Journal articles on the topic 'Classical and postclassical languages'
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Herman, David. "Scripts, Sequences, and Stories: Elements of a Postclassical Narratology." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 112, no. 5 (October 1997): 1046–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/463482.
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This essay begins by differentiating between narratively organized sequences of events and nonnarrative sequences associated with deductive reasoning, conversational exchanges, descriptions, and recipes. After reviewing classical accounts of narrative sequences, the essay sketches developments in language theory and cognitive science that have occurred after the heyday of structuralist narrative poetics and that throw further light on two interlinked questions: what is necessary to make a sequence of events a narrative, and what makes some narrative sequences more readily processed as stories than others? Both questions can be addressed by the concept, drawn from artificial-intelligence research, of “scripts”—knowledge representations storing finite, sequentially ordered groups of actions required for the accomplishment of particular tasks. Exploring some literary applications of a theoretical model based on scripts, the final section of the text outlines research strategies for a postclassical narratology that encompasses cognitive approaches to stories. By examining different modalities of the script-story interface, theorists of narrative may be able to rethink the historical development of narrative techniques and to understand better the differences among narrative genres at any given time.
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Novenson, Matthew V. "“God Is Witness” A Classical Rhetorical Idiom in Its Pauline Usage." Novum Testamentum 52, no. 4 (2010): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004810010x12591327956385.
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AbstractFive times in the undisputed letters Paul invokes God as guarantor of the truth of a claim with a form of the phrase “God is witness.” Interpreters have long identified these sayings as self-imprecatory oaths after a pattern attested in the Hebrew Bible. In this article, I argue that the Pauline phrase “God is witness” is not a self-imprecatory oath at all, but rather a figure of speech with roots in the rhetoric of classical Greece and a long tradition in postclassical pagan, Jewish, and Christian literature. In this figure of speech, God is not testifying against Paul in case Paul should default on a promise; rather God is testifying for Paul that Paul’s character can be trusted.
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Sharanov, Yuriy, and Viktor Ustyuzhanin. "Determination – the universal language of self-awareness of a subject of law enforcement agencies." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2021, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2021-2-204-213.
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Nowadays the problem of consciousness and self-awareness is experiencing a revival in a psychological science. Active efforts are being made in this sphere to break «the psychological stalemate» of inertia of the old methodological guidelines which consider consciousness and self-awareness as simple functions of the objective reality reflection and reproduction. Numerous researches of national and international scientists, different scientific conferences are dedicated to the analysis of these guidelines.
Our concept of determination is a logical follow-up to L. S. Vigotsky’s ideas as it reflects the emergence and development of the phenomenon of significance in the human mind, postulates that consciousness and self-awareness are called upon to perform one common function of determination (self-determination). The choice of determination as the subject of this research is made because of the changes in the field of psychological knowledge. This involves the shift away from the classical science towards the non-classical one and, in the recent years, towards the postclassical explanatory paradigm in psychology. These nonclassical ideas can be found in theoretical considerations of Vigotsky whose attention was occupied with the actual state of psychological mind when the issues of determinism were traditionally regarded only in biological and physiological factors and mechanisms - in the so-called objective methods of consciousness while determinants posed by the human psyche itself were ignored.
Postclassical view of the world and understanding of the human place in it went a step further, it is focused today on the reflection of value and sense contexts of a person. As a request for dialogism, expression discursivity of ideas, thoughts, opinions mounted, there is a need for subjective paradigm. Psychologists in this process seek to go beyond the narrow frames of determination of a subject’s activeness limited only with his «activity» and turn to the notion «existence». In other words they attempt to move from being to formation, ongoing development of a subject’s psyche.
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Paliga, Sorin. "Slavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ. Their origin and distribution in postclassical times." Slavia Meridionalis 15 (September 25, 2015): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2015.005.
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Slavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ. Their origin and distribution in postclassical timesSlavic *tъrgъ, Old Church Slavonic trъgъ, preserved in the modern Slavic languages as well, has had an impressive distribution in both vocabulary and place‑names, to note just Bulg. Tărgovište (also an important archaeological site), Rom. Târgoviște, also spelled Tîrgoviște (the political centre of Wallachia for some time, approx. 80 kms north-west from Bucharest) and as far as Finnish Turku (gen. Turun). See also the discussion regarding the Polish place-name Toruń. The origin has been debated, but it cannot be analysed independently from ancient Illyrian town of Tergitio, later Tergeste, the precursors of modern Slovene Trst, Italian Trieste. The ultimate origin has been looked for even in remote areas like Sumer, e.g. Václav Machek, who quotes Assyro-Babylonian tamgaru ‘trader’, in fact following a suggestion of the orientalist Bedřich Hrozný, the decipherer of Hittite (he published the study in August 1915). The author assumes that the origin of the word must be accepted as ‘Balkanic’ or, in a perhaps better phrasing, as a common Illyrian and Thracian ‘technical term’ referring to trade and commerce. Its spread from south to north is entirely normal, following the spread of economic relations from the Roman, then the Byzantine world northwards at a date difficult to determine, but definitely prior to the Slavic expansion, i.e. before the 6th century C.E. It is unlikely that we have to do here an Oriental term. If indeed that were so, the term should have spread first to Classical Greek, then should have migrated northwards at an earlier date. It is rather likely that we have here a ‘Mediterranean’, perhaps even a Pre-Indo-European term, in Machek’s terminology, ‘praevropský původ’ (of Old European origin). Słowiański *tъrgъ, staro-cerkiewno-słowiański trъgъ. Pochodzenie i dystrybucja w epoce nowożytnejSłowiański *tъrgъ, scs. trъgъ to nazwa zachowana także we współczesnych językach słowiańskich. Ma wiele derywatów zarówno wśród nazw apelatywnych, jak i nazw własnych, by wymienić choćby bułg. Tărgovište (także ważne stanowisko archeologiczne), rum. Târgoviște, zapisywane także jako Tîrgoviște (przez pewien czas polityczne centrum Muntenii, ok. 80 km na północny zachód od Bukaresztu) czy fin. Turku (gen. Turun), czy też dyskusje na temat pochodzenia polskiej nazwy Toruń.Pochodzenie targu było wielokrotnie przedmiotem dyskusji, jednak nazwy nie można analizować niezależnie od starożytnej nazwy iliryjskiego miasta Tergitio, późniejsze Tergeste, poprzednik współczesnego słoweńskiego Trst i włoskiego Trieste. Václav Machek rozpatrywał nawet tak archaiczne pochodzenie jak sumeryjskie, przywołując asyryjsko-babilońskie tamgaru ‘handlowiec’, idąc za sugestią orientalisty Bedřicha Hrozného, który odczytał pismo hetyckie (1915). Autor ten stwierdza, że pochodzenie rozpatrywanego słowa trzeba uznać za bałkańskie lub raczej wspólne iliryjsko-trackie jako termin techniczny związany z handlem. Jego rozpowszechnienie z południa na północ jest całkowicie zrozumiałe, jeśli wziąć pod uwagę północny zasięg stosunków ekonomicznych Imperium Rzymskiego, a później Bizancjum, w czasach trudnych do sprecyzowania, jednak zdecydowanie wcześniejszych od słowiańskiej ekspansji, tj. sprzed VI w. n. e. Pochodzenie orientalne jest mało prawdopodobne. Jeżeli jednak brać je pod uwagę, to należy przyjąć, że wcześniej słowo to pojawiło się w klasycznej grece, a następnie, w dość wczesnym okresie, z niej rozpowszechniło się w kierunku północnym. Bardziej prawdopodobne wydaje się pochodzenie śródziemnomorskie, a być może nawet przedindoeuropejskie, według Macheka praevropský původ.
