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Journal articles on the topic 'Classical cities'
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Wei, Haoran, Zhendong Wang, Yuchao Chang, and Zhenghua Huang. "Introducing the Special Issue on Artificial Intelligence Applications for Sustainable Urban Living." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013631.
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FORT, HUGO, MORDECHAI KORNBLUTH, and FREDY ZYPMAN. "The Travelling Salesman Problem for finite-sized cities." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 20, no. 6 (November 8, 2010): 1067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096012951000037x.
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We consider a variation of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) in which the cities visited have non-zero spatial extent, in contrast with the classical TSP, which has destinations that are mathematical points. This new approach opens up both new analyses of the problem and new algorithms for solutions, while remaining an economic first approximation to the standard problem. We present one particular solution that, depending on the number and size of the cities, can improve existing algorithms solving the classical TSP.
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Vokotopoulou, †Julia. "Cities and sanctuaries of the archaic period in Chalkidike." Annual of the British School at Athens 91 (November 1996): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824540001652x.
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This paper summarizes recent excavations in Chalkidike. The ancient city of Mende has yielded evidence of houses and other structures, an archaic cemetery, and Mycenaean to late classical finds. At Polychrono (ancient Neapolis or Aige?) there are archaic and classical structures on terraces, and a cemetery with early infant burials. Three archaic–classical sanctuaries have also been found: (1) at Poseidi, a temple of Poseidon (identified from inscribed votives), robbed and reused in hellenistic and Roman times; (2) at Nea Roda-Sane, a temple to a female deity, with sculptures; and (3) at Parthenonas, a peak sanctuary of Zeus with evidence of animal sacrifice. The implications for Chalkidian relationships with other parts of the Greek world and for the strength of local culture are briefly examined.
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Bevilacqua, Livia. "Family Inheritance: Classical Antiquities Reused and Displayed in Byzantine Cities." Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art 5 (2015): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18688/aa155-2-20.
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Mitchell, Stephen. "Three Cities in Pisidia." Anatolian Studies 44 (December 1994): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642987.
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Professor John Cook died on 2 January 1994 at the age of eighty-five. His scrupulous and meticulously published field work in the western coastal regions of Turkey, in Caria, Ionia, Aeolis, and above all in the Troas, has made a fundamental contribution to our understanding of the East Greek world. Much historical research in the future will be built up on the foundations he laid. I hope that this present study, which is a product of the same methods of field research into the Classical sites of Asia Minor as he practised, will help to confirm the continuing value of these methods and serve as a fitting tribute to the memory of a great scholar.
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Babinovich, N. U., and E. V. Sitnikova. "MODEL CONSTRUCTION IN RUSSIAN CITIES AND TOMSK." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 22, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2020-22-5-25-35.
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The article examines the general trends in design and construction in accordance with the model projects on classicism in Russia and the city of Tomsk. The development stages of design and construction in Russia late in the 18th and early 19th centuries are presented. Stand ard design ensures fast and high-quality construction throughout the country. This phenomenon covers almost and all design areas has a strong impact on the architecture of the Russian cities. The research concerns the preservation of historical buildings built in accordance with the model projects widespread in the Russian cities in the 18–19th centuries. Despite many works on classical architecture in the Russian cities, it has not been studied enough for Siberian cities and, in particular the city of Tomsk.The purpose of this work is to study the development stages of the model design, identify bjects built according to the model projects in Tomsk and other cities of Russia, and carry out the comparative analysis. The following methods are explored: the literature review, comparative architectural analysis and cross-sectional analysis of the data obtained.The novelty is the comparative analysis of classical buildings in Russia. This research involves previously unpublished archival materials and field studies.It is found that in the 18–19th centuries, the spontaneous construction was ceased in Russia.The streets took on clear geometric outlines and the houses met the given requirements accompanied by the model projects. In Tomsk and other Siberian cities, the model projects were based on wooden architecture that continued until the end of the 19th century. Buildings built during this period already had deviations from the classical style, namely the odd number of windows, symmetry breaking, and fillet decoration.
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AVNI, GIDEON. "“From Polis to Madina” Revisited – Urban Change in Byzantine and early Islamic Palestine." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 21, no. 3 (July 2011): 301–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186311000022.
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The transformation of cities in the Byzantine and early Islamic Near East was discussed by a number of scholars in the last century. Many of them adopted a traditional approach, claiming that the Islamic conquest caused the total collapse of large classical cities, turning them into small medieval towns. The urban landscape was changed dramatically, with the large colonnaded streets of the classical Polis transformed into the narrow allies of the Islamic Madina.
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Mensah, Bismark, Isaac Obeng Darkwa, Esther Yamoaba Bonful, Moses Bangfunourteru Tuu, Mohammed Sanda, and Esther Yeboah Danso-Wiredu. "Patterns of Land Use Activities in Ghana’s Secondary Cities." Ghana Journal of Geography 12, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v12i2.4.
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Ghana is rapidly urbanizing. This urbanization has resulted in villages growing into towns and towns into urbanized areas. Theories and models have been employed to explain the internal structure of urban areas, especially, with respect to land use variations. These models started with the classical urban land use models in America. Urban scholars in Africa have struggled to fit the development of the African cities into these classical models. They have therefore called for African scholars to develop models for urban land use in Africa. This paper sought to identify the common patterns of land use activities which shape the internal structure of Ghana’s secondary cities. The study employed Geographic Information System (GIS) as a major tool of analysis in explaining the patterns in urban areas. This is augmented with in-depth ground observations of the study areas. The findings of the study showed the absence of homogeneity in most of the sectors and undefined industrial zones as contradictions to the classical models. The study further revealed that residential zones were not fully occupied by either lower income, middle income, or higher income residence. The income groups may only dominate in a given sector. Based on the findings, a common pattern is proposed to represent the land uses within the selected secondary cities in Ghana.
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Zvirgzdiņš, Jānis, Kaspars Plotka, and Sanda Geipele. "Eco-Economics in Cities and Rural Areas." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 6, no. 1 (July 18, 2018): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2018-0007.
