Journal articles: 'Classical Karst'

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Knez, Martin, Tadej Slabe, and Postojna Slovenia. "Unroofed caves are an important feature of karst surfaces: examples from the classical karst." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 46, no. 2 (July 3, 2002): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/46/2002/181.

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Ravbar, Nataša. "Karst aquifer hazard assessment and mapping on the Classical Karst." Acta geographica Slovenica 46, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ags46202.

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Cucchi, Franco, Fabio Forti, and Furio Finocchiaro. "Carbonate surface solution in the classical karst." International Journal of Speleology 16, no. 3/4 (June 1987): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.16.3.6.

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Veselic, Miran. "Protection of Groundwater in Classical Karst Systems." Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 33, no. 4 (October 2003): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714037685.

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Gams, I. "Origin of the term ?karst,? and the transformation of the classical karst (kras)." Environmental Geology 21, no. 3 (June 1993): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00775293.

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Valentić, Lara, Peter Kozel, and Tanja Pipan. "Microplastic pollution in vulnerable karst environments: case study from the Slovenian classical karst region." Acta Carsologica 51, no. 1 (December 8, 2022): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ac.v51i1.10597.

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Since the start of mass production of plastic materials more than a century ago, the problem of accumulating plastic waste in the environment has reached epic proportions. Recently, the problem of smaller plastic particles (microplastic, MP) in the environment has become a widely studied topic, but the amount and types of MP in karst environments are still poorly known. Thus, the objective of this study was to collect and analyse samples from various karst habitats and to try and determine the scope of pollution in karst springs that are in part used as sources for drinking water. Of the potential pollution sources, we sampled rainwater, two discharges from wastewater treatment plants, and a leachate from a landfill. We conducted polymer analyses of potential MP particles using FTIR-ATR. The results showed that eight samples from the Postojna region (Postojna–Planina Cave System, rainfall sample and surface streams) contain up to 444 MP particles per m3. However, 32 samples taken from the Škocjan–Kačna–Jama 1 v Kanjaducah Cave System contain up to 60,000 MP particles per m3, with the bulk of particles found in the sediment samples from Škocjan Caves – Kačna Cave System. Samples from Postojna region contained mostly PET, PU and PA polymers, with a minor inclusion of polymers of plastic sponge used for cleaning. Samples from Škocjan region contained mostly PP, PET and PE polymers, with some of PA and PU polymers. Sediment samples contained much less MP particles compared to water samples, which indicates fast transport through karst aquifer.

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Knez, Martin, Tadej Slabe, Stanka Šebela, and Franci Gabrovšek. "The largest karst cave discovered in a tunnel during motorway construction in Slovenia’s Classical Karst (Kras)." Environmental Geology 54, no. 4 (June 22, 2007): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0840-5.

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Zini, L., C. Calligaris, and E. Zavagno. "Classical Karst hydrodynamics: a shared aquifer within Italy and Slovenia." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (September 16, 2014): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-499-2014.

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Abstract. The classical Karst transboundary aquifer is a limestone plateau of 750 km2 that extends from Brkini hills in Slovenia to Isonzo River in Italy. For 20 years, and especially in the last two years, the Mathematic and Geosciences Department of Trieste University has run a monitoring project in order to better understand the groundwater hydrodynamics and the relation between the fracture and conduit systems. A total of 14 water points, including caves, springs and piezometers are monitored and temperature, water level and EC data are recorded. Two sectors are highlighted: the southeastern sector mainly influenced by the sinking of the Reka River, and a northwestern sector connected to the influent character of the Isonzo River. Water table fluctuations are significant, with risings of > 100 m. During floods most of the circuits are under pressure, and only a comparative analysis of water levels, temperature and EC permits a precise evaluation of the water transit times in fractured and/or karstified volumes.

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Jurkovšek, Bogdan, Sara Biolchi, Stefano Furlani, Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek, Luca Zini, Jernej Jež, Giorgio Tunis, Miloš Bavec, and Franco Cucchi. "Geology of the Classical Karst Region (SW Slovenia–NE Italy)." Journal of Maps 12, sup1 (August 12, 2016): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1215941.

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Valjavec, Mateja Breg, Rok Ciglič, Krištof Oštir, and Daniela Ribeiro. "Modelling habitats in karst landscape by integrating remote sensing and topography data." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0011.

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Abstract Field mapping is an accurate but also time consuming method of detailed mapping of habitat types. Levels of habitat types are usually hierarchically nested at several levels. Our main research question therefore is: ‘How detailed can be modelling of habitat types with decision trees and digital data in karst landscape?’ Similar to studies in other (non-karst) environments we explored the basic properties of the habitats in Dinaric Karst study region (Classical Karst in Southwest Slovenia) and tested modelling of habitat types at three different levels of detail. To seek for the best set of predictor variables we used Rapid-Eye satellite images, airborne images and digital elevation model. We prepared more than 60 explanatory variables and divided habitat polygons into training and testing samples to validate the results. The results proved that modelling with decision trees in Dinaric Karst landscape does not result in high accuracy at high detailed levels. Due to the presence of mine fields in the large area of Dinaric Karst (e.g. in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) the field mapping in this area is difficult therefore the findings from this study can be used for further development of mapping through remote sensing.

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Breg Valjavec, Mateja, Matija Zorn, and Andraž Čarni. "Bioindication of human-induced soil degradation in enclosed karst depressions (dolines) using Ellenberg indicator values (Classical Karst, Slovenia)." Science of The Total Environment 640-641 (November 2018): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.294.

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Breg Valjavec, Mateja, Matija Zorn, and Andraž Čarni. "Human-induced land degradation and biodiversity of Classical Karst landscape: On the example of enclosed karst depressions (dolines)." Land Degradation & Development 29, no. 10 (August 17, 2018): 3823–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3116.

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Knez, Martin, and Tadej Slabe. "Planning, Research and Karstological Monitoring of Expressways Crossing Classical Karst (Slovenia)." Creative Education 03, no. 07 (2012): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ce.2012.37b009.

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Brancelj, Anton, Nataša Mori, Francesco Treu, and Fabio Stoch. "The groundwater fauna of the Classical Karst: hydrogeological indicators and descriptors." Aquatic Ecology 54, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-019-09737-w.

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Calligaris, Chiara, Kim Mezga, Francesca Slejko, Janko Urbanc, and Luca Zini. "Groundwater Characterization by Means of Conservative (δ18O and δ2H) and Non-Conservative (87Sr/86Sr) Isotopic Values: The Classical Karst Region Aquifer Case (Italy–Slovenia)." Geosciences 8, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8090321.

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The study of the different hydrogeological compartments is a prerequisite for understanding and monitoring different fluxes, thereby evaluating the environmental changes in an ecosystem where anthropogenic disturbances are present in order to preserve the most vulnerable groundwaters from contamination and degradation. In many karst domains in the Mediterranean, areas groundwaters and surface waters are a single system, as a result of the features that facilitate the ingression of waters from surface to subsurface. This is also the case for the Classical Karst hydrostructure, which is a carbonate plateau that rises above the northern Adriatic Sea, shared between Italy and Slovenia. The main suppliers to the aquifer are the effective precipitations and the waters from three different rivers: Reka/Timavo, Soča/Isonzo and Vipava/Vipacco. Past and ongoing hydrogeological studies on the area have focused on the connections within the Classical Karst Region aquifer system through the analysis of water caves and springs hydrographs and chemographs. In this paper, the authors present new combined data from major ions, oxygen, hydrogen and strontium stable and radiogenic isotopes which have allowed a more complementary knowledge of the groundwater circulation, provenance and water-rock interactions. All the actions occurred in the framework of the European project HYDROKARST.