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Abdelkarim, Sherif. "Ibn al-Khaṭīb: Character Assassin." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 137, no. 1 (January 2022): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812921000808.
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AbstractAmong the poetic modes to persist since Islam's advent, hijāʾ, or classical Arabic invective poetry, pushes the limits of permissible art while preserving aspects of court culture not found elsewhere in the premodern corpus. The harshest pieces of hijāʾ have jeopardized its very status as a proper art form, its popular appeal notwithstanding. This essay sketches the ethical and aesthetic contours of hijāʾ in postclassical Arabic literature (ca. 1000–1400), including the motivations that occasioned it. It offers as a case study the hijāʾ of the foremost Andalusian minister, Lisān al-Dīn ibn al-Khat.īb (d. 1375). The poet-politician's terms of abuse shed light on Granada's political strains, and they jar with a tradition that proscribes calumny altogether and calls adherents to unite in virtue and piety, not sin and slander. In practice, Ibn al-Khat.īb's sharp tongue invited physical retaliation, which forced the man to scope the lands, in search of escape.
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Usatenko, Tamara, and Usatenko Halyna. "UKRAINIAN STUDIES IN THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF NEW EUROPEAN SCIENCE." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 27 (2020): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2020.27.20.
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The article, based on a study of the formation and development of Ukrainian studies in the crisis of classical science, analyzes the transformation of modern European science from Descartes to the present, the contradictions of high ideals of the Enlightenment about man, people, and human-based foundations of postclassical Ukrainian studies. The study describes Ukrainian studies in the context of fundamental changes in modern European science and the separation of the humanities from the natural science discussions of unity - the separation and search for the unity of the humanities and natural sciences. The role of Ukrainian studies in the formation of the Ukrainian literary language, spelling, literature, the establishment of scientific research in the processes of cultural and historical revival, social, national-revolutionary movements are revealed. The general theoretical scientific basis of Ukrainian studies is analyzed, noting specific features in classical and non-classical science. In the context of the research, the peculiarity of Ukrainian studies as a holistic, multiple, human-dimensional science is revealed, in the structure of which parts express the nature of the whole and give it specific properties. Apart from the integral structure, the parts acquire other object features. The article emphasizes that rethinking the role of Ukrainian studies in science, education, in all spheres of life is a powerful basis for the consolidation of the Ukrainian nation. There are well-founded arguments that the renewed Ukrainian studies, having passed a difficult path of formation, rise and prohibitions, oblivion, revival becomes the foundation for new post-classical science.
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Serrano Madroñal, Raúl. "El concepto de “conflictividad social” en las fuentes literarias latinas. Perspectivas diacrónicas = The Concept of “Social Conflictivity” in Latin Literary Sources. Diachronic Perspectives." Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua, no. 31 (November 27, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfii.31.2018.19437.
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En un ejercicio absoluto de abstracción, la sociología contemporánea y los estudios vinculados de otras disciplinas han sido capaces de teorizar sobre las “colisiones” o conflictus de un conjunto de individuos configurados en societas. No obstante, una generalización de grado semejante podría parecer verdaderamente ajena a la lengua latina tanto en el período clásico como en el posclásico y tardío. Inmersos en esta problemática, el presente artículo persigue dilucidar la existencia de una construcción conceptual que se corresponda con la idea actual de “conflicto social” mediante un análisis diacrónico de las fuentes literarias desde el “siglo de oro” hasta la tardo-antigüedad. Contemporary Sociology and related studies of other disciplines have been able to theorize, through an absolute exercise of abstraction, about the "collisions" or conflictus of a set of individuals configured in societas. However, a generalization of a similar degree might seem truly strange to the Latin language in the classical, postclassical and later periods. Immersed in this problem, this paper seeks to elucidate the existence of a conceptual construction that corresponds to the current idea of "social conflict" through a diachronic analysis of literary sources from the "Golden age" to the Late Antiquity.
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Horbal, Yaroslav. "Sonata for saxophone by P. Craston in the aspect of universals for the instrumental sonata genre in the XX century." Музикознавча думка Дніпропетровщини, no. 19 (December 30, 2020): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/222045.
