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1
Pope, Beverley, and n/a. "Public schooling and private interests : an exploration of the links between state provided secondary schooling and the class interests of professional and professionalizing groups." University of Canberra. Education, 1986. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061106.094056.
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This thesis takes as its basic premise the need for
more democratic educational structures and practices. By
examining the restructuring of public secondary schooling
provisions in New South Wales in the period after 1950 it
argues that public schools in Australia are not democratic
institutions.
Rather than being democratic institutions public
schools, it is maintained, reflect the private interests of
members of so-called "professional and professionalizing
groups", or, more precisely, of those with assets in
credentials or assets in organization employed within
monopoly capitalist enterprises and state enterprises. The
employment domain of these groups is characterized by
bureaucratic forms of control.
The private interests of these groups are class
interests in that they pertain to the maintenance of the
material interests of those with assets in credentials and
assets in organization through the monopoly of special
knowledge and skills and reflect the class structure of a
society in which monopoly capitalism has become the
dominant economic, and, therefore, political and
ideological, force.
As the above outline suggests, in attempting to address
the question of inequality in secondary schooling, marxist
theories and categories, most notably those pertaining to
class formation and class struggle, are drawn upon.
In addition, the thesis maintains that the private
interests of those with assets in credentials or assets in
organization are "naturalized" in and through the ideology
of individualism and of meritocracy. By examining the
actual way in which the labour force was being restructured
in the post-war period the thesis provides one avenue of
critique of these constructions and attempts to demonstrate
the limits of equality of opportunity in a class-based
society.
2
Flynn, Andrew. "Rural working class interests in party policy-making in post-war England." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324173.
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Campos, Ramírez Raúl, Castillo Manuel Cruz, and Arismendi Jesús Francisco Cornejo. "Why did I bring you over?!: Looking for a more sheltering regulation of diffuse interests." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123730.
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On this paper, the authors reflect over the article 82 of the Peruvian Procedural Law. that way, they debate over the defense of diffuse interests, specifically who are entitled to and how to reclaim them. then, they compare Peruvian law with other south American countries like uruguay and Brasil. Finally, they consider which would be the most adequate regulation for our society.<br>En el presente artículo, los autores reflexionan sobre el artículo 82 del Código Procesal Civil Peruano. Así, debaten sobre la defensa de los intereses difusos, su patrocinio y quienes se pueden reclamarlos. Continúan comparando la legislación peruana con la de otros países sudamericanos como Uruguay y Brasil; y finalmente, analizan cuál sería la regulación más idónea en nuestra sociedad.
4
Neder, Paulo Braga. "A execução residual na tutela dos interesses individuais homogêneos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-16052016-161219/.
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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da execução residual na tutela dos interesses individuais homogêneos e as questões procedimentais que envolvem o instituto no direito processual brasileiro. Foram abordados aspectos relativos aos fundamentos do instituto no direito brasileiro, os requisitos para sua aplicação e o procedimento para a restituição da indenização devida aos indivíduos nos casos em que esta se faz necessária.<br>This paper aims to study the fluid recovery in the protection of homogeneous individual interests in Brazilian Law and the procedural issues surrounding the institute. The paper approached aspects related to the fundamentals of the institute in Brazilian law, the requirements for their application and the procedure for due compensation for individuals in cases where this is necessary.
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Wang, Xinsong. "Rights Consciousness, Economic Interests, and the 2003 District-Level People’s Congress Elections in China: Middle Class Motivations and Democratic Implications." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2005. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/1.
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This thesis examines the motivations of the Chinese middle class members to run for District-level people’s congress (DPC) elections in Shenzhen and Beijing in 2003. It is interested in exploring why the middle class members wanted to run for the DPC positions that do not have real political power in China, and how their behavior can influence political change in China. By systematically analyzing the candidates’ campaign speeches and activities, this study reveals that the major motivating factors behind the middle class candidates’ decision to run for the elections were to protect their property interests and their increasing desire to defend political rights. This thesis argues that the campaigners’ actions in Shenzhen and Beijing will affect the democratization process in China.
6
Rish, Ryan M. "Engaging Adolescents' Interests, Literacy Practices, and Identities: Digital Collaborative Writing of Fantasy Fiction in a High School English Elective Class." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316521200.
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Lee, Kit-lai Jemima. "Social class and career aspirations : a study of F.5 students in two schools in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14778518.
