison between the teaching ofPaul and that of the Stoics Seneca, Musonius, and Epictetus will support myinterpretation of Paul’s opinion regarding slavery and freedom. I first explore howPaul and the three Stoics advocate for their understanding of freedom for slaves,and then I compare Paul’s theological interpretation with the moral values of thethree Stoics. There is no doubt that Paul, Seneca, Musonius and Epictetus wereaware of the cruel physical judgments and hardships, which slaves suffered in thecontext of slavery. Though neither Paul nor the three Stoics expressed an intentionto terminate the existing hierarchical social structure and slavery system, they alsodid not ignore the physical judgments and hardships placed upon slaves. Theteachings of Paul, Seneca, Musonius and Epictetus testify that they had a commonwill to end, or at least reduce, the exploitation and dehumanization of slaves. Theircommon interest is to promote the possibility of freedom, equal fairness and kindlytreatments for slaves. Both groups preferred freedom and dignity for human beingsby ignoring the social standards and social identification of the Roman society.However, they emphasized inner freedom rather than the social freedom of the slaves.Aim of thesis: To compare Paul’s attitude to slavery and his metaphoricallanguage of slavery and freedom with that of the Stoic philosophers, Seneca,Epictetus, and Musonius.
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Fleming, Safa Rebecca Lorraine. "Locating Women's Rhetorical Education and Performance: Early to Mid Nineteenth Century Schools for Women and the Congregationalist Mission Movement." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1209093895.

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Owings, Thomas Henry. "God-Emperor Trump: Masculinity, Suffering, and Sovereignty." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1591528636574634.

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Maroney, Fr Simon Mary of the Cross M. Carm. "Mary, Summa Contemplatrix in Denis the Carthusian." IMRI - Marian Library / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=udmarian1620301036422259.

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Books on the topic "Classics and Religious Studies"

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Sheryl, Burkhalter, and Reynolds Frank 1924-, eds. Beyond the classics?: Essays in religious studies and liberal education. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1990.

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High places in cyberspace: A guide to biblical and religious studies, classics, and archaeological resources on the Internet. 2nd ed. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1998.

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Ofsted. Inspecting post-16: Religious studies : with guidance on self-evaluation. London: Ofsted, 2001.

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Ofsted. Inspecting post-16: Religious studies : with guidance on self-evaluation. London: OFSTED, 2001.

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The Cult of Silvanus:: A Study in Roman Folk Religion (Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1992.

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Moral struggle and religious ethics: On the person as classic in comparative theological contexts. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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Ndubokwu, C. O. G. Women: Studies on the political, economic, and social status and religious roles and morality of Egyptian, Berber & Meroitic, Greek, and Roman women. Ibadan [Nigeria]: Oputoru Books, 2002.

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AQA. Religious Studies. Surrey: AQA, 1999.

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Education, Alberta Alberta. Religious studies. [Edmonton]: Alberta Education, 1985.

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AQA. Religious studies. Surrey: AQA, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Classics and Religious Studies"

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Coggan, Sharon L. "Religious Studies." In Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions, 2033–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1435.

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Cavallin, Clemens, Åke Sander, and Sudha Sitharaman. "Religious studies." In The Future of Religious Studies in India, 47–59. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003120117-4.

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Brown, Frank Burch. "Questioning the Classics: Norms and Canons in Religion and Art." In Religious Aesthetics, 158–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10021-7_7.

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Naudé, Jacobus A. "Religious translation." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 285–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.rel3.

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Hubbell, J. Andrew, and John C. Ryan. "Ecological religious studies." In Introduction to the Environmental Humanities, 129–46. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351200356-8.

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Mayled, Jon, Jill Oliphant, Sam Pillay, and Matthew Taylor. "Religious experience." In Routledge A Level Religious Studies, 102–32. 1 [edition]. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208725-10.

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Mayled, Jon, Jill Oliphant, and Sam Pillay. "Religious experience." In Routledge A Level Religious Studies, 102–32. 1 [edition]. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208725-6.

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Davies, Douglas J. "Types of worldview." In Worldview Religious Studies, 51–58. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242437-8.

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Davies, Douglas J. "Karmic worldview." In Worldview Religious Studies, 83–93. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242437-12.

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Davies, Douglas J. "Mystical worldview." In Worldview Religious Studies, 101–6. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242437-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Classics and Religious Studies"

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Keidun, Irina. "CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF CONFUCIAN CLASSICS (BASED ON THE TEXT OF LI JI)." In 9th International Conference ISSUES OF FAR EASTERN LITERATURES. St. Petersburg State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062049.15.