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The purpose of article is consist of opening processe concerning the development trends of the sonata genre for saxophone – a new generation instrument that emerged in the postclassical period, after the heyday of the sonata genre in the works of classical composers. This instrument entered the symphony and wind orchestras much earlier than the number of solo instruments, so sonatas for saxophone appeared only in the twentieth century. The material for the analysis was a sonata for saxophone by P. Craston, created in 1937. The research methodology is to apply an analytical method that provides a basis for a comprehensive analysis of the sonata and to identify traditional and innovative features. The scientific novelty of this work is to identify traditional and innovative features in the content and musical style of this P. Craston’s sonata. It is proved that these features arise in the context of new musical universals of the instrumental sonata genre in the twentieth century. The specifics of their transformation in the musical text and the content of the analyzed work are indicated. The scientific article proves that P. Crаston’s sonata combines the features of the traditional sonata cycle with the musical language and style characteristic of the art of the twentieth century, and is quite complex for ensemble performance. The saxophone part is characterized by increased complexity due to extreme mobility, a large number of virtuoso passages, the use of wide jumps from one register to another, the presence of long musical constructions. It is pointed out that the complexity of the saxophone part is due primarily to the fact that in America the performing school of saxophone playing, in comparison with other countries, occupied a leading position in the 30s. The conclusions indicate that in the twentieth century the sonata genre underwent significant changes that distanced it from the classical invariant, as a result of which the analyzed sonata for saxophone organically synthesized a whole set of different stylistic features.
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Gerald Prince. "Classical and/or Postclassical Narratology." L'Esprit Créateur 48, no. 2 (2008): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/esp.0.0005.
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Chestnov, I. L. "THe Scientific novelty of the post-classical jurisprudence." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18119.
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The author shows the inadequacy of the classical criteria of scientific character. Criteria and practice of logic not adequate the new picture of the world. The objectivity of scientific activity today is replaced by intersubjectivity. The main criterion of scientific novelty today is the social - relevance of the knowledge society. This criterion establishes the elites and reference groups. They selectrows the knowledge that claim the status of scientific novelty. Modern approaches to the law in domestic jurisprudence, the criterion of scientific novelty were more consistent with legal liberalism, economic analysis of law and postclassical theory of law. The most adequate call time, according to the author, is postclassical theory of law. The article presents the main provisions of the postclassical theory of law. It focuses on the main problem of modern law - connection of theory with practice.
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la Roi, Ezra. "A rephilologized diachronic analysis of “Post-Classical Greek”." Journal of Greek Linguistics 20, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-02002002.
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Abstract Picking up on the notion of “rephilologization” promoted by the editors of the 2020 volume Postclassical Greek as a recurring theme in the book under consideration here, I offer in this review article an overview and critique of the ways in which philological analysis intersects with grammatical and diachronic analysis in the 12 studies contained in this work. In addition, I discuss various pitfalls and principles for progress in analysing Greek in its Postclassical instantiations.
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Selyutina, Elena A. "The Problem of Self-Presentation in the Modern Literary Process (“Narrative about the Author” in E. Simonova’s Interviews)." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no. 4 (2022): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.4.074.
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This article explores a particular version of the narrative of personal stories, i.e., the “narrative about the author”, which is indicative for the analysis of writers’ reflection on their role in modern Russian-language literature. The article aims to determine the specifics of the “narrative about the author”, show that it is formed in public discourse and conditioned by the existence of a narrative framework (a question-and-answer form of an interview that demonstrates public expectations from the creator). Public self-reflection captures the process of self-identification and modeling of the myth of verbal creative work in modern times. The event of the “narrative about the author” is an important change, after which they were able to define themselves as a writer (to name themselves). The author uses methods of classical and postclassical narratology, as well as personological and narrative psychology in the study of the “narrative about the author”. The study reveals that the “narrative about the author” occupies a borderline position with respect to fictionality, the narrator is non-trivial, they are both inside the event and outside it, combining personal attitude with social, cultural, and other conventions adopted about authorship. The article considers the “narrative about the author” with reference to an interview with the Ural poet E. Simonova. The empirical basis of the study is the interviews she gave from 2019 to 2022. In her interviews, Ekaterina Simonova creates an image of a “little poet”, a socio-psychological construct created under the influence of changes in the symbolic status of poetry in modern times, whose components are non-exclusivity and inclusion into everyday life. Within the narrative and within the limits of one response, one sees the formulation of a position, and in the comments given in parentheses, its ironic interpretation. As a result, the author concludes that in the interview with E. Simonova, a myth develops about the writer as an “everyday”, ordinary person who is built on a strategy of ironic sincerity, which is consistent with the artistic narrative of her poetry.
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Heinloo, Jaak. "Turbulence Mechanics in Progress—From Classical to Postclassical." World Journal of Mechanics 03, no. 04 (2013): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjm.2013.34022.
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Qiao, Guoqiang. "Should narratology be split into classical and postclassical?" Neohelicon 45, no. 2 (September 12, 2018): 401–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11059-018-0456-7.
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Ullah, Sahar Ishtiaque. "Postclassical Poetics: The Role of the Amatory Prelude for the Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 3, no. 2 (April 2016): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2016.11.
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AbstractThe prophetic encomia—panegyrics dedicated to the prophet Muhammad—are one of the most often recited forms of Arabic poetry up to today and are grounded in a cultural milieu where hagiography, competitive circulation of narrative and counter-narratives, rituals and esoteric practices, and educational institutions have a role in its formation. The unifying of the classical erotic poetic with the postclassical devotional created out of the encomium a vehicle that encapsulated palpable memory, nostalgia, and aspirational ideal for a greater past and beloved subject and successfully left a lasting cultural imprint. Against a general disregard for the postclassical tradition as one of decadence argued by Arab modernists, I join the ongoing effort to debunk the myth of premodern decadence as interrogated by Muhsin al-Musawi’s two-part article “The Republic of Letters: Arab Modernity?” by considering the role of the postclassical prophetic encomia’s amatory prelude—a convention from the classical Arabic ode—as a site of continuity and innovation. Within specifically the famousQaṣīdat al-Burdah(trans.The Mantle Ode) by Muhammad ibn Sa'īd al-Būsīrī (d. 693/1294) and thebadī’iyyātmodeled after theBurdahin meter and rhyme initiated by Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Ḥillī (d. 750/1349), the prelude takes a significant poetic turn replacing the classical abandoned desert campsites of the Arabic ode with the city of Madīnah. Operating as a unifying repository of the medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, the amatory prelude continued to perform its classical function as a liminal space but innovatively transformed that space for the reading/listening public as a collective reimagining of the Beloved as Muhammad and the abandoned desert campsite as the City of the Prophet outside of the discursive borders of the imperial.