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Wang, Xinsong. "Rights consciousness, economic interests, and the 2003 district-level People's Congress elections In China middle class motivations and democratic implications /." unrestricted, 2005. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04142005-165152/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2005.<br>1 electronic text (58 p.) : digital, PDF file. Title from title screen. Kim Reimann, committee chair; Michael Herb , William Downs, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 3, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-58).
9
Hellström, Måns. "Class Struggle or Capitalist interests? : The Driving Forces of Active Labor Market Policy and the Expansion of the Welfare State." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274627.
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes of welfare state expansion, specifically the causes of welfare state expenditure of active labor market policy (ALMP). ALMP aims at reducing unemployment and increasing participation in the labor market. The field of political economy has long asked the question of why certain welfare states are characterized by generous social policy, while others are not. Several theories have been presented over the years, each providing new perspectives. The two theories that could be considered to be the most prominent are the Power Resource Theory, which centers on the importance of power resources of major classes, and the Varieties of Capitalism, which is more focused on the different needs of capitalists.The specific interest of this paper is the varying orientations of ALMP. It is argued that ALMP should not be understood as a homogenous concept, but instead as a category of policy which consists of a range of tools from which a government can choose. Analyzing the expenditure of these tools separately is thus of great importance for the development of a deeper understanding of the welfare state.Using regression analysis, I analyze which of the theories mentioned above is most strongly correlated to increased expenditure of ALMP. I use a total expenditure of ALMP, as is customary within the field, but I also include two other measures for specific tools of ALMP; incentive reinforcement programs and training programs.The results indicate that when looking at the total expenditure of ALMP the VoC approach appears to better explain the cause of welfare state expenditure. However, when including the measures for the specific tools of ALMP, the classic notion of VoC is confirmed only regarding incentive reinforcement programs, and contradicted regarding training programs. Moreover, the classic notion of PRT is confirmed regarding the expenditure of training programs, albeit with quite limited evidence. Also, the classic notion within PRT finds little support in the analysis of total expenditure of ALMP and the expenditure of incentive reinforcement programs. Only making a distinction between large and small welfare states is thus argued to be a simplification. Welfare states with similar levels of social expenditure might in fact differ significantly regarding actual policy preference.It is concluded that the continued disaggregation of ALMP is necessary in order to further the research field. Acknowledging the highly heterogeneous nature of ALMP is essential when understanding its expenditure.
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Çiçek, Cuma. "Interaction of nation, religion and class : building Kurdish consensus in Turkey." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0010.
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Dans cette recherche, on analyse la question à savoir « comment les trois principaux types de groupes kurdes -nationale, religieuse et économique- coopèrent pour établir un consensus sur un objectif commun : une région politique kurde en Turquie ». En suivant la théorie du constructivisme, le modèle des Trois I, la sociologie de l'organisation et de la sociologie de l'action collective sont articulé pour examiner l'action collective kurde, qui est constamment reconstruite dans un contexte historiquement construit, qui est aussi constamment reconstruit par les dynamiques aux niveaux nationaux, transnationaux (géopolitiques), européens et mondiaux. Quant à la tâche empirique, on examine les conflits, les négociations, la coopération et le consensus de ces trois groupes kurdes sur la question kurde et l'influence des cinq dynamiques structurants mentionnés ci-dessus. La principale méthode utilisée dans ma recherche est l'analyse qualitative des entretiens en profondeur. Au niveau conclusion théorique, la recherche fait remarquable contribution aux théories et approches concernant les identités collectives et les groupes (étant groupe) collectives, l'État, le modèle des « Trois I », la dépendance au sentier, la géopolitique de la question kurde et l'européanisation. Au niveau empirique, la principale conclusion de l'étude est le fait que les groupes kurdes n’ont pas atteint de construire une organisation commune et des règles collectivement acceptées jusqu'ici. Les idées, les intérêts et les institutions des groupes ne sont pas équivalents ; et les intérêts particuliers des groupes ont pesé sur l'action collective dans la région kurde<br>In this research, I analyzed the question of “the three main types of Kurdish groups -national, religious and economic- cooperate to establish a consensus on a common purpose: a Kurdish political region in Turkey.” Following the theory of constructivism, the Three I model, the sociology of organization and the sociology of collective action are articulated to examine the Kurdish collective action, which the is constantly re-constructed in historically constructed context, which is also constantly re-constructed by dynamics at national, trans-national (geopolitical), European and global levels. As to the empirical task, I examined the conflicts, negotiations, cooperation and consensus of these three Kurdish groups regarding the Kurdish issue(s) and the influence of the above-mentioned five structuring dynamics. The principal method used in my research is the qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews. At the level of theoretical conclusion, the research makes remarkable contribution to the theories and approaches concerning the collective identities and groups(ness), the state, the “Three I” model, path dependency, the geopolitics of the Kurdish issue, and Europeanization. At the empirical level, the main conclusion of the research is the fact that the Kurdish groups have not achieved to build a common organization and accepted rules so far. The groups’ ideas, interests and institutions are not equivalent and the groups’ distinctive interests have weighed on the collective action in the Kurdish region
11
Tucker, Craig. "Where do we go from here? : the aspirations and expectations of the graduating class in a rural island high school: science curriculum, information technologies, parental, community, and other factors of influence /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0031/MQ47485.pdf.