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Abstract Economic models are built primarily following the classical economic theories, but a challenge to build good models with classical theories is needed to define the exact value of the Earth, which is hardly definable. Quite often national gross product indicator calculation reuses the same performance indicators, where the resource and income distribution system is not linked to production factors. The resource and income distribution system is primarily associated with low productivity (execution of a sales plan, execution of a profit plan, profitability level, increase in market share, personnel turnover rate, hours worked per employee). Changes in the productive and economic structures of the markets result in new innovative growth patterns which, based on customer motivation, are linked to the concentration of capital in regional and national markets, the growth of transnational markets and the development of technology. At the same time, extensive economic development through natural resources leads to deforestation, landscape changes, desertification, swamping and soil fertility renewal. So far, it often has been assumed that economic growth depends on the use of natural resources, and natural resources are unlimited. The results are “resource crisis”: resources are running out and resource prices are rising, thus invalidating a particular model. On the other hand, the eco-economy approach is a sustainable future for the economic modelling. The principle of eco-economy is based on a production system, which relies on re-cyclicality (the basis is the production of zero waste production). For this to happen, a transition to a completely new mind-set is needed. The research results were previously approbated during the graduate meeting of the Baltic DBU scholarship holders from 4 to 6 May 2018 in Latvia.
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Seijas, Elena Miramontes. "A textile workshop to approach Classical civilisation." Journal of Classics Teaching 22, no. 43 (2021): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631021000088.
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Every day teachers try to improve their students’ awareness of how life was in Classical times. We talk about mythology, politics, the building of cities and many other aspects that made the ancient world, but what do we actually know and teach about clothing in ancient times? Our society seems to pay a lot of attention to the physical aspect of the ancient world. We know that clothing and adornment are important ways in which people were defined as a part of a social group, yet our students seem to believe that our ancestors just had a poor selection of national garments to make their identity clear.
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Sokołowski, Dariusz, and Iwona Jażdżewska. "Zipf's Law for cities: estimation of regression function parameters based on the weight of American urban areas and Polish towns." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 53, no. 53 (September 1, 2021): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0028.
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Abstract The paper aims at presentation of a methodology where the classical linear regression model is modified to guarantee more realistic estimations and lower parameter oscillations for a specific urban system. That can be achieved by means of the weighted regression model which is based on weights ascribed to individual cities. The major shortcoming of the methods used so far – especially the classical simple linear regression – is the treatment of individual cities as points carrying the same weight, in consequence of which the linear regression poorly matches the empirical distribution of cities. The aim is reached in a several-stage process: demonstration of the drawbacks of the linear parameter estimation methods traditionally used for the purposes of urban system analyses; introduction of the weighted regression which to a large extent diminishes specific drawbacks; and empirical verification of the method with the use of the input data for the USA and Poland
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Ismard, Paulin. "The Single Body of the City: Public Slaves and the Question of the Greek State." Annales (English ed.) 69, no. 03 (September 2014): 503–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239856820000087x.
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AbstractsPublic slavery was an institution common to most Greek cities during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Whether they worked on the city’s major construction sites, performed minor duties in its civic administration or filled the ranks of its police force (the famous Scythian archers of classical Athens), public slaves may be said to have constituted the first public servants known to Greek cities. Studying them from this perspective can shed new light on the long-running debate about the degree to which thepolisfunctioned as a state. Direct democracy, in the Classical Athenian sense, implied that all political prerogatives be held by the citizens themselves, and not by any kind of state apparatus. The decision to delegate administrative tasks to slaves can thus be understood as a “resistance” (as defined by the French anthropologist Pierre Clastres) on the part of the civic society to the development of this apparatus.
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Phaksuchon, Suradit, and Panya Rungrueang. "Yodaya: Thai Classical Music in Myanmar Culture." MANUSYA 20, no. 2 (2017): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-02002003.
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Yodaya is one of the music genres in Myanmar’s musical culture. It was initially tied to the Myanmar royal court in the past and has ever since infiltrated the Myanmar way of life up until the present day. This qualitative study was set out to: 1) investigate the historical development of Yodaya, and 2) examine the features and representation of Thai classical music in Yodaya. Data was gathered between August 2009 and March 2014 through multiple techniques: survey, interview, observation, field-notes and documentary analysis. Informants included five experts, eight practitioners and four related people in Yangon and Mandalay cities in Myanmar. Data was validated by means of a triangulation method based on defined objectives and was presented following analytical description.
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Pearson, Clifford. "Book review: Historical Maps and Classical Thoughts of Human Settlements in Chinese Cities." Urban Studies 57, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 2582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098020927998.
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Novita, Dhiah, and Ayunda Putri Nilasari. "Pengaruh PAD Dan DAU Terhadap Belanja Langsung (Studi Pada Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Jawa Tengah)." SOSIO DIALEKTIKA 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/sd.v6i2.5681.
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This research aims to determine the effect of local revenue and general allocation funds on direct expenditures in districts/cities of Central Java Province. The research method used is the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and the coefficient of determination test. The results showed that partially the local original income and general allocation funds variables affected direct expenditure in districts/cities of Central Java Province. Simultaneously, the variables of local revenue and general allocation funds have an effect on direct spending in districts/cities of Central Java Province. Keywords: direct expenditure, general allocation fund, local revenue.
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Pugachenkova, G. A. "The Antiquities of Transoxiana in the Light of Investigations in Uzbekistan (1985-1990)." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2, no. 1 (1996): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005795x00010.