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Dzukeska, Elena. "Classical education, classical languages, classical studies." Годишен зборник на Филозофскиот факултет/The Annual of the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje 74 (2021): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37510/godzbo2174209dj.
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Piskunova, Larisa, and Igor Yankov. "The Narrative Structure and Postclassical Reality in G. R. Martin’s Epic Fantasy Novels A Song of Ice and Fire and the Television Series Game of Thrones." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 19, no. 1 (2020): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2020-1-193-208.
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The classical novels of the 19th century corresponded with early modern national society. At the beginning of the 21st century, serials have replaced classical novels in structuring the form of social reality. The narrative structure of Game of Thronescorresponded with postclassical, postcolonial social reality. The co-existence of different genres, the different types of co-existence between “realistic medieval” and mythological reality, the co-existence of different narrators without a dominant point of view, and the asynchrony of episodes and the dramatic unexpected turns of plot are specific features of forming non-linear space and time. The specific structure of narrative is connected with the specific position of the author and the relationship between the author, the narrators, and power. The depreciation of the ground mythological structure of narrative is a cause of the inflation of catharsis, and induces unlimited series events or an unfinished principal plot. Features of the narrative of Game of Thronesare correlated with the postclassical situation of the co-existence of different social phenomenon that deny each other, but are forced to be connected.
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Frantantuono, Lee. "Bloomsbury Classical Languages." New England Classical Journal 46, no. 2 (2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52284/necj.46.2.review.frantantuono.
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Fratantuono, Lee. "Bloomsbury Classical Languages." New England Classical Journal 46, no. 2 (2019): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52284/necj.46.2.review.fratantuono.
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Bondaruk, Tetiana. "Historical and legal discourse in the context of classical and postclassical legal understanding." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-106-111.
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Іntroduction. Historical and legal science, as well as the science of law in general, is acutely faced with challenges related to the new stage of development of humanities knowledge and the corresponding change of research paradigm that occurs during the struggle between classical and nonclassical (postclassical) types of legal understanding Тhe aim of the article. Тhese processes need to be understood and "adapted" in particular in the historical and legal discourse. In particular, it is proposed to analyze the phenomenon of deformation of the phenomenon of law, and the resulting differentiation of the subject, in particular in historical and legal research, and the coherence of research tools offered within the classical and nonclassical types of legal understanding Results. Modern methodological research is a natural reaction of the domestic legal process to the dominance of the monistic materialist approach to the study of legal phenomena, which actualizes anthropological and axiological approaches. Both anthropologization and axiologization of law cause the deformalization of the phenomenon of law, creating a conceptual In the light of the above, it seems important to consider in relation to the relationship such concepts as legal reality (historical and legal reality), legal life, legal system as central, and legal space, legal field, legal environment as peripheral. At the same time, attention is drawn to the normative nature of the legal system, the ontological nature of legal reality, the inconsistency of legal life as a starting point in the choice of methodological tools. Introduction to the historical and legal discourse of «ontological metaphors»: legal communication, legal event, legal life, legal space, legal field, legal environment, etc., will activate the intersubjective model of knowledge of law as a sociocultural phenomenon, draw attention to the dynamics of law, using an arsenal of non-classical methodology. Conclusions. An overview of some trends that lead to a change in the object and subject of jurisprudence shows a radical change in its methodology, which should form research tools to answer new research questions. This process is part of the process of modern «cultivation» of integrated thinking as opposed to or in addition to analytical and systemic, which is characterized by consideration of reality in mechanistic categories, and, being irreversible, requires appropriate historical and legal reflections
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Ibrahim, Bilal. "Beyond Atoms and Accidents." Oriens 48, no. 1-2 (June 8, 2020): 67–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18778372-04801004.
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Abstract This article explores a novel approach to the analysis of the external world in postclassical Ashʿarite kalām. While discussions of physical reality and its fundamental constituents in the classical period of Islamic thought turned chiefly on the opposing views of kalām atomism and Aristotelian hylomorphism, in the postclassical period kalām thinkers in the Ashʿarite tradition forge a new frame of inquiry. Beginning most earnestly with the philosophical works of Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, a critical approach is developed addressing received views in ontology, including the relation of substance to accident, the status of Aristotelian form and matter, and part-to-whole relations. Drawing on Rāzī’s al-Mulakhkhaṣ and al-Mabāḥith, kalām thinkers develop several concepts to distinguish arbitrary or mind-dependent (iʿtibārī) composites (‘man-plus-stone’) from non-arbitrary composites (e.g., tree, paste, and house). Most notably, they adopt a substance-plus-accident ontology in opposition to the Aristotelian hylomorphism of falsafa. The mutakallimūn will conceive of composites as possessing ‘real unity’ (ḥaqīqa muttaḥida) while dispensing with the explanatory and causal role of Aristotelian substantial forms.
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Hamza, Gábor. "Bemerkungen zum Verhältnis zwischen dem Allgemeinen Teil des Privatrechts (Zivilrechts) und der Tradition des römischen Rechts." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Iurisprudentia 65, no. 4 (March 16, 2021): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbiur.65(2020).4.10.
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The author of this study traces back the origin of the notion of "General Part"(Allgemeiner Teil in German) to the century's old tradition of Roman law (Civil law). He points out that the origin of the term "General Part" cannot be found in the sources of classical and postclassical Roman law. The most renowned representatives of the German Pandectist School i.e., Pandectist Legal Science developed the concept of "General Part"during the preparation of the codification of private (civil) law during the 19th century availing themselves, however, of the Roman law tradition dating back to the previous i.e. medieval legal science.
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Lozinskaya, Evgeniia. "NEW BOOKS ON NARRATOLOGY. PART 1. THE COMMON SPACE OF THEORY." RZ-Literaturovedenie, no. 3 (2021): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/lit/2021.03.04.
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This review is the first one in a series of reviews and articles on the most noteworthy books on theoretical narratology published in the last five years and aims to outline the common space of narrative theory. The focus is on contemporary narratological theories as they relate to classical ones. Particular attention is paid to the collection of articles by French scholars, given that in France narratology has developed since the decline of structuralism differently than in the English-speaking countries, Germany, and Scandinavia. The review also concerns two books on postcolonial narratology and econarratology, less known branches of postclassical narrative theory.