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Živanović, Vladimir, Nebojša Atanacković, and Saša Stojadinović. "Vulnerability Assessment as a Basis for Sanitary Zone Delineation of Karst Groundwater Sources—Blederija Spring Case Study." Water 13, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192775.

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The application of groundwater vulnerability methods has great importance for the sanitary protection zones delineation of karstic sources. Source vulnerability assessment of karst groundwater has mainly relied on the European approach (European Cooperation in Science and Technology—COST action 620), which includes analysis of the K factor, which refers to water flow through the saturated zone of the karst system. In the paper, two approaches to groundwater vulnerability assessment have been applied, COP + K and TDM (Time-Dependent Model) methods, to produce the most suitable source vulnerability map that can be transformed into sanitary protection zones maps. Both methods were tested on the case example of Blederija karst spring in Eastern Serbia. This spring represents a classical karst spring with allogenic and autogenic recharge. Dual aquifer recharge points out the necessity for the inclusion of the vulnerability assessment method created especially for the assessment of karst groundwater. Obtained vulnerability maps show similar results, particularly in the spring and the ponor areas, and these zones are most important for future protection. The COP + K method brings out three vulnerability classes that can be directly transformed into three sanitary protection zones. Contrary to the previous one, the TDM method uses water travel time as a vulnerability degree. The results show that the final map can be easily used to define sanitary zones considering different national legislation.

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Ruggieri, Giovanni, Vincenzo Allocca, Flavio Borfecchia, Delia Cusano, Palmira Marsiglia, and Pantaleone De Vita. "Testing Evapotranspiration Estimates Based on MODIS Satellite Data in the Assessment of the Groundwater Recharge of Karst Aquifers in Southern Italy." Water 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020118.

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In many Italian regions, and particularly in southern Italy, karst aquifers are the main sources of drinking water and play a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the territory. Hence, estimating the groundwater recharge of these aquifers is a fundamental task for the proper management of water resources, while also considering the impacts of climate changes. In the southern Apennines, the assessment of hydrological parameters that is needed for the estimation of groundwater recharge is a challenging issue, especially for the spatial and temporal inhomogeneity of networks of rain and air temperature stations, as well as the variable geomorphological features and land use across mountainous karst areas. In such a framework, the integration of terrestrial and remotely sensed data is a promising approach to limit these uncertainties. In this research, estimations of actual evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge using remotely sensed data gathered by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) satellite in the period 2000–2014 are shown for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines. To assess the uncertainties affecting conventional methods based on empirical formulas, the values estimated by the MODIS dataset were compared with those calculated by Coutagne, Turc, and Thornthwaite classical empirical formulas, which were based on the recordings of meteorological stations. The annual rainfall time series of 266 rain gauges and 150 air temperature stations, recorded using meteorological networks managed by public agencies in the period 2000–2014, were considered for reconstructing the regional distributed models of actual evapotranspiration (AET) and groundwater recharge. Considering the MODIS AET, the mean annual groundwater recharge for karst aquifers was estimated to be about 448 mm·year−1. In contrast, using the Turc, Coutagne, and Thornthwaite methods, it was estimated as being 494, 533, and 437 mm·year−1, respectively. The obtained results open a new methodological perspective for the assessment of the groundwater recharge of karst aquifers at the regional and mean annual scales, allowing for limiting uncertainties and taking into account a spatial resolution greater than that of the existing meteorological networks. Among the most relevant results obtained via the comparison of classical approaches used for estimating evapotranspiration is the good matching of the actual evapotranspiration estimated using MODIS data with the potential evapotranspiration estimated using the Thornthwaite formula. This result was considered linked to the availability of soil moisture for the evapotranspiration demand due to the relevant precipitation in the area, the general occurrence of soils covering karst aquifers, and the dense vegetation.

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Benac, Čedomir, Mladen Juračić, Dubravko Matičec, Igor Ružić, and Kristina Pikelj. "Fluviokarst and classical karst: Examples from the Dinarics (Krk Island, Northern Adriatic, Croatia)." Geomorphology 184 (February 2013): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.11.016.

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Rovan, Leja, Sonja Lojen, Tea Zuliani, Tjaša Kanduč, Metka Petrič, Barbara Horvat, Simon Rusjan, and Marko Štrok. "Comparison of Uranium Isotopes and Classical Geochemical Tracers in Karst Aquifer of Ljubljanica River catchment (Slovenia)." Water 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072064.

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The karst aquifer of the Ljubljanica River catchment, which has numerous springs and sinks, presents an interesting environment for studying hydrogeological processes. This study aims to explore the behavior of U isotopes and to evaluate their use as tracers of hydrogeochemical processes as an alternative to classical geochemical tracers (i.e., physicochemical parameters, elemental ratios, and alkalinity) involved in water–rock interactions and water flow in this karst water system. Basic hydrochemical parameters, as well as the spatiotemporal variations of total U concentrations, 234U/238U activity ratios, and δ238U values, were monitored in water samples from springs and sinks under different hydrological conditions. The bedrock as the source of dissolved and detrital U was also analyzed. Multi-collector inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry results reveal variations of the 234U/238U activity ratios, which are consistently negatively correlated with the discharge at most analyzed sites. Large 238U/235U isotope fractionation occurred during bedrock weathering, and the large variability of the measured δ238U values is seemingly unrelated to the lithological characteristics of the bedrock or discharge. Our results confirm that 234U/238U activity ratios in water can be used as a tracer for studying changes in groundwater flows and the mixing of waters of different origins under different hydrological conditions.

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GARAI, Lavinia Daiana. "MORPHOGRAPHIC STUDY OF BOIULUI VALLEY HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN." Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/auog.311104-867.

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The aim of the present paper is to determine the morphometric parameters and features of Boiului Valley hydrographic basin. The basin is located in a karst area, in Pădurea Craiului Mountains, Romania, which makes it special, as the rivers flow through soluble rocks. We selected a small basin in order to analyse its morphometric elements and check if the morphometric laws of hydrographic basins are respected in the same way by the rivers flowing in karst areas. We applied the classical working method, that is processing the information from the topographic maps and with the help of the ArcGis soft we managed to measure the major morphometric indicators: the surface of the basin, the area, the shape factor, the length and width of the basin, drainage basin asymmetry factor and sinuosity index.

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Turpaud, Philippe, Luca Zini, Nataša Ravbar, Franco Cucchi, Metka Petrič, and Janko Urbanc. "Development of a Protocol for the Karst Water Source Protection Zoning: Application to the Classical Karst Region (NE Italy and SW Slovenia)." Water Resources Management 32, no. 6 (February 23, 2018): 1953–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1882-4.