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AbstractThe archaeological study of pre-Islamic Uzbekistan (Bactria, Sogdiana) has been intensified since. World War II and this survey presents the most important recent results of this work. Bronze Age sites show a process of cultural change in Bactria, particularly the settlement of the area by farmers and the emergence in proto-cities of new urban forms of social organisation and systems of belief. The Iron Age sees the assimilation of new ethnic groups into the region, the expansion of a strong (Achaemenid) state, the development of defended cities and administrative centres and the beginnings of specialised craft industries. In the Classical period the Macedonian conquest brought about the sharp decline of existing urban centres, but the centralised states that followed were able to establish (e.g. through irrigation projects) new cities in new agricultural zones. Excavation into the lower levels of medieval cities has revealed several previously unknown ancient cities, many of which seem to have been derelict in the period before or during the Arab conquest. Bactrian cities of the Classical period have been shown to be extensive in area, well defended by strong walls and a citadel, and to have performed administrative, economic, religious as well as military functions. Cult buildings discovered show the presence of Avestan religion (although not the orthodox Zoroastrianism of Iran), cults of the Great Mother Goddess, and Buddhism (though limited to a few remarkable centres), and in the North of Sarmatian totemic cults using zoomorphic representations, finds of art, sculpture and wall-painting reveal a process in Bactria in which a native substratum was synthesized with Hellenistic, Indian and Sako-Sarmatian elements to produce work of high quality and originality. Epigraphical finds include ostraca, graffiti, inscriptions, and even papyri, representing scripts and languages from Bactrian to Pahlavi, to Greek and Latin. Finds of coins, including Greco-Bactrian and Parthian, help to date archaeological layers and produce accurate chronologies. Scholars from Uzbekistan have also contributed to the "Great Silk Road" programme, which is showing that routes crossing the region were formed in the 1st mill. B.C. and constituted a dense branched network by the end of the Classical period.
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Parker, A. J. "Classical Antiquity: the maritime dimension." Antiquity 64, no. 243 (June 1990): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00078005.
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IntroductionShips and the sea were an omnipresent theme of Greek and Roman art and life. Shipwreck was a well-recognized risk, and an essential ingredient of ‘lost and found’ stories in novels and comedies. Conversely, safe arrival in harbour, the successful end of a journey, was a frequent motif, especially of Roman art. These ideas were obviously underpinned by economic facts: the need for metals, the sea-girt nature of Greece, Rome’s central position in the Mediterranean, and the constant threat of food shortage in the cities of the Mediterranean world generally, necessarily involved transport and trade by sea.Into this scene has stepped, still less than 50 years old, a new character, namely underwater archaeology. Since 1945, over 1000 ancient and medieval shipwrecks have been reported in the Mediterranean, and the roll continues to grow at an unslackened pace. This rapid increase in archaeological resource has been due, of course, mainly to the widespread use of compressed-air diving gear for sport, so that most of the known wreck sites lie in inshore waters, and in popular diving areas. However, recent developments in offshore position-fixing and in underwater communications and robotics have made it possible to explore much deeper sites; the deepest so far to have been surveyed under archaeological direction (by A.M. McCann) is a late Roman wreck at 800 m deep between Sicily and Sardinia.
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Jackson, Mark P. C. "Rinse Willet, The Geography of Urbanism in Roman Asia Minor." Journal of Greek Archaeology 6 (December 9, 2021): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v6i.1063.
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The contrast between the classical cities of South West Turkey and the inland areas of Asia Minor has long struck visitors to the region. In 1907, Gertrude Bell recorded her visits to several Roman cities in Western Asia Minor including: Ephesus, Priene, Miletus, Halicarnassus, Aphrodisias, Hierapolis and Sagalassos before she journeyed on to the Central Anatolian plateau to work at Binbirkilise, The Thousand and One Churches, on the Karadağ, one of several ancient volcanos dominating the central Anatolian plateau.
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Dr. Jawaz Jafri. "Tradition Of Music Festivals In The Subcontinent." Dareecha-e-Tahqeeq 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.58760/dareechaetahqeeq.v3i1.32.
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This Article covers certain classical music 'Baitaks' and their immortal affect over classical music traditions all over subcontinent peninsule. These Baitaks have over the years been inspiring the evolution and innovation of classical music. Various known and unknown places and areas, cities and towns formed these Baitaks representing cultural awareness and civilization consciousness through their gharana Gayeks, and also became the mode of conversational determination towards classical musics. In these Baitaks, were held grand Gaykee competetions, and music Music Gurus and Pandits nourished students. Now these Baitaks are losing their thread and their being is at state-Governments should patronize to save these tradtional Centres of Culture and Music and come forward to prevent otherwise the indispensable impending extinction.
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Bonnier, Anton. "Epineia kai limenes: the relationship between harbours and cities in ancient Greek texts." Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 1 (November 2008): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-01-04.
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The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between harbours and cities as presented in literary sources dating primarily to the Archaic and Classical periods. Although it has been recognized that access to the sea and sailing routes was of great importance for the economic and political life of ancient Greek city-states, there have been few studies of the relationship between cities and harbours, and in particular of the emblematic role played by harbours within literary sources. Harbours are often presented as extramural entities in relation to cities and although urban centres would depend on harbours for the import and export of goods, and for maintaining navies, the relationship between harbours and cities is not unproblematic if we look at what harbours signify within these texts.
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Alexeev, V. P. "Future Plans and Perspectives of the Archaeological Institute, Moscow." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 1, no. 3 (1995): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005794x00174.
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AbstractSince the 19th c. Russian archaeologists have studied the legacy of classical civilization in a broad area from S. Russia to the Caucasus and Central Asia, and its interaction with local cultures. The work of the Dept. of Classical Archaeology of the Institute of Archaeology focusses on 10 important Classical sites in the former USSR and on the history of the Bosporan and Chersonesite states. A new trend is the complex investigation of ancient cities and their chora (esp. of areas under threat from agriculture, building and a general deterioration of the ecology). The Dept. of Classical Archaeology collaborates in this work with several foreign research centres and ensures a wide distribution of its results through works for the general reader and exhibitions.
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Putra, Tomo Pramana, and Ali Anis. "Pengaruh Penduduk, PDRB Perkapita dan Hotel Terhadap Penerimaan Pajak Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Sumatera barat." Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jkep.v3i1.13522.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of population, GDP per capita and hotels on local tax revenues in districts / cities in West Sumatra. The data used are secondary data in the form of panel regression in 19 districts / cities in West Sumatra province. The source of this data is the West Sumatra Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The variables used in this study are population (X1), GDP per capita (X2) and hotels (X3). The methods used in this research are: (1) Panel Regression Model (2) Classical Assumption Test (3) t test (4) f test. The results of this study indicate that (1) total population has a negative and significant effect on local tax revenues in regencies / cities in West Sumatra. (2) PDRB Per capita has a positive and significant effect on local tax revenues in districts / cities in West Sumatra. (3) The number of hotels has a positive and significant effect on local tax revenues in districts / cities in West Sumatra.