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Drino, Dževad, and Benjamina Londrc. "Rudarski propisi klasičnog i postklasičnog rimskog prava / Mining regulations of classical and postclassical Roman law." Journal of BATHINVS Association ACTA ILLYRICA / Godišnjak Udruženja BATHINVS ACTA ILLYRICA Online ISSN 2744-1318, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54524/2490-3930.2018.407.
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In order to understand the functioning of mining in ancient Rome, it is necessary to investigate the rules of classical and post-classical Roman law related to mines. Most of the mining information is extracted from the Lex Vipasca, the two bronze plates found in Aljustrelo in Portugal in 1876 and 1906. The first plate from Aljustrelo provided valuable information on the mining sale taxes, the auctioneer’s provision, the management of baths, shoemakers, barbers, metallurgy workers, mining waste tax, teachers and seizure of mines and receivables. The second plate from Aljustrelo defines the responsibilities of the procurator, the rights and obligations of the owner, the price of the mine, and tells us about the way of organizing the leaseholders in societies – societas. From the preserved provision of Codex Theodosianus (CTh.X.19.8.) we learn about the existence of specially separated rights related to the mining and exploitation rights. The aim of our work is, through analysis of the Aljustrelo plates, to show how far Roman law has defined all aspects of mining in detail and to show the functioning of the system starting from the formation, acquisition of property, business, control, disputes, and associated activities that were formed with mines. These two plates with Roman mining laws provide an inexhaustible study-basis for lawyers, as well as others dealing with Ancient Rome. In addition to the mentioned Lex Vipasca, some minor and later mining regulations have been briefly outlined to complement the picture of Roman mining law.
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Anderson, Greg. "Before Turannoi Were Tyrants: Rethinking a Chapter of Early Greek History." Classical Antiquity 24, no. 2 (October 1, 2005): 173–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2005.24.2.173.
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Abstract According to classical and postclassical sources, the early Greekturannoi were, by definition, illegitimate rulers who overturned existing political arrangements and installed rogue monarchic regimes in their place. And on this one fundamental point at least, modern observers of archaicturannides seem to have little quarrel with their ancient informants. To this day, it remains axiomatic that Cypselus, Peisistratus, and the rest were autocrats who gained power by usurpation. Whatever their individual accomplishments, they were still, in a word, "tyrants." Relying mostly on evidence from the contemporary literary and material records, my paper aims to challenge this time-honored conventional wisdom and restore the firstturannoi to the political mainstream.
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Varzi, Achille C. "Complementary Logics for Classical Propositional Languages." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 4 (July 1, 1992): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-1992-010406.
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Ball, Robert J., and J. D. Ellsworth. "Teaching Classical Languages: A Reasonable Approach." Classical World 83, no. 1 (1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4350505.
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Parker, Joshua. "What we talk about when we talk about space and narrative (and why we’re not done talking about it)." Frontiers of Narrative Studies 4, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fns-2018-0017.
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AbstractNarrative has often been considered “an art of time.” This essay traces some of the historical reasons for this state of the field, or fields, of narratology, pinpointing spots in classical, postclassical and contemporary narrative theory where compensation was attempted or is being made through a focus on space instead of time. It suggests that as geography and geographers have become increasingly interested in narrative approaches in dealing with concepts, visualization, and digitalization, it is perhaps (once again) time narratology itself, while continuing to focus on and explore space and place, took account of its history of treating them and looked at how geography has implemented narratological concepts in its technical and philosophical approaches.
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Ringer, Mark. "Stage by Stage: The Birth of Theatre. By Philip Freund. London: Peter Owen, 2003; pp. 811. $79.95 cloth; Women and Humor in Classical Greece. By Laurie O'Higgins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. xviii + 262. $70 cloth." Theatre Survey 46, no. 2 (October 25, 2005): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557405260209.
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Both Philip Freund's The Birth of Theatre and Laurie O'Higgins's Women and Humor in Classical Greece deal with Ancient Greek drama. Freund, a theatre historian, attempts a fairly comprehensive survey of both Greek and Roman drama as well as its influence on postclassical theatre, with particular emphasis on the past century. O'Higgins, a classicist, offers what at first glance appears a far narrower exploration that might only be of interest to other classicists. Of the two writers, it is O'Higgins who crafts a readable study that resonates well beyond its ostensibly narrow subject, whereas Freund's book, geared toward a more general readership, is hampered by serious problems of presentation and organization that compromise his more ambitious work's usefulness.
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Dimitrijevs, Maksims, and Abuzer Yakaryılmaz. "Uncountable classical and quantum complexity classes." RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications 52, no. 2-3-4 (April 2018): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ita/2018012.
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It is known that poly-time constant-space quantum Turing machines (QTMs) and logarithmic-space probabilistic Turing machines (PTMs) recognize uncountably many languages with bounded error (A.C. Cem Say and A. Yakaryılmaz, Magic coins are useful for small-space quantum machines. Quant. Inf. Comput. 17 (2017) 1027–1043). In this paper, we investigate more restricted cases for both models to recognize uncountably many languages with bounded error. We show that double logarithmic space is enough for PTMs on unary languages in sweeping reading mode or logarithmic space for one-way head. On unary languages, for quantum models, we obtain middle logarithmic space for counter machines. For binary languages, arbitrary small non-constant space is enough for PTMs even using only counter as memory. For counter machines, when restricted to polynomial time, we can obtain the same result for linear space. For constant-space QTMs, we obtain the result for a restricted sweeping head, known as restarting realtime.
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Danilina, Natalia Ivanovna. "Functions of Classical Languages in Scientific Communication." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philology. Journalism 18, no. 3 (2018): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2018-18-3-244-249.
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Geerts, Floris, Thomas Muñoz, Cristian Riveros, Jan Van den Bussche, and Domagoj Vrgoč. "Matrix Query Languages." ACM SIGMOD Record 50, no. 3 (December 2021): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3503780.3503782.