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Petruzzellis, Francesco, Sara Natale, Luca Bariviera, Alberto Calderan, Alenka Mihelčič, Jan Reščič, Paolo Sivilotti, et al. "High spatial heterogeneity of water stress levels in Refošk grapevines cultivated in Classical Karst." Agricultural Water Management 260 (February 2022): 107288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107288.

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Parise, M. "Flood history in the karst environment of Castellana-Grotte (Apulia, southern Italy)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 31, 2003): 593–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-593-2003.

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Abstract. Karst environments are characterized by peculiar hydrologic features, and in particular by a very limited, if not absent, surface hydrography. Water tends to infiltrate rapidly underground through the complex network of fractures and karstic conduits in the rock mass. However, on the occasion of concentrated rainfall, as well as in case of prolonged precipitation, such network might not be able to allow flowing of large amounts of water, which causes the occurrence of floods. This contribution illustrates the flood history in a classical karst area of Southern Italy, the town of Castellana-Grotte, in Apulia. The oldest part of the town lies at the bottom of a karst valley, which was hit by many flood events in the last centuries. More than twenty of these are here documented, starting from critical analysis of existing publications and documents, integrated with additional historical researches. Aimed at reconstructing the flood history at Castellana-Grotte, the best-documented events are described, together with the main factors, which played a role in distribution and gravity of the related damage. Eventually some engineering works realized during the first decades of the last century, in order to avoid further damage on the occasion of catastrophic floods, are also described.

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Gabrovšek, Franci, Andrej Mihevc, Cyril Mayaud, Matej Blatnik, and Blaž Kogovšek. "Slovene Classical karst: Kras Plateau and the Recharge Area of Ljubljanica River / Klasični kras: planota Kras in kraško zaledje izvirov Ljubljanice." Folia biologica et geologica 63, no. 2 (September 7, 2022): 35–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/fbg0097.

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The area of the Classical Karst is roughly defined by a triangle with Ljubljana, Trieste and Rijeka as its vertices. This is the area where the first scientific studies of karst phenomena were conducted. Two sub-regions that particularly attracted researchers are presented. Kras/Carso plateau with the Škocjan caves and the underground course of the Reka river. The groundwater flow of Reka-Timavo is characterised by high recharge variability of allogenic inflow of Reka River and flow restrictions in the upper part of subterranean flow, which control regional backfloodings observed in cave systems. The recharge area of Ljubljanica Springs is known for a cascading series of poljes in intermediate cave systems. The area has been in focus of hydrological studies for over a century, but many phenomena have been resolved in the last decade based on results of continuous autonomous monitoring in the last decade. Key words: Classical Karst, Kras, Škocjanske Jame, Reka-Timavo system, Ljubljanica Recharge Area, Polje. IZVLEČEK Območje Klasičnega krasa v grobem objema trikotnik z Ljubljano, Reko in Trstom v ogliščih. Tu se je začelo znanstveno proučevanje krasa. Dve kraški območji sta tu še posebej pritegnili pozornost raziskovalcev. Prvo je planota Kras s Škocjanskimi jamami in podzemnim tokom Reke med Škocjanskimi jamami in izviri Timave. Ta tok močno zaznamuje velika spremenljivost dotoka reke Reke in lokalne zožitve v vodonosniku, ki povzročajo regionalno poplavljanje, kot ga beležimo v jamah. Drugo je območje kraške Ljubljanice z značilnim nizom dinarskih kraških polj in jamskih sistemov, ki polja hidrološko povezujejo. Območje je že več kot stoletje predmet številnih raziskav, zvezno spremljanje parametrov toka v kraških jamah v zadnjih desetih letih, pa je omogočilo nova spoznanja o lastnostih in mehanizmih pretakanja vode v celotnem sistemu. Ključne besede: Klasični kras, Kras, Škocjanske jame, podzemni tok reke Reke, kraško zaledje izvirov Ljubljanice, polje.

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Pruner, Petr, Nadja Zupan Hajna, Andrej Mihevc, Pavel Bosák, Otakar Man, Petr Schnabl, and Daniela Venhodová. "Magnetostratigraphy and fold tests from Račiška pečina and Pečina v Borštu caves (Classical Karst, Slovenia)." Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 54, no. 1 (January 2010): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11200-010-0002-1.

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Devoto, Stefano, Sara Biolchi, Stefano Furlani, Franco Cucchi, and Luca Zini. "Recognition and strength characterization of platy limestone layers in the Classical Karst quarries (NE Italy)." Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 41 (November 2016): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2016.153.

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Castello, Miris, Livio Poldini, and Alfredo Altobelli. "The aquatic and wetland vegetation of Lake Doberdò: an analysis for conservation value assessment of a disappearing lake of the Classical Karst (North East Italy)." Plant Sociology 58, no. 1 (June 21, 2021): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pls2020581/05.

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Lake Doberdò (Classical Karst) is a well-known example of karst lakes, temporary lakes that seasonally fill and empty through springs and swallow holes connected to the underground waters. It is an area of exceptional interest for geological-geomorphological and biodiversity conservation, and is part of the Natura 2000 network. Its peculiar hydro-ecological nature allows an impressive variety of species and habitats. A phytosociological survey was carried out to provide a comprehensive analysis of the vegetation. On the basis of 177 phytosociological relevés and multivariate analysis 43 communities were found, belonging to Platyhypnidio-Fontinalietea antipyreticae, Lemnetea minoris, Potametea pectinati, Bidentetea tripartitae, Isoëto-Nanojuncetea, Phragmito-Magnocaricetea, Agrostietea stoloniferae, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Filipendulo ulmariae-Convolvuletea sepium, Alnetea glutinosae, Rhamno catharticae-Prunetea spinosae, Alno glutinosae-Populetea albae. The Leucojo aestivi-Poetum pratensis association including waterside periodically flooded meadows is validated. Compared to the past, various communities show a change in their distribution while some valuable coenoses were not found. 21 communities are attributed to 8 Annex I Habitats of the 92/43/EEC Directive. The study confirms the high value of Lake Doberdò for biodiversity conservation but highlights an ongoing process of environmental change due to both natural and human-related causes including modifications of the hydrological regime and abandonment of traditional agricultural practices. An overview of the features of Lake Doberdò is provided to compare this disappearing lake with the karst groundwater-dependent wetlands found in Ireland called “turloughs”, corresponding to Annex I Habitat 3180*. Also on the basis of the current interpretation and distribution of this habitat type at the EU level, a proposal is presented to recognize and protect this outstanding area of the Natura 2000 network in Italy as the habitat 3180*, modelled on Irish turloughs.

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ZAREỊ, MEHDI, EZATOLAH RAEISI, and CHRISTOPHER J. TALBOT. "Karst development on a mobile substrate: Konarsiah salt extrusion, Iran." Geological Magazine 149, no. 3 (August 15, 2011): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000689.