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BERMEJO, SAÚL MARTÍNEZ. "Lisbon, new Rome and emporium: comparing an early modern imperial capital, 1550–1750." Urban History 44, no. 4 (September 9, 2016): 604–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926816000481.
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ABSTRACT:Early modern European capitals competed to demonstrate their imperial status, and contemporary urban praise often drew comparisons between them, situating these cities within a shifting hierarchy. Authors frequently combined actual perceptions of cities with metaphors of a New Rome and other classical motifs. This article explores how various writers asserted Lisbon's greatness and civic identity within this shared comparative European discourse. More particularly, it shows how they defended its changing political status as a capital while also developing a strong commercial discourse that centred on the city as an emporium. Views and descriptions of Lisbon and its port paralleled contemporary descriptions of London in particular, as both cities were increasingly defined as paradigms of imperial commerce.
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Whitcomb, Donald. "“From Shahristān to Medina” Revisited." Eurasian Studies 16, no. 1-2 (December 7, 2018): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685623-12340049.
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AbstractThe title is taken from an article published in 2006 by Hugh Kennedy that is an examination of the Sasanian city. This subject is re-examined with a presentation of archaeological information on Sasanian cities in Fars province and the city of Jundi Shapur in Khuzistan. The urban form and key institutions are presented with consideration of changes introduced with the Islamic period. In contrast to the Classical polis, the problem is limited information on urban element in Sasanian cities and some of these elements are described.
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Bolívar, Manuel Pedro Rodríguez. "Governance in Smart Cities: A Comparison of Practitioners' Perceptions and Prior Research." International Journal of E-Planning Research 7, no. 2 (April 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2018040101.
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Many of the challenges to be faced by smart cities surpass the capacities, capabilities, and reaches of their traditional institutions and their classical processes of governing, and therefore new and innovative forms of governance are needed to meet these challenges. According to the network governance literature, governance models in public administrations can be categorized through the identification and analysis of some main dimensions that govern in the way of managing the city by governments. Based on prior research and on the perception of city practitioners in European smart cities, this paper seeks to analyze the relevance of main dimensions of governance models in smart cities as well as to identify differences among prior research and perceptions of practitioners regarding these dimensions. Results could shed some light regarding new future research on efficient patterns of governance models within smart cities.
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Zhu, Shengjun, Chong Wang, and Canfei He. "High-speed Rail Network and Changing Industrial Dynamics in Chinese Regions." International Regional Science Review 42, no. 5-6 (March 11, 2019): 495–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017619835908.
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High-speed railway (HSR) network can significantly reduce the transport cost of people and facilitate interregional knowledge spillovers. It may thus affect regional industrial dynamics. By employing the industrial relatedness indicator, this article shows that regional industrial dynamics is path dependent in China. It further adopts several classical accessibility indicators to capture the network characteristics of transport infrastructure and the accessibility of Chinese cities in the HSR network. In response to the endogeneity issue, we design an instrumental variable based on historic transport network. Another econometric strategy is to include only two groups of cities in the sample: cities with existing HSR stations and cities with planned HSR stations. The empirical results suggest that high accessibility in the HSR network not only pushes forward new industry creation but also enables regions to be more pathbreaking and diversify into less related industries.
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Novačko, Luka, Ljupko Šimunović, and Davor Krasić. "Estimation of Origin-Destination Trip Matrices for Small Cities." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 26, no. 5 (October 31, 2014): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v26i5.1501.
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This paper presents a model of data assessment for the requirements of a classical four-step model of traffic demand in individual traffic in small cities. The procedure is carried out by creating an initial origin-destination trip matrix using data from the traffic count and by defining the average rate of trip generation within single households. The research applied fuzzy logic for the correction of the initial trip matrix. The paper also presents the recommendations for defining the borders of traffic zones, as well as the locations of traffic counts. A flowchart has been used to show a summarized presentation of the proposed model. In the last part of the paper the model was tested on an example of a smaller city in the Republic of Croatia.
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Şentürk, Recep. "Ljudska prava u islamskoj pravnoj nauci / Human Rights in Islamic Jurisprudence." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2017.4.1.99.
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In the diversity of their religious communities, Muslim cities of the Middle Ages, such as Istanbul, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Samarkand, Bukhara, and Cairo, looked like the modern New York, San Francisco, Berlin, Paris, and London. In contrast, European cities during the Middle Ages were quite homogeneous, usually encompassing one predominant Christian denomination. This continued more or less until the second half of the nineteenth century. Since then Western cities have clearly turned into cosmopolitan metropolitan centers housing diverse faith and ethnic groups. What made Muslim cities during the Middle Ages similar to modern cosmopolitan centers? I contend that it was because they operated under norms of Islamic jurisprudence regarding universal human rights, particularly freedom of religion. This finding is surprising given the lagging status of religious freedom in many Muslim-majority nations today, and it suggests that recovering that classical Islamic tradition could have enormous global significance.
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Loughran, Kevin. "THE PHILADELPHIA NEGROAND THE CANON OF CLASSICAL URBAN THEORY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000132.
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AbstractThis paper outlines the urban theory of W. E. B. Du Bois as presented in the classic sociological textThe Philadelphia Negro. I argue that Du Bois’s urban theory, which focused on how the socially-constructed racial hierarchy of the United States was shaping the material conditions of industrial cities, prefigured important later work and offered a sociologically richer understanding of urban processes than the canonized classical urban theorists—Weber, Simmel, and Park. I focus on two key areas of Du Bois’s urban theory: (1) racial stratification as a fundamental feature of the modern city and (2) urbanization and urban migration. WhileThe Philadelphia Negrohas gained recent praise for Du Bois’s methodological achievements, I use extensive passages from the work to demonstrate the theoretical importance ofThe Philadelphia Negroand to argue that this groundbreaking work should be considered canonical urban theory.