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The article attempts to analyze the canonical Confucian treatise Li Ji from the philosophical and religious studies’ perspective. Utilizing the information contained in the text, this article reconstructs the content of the ancient Chinese rituals of the life cycle — initiation, marriage, funeral and mourning, all of which served to trace and formalize changes in a person’s social status, securing his transition to a new position. Structure, functions and symbolism of ancient Chinese transitional ceremonies generally correspond with the theory of rituals of passage developed by the French researcher A. van Gennep. The results of this work demonstrate that the treatise may in the future become the object of close attention of researchers from various scientific branches, analyzing the panhuman universals of spiritual development.
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Ivanova, Anna. "Models of Social Cognition: from Classics to Post-Non-classics." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cesses-18.2018.216.

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"The Construction of Yakshas in Chinese Religious Paintings, Statues and Classics." In 2017 International Conference on Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. Francis Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/ssah.2017.61.

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Syedova, G. P. "Chinese classics in Legge’s and Guerra’s interpretations: challenges of comparative assessment." In PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND TRANSLATION STUDIES: AN EXPERIENCE AND CHALLENGES. Baltija Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-073-5-2-5.

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Ulum, Bahrul, and Mufdil Tuhri. "The Government and Mainstreaming Religious Education: Religious Moderation in the Reconfiguration of The Ministry of Religious Affairs and the Religious Organization in Jambi Province, Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies in conjunction with the 1st International Conference on Education, Science, Technology, Indonesian and Islamic Studies, ICIIS and ICESTIIS 2021, 20-21 October 2021, Jambi, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-10-2021.2316373.

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Pigaleva, A. V. "THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE READER’S RECEPTION OF THE STORY «THE BLIZZARD» BY V. SOROKIN." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERARY STUDIES. TSU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907572-04-1-2022-102.

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The article examines the English reader's reception of Vladimir Sorokin's story «The Blizzard» in English translation by J. Gambrell (1954–2020). The analysis of the reader's reception allows to conclude that Sorokin is perceived by the English speaking readership as a key modern Russian writer, while the image of the deformed Russian classics is only partially decoded.
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Farihah, I. "Religious Popular: Umrah as Manifestation of Religious Phenomena of Coastal Communities." In Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies, AICIS 2019, 1-4 October 2019, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.1-10-2019.2291689.

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Prasetya, Arif Budi. "Islamic Religious Messages in Local Television Level." In International Conference on Media and Communication Studies(ICOMACS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icomacs-18.2018.70.

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Duleba, M. "RELIGIOUS MOTIVES IN JOACHIM RINGELNATZ’S WORK THROUGH BAKHTINIAN LENS." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERARY STUDIES. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-02-3-2021-139.

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Zhou, Jingfeng, and Fanyun Kong. "An Analysis of the Ways to Implement Chinese Classics Education in Kindergarten." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cesses-19.2019.57.

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Reports on the topic "Classics and Religious Studies"

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Cooper, Danielle, Roger Schonfeld, Richard Adams, Matthew Baker, Nisa Bakkalbasi, John Bales, Rebekah Bedard, et al. Supporting the Changing Research Practices of Religious Studies Scholars. Ithaka S+R, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18665/sr.294119.

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Tadros, Mariz, ed. What About Us? Global Perspectives on Redressing Religious Inequalities. Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.005.

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How can we make religious equality a reality for those on the margins of society and politics? This book is about the individual and collective struggles of the religiously marginalised to be recognised and their inequalities, religious or otherwise, redressed. It is also about the efforts of civil society, governments, multilateral actors, and scholars to promote freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) whatever shape they take. The actors and contexts that feature in this book are as diverse as health workers in Israel, local education authorities in Nigeria, indigenous movements in India, Uganda, or South Africa, and multilateral actors such as the Islamic Development Bank in Sudan and the World Bank in Pakistan. Some of the case studies engage with development discourses and narratives or are undertaken by development actors, while other cases operate completely outside the international development paradigm. These case studies present some important insights, which while highly relevant for their contexts also draw out important insights for academics, practitioners, activists, and others who have an interest in redressing religious inequalities for socioeconomically marginalised populations.
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Thompson, Stephen, Brigitte Rohwerder, and Clement Arockiasamy. Freedom of Religious Belief and People with Disabilities: A Case Study of People with Disabilities from Religious Minorities in Chennai, India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.003.