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AbstractMost karst terranes develop slowly on static limestone substrates as part of the global hydrological cycle. Here we introduce the novel concept of a karst morphology developing very rapidly on a more soluble substrate of salt (NaCl) that is moving through its own global cycle. We open with a reminder of karst features and processes in limestone. We then illustrate the global salt cycle using the 180 or so extrusions of Hormoz salt in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. After describing the geology of an example, we consider how it fits into the evolution of salt extrusions. This example, Konarsiah, was chosen for its simple hydrology. Konarsiah is covered by residual soils of the insoluble components that remain in place as the Hormoz salt is dissolved. Dolines in the surface of these soils enlarge and the soils thicken as the moving salt dissolves. The long-term rate of salt dissolution and soil production on Konarsiah are estimated using traditional methods. The calculated age of the thickest, most distal soil is used to constrain the average rate at which the underlying salt flows downslope after extruding from two vents. The average velocities constrained for salt flow are lower than rates of displacement of markers near the summit of Konarsiah measured at irregular intervals over five years. Salt extruding from recently truncated diapirs near the arid south coast of Iran exhibit all the features seen in classical karst terranes. In the more humid mountains inland, vegetated soils protect salt extrusions like Konarsiah from erosion and limit their salt karst features. Soil covers also probably even out salt flow velocities. Salt extrusions advance when such protective covers grow and thicken in humid conditions. They retreat when such protection is lost to erosion in drier conditions. These external signs complement internal recumbent folds in extruded salt that signal intervals of faster salt flow when wet than dry. They also add to the features that render salt extrusions records of climate change.

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Moldovan, O. T., A. Mihevc, L. Mikó, S. Constantin, I. Meleg, A. Petculescu, and P. Bosák. "Invertebrate fossils from cave sediments: a new proxy for pre-Quaternary paleoenvironments." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 30, 2011): 3403–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-3403-2011.

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Abstract. Five samples of clastic sediments from interior cave facies taken in three Slovenian relic caves (Trhlovca, Račiška pečina, and a cave in Črnotiče Quarry, Classical Karst, SW Slovenia) provided invertebrate fossil remains. Most of them belong to Oribatida but sparse individuals of Cladocera and insects were also identified. They represent the first pre-Quaternary invertebrate fossils found in sediments of continental temperate climate. The Pliocene/Pleistocene age of the sediments was determined by paleomagnetic dating chronologically calibrated by micromammal biostratigraphy. Invertebrate fossils could be validated as new proxy for the study of cave sediments due to their suitability for ecological and paleogeographic correlations in caves and outside the caves. They also bring additional information about cave formation and karst hydraulic regime in the area. Even if the number of remains was very low, it represents evidence that climatic conditions in caves allow a better preservation of fossil remains of some groups as compared to most of the surface habitats. This may open a new direction in the study of cave sediments.

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Moldovan, O. T., A. Mihevc, L. Miko, S. Constantin, I. N. Meleg, A. Petculescu, and P. Bosák. "Invertebrate fossils from cave sediments: a new proxy for pre-Quaternary paleoenvironments." Biogeosciences 8, no. 7 (July 11, 2011): 1825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1825-2011.

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Abstract. Five samples of clastic sediments from interior cave facies taken in three Slovenian relic caves (Trhlovca, Račiška pečina, and a cave in Črnotiče Quarry, Classical Karst, SW Slovenia) provided invertebrate fossil remains. Most of them belong to Oribatida but sparse individuals of Cladocera and insects were also identified. They represent the first pre-Quaternary invertebrate fossils found in sediments of continental temperate climate. The Pliocene/Pleistocene age of the sediments was determined by paleomagnetic dating chronologically calibrated by micromammal biostratigraphy. Invertebrate fossils could be validated as new proxy for the study of cave sediments due to their suitability for ecological and paleogeographic correlations in caves and outside the caves. They also bring additional information about cave formation and karst hydraulic regime in the area. Although the number of remains was very low, it is evidence that climatic conditions in caves allow a better preservation of fossil remains of some groups as compared to most of the surface habitats. This may open a new direction in the study of cave sediments.

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Watson, Robert A., Eoghan P. Holohan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Leila Saberi, Ali Sawarieh, Damien Closson, Hussam Alrshdan, et al. "Sinkholes and uvalas in evaporite karst: spatio-temporal development with links to base-level fall on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea." Solid Earth 10, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 1451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019.

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Abstract. Enclosed topographic depressions are characteristic of karst landscapes on Earth. The developmental relationship between depression types, such as sinkholes (dolines) and uvalas, has been the subject of debate, mainly because the long developmental timescales in classical limestone karst settings impede direct observation. Here we characterize the morphometric properties and spatio-temporal development of ∼1150 sinkholes and five uvalas formed from ∼1980 to 2017 in an evaporite karst setting along the eastern coast of the hypersaline Dead Sea (at Ghor Al-Haditha, Jordan). The development of sinkhole populations and individual uvalas is intertwined in terms of onset, evolution and cessation. The sinkholes commonly develop in clusters, within which they may coalesce to form compound or nested sinkholes. In general, however, the uvalas are not defined by coalescence of sinkholes. Although each uvala usually encloses several clusters of sinkholes, it develops as a larger-scale, gentler and structurally distinct depression. The location of new sinkholes and uvalas shows a marked shoreline-parallel migration with time, followed by a marked shoreline-perpendicular (i.e. seaward) growth with time. These observations are consistent with theoretical predictions of karstification controlled by a laterally migrating interface between saturated and undersaturated groundwater, as induced by the 35 m fall in the Dead Sea water level since 1967. More generally, our observations indicate that uvalas and the sinkhole populations within them, although morphometrically distinct, can develop near-synchronously by subsidence in response to subsurface erosion.

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Rossi, P., N. Dörfliger, K. Kennedy, I. Müller, and M. Aragno. "Bacteriophages as surface and ground water tracers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-101-1998.

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Abstract. Bacteriophages are increasingly used as tracers for quantitative analysis in both hydrology and hydrogeology. The biological particles are neither toxic nor pathogenic for other living organisms as they penetrate only a specific bacterial host. They have many advantages over classical fluorescent tracers and offer the additional possibility of multi-point injection for tracer tests. Several years of research make them suitable for quantitative transport analysis and flow boundary delineation in both surface and ground waters, including karst, fractured and porous media aquifers. This article presents the effective application of bacteriophages based on their use in differing Swiss hydrological environments and compares their behaviour to conventional coloured dye or salt-type tracers. In surface water and karst aquifers, bacteriophages travel at about the same speed as the typically referenced fluorescent tracers (uranine, sulphurhodamine G extra). In aquifers of interstitial porosity, however, they appear to migrate more rapidly than fluorescent tracers, albeit with a significant reduction in their numbers within the porous media. This faster travel time implies that a modified rationale is needed for defining some ground water protection area boundaries. Further developments of other bacteriophages and their documentation as tracer methods should result in an accurate and efficient tracer tool that will be a proven alternative to conventional fluorescent dyes.

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Yuan, San-Yi, Shan Yang, Tie-Yi Wang, Jie Qi, and Shang-Xu Wang. "Inverse spectral decomposition using an lp-norm constraint for the detection of close geological anomalies." Petroleum Science 17, no. 6 (September 20, 2020): 1463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00490-6.