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Barker, Graeme. "Regional archaeological projects." Archaeological Dialogues 3, no. 2 (December 1996): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138020380000074x.
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Explicitly regional projects have been a comparatively recent phenomenon in Mediterranean archaeology. Classical archaeology is by far the strongest discipline in the university, museum and antiquities services career structures within the Mediterranean countries. It has always been dominated by the ‘Great Tradition’ of classical art and architecture: even today, a university course on ‘ancient topography’ in many departments of classical archaeology will usually deal predominantly with the layout of the major imperial cities and the details of their monumental architecture. The strength of the tradition is scarcely surprising in the face of the overwhelming wealth of the standing remains of the Greek and Roman cities in every Mediterranean country. There has been very little integration with prehistory: early prehistory is still frequently taught within a geology degree, and later prehistory is still invariably dominated by the culture-history approach. Prehistory in many traditional textbooks in the north Mediterranean countries remains a succession of invasions and migrations, first of Palaeolithic peoples from North Africa and the Levant, then of neolithic farmers, then metal-using élites from the East Mediterranean, followed in an increasingly rapid succession by Urnfielders, Dorians and Celts from the North, to say nothing of Sea Peoples (from who knows where?!). For the post-Roman period, church archaeology has a long history, but medieval archaeology in the sense of dirt archaeology is a comparatively recent discipline: until the 1960s in Italy, for example, ‘medieval archaeology’ meant the study of the medieval buildings of the historic cities, a topic outside the responsibility of the State Archaeological Service (the Superintendency of Antiquities) and within that of the parallel ‘Superintendencies’ for monuments, libraries, archives and art galleries.
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Nevett, Lisa C., E. Bettina Tsigarida, Zosia H. Archibald, David L. Stone, Timothy J. Horsley, Bradley A. Ault, Anna Panti, et al. "TOWARDS A MULTI-SCALAR, MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO THE CLASSICAL GREEK CITY: THE OLYNTHOS PROJECT." Annual of the British School at Athens 112 (October 25, 2017): 155–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245417000090.
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Research on the cities of the Classical Greek world has traditionally focused on mapping the organisation of urban space and studying major civic or religious buildings. More recently, newer techniques such as field survey and geophysical survey have facilitated exploration of the extent and character of larger areas within urban settlements, raising questions about economic processes. At the same time, detailed analysis of residential buildings has also supported a change of emphasis towards understanding some of the functional and social aspects of the built environment as well as purely formal ones. This article argues for the advantages of analysing Greek cities using a multidisciplinary, multi-scalar framework which encompasses all of these various approaches and adds to them other analytical techniques (particularly micro-archaeology). We suggest that this strategy can lead towards a more holistic view of a city, not only as a physical place, but also as a dynamic community, revealing its origins, development and patterns of social and economic activity. Our argument is made with reference to the research design, methodology and results of the first three seasons of fieldwork at the city of Olynthos, carried out by the Olynthos Project.
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Roring, Gaby Dainty Julliet, and Donald Bismarck Rondonuwu. "The Effect of Education and Unemployment Rate on Poverty Rate of 4 Cities in North Sulawesi." Journal of International Conference Proceedings 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v5i2.1686.
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Through this research, the factors that impact the poverty rate of 4 cities in North Sulawesi, which are education and unemployment rate, were analyzed out. Secondary data and panel data regression is used in this research. After the testing stage, the common effect model (CEM) was selected as the suitable model. This research also conducted a classical assumption, partial, and coefficient determination test. The results are that education negatively and significantly affects the poverty rate of 4 cities in North Sulawesi, and the unemployment rate positively and significantly affects the poverty rate of 4 cities in North Sulawesi. The provision of stimulant assistance and subsidies, more effective and targeted poverty alleviation programs, education funding assistance, skills development training programs, more jobs, support small and medium enterprises, reduction of outsourcing labor, and accepting the employee fairly without nepotism are expected to help in reducing poverty rate and solve poverty problems in 4 cities in North Sulawesi, and even more broadly.
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Dai, Muxuan. "Population Classification Model of Liaoning Province Based on Cluster Analysis." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 16 (November 10, 2022): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v16i.2613.
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Aiming at the problem of urban shrinkage in Liaoning Province, this paper established a population classification model by systematic clustering method. Based on two indicators of population contraction and GDP contraction, we defined the shrinkage rate, and classified 30 cities in Liaoning Province according to the shrinkage rate. Firstly, the weights of population contraction and GDP contraction were calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process. Secondly, the average annual growth rate of the two is weighted, and the shrinkage rate is defined as the weighted value. Then, based on the systematic clustering method, the population classification model was established by using the classical Euclidean distance, and the 30 cities were classified by SPSS software. The results of this paper on shrinking cities have important reference value for examining the future development trend of a city.
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Canellis, Aline. "Désert et ville dans la Correspondance de saint Jérôme." Vigiliae Christianae 67, no. 1 (2013): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700720-12341118.
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Abstract Jerome travelled widely in East and West. Being a vir trilinguis, who was fluent in Greek and Latin and also knew Hebrew (and a few Syrian words), he was familiar with life in the desert and the cities. His letters make clear what living in the desert meant for him, and the same is true for life in the contemporary towns and cities. Thoroughly educated in classical and biblical culture, he pictures the desert and the city in a rather peculiar manner, by placing them in the history of Rome and Israel with the addition of exegetical interpretation.
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Carl, Peter, Barry Kemp, Ray Laurence, Robin Coningham, Charles Higham, and George L. Cowgill. "Were Cities Built as Images?" Cambridge Archaeological Journal 10, no. 2 (October 2000): 327–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300000135.