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Almeida, Gustavo Milaré. "Execução de interesses individuais homogêneos: análise crítica e propostas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-18102012-134015/.
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A presente tese tem por objetivo demonstrar que a sistemática para a satisfação da tutela jurisdicional dos interesses individuais homogêneos, prevista nos arts. 95 a 100 do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, é insuficiente, o que justifica a sua reforma legislativa para torná-la mais efetiva em nosso ordenamento jurídico, especialmente diante do atual cenário do Poder Judiciário brasileiro. Com esse propósito, a princípio, aborda-se a necessidade de adequação de tal disciplina à realidade social, a fim de que esse processo consiga satisfazer os direitos violados em um prazo razoável, o que passa invariavelmente pela correlata melhoria dos serviços judiciários prestados no Brasil. Por meio de dados estatísticos oficiais, do posicionamento atual da doutrina nacional e dos precedentes mais recentes do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, estuda-se, então, a existência de relação entre a chamada crise do processo e a tutela coletiva, bem como em que medida os interesses individuais homogêneos se prestam para a democratização do acesso à Justiça e para tal melhoria nos serviços judiciários brasileiros. Em seguida, analisa-se criticamente referida sistemática, a fim de, na medida do possível, identificar em que pontos apresenta-se deficiente e/ou omissa, sugerir o melhor e maior aproveitamento da lege lata, bem como formular propostas de lege ferenda viáveis para suprir tais pontos e, consequentemente, aperfeiçoar a tutela prestada<br>The thesis aims to demonstrate that the systematic approach of homogeneous individual interests (rights of a fluid class member similar to those in a class action for damages of the US Law) in Brazil, as set forth on articles 95 to 100 of the Brazilian Consumer Code, is insufficient and innefective, especially vis-à-vis the characteristics of the Brazilian Judiciary, justifying, therefore, its legislative review. With such objective, a priori, it is adressed the necessity of adequating such discipline to the Brazilian social reality in order to guarantee that lawful authorities shall be able to respond to law breaks in a reasonable period of time, what, in correlation, requires improvements on the judicial services rendered in Brazil. By means of official data, the current understanding of national authors and most recent precedents of the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court and the Brazilian Superior Justice Court, the thesis investigates the existence of a relation between the so-called process crisis and class actions in Brazil, as well as to what extent the homogeneous individual interests are efficient in fostering the democratization of the access to justice in Brazil and, ulteriorly, the improvement of judicial services in the country. Finally, the systematic approach of the homogeneous individual interests in Brazil is critically assessed so to, as far as possible, identify its flaws, suggest best and major manners to enshrine lege lata, as well as formulate viable proposals of lege ferenda that can overcome such flaws and, consequently, enhance the injunctions based thereon.
13
Lee, Kit-lai Jemima, and 李潔麗. "Social class and career aspirations: a study of F.5 students in two schools in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3195800X.
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McCormick, John Patrick. "Blue collar learners : interest and participation in adult postsecondary education /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1987. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10734600.
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Strolovitch, Dara Z. "Affirmative advocacy : race, class, and gender in interest group politics /." Chicago : University of Chicago press, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41270045c.
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Azevedo, Romain. "Le caractère collectif des procédures collectives." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTD044.