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AbstractAn important application of spectral decomposition (SD) is to identify subsurface geological anomalies such as channels and karst caves, which may be buried in full-band seismic data. However, the classical SD methods including the wavelet transform (WT) are often limited by relatively low time–frequency resolution, which is responsible for false high horizon-associated space resolution probably indicating more geological structures, especially when close geological anomalies exist. To address this issue, we impose a constraint of minimizing an lp (0 < p < 1) norm of time–frequency spectral coefficients on the misfit derived by using the inverse WT and apply the generalized iterated shrinkage algorithm to invert for the optimal coefficients. Compared with the WT and inverse SD (ISD) using a typical l1-norm constraint, the modified ISD (MISD) using an lp-norm constraint can yield a more compact spectrum contributing to detect the distributions of close geological features. We design a 3D synthetic dataset involving frequency-close thin geological anomalies and the other 3D non-stationary dataset involving time-close anomalies to demonstrate the effectiveness of MISD. The application of 4D spectrum on a 3D real dataset with an area of approximately 230 km2 illustrates its potential for detecting deep channels and the karst slope fracture zone.

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Prodanova, Hristina. "Experimental mapping and assessment of ecosystem services based on multi-level landscape classification." Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society 45 (December 29, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e78692.

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The importance of the landscapes for the development of recreation and ecotourism is significant but very little studied. Usually, scientists use spatial units to map and assess the ecosystem services CORINE land cover or similar classifications. Traditional multi-level landscape classifications, very well-known and developed in the XXth century in Bulgaria, Russia, and other Eastern and Central European countries, could give valuable information for various indicators for ecosystem services assessment. From another hand, these classical landscape ecological maps are very little- known for the international scientific audience. We decided to conduct an experimental mapping and assessment of ecosystem services based on multi-level landscape classification. For this, we have chosen a case study area with hilly karst relief, which is part of the inner Predbalkan Region, located in North-Central Bulgaria. The site represents a scientific interest in terms of its transitional position between the Stara Planina Mountain and the Danube Plain and the presence of various anthropogenic changes. The study aimed to develop and test an original methodology for mapping and assessment of the capacity of the contemporary landscapes in the Strazhata syncline upland and Melovete hills to provide cultural ecosystem services – recreation and ecotourism. The results showed that 70% of the territory has medium or higher capacity, dominated mainly by karst areas with natural vegetation in protected sites.

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Fabbri, Paolo, and Leonardo Piccinini. "Assessing transmissivity from specific capacity in an alluvial aquifer in the middle Venetian plain (NE Italy)." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 9 (May 1, 2013): 2000–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.074.

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Defining aquifer permeability distribution accurately over large areas is often debated in hydrogeology. The operational efforts to calculate hydraulic conductivity with classical aquifer tests are significant; however, accurate knowledge of permeability areal distribution is fundamental both from a hydrogeological and a modeling standpoint. This paper presents an empirical relationship between the transmissivity (T) and the specific capacity (SC) values obtained from experimental aquifer and well tests. All experimental values were obtained from 50 mm wells in middle Venetian plain artesian gravel aquifers. Many other authors have presented empirical relationships between T and SC, but most are related to fissured/karst aquifers, and only a few concern alluvial porous aquifers. Analysis of the T vs. SC relationship standardized residuals shows that a linear relationship produces statistically significant normal residuals compared with an exponential relationship.

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Šušteršič, France. "A power function model for the basic geometry of solution dolines: considerations from the classical karst of south-central Slovenia." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31, no. 3 (2006): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.1244.

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Belyakov, E. A., and E. V. Garin. "Long-term dynamics of flora of karst lakes: Changes and current state." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011825.

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Long-term observations of the rates and pattern of changes in flora and vegetation contribute to understanding of one of the most important contemporary global problems, the eutrophication of water bodies. In this study, using classical floristic methods, we attempt to determine (for a period of almost 80 years) the nature and possible causes of changes in the floristic composition of the lakes of karst origin, Velikoe and Parovoe (Pustinskaya lake-river system, the right bank of Nizhny Novgorod oblast). The paper shows that over a long period of observations a significant transformation of the vegetation cover has occurred in the lakes. The process was accompanied by the disappearance of a number of native species and appearance of others, including adventitious ones (for example, Elodea canadensis Michx., Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf, Bidens frondosa L. and Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn.). The weak saturation of the flora with adventive species indicates that the reservoirs are subject to moderate anthropogenic transformation. This is also indicated by the presence of characteristic indicator species, for example, Najas minor All., Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L. and Stratiotes aloides L. in the plant communities. In addition, the studied water bodies are subject to a further increase in the degree of eutrophication. This can be judged by scattered records of Potamogeton trichoides Cham. et Schlecht., the disappearance of a number of species (such as Elatine alsinastrum L. and Callitriche hermaphroditica L.), as well as the presence of a significant number of macrophyte indicators of the eutrophic state of water bodies. We suggest that a gradual increase in the trophicity of the studied water bodies is due to a combination of anthropogenic impact (water withdrawal for economic needs, recreational load), natural and climatic features of the region (alternation of high and low water periods) and the natural succession processes associated with the current fundamental changes in the conditions of the runoff formation in the Volga River basin. As a result of studies conducted by authors in 2014–2015, it has been shown that in general the taxonomic and ecological structures of the flora of both lakes are quite diverse and traditional for the territory and the European part of Russia. Meanwhile, the flora of these two reservoirs insignificantly differs in taxonomic composition, which is due to their individual morphometric characteristics, the physical and chemical properties of the aquatic environment, and the nature of the anthropogenic load. At the same time, the equilibrium balance of coastal and aquatic plants in the flora of Lake Parovoe (in contrast to Lake Velikoe) indicates a degree of successional stability of its floristic complex.

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Kobal, M., I. Bertoncelj, F, Pirotti, and L. Kutnar. "Lidar Processing for Defining Sinkhole Characteristics under Dense Forest Cover: A Case Study in the Dinaric Mountains." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7 (September 19, 2014): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-113-2014.

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The traditional approach for defining sinkholes characteristics is based on topographic maps and air photographs with derived digital terrain models. This method is sometimes not accurate, requiring costly, time consuming and potentially dangerous fieldwork. Investigations have shown that airborne scanning laser data (lidar) is useful in detection of karst depressions due to the high density of ground points that can be obtained. This is especially important under dense forest canopy, where classical photogrammetric methods do not allow ground points to be measured. The objective of this work was to map and determine geomorphometric characteristics of a large number of sinkholes located in a diverse karst terrain under a dense forest tree-canopy using lidar data. We tested an algorithm described in previous literature which uses only information from the DTM. It is based on water flow simulations on a surface (DTM) and incorporates four phases: (i) watershed delineation, (ii) confining of sinkholes, (iii) confining of higher rank sinkholes and (iv) extraction of non-karstic sinkholes. Sinkholes were confined by effluent level with cells below the effluent level designated as part of the sinkhole. In the third step sinkholes were ranked according to their location and size – first rank sinkholes are the smallest and are located within a larger sinkhole. Results are that the sinkhole fraction of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th rank in the study area was 3.25 %, 4.26 %, 5.68 %, 3.65 % and 3.14 %, respectively. Sinkhole distribution shows a peculiar directionality in their spatial distribution, which seems to be significantly towards a northwest – southeast direction. It was not possible to compare results with ground-truth data due to very low accessibility, nevertheless a statistical and visual assessment of the results shows that lidar is a very effective technique to model sinkholes under dense canopy.