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Many ancient city sites display a remarkable regularity in their plan which has led to considerable debate on the symbolism and intentionality which may lie behind these arrangements. Grid plan cities of the Greek and Roman world were discussed by Haverfield almost a century ago, but it was above all the cities of South and East Asia analyzed by Wheatley in his influential Pivot of the Four Quarters (1971) which has given new emphasis to the potential of meaning and significance. Such planned cities necessarily incorporate an essential tension between praxis — the practical day-to-day needs of the urban community — and idealism, the desire to impose on those practical concerns a city-plan which expresses a symbolic or cosmological image. Contemporary texts, where they exist, may help towards an answer, but the physicality of the city plan itself provides the crucial ground for argument as to whether symbolic or ideological imperatives governed the actual outcome. Cities may be conceptualized in ideal terms without ever taking on the physical attributes of any ideal form. The contributors to this Viewpoint approach the issue from a diversity of standpoints and with reference to different geographical areas. Were cities built as images? Did powerful belief systems combined with strong centralized control give rise to cities where the moat represented the encircling sea and the raised cathedral the mountain-dwelling of the gods? Or are such readings more the product of Western analysis and wishful thinking than the original intentions of their builders? The discussion here is opened by an architectural historian, who places city-planning firmly within the Western intellectual tradition, and considers it in particular as a product of Greek geometry. A series of regional specialists then take up the baton and assess the evidence for symbolic city planning in Egypt, the Roman world, South and Southeast Asia, and Mesoamerica. How far did cities of the Classical world conform to ideas set out by Aristotle and Vitruvius? Were the regulations of the Artashastra really adopted as a practical guide for city lay-out in South Asia? The balance of evidence — of what may have been intended, against what was actually laid out on the ground — provides fertile ground for a stimulating diversity of opinions.
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GRIG, LUCY. "Cities in the ‘long’ Late Antiquity, 2000–2012 – a survey essay." Urban History 40, no. 3 (March 19, 2013): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000369.
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ABSTRACT:This essay surveys major themes and developments in the recent study of late antique urbanism. First, re-evaluations of the late phase of classical urbanism are discussed, whereby a simple narrative of ‘decline’ has been replaced by a much more chronologically and geographically nuanced picture. The importance of regional, indeed local, specificity is stressed, with different areas of the ancient world experiencing often radically different urban trajectories. Key aspects of late antique urbanism are considered, including the relationship between town and country, economic urban life, political versus social and religious urban history, before concluding with consideration of areas where future research is particularly needed.
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Zait, Adriana. "Exploring the role of civilizational competences for smart cities’ development." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 11, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-07-2016-0044.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to identify the main necessary competences for smart cities’ development. From their inception until now, smart cities are striving to clarify their identity and become better, and thus, smarter. The whole process is in many ways similar to the journey of a child in his quest of growing into a smart adult, with the help of parents and support from educators. But it is not easy to tell how we, as citizens, through civic, educational and governance structures, raise smart cities. What competences do we need? This was the main question for the present essay, generated from several theoretical and practical experiences. Design/methodology/approach In this study, literature analysis, synthesis and theoretical inferences, for the smart city problematiques, and induction and exploratory qualitative analysis, for soft, civilizational competences, were used. Findings The main conclusion is that the literature still associates the smart city especially with its hard dimension, the highly developed and intelligent technologies, including information and communication technologies (ICTs), despite a growing number of studies dedicated to the soft, human and social capital component. The intangible, soft component – the human actor – plays an equally, if not even more important role, through mechanisms affecting all classical dimensions of smart cities (smart economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, living). Civilizational competences, soft skills or human-related characteristics of cities strongly influenced by culture (at national, regional, organizational and individual levels) are crucial for the development of smart and competitive cities. Civilizational competences are grouped into four categories: enterprise culture, discoursive culture, civic culture and daily culture. If we want to make our cities smart, we need to develop these competences – first define them, then identify their antecedents or influence factors and measure them. Research limitations/implications The study has several limits. First, the exploratory nature in itself, with many inductive and abductive suppositions that will need further testing. Second, the literature selection has a certain degree of subjectivity owing to the fact that besides the common, classical theory of smart cities, the authors were particularly interested in rather heterodox opinions about the subject, which lead them to the inclusion of singular or isolated points of view on narrower issues. Practical implications The findings of this exploratory conceptual essay could be used for further testing of hypotheses on the relationship between civilizational competences and smart cities’ development. Social implications Local and regional administrations could use the results to increase civil society’s involvement in the development of smart cities. Originality/value The study points out some new connections and relations for the smart city problematiques, and explicitly suggests relating the development of smart cities to the development of civilizational competences, as a complex category of factors going beyond the unique dimension of “people” or “human and social capital” from the smart cities literature. It is an exploratory outcome, generating new research hypotheses for the relationships between smart city development and culture-related factors grouped under the “cities” civilizational competences’ label.
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Beschasnaya, A. A., and N. N. Pokrovskaia. "Participation in Cities in Sociological Discourse." Discourse 6, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2020-6-4-46-61.
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Introduction. The social practice of participativeness, active participation in the transformation of urban space in the interests of residents, is gaining popularity among the urban population. The study of this phenomenon is interest for obvious integration with management decisions. Expanding the practice of implementing social activity of the population and studying the components of participativeness determine the goal of writing the paper-the formation of a theoretical and methodological basis for studying this phenomenon.Methodology and source. The paper presents a review of classical and modern sociological theories that reveal the potential of empirical study of aspects of the manifestation of participation of urban residents. Among the mentioned by the authors are the theory of social action, social solidarity, phenomenology, social constructivism.Results and discussion. The problematic nature of living in cities and the penetration of these problems into the daily interaction of citizens forms the origins of solidary participation of citizens-individual and private interests form collective actions-processes. Multiple individual forms of citizens' activity on urban improvement are transformed into participativeness – institutionalized joint activity. Its participants can take differentiated positions in the social structure of the urban community according to the criteria of having a diverse experience of interaction, i.e. exchange, with the urban environment and taking a position in the city management structure, which determines the level of regulated authority to make managerial decisions. The problems of urban life that are common to different categories of citizens and the typification of social activity to solve them order the interaction of participants, organize and “produce” the urban space.Conclusion. In the process of reasoning, a theoretical model of the formation of participativeness is presented, which allows us to trace the transformation of activity of the urban population into the right to the city and the formation of a favorable urban environment.
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Marciak, Michał. "Hellenistic-Roman Idumea in the Light of Greek and Latin Non-Jewish Authors." Klio 100, no. 3 (December 19, 2018): 877–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/klio-2018-0132.