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India has a unique and complex religious history, with faith and spirituality playing an important role in everyday life. Hinduism is the majority religion, and there are many minority religions. India also has a complicated class system and entrenched gender structures. Disability is another important identity. Many of these factors determine people’s experiences of social inclusion or exclusion. This paper explores how these intersecting identities influence the experience of inequality and marginalisation, with a particular focus on people with disabilities from minority religious backgrounds. A participatory qualitative methodology was employed in Chennai, to gather case studies that describe in-depth experiences of participants. Our findings show that many factors that make up a person’s identity intersect in India and impact how someone is included or excluded by society, with religious minority affiliation, caste, disability status, and gender all having the potential to add layers of marginalisation. These various identity factors, and how individuals and society react to them, impact on how people experience their social existence. Identity factors that form the basis for discrimination can be either visible or invisible, and discrimination may be explicit or implicit. Despite various legal and human rights frameworks at the national and international level that aim to prevent marginalisation, discrimination based on these factors is still prevalent in India. While some tokenistic interventions and schemes are in place to overcome marginalisation, such initiatives often only focus on one factor of identity, rather than considering intersecting factors. People with disabilities continue to experience exclusion in all aspects of their lives. Discrimination can exist both between, as well as within, religious communities, and is particularly prevalent in formal environments. Caste-based exclusion continues to be a major problem in India. The current socioeconomic environment and political climate can be seen to perpetuate marginalisation based on these factors. However, when people are included in society, regardless of belonging to a religious minority, having a disability, or being a certain caste, the impact on their life can be very positive.
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Tadros, Mariz, and Claire Thomas. Evidence Review: Religious Marginalities and COVID Vaccination - Access and Hesitancy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.033.

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Religious minority affiliation or status can play a very important role in influencing people's access to vaccines as well as their willingness to undergo vaccination. Many studies focus on class, ethnicity and geographic location when examining how social inequalities impact vaccination programmes. However, religious marginality is often overlooked. Here we explore how being situated on the margins, on account of religious affiliation, shapes experiences of vaccine access and uptake. The issues addressed are important for COVID-19 vaccination roll out, but also contain lessons for all vaccination programmes and many other preventative health measures. In this brief, we present key considerations for addressing differentials in access to and willingness to undergo vaccinations that are linked to religious minority status, experiences, authorities or doctrine. We explain why the study and awareness of religious marginality is crucial for the success of vaccination programmes broadly and specifically as they apply to COVID-19 vaccination. We also explore ways in which religious marginality intersects with other identity markers to influence individual and community access to vaccines. Finally, we examine vaccine hesitancy in relation to religious minorities and outline approaches to community health engagement that are socio-religiously sensitive, as well as practical, to enhance vaccination confidence.
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Tadros, Mariz, and Claire Thomas. Evidence Review: Religious Marginalities and COVID Vaccination - Access and Hesitancy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.043.

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Abstract:
Religious minority affiliation or status can play a very important role in influencing people's access to vaccines as well as their willingness to undergo vaccination. Many studies focus on class, ethnicity and geographic location when examining how social inequalities impact vaccination programmes. However, religious marginality is often overlooked. Here we explore how being situated on the margins, on account of religious affiliation, shapes experiences of vaccine access and uptake. The issues addressed are important for COVID-19 vaccination roll out, but also contain lessons for all vaccination programmes and many other preventative health measures. In this brief, we present key considerations for addressing differentials in access to and willingness to undergo vaccinations that are linked to religious minority status, experiences, authorities or doctrine. We explain why the study and awareness of religious marginality is crucial for the success of vaccination programmes broadly and specifically as they apply to COVID-19 vaccination. We also explore ways in which religious marginality intersects with other identity markers to influence individual and community access to vaccines. Finally, we examine vaccine hesitancy in relation to religious minorities and outline approaches to community health engagement that are socio-religiously sensitive, as well as practical, to enhance vaccination confidence.
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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.