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Due to the importance of linear algebra and matrix operations in data analytics, there has been a renewed interest in developing query languages that combine both standard relational operations and linear algebra operations. We survey aspects of the matrix query language MATLANG and extensions thereof, and connect matrix query languages to classical query languages and arithmetic circuits.
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Cueva, Edmund P. "The Idea of the Theater in Latin Christian Thought: Augustine to the Fourteenth Century." Theatre Survey 47, no. 1 (April 13, 2006): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557406290094.
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This is an unusual but good and sensible book. I write that it is unusual because The Idea of the Theater in Latin Christian Thought does not follow the predictable pattern of looking at the “materiality of medieval theater practices and historiography” (2). It instead looks at theatre as it appears in medieval thought and as “moments in European intellectual history” (4). Dox leads the reader through a thorough and erudite survey of the writings of some of the Latin Christian authors. She begins with Saint Augustine of Hippo and ends with Bartholomew of Bruges. The text has three major goals. First, the author examines what different postclassical, Christian authors knew about or thought of Greco-Roman theatre as a function of written discourse. The second goal is to keep the discussion of the late-antique and medieval understanding of ancient classical theatre in the intellectual contexts in which the texts were used. Lastly, Latin Christian views on classical theatre are examined in detail. The conclusion of this analysis demonstrates that the idea of “truth” as different from “falsehood” in the writings by the Latin Christian authors was the focus of their texts, rather than any actual interest in classical tragedy and comedy as genres in their own right.
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Alekseev, Igor M. "Uniform Application of Laws in the Context of Post-Classical Law." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 14, no. 11 (November 2021): 1596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0842.
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The article reveals the impotence of classical legal theories to explain the inconsistency of the practice of applying laws. The legal dogma is subjected to the phenomenological analysis. Moreover, its inability to overcome the conventions of pure jurism is shown. From the position of postclassical jurisprudence, the theory of natural law is criticized. The necessity of refusing to contrast natural and positive law is substantiated. The communicative concept of law, its cognitive value and role in ensuring a uniform application of laws are considered. The criticism of integrative legal theories is evaluated from the perspective of the functionality of law in the form of resolving social conflicts. The approach that reduces legal theory to a method of resolving conflicts is called into question. The negative influence of the dichotomy of positive and natural law is argued, both on the uniform application of laws and on the rule of law in general. From the point of view of the functionality of law, the correlation of its material and procedural branches is revealed. As a result, a hypothesis is formulated that the main direction of the development of legal science is the creation of integrative law that can combine various legal concepts, which will allow us to build a rigid legal dogma based on unified methodological foundations and remove contradictions between legal theories in resolving social conflicts
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Shovkovy, Vyacheslav. "DEVELOPING PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCE IN PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS OF CLASSICAL LANGUAGES THROUGH PROJECT METHODOLOGY." АRS LINGUODIDACTICAE, no. 2 (2018): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-0303.2018.2.04.
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Background. The professional activity of a teacher requires a wide range of skills and personal qualities including flexibility, creativity, getting adjusted to learning conditions, the ability to select an appropriate teaching methodology and assessment technique as well as compile syllabuses, educational materials, textbooks, etc. All these skills and qualities are components of pedagogical competence which is the key to professional training of prospective teachers of classical languages. Developing the above-mentioned competence requires specific training so that it fully reflects real conditions of teaching activity. Therefore, to develop pedagogical competence, the author suggests making use of project methodology with the focus on simulating real professional activities of a teacher. Purpose. The article aims at defining the concept of pedagogical competence of a classical languages teacher. It describes the competence structure, considers the project methodology in terms of its implementation in teacher training as well as develops criteria to assess the acquisition level of the competence under discussion. Results. Based on the analysis of a number of researches, pedagogical competence of a classical languages teacher is defined as a system of knowledge and skills, abilities and readiness of a prospective teacher to design and organize the process of teaching classical languages. Additionally, the competence involves assessment skills, the ability to design educational materials and motivate students to learn classical languages, be flexible and creative while addressing a variety of standard and non-standard situations in the classroom. With these concepts in mind, the author insists on project methodology underlying the process of building pedagogical competence. In particular, 7 short-term creative projects were developed to be carried out in pairs or groups. They include: Designing a syllabus (competence-based approach); Building lexical competence in classical languages; Developing grammatical competence in classical languages; Shaping linguistic and sociocultural competence in classical languages; Building competence in reading; Designing a final test; Planning a class in classical languages. The level of competence acquisition is assessed relying on the following criteria: the quality of the selected teaching materials, compliance of the materials with the curriculum requirements, arrangement of exercises and tasks, the quality of exercises, and the correlation of the language material with professional needs of the students. Discussion. In further research, we think it necessary to experimentally verify the effectiveness of the developed projects for building pedagogical competence of prospective teachers as well as to model the teaching process based on experimental data.
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Roggen, Vibeke. "Expanding the area of classical philology: International words." Nordlit, no. 33 (November 25, 2014): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.3166.
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The classical languages, Greek and Latin, have a special kind of afterlife, namely through their explosive expansion into <em>other </em>languages, from antiquity until today. The aim of the present paper is to give a broad survey of this field of study – enough to show that there is a lot to find. As examples are chosen English, Spanish and Norwegian – three Indo-European languages, all of them with rich material for our purpose. In the national philologies, the treatment of the Greek and Latin elements are often not given special attention, but are studied alongside other aspects of the language in question. A cooperation with classical philology would be an advantage. Moreover, only classical philology can give the full picture, seen from the point of view of Greek and Latin, and explain <em>why </em>and <em>how </em>these languages have lended so many words and word elements to so many vernacular languages. Another aspect of the field, which I call ‘international words’, is the enormous potential that these words have, if disseminated in a good way to the general population. If taught systematically, the learner will be able to see the connections between words, learn new words faster, and develop a deeper understanding of the vocabularies in – for example – English, Spanish and Norwegian.
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Dorosh, Marko, and Tetiana Halytska. "TEACHING CLASSICAL LANGUAGES WITH DIRECT METHODS: UKRAINIAN ASPECT." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, no. 30 (2021): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2021.30.4.