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Que reste-t-il du caractère collectif des procédures collectives ? Par leurs effets réduits et le lien qui les relie aux procédures de conciliation, les sauvegardes accélérées semblent marquer l’avènement d’un modèle nouveau de procédure collective. Pourtant, il n’en est rien. Si le modèle classique de procédure collective paraît altéré par l’institution des sauvegardes accélérées, il peut être restauré à travers l’examen du caractère collectif de la procédure. L’étude des procédures accélérées, et tout particulièrement celle de la procédure de sauvegarde financière accélérée, permet à l’auteur de révéler une définition du caractère collectif apte à refléter l’évolution de la matière. Redéfini, le caractère collectif peut retrouver ses fonctions originelles en tant que critère de qualification de toutes les procédures collectives. L’architecture de la matière peut ainsi être repensée. En définitive, ce critère constitue encore aujourd’hui la quintessence du droit des procédures collectives. Omniprésent dans leur régime, il en fonde la structure et en conditionne les frontières<br>What remains of the collective character of collective procedures ? Through their reduced effects and the link between them and conciliation proceedings, accelerated safeguards seem to signal the advent of a new model of collective proceedings. However, this is not the case. If the classic model of collective proceedings seems to be disrupted by the institution of accelerated safeguards, it can be restored by examining the collective nature of the procedure. The study of accelerated procedures, and in particular the study of the accelerated financial safeguard procedure, allows the author to reveal a definition of collective character able to reflect the evolution of the subject. Redefined, collective character can be restored to its original functions as a criterion for qualifying all collective proceedings. The architecture of the subject can thus be rethought. In the end, the collective character is still the quintessence of insolvency proceedings today. Omnipresent in their regime, it establishes their structure and defines their borders
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Khamis, Said A. M. "Clash of interests and conceptualisation of Taarab in East Africa." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-91276.
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Remarks on aspects of taarab such as its history, nature, definition, and change appear prominently and repeatedly in nearly every previous study of the subject. Some of these remarks, however, serve more to expose a clash of interests rather than provide untainted facts about its conceptualisation. This esseay aims at revisiting the notion of taarab in an attempt to concretise its conceptualisation on the basis of various variables that affect change in its structure. The relevant variables are convergence, divergence, linguistic constrains, formal conventions, spontaneity and preparedness in composition, actualisation and performance, instrumentation (i. e. number of instruments and how they are played), the art of vocalisation, the performer/ audience divide, stage organisation, setting, occasion, functions and media influences. For the purpose of avoiding much attention to every category of taarab, however, we prefer to take `group-styles`- hence our concentration on three phases: the period of the inception of taarab in Zanzibar, the period prior to 1905 through the 1920s up to the 1940s when the phonograph record and then the sound film was introduced, from the 1950s to the 1960s when the radio was introduced, and from the 1970s todate - the period of the impact of the tape-recorder, video-recorder, TV - and most recently the period of the influence of satellite television. Our analysis is based on theoretical conceptions of genres by Dubrow (1982), Fowler (1991), Finnegan (1976) and Okpewho (1992) in written literature and `orature`.
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Bonachela, Sergio Henrique. "Tutela jurisdicional dos interesses individuais homogêneos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-08062011-135552/.