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Summary Although ancient Idumea was certainly a marginal object of interest for classical writers, we do possess as many as thirteen extant classical non-Jewish authors (from the 1st c. BCE to the 3rd c. CE) who explicitly refer to Idumea or the Idumeans. For classical writers, Idumea was an inland territory between the coastal cities of Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia that straddled important trade routes. Idumea is also frequently associated in ancient literature with palm trees, which grew in Palestine and were exported throughout the Mediterranean. In the eyes of classical authors, the Idumeans were a distinctive ethnos living in the melting pot of southern Palestine. Ancient writers emphasized the Idumeans’ ethnic and cultural connections with the Nabateans, the Phoenicians and Syrians, and, finally, the Judeans, and also indicated that a great deal of Hellenization occurred in western Idumea in an urban context.
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Yatsenko, Y., O. Shevchenko, and S. Snizhko. "ASSESSMENT OF AIR POLLUTION LEVEL OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND TRENDS OF IT CHANGES IN THE CITIES OF UKRAINE." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (82) (2018): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.82.11.
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The purpose of the work is to study the current level and the main trends of atmospheric air pollution of the cities of Ukraine with nitrogen dioxide to identify the most polluted cities, their ranking to determine the list of cities for the priority implementation of environmental measures. For the purpose of the study, the information of the Central Geophysical Observatory on the average annual concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the air of 51 cities of Ukraine for the period 1998-2015 was used. The study used the classical methods of applied mathematical statistics (estimation of statistical parameters of distribution of concentrations, construction of time trends on the method of least squares, graphical methods of visualization of levels of air pollution), which were implemented using the available programs "MS-Excell" and "Statistica-8.0". The classification of cities according to the level of MPC exceeds average annual concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. 3 groups of cities were allocated: 1 group (21 cities) permissible level of pollution (<1 MPC); 2 group (27 cities) – increased level of pollution (1-2 MPC); group 3 (3 cities) – high level of pollution (2-3 MPC). It has been established that in the air of 21 cities (41% of all cities where nitrogen dioxide is monitored in the atmosphere) of 51 cities, there is an acceptable level of air pollution. In the remaining cities (59%) – there is a stable excess of MPC. In 23 cities, even the minimum concentrations of NO2 exceed the permissible standards. The study of long-term dynamics of nitrogen dioxide in air has shown that the increase of concentrations of this pollutant for 1998-2015 is observed in 28 cities (55%) of 51. The most significant increase in concentrations in the air occurred in Kherson, Lutsk, Donetsk and Gorishni Plavni. In 13 cities reduction of concentrations was recorded, and in 10 cities the content of this pollutant in the air practically does not change.
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Hölkeskamp, Karl-J. "Written law in archaic Greece." Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 38 (1993): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068673500001632.
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In classical tradition as well as in modern classical scholarship, the emergence of written law and the earliest conception of the very idea of legislation are inseparably connected with mythical figures of almost heroic status: the great ‘arbitrators’ (diallaktai, katartisteres or aisymnetai) and ‘lawgivers’ (nomothetai) allegedly appointed in many Greek cities during the seventh and sixth centuries. According to this tradition, they were men truly wise and just, who were chosen, sometimes from outside the city, to deal with political conflict and social strife, to mediate between hostile factions within the citizen body, to restore law and order and to establish eunomia in the polis community.In the handbooks, it has been generally assumed that written law, legislation and ‘codification’ played a major role in this story in two respects. On the one hand, oppression, injustice, the arbitrary interpretation and distortion of traditional law and time-honoured custom by aristocratic judges – Hesiod's ‘gift-devouring kings’, handing down ‘crooked judgments’ – were, it is said, a major cause of social discontent among broad strata of the societies of these early cities.
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Schipper, Bernd Ulrich. "Raamses, Pithom, and the Exodus: A Critical Evaluation of Ex 1:11." Vetus Testamentum 65, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12301194.
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Up to the present, the brief notice on the storage cities of “Pithom” and “Raamses” and the forced labour of the Israelites in Ex 1:11 has been taken as the historical nucleus of a possible exodus scenario under Ramesses ii. This article presents a critical evaluation of the classical theory, taking into account recent insights in Archaeology, Egyptology, and Philology. Since a number of arguments call the classical theory into question, a historical background of Ex 1:11 in the late 7th century bce becomes more likely, when Judahites had to perform forced labour for the Egyptian hegemon in the Southern Levant.
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Crow, James. "Bleda S. Düring and Claudia Glatz (eds), Kinetic Landscapes, the Cide Archaeological Project: Surveying the Turkish Western Black Sea Coast." Journal of Greek Archaeology 6 (December 9, 2021): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v6i.1067.
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Archaeological knowledge of the Black Sea coast of Turkey is limited for all periods of history and prehistory. Lacking the instant appeal of the Classical to Roman monuments of the south and west coasts, or the universal prehistoric interest of sites like Çatal Höyük or Göbekli Tepe, the deeply forested and often inaccessible mountainous Black Sea coast remains largely neglected. The name Cide derives from the ancient Kydros (mod. Gideros), a modest Classical town set between the major coastal cities of Amastris (Amasra) in the west and Sinope (Sinop) - once capital of Mithradates’ empire - to the east.
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Zhao, Luodi, and Long Zhao. "An Algorithm for Online Stochastic Error Modeling of Inertial Sensors in Urban Cities." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031257.
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Regardless of whether the global navigation satellite system (GNSS)/inertial navigation system (INS) is integrated or the INS operates independently during GNSS outages, the stochastic error of the inertial sensor has an important impact on the navigation performance. The structure of stochastic error in low-cost inertial sensors is quite complex; therefore, it is difficult to identify and separate errors in the spectral domain using classical stochastic error methods such as the Allan variance (AV) method and power spectral density (PSD) analysis. However, a recently proposed estimation, based on generalized wavelet moment estimation (GMWM), is applied to the stochastic error modeling of inertial sensors, giving significant advantages. Focusing on the online implementation of GMWM and its integration within a general navigation filter, this paper proposes an algorithm for online stochastic error calibration of inertial sensors in urban cities. We further develop the autonomous stochastic error model by constructing a complete stochastic error model and determining model ranking criterion. Then, a detecting module is designed to work together with the autonomous stochastic error model as feedback for the INS/GNSS integration. Finally, two experiments are conducted to compare the positioning performance of this algorithm with other classical methods. The results validate the capability of this algorithm to improve navigation accuracy and achieve the online realization of complex stochastic models.