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Rani, Sheenam, Usha Sharma, Shuchi Mitra, Mahesh Chandra, and Khem Chand Sharma. "A CRITICAL REVIEW ON SUDARSHAN CHURNA." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 13, no. 5 (October 15, 2022): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1305140.

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Sudarshan Churna is one of the valuable polyherbal Ayurvedic formulations used to treat all kinds of acute and chronic fevers, fever of unknown aetiology, malaria, typhoid, loss of appetite, jaundice, respiratory infections, cough, debility and breathing difficulties linked with fever. Sudarshan Churna helps to ameliorate digestion and appetite; eliminates harmful toxins from the blood; improves immunity and preserves the body against various infections; promotes diaphoresis and urination. In Sudarshan Churna, Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst. is 50% of the total quantity of the remaining other ingredients. It is an esteemed Ayurvedic preparation well known for its antipyretic, antimalarial, antiviral and antidiabetic activity. Various renowned Acharyas have mentioned it in their different classical texts. Acharyas have mentioned its other therapeutic uses, but mainly it has been used in curing different types of Jwara Vikara (fever). Various pharmacological studies have proved antipyretic activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, antihistamine activity, analgesic activity and docking study against the SARS CoV-2 of Sudarshan Churna. This article compile review of Ayurvedic literature, an analytical study and pharmacological study of Sudarshan Churna.

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Vieilledent, Ghislain, Benoît Courbaud, Georges Kunstler, Jean-François Dhôte, and James S. Clark. "Biases in the estimation of size-dependent mortality models: advantages of a semiparametric approach." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 8 (August 2009): 1430–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-047.

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Mortality rate is thought to show a U-shape relationship to tree size. This shape could result from a decrease of competition-related mortality as diameter increases, followed by an increase of senescence and disturbance-related mortality for large trees. Modeling mortality rate as a function of diameter is nevertheless difficult, first because this relationship is strongly nonlinear, and second because data can be unbalanced, with few observations for large trees. Parametric functions, which are inflexible and sensitive to the distribution of observations, tend to introduce biases in mortality rate estimates. In this study we use mortality data for Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. to demonstrate that mortality rate estimates for extreme diameters were biased when using classical parametric functions. We then propose a semiparametric approach allowing a more flexible relationship between mortality and diameter. We show that the relatively shade-tolerant A. alba has a lower annual mortality rate (2.75%) than P. abies (3.78%) for small trees (DBH <15 cm). Picea abies, supposedly more sensitive to bark beetle attacks and windthrows, had a higher mortality rate (up to 0.46%) than A. alba (up to 0.30%) for large trees (DBH ≥50 cm).

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Jonášová, Magda, and Ivona Matějková. "Natural regeneration and vegetation changes in wet spruce forests after natural and artificial disturbances." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (October 2007): 1907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-062.

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An extensive area of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests in the Šumava Mountains, Central Europe, has been affected by a massive bark beetle ( Ips typographus L.) outbreak since the mid-1990s. One part of the area was left without intervention and two types of intervention have been applied in other parts: (1) the classical forest approach, based on the logging of attacked trees and (2) “sanitation”, in which attacked trees were cut down, debarked, and left lying in the stand. The main goal of our research was to test the impact of nonintervention and both types of intervention on the regeneration of the Norway spruce forests. The Norway spruce forests influenced by natural disturbances (bark beetle outbreak and windfalls) regenerated very well if left without intervention. The bark beetle outbreaks and windfalls do not represent a threat to the long-term persistence of the forests. Clearcuts resulted in formation of pioneer stages with a postponed spruce regeneration. In sanitation plots, the reduction of both previous vegetation and tree regeneration was obvious. Generally, both interventions against bark beetle delayed the recovery of Norway spruce forests.

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Kubík, P., and O. Mauer. "Current possibilities of using Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in forest regeneration in the air-polluted region of the northeastern Krušné hory Mts." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 8 (July 16, 2009): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/75/2008-jfs.

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The paper analyses possibilities of repeated use of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in the regeneration of existing Norway spruce stands, in the regeneration of large-area clearcuts, and in the reconstruction of the stands of substitute tree species (European white birch [Betula verrucosa Ehrh.]) after a change in the emission situation in the northeastern Krušné hory Mts., comparing the prosperity of these plantations with plantations in the unpolluted Bohemian-Moravian Upland. The survey included 26 research plots aged 1–12 years, situated predominantly on acidic sites in Forest Altitudinal Vegetation Zones (FAVZ) 6 and 7 in the northeastern Krušné hory Mts. (air pollution damage zones A and B) and 6 control plots aged 4–11 years on acidic sites of FAVZ 6 in the Bohemian-Moravian Upland (air pollution damage zone C). Total number of parameters and traits assessed in each tree was up to 14. Research results indicate that the current pollution and climatic situation in the Krušné hory Mts. allow a switch to the classical spruce management system of higher elevations. The best method of regeneration is seen in small-size regeneration elements – clearcuts of up to 1 ha. The spruce can also be used on large-area clearcuts, but it suffers from a long transplanting shock and frost injuries there. All plantations must be protected against game damage.

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Budeanu, Marius, Ecaterina Nicoleta Apostol, Emanuel Besliu, Vlad Emil Crișan, and Any Mary Petritan. "Phenotypic Variability and Differences in the Drought Response of Norway Spruce Pendula and Pyramidalis Half-Sib Families." Forests 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070947.

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In a changing climate, forest managers need to select productive and climate-change-resilient tree species and provenances. Therefore, assessing the growth response of provenances growing in field trials to climate provides useful information for identifying the more appropriate provenance or variety. To determine the genetic gain through selection of the most productive and resilient families and to decipher the role of crown forms of Norway spruces (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), we used 24 families with a classical crown (pyramidalis) and 24 with a narrow crown (pendula) from eight provenances, growing in a 25-year-old comparative trial. The annual wood characteristics (ring width and early- and latewood), the wood resistance (expressed by latewood proportion (LWP)), and the growth response to climate of the two spruce crown forms were investigated. No significant differences between the two spruce forms were found regarding the ring width characteristics. However, three pendula families of Stâna de Vale I provenance exhibited the highest LWP and could be included in a future selection strategy, the respective trait having also high heritability. Radial growth was positively and significantly correlated with previous September and current July precipitation and negatively with current June temperature. Both spruce forms showed good recovery capacity after a drought event.

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Zhang, Jing, and Roger Slatt. "The significance of karst unconformities on overlying resource shales: Lessons learned from the Devonian Woodford Formation applied to the Permian Wolfcamp Shale." Interpretation 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): SK33—SK43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2019-0042.1.

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We have summarized the threefold significance of karst unconformity boundary: (1) The development of a sequence stratigraphic model for the Devonian Woodford Shale Formation is transferable to the Upper Wolfcamp in the Permian Basin, (2) demonstration of the more general application of that model beyond the Woodford to other resource shales, and (3) illustration of a modification of common sequence stratigraphy models specifically to unconventional resource shales. During early transgression, marine encroachment into the paleolows created anoxic, hypersaline marine “pockets” conducive to the preservation of organic matter. The result is deposition of thick, laterally discontinuous, organic-rich strata stratigraphically at or near the unconformity surface. This pattern of deposition and distribution of the organic-rich shale has been well-documented in the Devonian Woodford Shale and is applicable to other resource shales, in this case to the Permian Upper Wolfcamp Formation in the Central Basin Platform of the Permian Basin. The stratigraphy of the distribution of the Upper Wolfcamp on top of the Upper/Middle Wolfcamp Unconformity is similar to that of the Woodford, suggesting a similar origin and distribution. The resulting stratigraphy in both cases resembles that of the classical Exxon sea slug model except that rather than a single organic-rich deposit defining the condensed section and maximum flooding surface, a second organic-rich deposit occurs stratigraphically lower, at or near the unconformity surface. This theoretical summary can support the discovery of potential drillable target zones in the Woodford Shale and the Wolfcamp Shale.