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O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a tutela coletiva dos interesses individuais homogêneos com a finalidade de mostrar como se comportam em juízo, como se adaptam aos instrumentos processuais existentes e quando a sua defesa judicial é possível, conveniente e necessária. O estudo começa da pesquisa sobre as características dos próprios interesses, passa pela crítica dos atributos da sua tutela coletiva e procura aplicar os resultados dessa investigação aos problemas antigos e atuais que mais têm dificultado a sua proteção jurisdicional. O trabalho foi delimitado pela perspectiva da coletividade, titular dos interesses individuais homogêneos, colocada no polo ativo do processo coletivo, no procedimento comum. A metodologia de trabalho utilizada constituiu-se de leitura, análise, resumo, interpretação, sistematização e compilação de textos, livros e revistas periódicas dedicados ao tema, além de relatórios e documentos pertinentes aos assuntos tratados, incluindo os disponíveis na rede mundial de computadores (Internet). Os interesses individuais homogêneos, sem perder sua essência individual, possuem uma dimensão coletiva que lhes aproxima dos demais interesses coletivos, que não se adaptam com facilidade aos instrumentos processuais criados para a jurisdição singular. A sua tutela coletiva é possível quando existir um núcleo homogêneo, sua principal característica; útil quando a lesão causada a esses interesses puder ser demonstrada sem questionar a própria existência desse núcleo; conveniente quando a sua relevância social e as dificuldades de acesso à justiça assim exigirem. Alguns dos principais problemas enfrentados pela tutela coletiva de interesses individuais homogêneos não têm solução com base na legislação vigente, nem são contemplados nas propostas de alteração atualmente em discussão. A legitimação do Ministério Público para a propositura de ação coletiva para defesa de interesses individuais homogêneos decorre de expressa previsão legal dessa legitimidade, da indisponibilidade do interesse ou da sua relevância social, não se estendendo à execução em favor de particulares. É possível o controle de constitucionalidade em ação coletiva, desde que com efeitos concretos e sujeito a recurso extraordinário.<br>The purpose of this study is to investigate the class action for damages in order to show how they behave in court, as they adapt to existing procedural tools and when their legal defense is possible, desirable and necessary. It departs from research on the characteristics of the interests, is critical of the attributes of its class treatment and seeks to apply the results of that research to ancient and current problems that have hampered its most court protection. The work was limited by the plaintiff class action and by the common procedure. The methodology used was the work of reading, analysis, summary, interpretation, and systematic compilation of texts, books, periodicals and magazines devoted to the subject, in addition to reports and documents relevant to the matters discussed, including those available on the World Wide Web (Internet). Individual interests commons to a class, without losing its essence individual, have a collective dimension to them approaching other collective interests, which do not adapt easily to the procedural tools created for the individual jurisdiction. Their collective protection by class action is possible when there is a homogenous core, its main feature; is useful when the damage caused to those interests can be demonstrated without question the very existence of that core; and is convenient when its social relevance and the difficulties of access to justice thus require. Some of the main problems faced by the class action for damages do not have solution based on current brazilian legislation, or are contemplated in the draft amendment under discussion. The legitimacy of the public attorney for the commencement of class action for damages follows express provision of legal authorization to this effect, the unavailability of interest or of its social relevance, and it is not extending the implementation in favor of individuals. It is possible the judicial review in class action, provided with practical effects and subject to special appeal.
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Thompson, Michael. "The Australian Labor Party’s Fortunes and Prospects: Its Internal Reviews and Scholarly Analyses." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18733.
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This thesis analysed the five internal Reviews conducted by the ALP to date – in 1964, 1979, 1996, 2002 and 2010 – to assess its prospects of winning office federally in its own right. The focus was on the internal Party debates and public commentary surrounding the Reviews’ recommendations to reform the Party’s structure, and Labor’s persistence with its current policy priorities. The former analysis included the degeneration of the Party’s factions into sub-factions and fiefdoms, the rise of a political class whose influence is pervasive in preselections and the unions’ dominance within the Party. The latter analysis concerned the Party’s encouraging women, youth and ethnic communities to support the Party, and the resultant disaffection of many among the Party’s working class supporters living in Sydney’s outer western suburbs (and like suburbs in other states and territories) who felt Labor was ignoring their concerns with unemployment, inter-generational poverty and the like, and with Labor and Coalition governments’ policies on multiculturalism, migrant intake levels and the settlements of Muslims from Middle Eastern countries in their socio-economically disadvantaged suburbs. The working class were also disaffected by what they saw as the influence of special interest groups within the Party, which intensified with Labor’s embrace of identity politics. Suggestions were made as to what Labor might do to win back working class loyalty. The thesis also considered the work of Australian scholars who drew on Western European theories of gradual party change to analyse the ALP’s response to changes in local economic and social circumstances. The conclusion reached was that the factions will not change their behaviour, the unions refuse to relinquish their power within the Party and Labor will never again be a mass party. Notwithstanding the failure to reform its structure, by means of taxpayer funding, private donations and modern professional campaigning Labor can survive into the foreseeable future as a major political force. But it will have to prioritise unemployment, reconsider its policies on multiculturalism and immigration, and its embrace of identity politics if it is not to be threatened by the emergence of an anti-politician who will effectively address Australia’s economic ills and who can appeal to the urban working class as successfully as Hanson has to rural and regional Australians.
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Mahler, Elayne Maria Sampaio Rodrigues. "Processo coletivo: representação de pessoas ou de interesses?: uma ponderação e os reflexos sobre a legitimidade e a representatividade adequada." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2624.