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The article is dedicated to an overview of the prospects to introduce living (direct, immersive) methods in the teaching of Latin and Ancient Greek in Ukraine. Today, most teachers carry out the educational process using the principle of legere et intellegere (read and understand), while abroad in the second half of the previous century classical languages began to be learned implying living language methods. They include not only reading and translating texts, but also the ability to communicate and write in Latin and Ancient Greek. The presented study was conducted according to three criteria: feasibility, supply, and demand. Regarding the first criterion, the authors analyzed the existing foreign practices and identified the key examples of the involvement of such methods in teaching and independent learning of classical languages. A brief overview of the most popular schools was made and several projects that proved their worth abroad were singled out. Moreover, the current state of language teaching in Ukraine was considered upon the example of a private conversational club, YouTube channel, and a course in a higher education institution. They all combine living language methods with traditional ones. The authors interviewed representatives of each organization about their methodology, specifics of work, and target audience. Particular attention was paid to the place and method of direct classical languages study, especially taking into account the specifics of Ukraine. It was concluded that private institutions are more efficient than public ones. Regarding demand, it was found that the studied languages are becoming increasingly popular with contemporary society, so the potential audience is quite broad. It is also confirmed by the number of participants in researched Ukrainian educational projects. As a result of the study, the authors concluded on the prospects for the introduction of direct or combined methods in teaching Ancient Greek and Latin in the Ukrainian education system.
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Vidick, Thomas, and Tina Zhang. "Classical zero-knowledge arguments for quantum computations." Quantum 4 (May 14, 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-05-14-266.
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We show that every language in QMA admits a classical-verifier, quantum-prover zero-knowledge argument system which is sound against quantum polynomial-time provers and zero-knowledge for classical (and quantum) polynomial-time verifiers. The protocol builds upon two recent results: a computational zero-knowledge proof system for languages in QMA, with a quantum verifier, introduced by Broadbent et al. (FOCS 2016), and an argument system for languages in QMA, with a classical verifier, introduced by Mahadev (FOCS 2018).
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GIAMMARRESI, DORA, and ANTONIO RESTIVO. "RECOGNIZABLE PICTURE LANGUAGES." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 06, no. 02n03 (August 1992): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800149200014x.
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The purpose of this paper is to propose a new notion of recognizability for picture (two-dimensional) languages extending the characterization of one-dimensional recognizable languages in terms of local languages and alphabetic mappings. We first introduce the family of local picture languages (denoted by LOC) and, in particular, prove the undecidability of the emptiness problem. Then we define the new family of recognizable picture languages (denoted by REC). We study some combinatorial and language theoretic properties of REC such as ambiguity, closure properties or undecidability results. Finally we compare the family REC with the classical families of languages recognized by four-way automata.
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Karanović, Mirjana S. "VLADIMIR STOJŠIN –THE GENESIS OF A CROSSOVER." Philological Studies 19, no. 1 (2021): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2021-19-1-58-76.
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The paper deals with thestatus of the children’s novels The Cinema in a Matchboxand The Champion Through the Windowby Vladimir Stojšin (1935– 591994) in relation to their affiliation with literature for all ages, i.e. crossover literature. Today, Stojšin is best known as a writer for children, although at the time when he published his first novel for young people, he had already published praised prose works of a very modern orientation. From the very beginning, his novels for children have been received as literature for all ages. As a writer for children, Stojšin remained largely attached to themes and motifs belongingtothe narrative worlds of his previous works. Focusing on the example of the transformation of a character of a prostitute from a novel for adults into the character of platonic love interest of the hero-narrator from thenovelsfor children, the text identifies the narrative devices by which this transformation was carried out. The conceptual apparatus of classical and postclassical narratology was used in the analysis.
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Lavik, Erlend. "New Narrative Depths?" Nordicom Review 30, no. 2 (November 1, 2009): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0156.
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Abstract The article aims to tease out an implicit, possibly even instinctive, assumption about why big-budget blockbuster storylines come up short compared to other kinds of culturally sanctioned narratives. Briefly, the assumption is that there is a distinct difference between stories that are simply a pretext for a series of isolated attractions and stories that are guided by some greater predefined purpose or guiding idea. If we look more closely at it, this presumption throws up some surprising and paradoxical findings. My hypothesis is that this line of reasoning has tended to seep into the debate about classical and postclassical Hollywood cinema. The article argues that we should not take this assumption for granted, and that it has confused the debate about historical changes in Hollywood films. However, by restating the opposition between blockbuster narratives and more prestigious story-types in different terms, we can study blockbuster cinema from a more productive perspective than has been the case so far.
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HENRY, PHILLIP J. "RECASTING BOURGEOIS PSYCHOANALYSIS: EDUCATION, AUTHORITY, AND THE POLITICS OF ANALYTIC THERAPY IN THE FREUDIAN REVISION OF 1918." Modern Intellectual History 16, no. 02 (October 18, 2017): 471–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244317000506.
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This article looks at Sigmund Freud's attempt to rethink psychoanalytic therapy at the close of the Great War. By profoundly undermining a liberal world order and dramatically eroding the material security and social prestige of the educated middle class (Bildungsbürgertum) to which Freud belonged, the war unsettled the social politics of classical analytic therapy. Simultaneously, the treatment of the war neuroses by psychoanalysts appeared to invert the liberal principles around which the procedure of psychoanalysis was developed by placing the analyst in a fundamentally disciplinary relationship vis-à-vis the patient. In response to these threats to the identity of psychoanalysis, Freud undertook a far-reaching renegotiation of the politics of analytic therapy in his address, titled “The Paths of Psychoanalytic Therapy,” to the Fifth International Psychoanalytic Congress in the last months of the war. His attempt to mediate the contradictions exposed by the war gave rise to a vision of a postclassical psychoanalysis for a mass democratic age.
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Gustyakova, Dariya Yu. "CLASSICS ON THE VERGE OF MASS CULTURE: STRATEGIES FOR REPRESENTATION." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 117, no. 6 (2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2020-6-117-199-208.