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Zulfahri, Muhammad Hasbiansyah, Hilyatul Jannah, Sultan Kurnia Alam Bagagarsyah, Wastu Prasetya Hari, and Wulandari Retnaningtiyas. "Kilas Balik Sejarah Budaya Semenanjung Blambangan, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur." KALPATARU 24, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v24i2.42.

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Semenanjung Blambangan atau dikenal dengan Alas Purwo terletak di Kabupaten Banyuwangi. Alas Purwo yang dalam bahasa Jawa diartikan sebagai ‘hutan awal’ memiliki banyak potensi arkeologi. Hutan lebat Alas Purwo merupakan salah satu unsur penyusun bentang lahan karst yang memungkinkan mendukung kehidupan manusia masa Prasejarah. Data dari berbagai sumber menyebutkan, bahwa di Alas Purwo ditemukan tinggalan sisa budaya masa lalu lainnya. Selain itu, lokasiyang terisolasi memungkinkan diperolehnya data yang masih asli dan tidak banyak mengalami transformasi. Tujuan penelitian adalah pendataan potensi arkeologi dan etnohistori Alas Purwo dalam tiga dimensi, yaitu dimensi bentuk, ruang, dan waktu. Dengan demikian,dapat diperoleh kesimpulan sejarah budaya Semenanjung Blambangan. Metode penelitian bersifat eksploratif dengan tiga pendekatan, yaitu pendekatan arkeologi, pendekatan etnohistori, dan pendekatan geografi dengan perangkat Geographic Information System (GIS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Semenanjung Blambangan memiliki nilai sejarah budaya cukup panjang dan penting. Hal ini terbukti dari lengkapnya tinggalan arkeologi serta etnohistori yang berasal dari masa Prasejarah, Klasik (Hindu), Islam, dan Kolonial yang menyimpan isu lokal, nasional, dan internasional. Secara spasial, pola distribusi tinggalan arkeologi tersebut memperlihatkan variasi mendasar, seperti lokasi yang khas. Abstract. Blambangan peninsula, known as Alas Purwo located in Banyuwangi. Alas Purwo, also means “early forest” in Javanese language, has a lot of archaeological potential, moreover the dense forest which is one of the constituent elements of the karst landscape enables support for human life in prehistoric era. Data from various sources says that in the Alas Purwo found the remains of the other past culture. In addition, isolated location provide opportunities for data that is pristine and not much transformed. The purpose of this research is to collect data of archaeological and ethno-history potency of Alas Purwo in three dimensions, which is: the dimensions of form, space, and time, in order to obtain a conclusionon the cultural history Blambangan Peninsula. The research methods is explorative with three approaches, archaeological approach, ethno-historical approach and geographical approach with the Geographic Information System (GIS). The research proves that Blambangan Peninsula has cultural history value as well. This result can be proved from complete archaeological and ethno-historical remains dating from the Prehistoric, Classical, Islam, and the Colonial era with local, national, and international issues. Spatially, the distribution pattern of the archaeological remains show fundamental variations, such as locational characteristics.

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Jiang, Gang, and Quanshun Zheng. "Remote Sensing Recognition and Classification of Forest Vegetation Based on Image Feature Depth Learning." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (June 28, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9548552.

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In order to study the remote sensing recognition and classification of forest vegetation based on image feature depth learning, this paper presents a deep learning method using classical algorithms such as the maximum class method and maximum entropy method, as well as the FRFCM algorithm and convolutional neural network. In this method, SVM is used to train, classify, and recognize the color information of a high-resolution remote sensing image, remove the nongreen background of the classified image, and finally convert it to HSI space for morphological opening and closing reconstruction, so as to obtain the final extraction target. Then, a visual interface is designed to facilitate operation, which can compare the forest vegetation extraction results and operation processing time under different algorithms, so as to realize the rapid and accurate monitoring of karst forest vegetation change with remote sensing big data. The algorithm research shows that the overall accuracy of multifeature ant colony intelligent classification based on vegetation zoning is 88.85%, Kappa = 0.86, which is better than the traditional remote sensing image classification method, and provides an effective method for land use land cover remote sensing information extraction in large-scale complex terrain areas. In this way, the error extraction and missing extraction can be reduced in the extraction results of forest vegetation area in remote sensing images, and the experimental extraction results will be further close to the optimal segmentation effect.

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Willems, Luc, André Pouclet, and Jean-Paul Vicat. "Existence of karsts into silicated non-carbonated crystalline rocks in Sahelian and Equatorial Africa, hydrogeological implications." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.4.337.