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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against this backdrop that M.A. Muqtedar Khan has written a book of breathtaking range and ethical beauty. The author explores the history and sociology of the Muslim world, both classic and contemporary. He does so, however, not merely to chronicle the phases of its development, but to explore just why the message of compassion, mercy, and ethical beauty so prominent in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet came over time to be displaced by a narrow legalism that emphasized jurisprudence, punishment, and social control. In the modern era, Western Orientalists and Islamists alike have pushed the juridification and interpretive reification of Islamic ethical traditions even further. Each group has asserted that the essence of Islam lies in jurisprudence (fiqh), and both have tended to imagine this legal heritage on the model of Western positive law, according to which law is authorized, codified, and enforced by a leviathan state. “Reification of Shariah and equating of Islam and Shariah has a rather emaciating effect on Islam,” Khan rightly argues. It leads its proponents to overlook “the depth and heights of Islamic faith, mysticism, philosophy or even emotions such as divine love (Muhabba)” (13). As the sociologist of Islamic law, Sami Zubaida, has similarly observed, in all these developments one sees evidence, not of a traditionalist reassertion of Muslim values, but a “triumph of Western models” of religion and state (Zubaida 2003:135). To counteract these impoverishing trends, Khan presents a far-reaching analysis that “seeks to move away from the now failed vision of Islamic states without demanding radical secularization” (2). He does so by positioning himself squarely within the ethical and mystical legacy of the Qur’an and traditions of the Prophet. As the book’s title makes clear, the key to this effort of religious recovery is “the cosmology of Ihsan and the worldview of Al-Tasawwuf, the science of Islamic mysticism” (1-2). For Islamist activists whose models of Islam have more to do with contemporary identity politics than a deep reading of Islamic traditions, Khan’s foregrounding of Ihsan may seem unfamiliar or baffling. But one of the many achievements of this book is the skill with which it plumbs the depth of scripture, classical commentaries, and tasawwuf practices to recover and confirm the ethic that lies at their heart. “The Quran promises that God is with those who do beautiful things,” the author reminds us (Khan 2019:1). The concept of Ihsan appears 191 times in 175 verses in the Quran (110). The concept is given its richest elaboration, Khan explains, in the famous hadith of the Angel Gabriel. This tradition recounts that when Gabriel appeared before the Prophet he asked, “What is Ihsan?” Both Gabriel’s question and the Prophet’s response make clear that Ihsan is an ideal at the center of the Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet, and that it enjoins “perfection, goodness, to better, to do beautiful things and to do righteous deeds” (3). It is this cosmological ethic that Khan argues must be restored and implemented “to develop a political philosophy … that emphasizes love over law” (2). In its expansive exploration of Islamic ethics and civilization, Khan’s Islam and Good Governance will remind some readers of the late Shahab Ahmed’s remarkable book, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Ahmed 2016). Both are works of impressive range and spiritual depth. But whereas Ahmed stood in the humanities wing of Islamic studies, Khan is an intellectual polymath who moves easily across the Islamic sciences, social theory, and comparative politics. He brings the full weight of his effort to conclusion with policy recommendations for how “to combine Sufism with political theory” (6), and to do so in a way that recommends specific “Islamic principles that encourage good governance, and politics in pursuit of goodness” (8).
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/5jchdy.

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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0001.

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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.
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9

Sultan, Sadiqa, Maryam Kanwer, and Jaffer Mirza. A Multi-layered Minority: Hazara Shia Women in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.011.

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Shia account for approximately 10–15 per cent of the Muslim population in Pakistan, which has a largely Sunni Muslim population. Anti-Shia violence, led by extremist militant groups, dates to 1979 and has resulted in thousands killed and injured in terrorist attacks over the years. Hazara Shia, who are both an ethnic and a religious minority, make an easy target for extremist groups as they are physically distinctive. The majority live in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan in central Pakistan, where they have become largely ghettoised into two areas as result of ongoing attacks. Studies on the Hazara Shia persecution have mostly focused on the killings of Hazara men and paid little attention to the nature and impact of religious persecution of Shias on Hazara women. Poor Hazara women in particular face multi-layered marginalisation, due to the intersection of their gender, religious-ethnic affiliation and class, and face limited opportunities in education and jobs, restricted mobility, mental and psychological health issues, and gender-based discrimination.
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Avis, William. Role of Faith and Belief in Environmental Engagement and Action in MENA Region. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.086.

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This helpdesk report provides a critical review of the literature on the role of faith and religious values in environmental engagement and action. Contemporary studies have examined the relationship between religion and climate change including the ongoing “greening” process of religions. The review focuses on the responses of the Islamic faith in the MENA region to climate-related issues. MENA is considered one of the region’s most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The rapid review drawing from empirical findings notes that religious organizations have great potential in the protection of the environment. Religious organizations possess resources and infrastructure to positively impact the conversation on climate change. While the review acknowledges the important role that religion plays in environmental engagement, there is still no unified perception of climate change among members of the Islamic faith. There are those who believe that there are other more urgent issues such as radicalism, terrorism, democracy, and human rights. The review notes that the shared challenge of climate change can provide a mechanism to bring together faiths to discuss, share teachings, and agree on common action.
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