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Popov, Artem A. "Bactria in the Greek literature of the Classical epoch." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 1 (46) (March 2021): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2021-1-106-111.
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The article is dedicated to the appearance and the development of the Greeks’ knowledge about Bactria in the literature of the Classical epoch (V–IV centuries BC). Herodotus, Ctesias, Xenophon give us the most important information about Bactria. Ctesias’ «The Persian History» as the most significant work studying Ancient Bactria does not remain. The works by Diodorus of Sicily and Patriarch Photius are the main research on Ctesias’ work. Much more before the Eastern Campaign of Alexander, the Hellenes had the information about Bactria geography, its population, military forces and economic potential, the largest cities and their role in the Achaemenid Empire. Such information competently allowed to assess the perspectives during Alexander’s conquering of the Bactrian territories, for example, the strategic location of Bactria in his wide Empire. Beginning from Herodotus, some classical authors have formed the critical view about the Asiatic statehood. On the other side Ctesias promoted the compromise ideas, directing to cooperation with the «barbarian» East. In the same time Bactria and Bactrians became the background to advance all these ideologies.
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Hermans, Erik. "Van Aken tot Bagdad." Lampas 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2018.2.006.herm.
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Summary This article discusses a unique chapter of the classical tradition: the multilingual reception of the Organon of Aristotle during the early Middle Ages. In doing so, it fills two scholarly gaps. First, it focuses attention on the early Middle Ages as a crucial but neglected phase of the classical tradition, when ancient texts were studied in Latin, Greek and Arabic. Secondly, it elucidates the special case of the simultaneous reception of the Organon in these three language realms. In the eighth and ninth century, intellectuals living in cities as far apart as Aachen and Baghdad studied the Organon at the same time in Latin and Arabic, while in Constantinople it was read in the original Greek. No other classical text was read by such a geographically widespread audience. This article aims to explain how a classical corpus that is now only studied by specialists gained such popularity in both Europe and the Middle East.
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Ahmad, Md Onais, Mohd Abdul Ahad, M. Afshar Alam, Farheen Siddiqui, and Gabriella Casalino. "Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 7714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227714.
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A large section of the population around the globe is migrating towards urban settlements. Nations are working toward smart city projects to provide a better wellbeing for the inhabitants. Cyber-physical systems are at the core of the smart city setups. They are used in almost every system component within a smart city ecosystem. This paper attempts to discuss the key components and issues involved in transforming conventional cities into smart cities with a special focus on cyber-physical systems in the Indian context. The paper primarily focuses on the infrastructural facilities and technical knowhow to smartly convert classical cities that were built haphazardly due to overpopulation and ill planning into smart cities. It further discusses cyber-physical systems as a core component of smart city setups, highlighting the related security issues. The opportunities for businesses, governments, inhabitants, and other stakeholders in a smart city ecosystem in the Indian context are also discussed. Finally, it highlights the issues and challenges concerning technical, financial, and other social and infrastructural bottlenecks in the way of realizing smart city concepts along with future research directions.
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Nevett, Lisa C., E. Bettina Tsigarida, Zosia H. Archibald, David L. Stone, Bradley A. Ault, Nikos Akamatis, Elena Cuijpers, et al. "CONSTRUCTING THE ‘URBAN PROFILE’ OF AN ANCIENT GREEK CITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE OLYNTHOS PROJECT." Annual of the British School at Athens 115 (December 2020): 329–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245420000118.
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This article argues that a holistic approach to documenting and understanding the physical evidence for individual cities would enhance our ability to address major questions about urbanisation, urbanism, cultural identities and economic processes. At the same time we suggest that providing more comprehensive data-sets concerning Greek cities would represent an important contribution to cross-cultural studies of urban development and urbanism, which have often overlooked relevant evidence from Classical Greece. As an example of the approach we are advocating, we offer detailed discussion of data from the Archaic and Classical city of Olynthos, in the Halkidiki. Six seasons of fieldwork here by the Olynthos Project, together with legacy data from earlier projects by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and by the Greek Archaeological Service, combine to make this one of the best-documented urban centres surviving from the Greek world. We suggest that the material from the site offers the potential to build up a detailed ‘urban profile’, consisting of an overview of the early development of the community as well as an in-depth picture of the organisation of the Classical settlement. Some aspects of the urban infrastructure can also be quantified, allowing a new assessment of (for example) its demography. This article offers a sample of the kinds of data available and the sorts of questions that can be addressed in constructing such a profile, based on a brief summary of the interim results of fieldwork and data analysis carried out by the Olynthos Project, with a focus on research undertaken during the 2017, 2018 and 2019 seasons.
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Shan, Bao Yan, and Li’e Wang. "Research on the Regional Industrial Competitiveness & its Spatial Pattern in Shandong Province Based on the Spatial SSM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.94.
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By using the statistics of national economy with 19 industries of Shandong province in 2004 and 2010 , both shift - share analysis of the traditional model and spatial model were applied to analysis the industrial competitiveness of 17 cities in Shandong . The classical shift-share approach analyses the evolution of an economic magnitude between two periods identifying three components: a national effect, a sectoral effect and a competitive effect. The spatial shift-share approach analyses the evolution of an economic magnitude identifying three components: the national effect, industry mix neighboring regions-nation effect and the competitive neighboring regions effect. The results of the two models are below: Of all the three effects, the national effect is the most important to the economic growth of all the cities in Shandong. The rate of the total economy and the industries of all the cities were decided by their original amount,etc.
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Bhattacharya, Ujjayan. "Book Review: Rila Mukherjee (ed.), Vanguards of Globalization: Port-Cities from the Classical to the Modern." Indian Historical Review 42, no. 1 (June 2015): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983615569902.
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