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Abstract Various cavities studied in western Niger and South Cameroon show the existence of important karstic phenomena into metagabbros and gneisses. These large-sized caves resulted from generalized dissolution of silicate formations in spite of their low solubility. Karstification is produced by deep hydrous transfer along lithological discontinuities and fracture net works. The existence of such caves has major implications in geomorphology, under either Sahelian and Equatorial climate, and in hydrogeology and water supply, particularly in the Sahel area. Introduction. – Since a few decades, several karst-like morphologies are described in non-carbonated rocks (sandstones, quartzites, schistes, gneisses…) [Wray, 1997 ; Vicat and Willems, 1998 ; Willems, 2000]. The cave of Guéssédoundou in West Niger seems to be due to a large dissolution of metagabbros. The cave of Mfoula, South Cameroon, attests for the same process in gneisses. This forms proof that big holes may exist deeper in the substratum even of non-carbonated silicate rocks. Their size and number could mainly influence the landscape and the hydrogeology, especially in the Sahelian areas. Guéssédoundou, a cave into metagabbros in West Niger. – The site of Guéssédoundou is located 70 km south-west of Niamey (fig. 1). The cave is opened at the top of a small hill, inside in NNE-SSW elongated pit (fig. 2 ; pl. I A). The hole, 3 to 4 m deep and 20 m large, has vertical walls and contains numerous sub-metric angular blocks. A cave, a few meters deep, comes out the south wall. Bedrocks consist of metagabbros of the Makalondi greenstone belt, a belt of the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian Formations of the West Africa craton [Pouclet et al., 1990]. The rock has a common granular texture with plagioclases, partly converted in albite and clinozoisite, and pyroxenes pseudomorphosed in actinote and chlorite. It is rather fairly altered. Chemical composition is mafic and poorly alkaline (tabl. I). A weak E-W schistosity generated with the epizonal thermometamorphism. The site depression was created along a N010o shear zone where rocks suffered important fracturation and fluid transfers, as shown by its silification and ferruginisation. The absence of human activity traces and the disposition of the angular blocks attest that the pit is natural and was due to the collapse of the roof of a vast cavity whose current cave is only the residual prolongation. To the vertical walls of the depression and at the cave entry, pluridecimetric hemispheric hollows are observed (pl. I B). Smooth morphology and position of these hollows sheltered within the depression dismiss the assumptions of formation by mechanical erosion. In return, these features are typical shape of dissolution processes observed into limestone karstic caves. That kind of process must be invoked to explain the opening of the Guéssédoundou cave, in the total lack of desagregation materials. Dissolution of metagabbro occurred during hydrous transfer, which was probably guided by numerous fractures of the shear zone. Additional observations have been done in the Sirba Valley, where similar metabasite rocks constitute the substratum, with sudden sinking of doline-like depressions and evidence of deep cavities by core logging [Willems et al., 1993, 1996]. It is concluded that karstic phenomena may exist even in silica-aluminous rocks of crystalline terrains, such as the greenstones of a Precambrian craton. Mfoula a cave into gneisses in South Cameroon. – The cave of Mfoula is located 80 km north-east of Yaoundé (fig. 3). It is the second largest cave of Cameroon, more than 5,000 m3, with a large opening in the lower flank of a deep valley (pl. I C). The cavity is about 60 m long, 30 m large and 5 to 12 m high (fig. 4; pl. I D). It is hollowed in orthogneisses belonging to the Pan-African Yaoundé nappe. Rocks exhibit subhorizontal foliation in two superposed lithological facies: the lower part is made of amphibole- and garnet-bearing layered gneisses, and the upper part, of more massive granulitic gneisses. Average composition is silico-aluminous and moderately alkaline (tabl. I). The cave is made of different chambers separated by sub-cylindrical pillars. The ceiling of the main chamber, 6 m in diameter, is dome-shaped with a smooth surface (D, fig. 4). The walls have also a smooth aspect decorated with many hemispherical hollows. The floor is flat according to the rock foliation. They are very few rock debris and detrital fragments and no traces of mechanical erosion and transport. The general inner morphology is amazingly similar to that of a limestone cave. The only way to generate such a cavity is to dissolve the rock by water transfer. To test the effect of the dissolution process, we analysed a clayey residual sampled in an horizontal fracture of the floor (tabl. I). Alteration begins by plagioclases in producing clay minerals and in disagregating the rock. However, there is no more clay and sand material. That means all the silicate minerals must have been eliminated. Dissolution of silicates is a known process in sandstone and quartzite caves. It may work as well in gneisses. To fasten the chemical action, we may consider an additional microbial chemolitotrophe activity. The activity of bacteria colonies is known in various rocks and depths, mainly in the aquifer [Sinclair and Ghiorse, 1989 ; Stevens and McKinley, 1995]. The formation of the Mfoula cave is summarized as follow (fig. 5). Meteoric water is drained down along sub-vertical fractures and then along horizontal discontinuities of the foliation, particularly in case of lithological variations. Chemical and biological dissolution is working. Lateral transfers linked to the aquifer oscillations caused widening of the caves. Dissolved products are transported by the vertical drains. Regressive erosion of the valley, linked to the epeirogenic upwelling due to the volcano-tectonic activity of the Cameroon Line, makes the cavities come into sight at the valley flanks. Discussion and conclusion. – The two examples of the Guéssédoundou and Mfoula caves evidence the reality of the karsts in non-carbonated silicated rocks. The karst term is used to design ≫ any features of the classical karst morphology (caves, dolines, lapies…) where dissolution plays the main genetical action ≫ [Willems, 2000]. Our observations indicate that (i) the karst genesis may have occurred into any kind of rocks, and (ii) the cave formation is not directly dependent of the present climate. These facts have major consequences to hydrogeological investigations, especially for water supply in Sahelian and sub-desertic countries. Some measurements of water transfer speed across either sedimentary pelitic strata of the Continental terminal or igneous rocks of the substratum in West Niger [Estèves and Lenoir, 1996 ; Ousmane et al., 1984] proved that supplying of aquifers in these silico-aluminous rocks may be as fast as in a karstic limestone. That means the West Niger substratum is highly invaded by a karstic net and may hidden a lot of discontinuous aquifers. The existence of this karst system can be easily shown by morphological observations, the same that are done in karstic limestone regions (abnormally suspended dry valleys, collapses, dolines…). Clearly, this must be the guide for any search of water, even in desertic areas where limestones are absent.

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Daldoum, Mohamed Ahamed, and Jacques Ranger. "The biogeochemical cycle in a healthy and highly productive Norway spruce (Piceaabies) ecosystem in the Vosges, France." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-110.

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The biogechemical cycle in a highly productive and healthy Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) stand was studied in the west part of the Vosges Mountains, France. The plot, an 85-year-old plantation established on an acidic brown soil, was considered the healthy control of a series of stands in varying stages of decline in this area. The nutrient reserves were evaluated in the soil and in the living biomass. A classical design was set up and monitored for 3 years to measure the total atmospheric input and the transfer of solution through the ecosystem using tensionless lysimeters. The current soil functioning was dominated by the nitrogen cycle (nitrification) and the occurrence of large amounts of Al in the solution. Nitrification, essentially endogenous, was the main acidifying factor. Nitrates contribute to the leaching of large amounts of Ca and Mg. The mean annual losses in the seepage water at a depth of 60 cm were 17.2 kg•ha−1 of N, 10.2 kg•ha−1 of Ca, and 6 kg•ha−1 of Mg. The mean annual input-output budget of these elements was always negative (−6.3 kg•ha−1 for N; −4.7 kg•ha−1 for Ca; −2 kg•ha−1 for Mg). The seasonal budgets show that the atmospheric input is only helpful to the stand if it occurs during the growing period. The question of the perenniality of the current ecosystem productivity is of paramount interest, even if at present the available soil reserves and the nutrient content of solutions (absolute values and ratios between elements like Ca/Al and Mg/Al) indicate that tree nutrition is not a limiting factor.

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김미경. "Samādhi and Healing Meditation in Classical Yoga." Studies in Religion(The Journal of the Korean Association for the History of Religions) ll, no. 73 (December 2013): 205–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21457/kars..73.201312.205.

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50

Connors, Catherine, and Cindy Clendenon. "Mapping Tartaros: Observation, Inference, and Belief in Ancient Greek and Roman Accounts of Karst Terrain." Classical Antiquity 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 147–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2016.35.2.147.

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This interdisciplinary article argues that ancient Greek and Roman representations of Okeanos, Tartaros, and the underworld demonstrate an observational awareness of the hollow underground spaces that characterize the geomorphology of karst terrains in the Mediterranean world. We review the scientific facts that underlie Greek and Roman accounts of karstic terrain in observation-based discourse and in myths, and we demonstrate that the Greek words barathron (pit), limnē (lake), koilos (hollow), and dinē (whirling current) are used with precision in observational accounts of karst terrain. Ancient accounts of the dynamic limnē and barathrum systems characteristic of much karst terrain offer a complex matrix of observation-based and belief-based discourse: at the edge of the barathrum, the imaginative or spiritual realm of the underworld has a material plausibility and the closely observed material world has a plausible potential to connect to a world we cannot see.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Classical Karst'

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