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The article explores the problem of representation of musical classics in modern culture, due to the influences of popular culture and the characteristics of the perception of mass audience. Two main strategies for performing representation of musical classics in the space of popular culture are identified and substantiated: pseudo-academic representation and post-classical representation. Signs of a pseudo-academic strategy, which are uttered emotionality, «commenting» on the expressiveness of facial expressions and plastic, additional visual details and accessories on the verge of shocking – are revealed on the example of such famous musicians as pianist Lan Lan, conductor Valery Gergiev and singer Anna Netrebko. During pseudo-academic representation, the performance of academic music is transformed into the phenomenon of popular culture, while the quality of the performance of a musical work either becomes an element of the show (virtuosity is brought to the forefront of the representation), or the visual and expressive component of the performing act begins to prevail over the musical and technical component and the musical material becomes secondary to the interpretation process. During the implementation of the post-classical strategy, the text of the classical work itself enters the field of popular culture and begins to function as its product, while the interpreter is fully a figure in popular culture, transforming musical classics into the phenomenon of artistic «postculture.» It is proposed to include the phenomenon of classical crossover, a cultural strategy involving the integration of classical music into the field of popular culture. Classical crossover is a commercial product based on musical classics, the creators of which, solving the problem of listening perception (habitually, attractively, in demand), combine classical music with jazz, rock, pop music and other commercial areas, borrow techniques, instruments, methods of visual representation. An example of a postclassical strategy for representing musical classics in the space of modern popular culture, for example, is the implementation of classical crossover in the work of the art group M. Turetsky Choir.
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Peñaloza, Rafael. "A Brief Roadmap into Uncertain Knowledge Representation via Probabilistic Description Logics." Algorithms 14, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14100280.
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Logic-based knowledge representation is one of the main building blocks of (logic-based) artificial intelligence. While most successful knowledge representation languages are based on classical logic, realistic intelligent applications need to handle uncertainty in an adequate manner. Over the years, many different languages for representing uncertain knowledge—often extensions of classical knowledge representation languages—have been proposed. We briefly present some of the defining properties of these languages as they pertain to the family of probabilistic description logics. This limited view is intended to help pave the way for the interested researcher to find the most adequate language for their needs, and potentially identify the remaining gaps.
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Sapota, Tomasz, and Iwona Słomak. "Seneca’s Phoenician Women — Genre, Structure, Thematic Unity." Philologia Classica 16, no. 1 (2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2021.107.
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This article revises current perspectives on the generic status, composition, and subject matter of Phoenician Women by Seneca. It adopts a new approach, focusing on selected elements of text organisation. In particular, emphasis is given to the construction of characters and the analogies and contrasts between them which were already of interest to ancient poetics and rhetoric. Moreover, the article refers to observations, accurate but isolated and largely ignored, made by scholars who recognised Seneca’s originality and suggested that his plays might have been inspired by the declamatory tradition and should be read in the context of evolving postclassical literature. By adopting this perspective, it becomes possible to bring together a large number of partial conclusions that are related to Phoenician Women as well as other plays by Seneca. What is more important, the work brings to light the purposeful composition of the drama and its thematic unity, allowing us to return to the MS versions that until now have been replaced by conjectures, which often distort the meaning of the text. After dismissing the emendations and adopting a new method of reading, Seneca’s Phoenician Women can be regarded as complete and well-organised. The play has certain characteristic features of a tragedy, of all Seneca’s dramas, it is the one most inspired by the genre of declamation and the poetics of Seneca the Elder’s anthology, and it is an example of the use of plot material typical of tragedy for presenting the problem of pietas in all its complexity.
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Valiron, Benoît. "Semantics of quantum programming languages: Classical control, quantum control." Journal of Logical and Algebraic Methods in Programming 128 (August 2022): 100790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlamp.2022.100790.
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Berardi, Stefano, and Silvio Valentini. "Krivine's intuitionistic proof of classical completeness (for countable languages)." Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 129, no. 1-3 (October 2004): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apal.2004.01.002.
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Yakaryilmaz, Abuzer, A. C. Cem Say, and H. Gökalp Demirci. "Debates with Small Transparent Quantum Verifiers." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 27, no. 02 (February 2016): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054116400104.
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We study a model where two opposing provers debate over the membership status of a given string in a language, trying to convince a weak verifier whose coins are visible to all. We show that the incorporation of just two qubits to an otherwise classical constant-space verifier raises the class of debatable languages from at most NP to the collection of all Turing-decidable languages (recursive languages). When the verifier is further constrained to make the correct decision with probability 1, the corresponding class goes up from the regular languages up to at least E. We also show that the quantum model outperforms its classical counterpart when restricted to run in polynomial time, and demonstrate some non-context-free languages which have such short debates with quantum verifiers.
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Holmes-Henderson, Arlene. "Teaching Latin and Greek in Primary Classrooms: the Classics in Communities Project." Journal of Classics Teaching 17, no. 33 (2016): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631016000131.
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The Classics in Communities project (http://classicsincommunities.org/) is a partnership between members of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge and the Iris Project. It was set up in response to the primary curriculum reforms which were implemented in England from September 2014. In the Key Stage 2 (KS2) Languages curriculum policy, for the first time, Classical Greek and Latin can be chosen for study by pupils aged 6-11 in place of a modern language. The project particularly targets schools where Classical languages have not previously featured on the curriculum. It has twin aims: to equip teachers in primary schools with the skills and knowledge necessary to teach these languages; and to conduct parallel research to determine the impact of Classical language learning on children's cognitive development.
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Calvanese, Diego, Giuseppe De Giacomo, Maurizio Lenzerini, and Moshe Vardi. "Node Selection Query Languages for Trees." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (July 3, 2010): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7598.
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The study of node-selection query languages for (finite) trees has been a major topic in the recent research on query lan- guages for Web documents. On one hand, there has been an extensive study of XPath and its various extensions. On the other hand, query languages based on classical logics, such as first-order logic (FO) or monadic second-order logic (MSO), have been considered. Results in this area typically relate an Xpath-based language to a classical logic. What has yet to emerge is an XPath-related language that is expressive as MSO, and at the same time enjoys the computational proper- ties of XPath, which are linear query evaluation and exponen- tial query-containment test. In this paper we propose μXPath, which is the alternation-free fragment of XPath extended with fixpoint operators. Using two-way alternating automata, we show that this language does combine desired expressiveness and computational properties, placing it as an attractive can- didate as the definite query language for trees.