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O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise do processo coletivo no modelo representativo de interesses. Busca-se, inicialmente, além de trazer algumas considerações históricas sobre o direito de conduzir o processo coletivo, estabelecer as distinções que podem e devem ser feitas entre a representação judicial de pessoas, típica das relações interindividuais, e a representação judicial de interesses, aplicável no campo do processo coletivo. A partir desta premissa, será demonstrado que as discussões nefrálgicas incidentes sobre os institutos da legitimidade e da representatividade adequada decorrem da imprópria adoção do modelo representativo de pessoas, no campo do processo coletivo. Ao final, conclui-se que o processo coletivo só terá a utilidade, a efetividade e o alcance estabelecidos pela Carta Constitucional, até mesmo para a denominada ação coletiva passiva, quando perdermos o fascínio pelo individualismo e enfrentarmos o processo coletivo como sendo verdadeiramente um processo de massa e de representação de interesses.<br>The present study aims to analyze the class action in the interest representation model. Initially, besides bringing up some historical considerations about the right to file a class action lawsuit, it seeks to make a distinction, which can and must be made, between the judicial representation of people - typical of interindividual relations - and the judicial representation of interests, applicable to the class action field. Based on this premise, it will be demonstrated that the discussions which hit a raw nerve and fall upon the legitimacy institutes and the adequate representation result from the improper adoption of the people representation model in the field of the class action. Finally, it is concluded that the class action will only be useful and far-reaching, as established by the Constitution - including the passive class action - when we lose the allure of individualism and view the class action as a real mass action and as the representation of interests.
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Merçon-Vargas, Sarah. "Meios alternativos na resolução de conflitos de interesses transindividuais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-06032013-091823/.
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O presente trabalho destina-se a examinar as perspectivas ao uso de meios extrajudiciais de resolução de conflitos para a composição de conflitos coletivos no Brasil. Para tanto, serão analisadas as principais características da negociação, mediação, conciliação e arbitragem, identificados os requisitos de admissibilidade para o uso de tais técnicas e explicitados os elementos a serem considerados no exame de adequação do uso de meios extrajudiciais. Além disso, serão examinadas as principais características dos direitos difusos, coletivos stricto sensu e individuais homogêneos, assim como as regras processuais pertinentes à legitimação e coisa julgada no processo coletivo. Mais adiante, o presente trabalho tentará sistematizar hipóteses sobre o cabimento e sobre a adequação das técnicas extrajudiciais para a resolução de conflitos que envolvem direitos coletivos. Ao final, será possível concluir que tais direitos podem e devem ser resolvidos por meio de técnicas extrajudiciais, em especial por meio da negociação, da conciliação e da arbitragem.<br>The following work aims at examining prospects in the use of alternative dispute resolution techniques in Brazilian class actions. To this end, it will, at first, analyze negotiation, mediation, conciliation and arbitration main characteristics. Also, admission criteria for each of these dispute resolution techniques will be identified and the elements that should be considered for the adequacy exam will be outlined. Further on, the three kinds of Brazilian class action and the main characteristics of each class procedures will be examined, with special concern to procedure laws pertaining legitimacy and res judicata. Moreover, the paper will systematically study the hypothesis in which extrajudicial conflict resolution techniques may be applied and the adequacy of their use in cases encompassing collective rights. Finally, in its conclusion, it will be demonstrated that extrajudicial techniques can be used to solve conflicts involving collective rights, mainly through negotiation, conciliation and arbitration.
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Sergi, Cucinelli Francesco <1988>. "The Clinton administration and the Taliban: when geopolitical and economic interests clash with reality." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2107.
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The aim of this dissertation is outlining the relations between the United States and Afghanistan during the years of the presidency of William J. Clinton (1993-2001). In particular, the main focus is placed on the US relations with the Taliban movement, which took power in Afghanistan in the mid-90s. Furthermore, it should be noticed that a significant change in the attitude of the Clinton administration towards the situation in Afghanistan occurred between its first and second term in office. However, this change was essentially due to a transformation in the domestic political scenario rather than a conscious and thorough reevaluation of the US foreign policy and its role in the Middle East and on the world stage. Generally speaking, the Clinton administration demonstrated the lack of a comprehensive foreign policy framework, considering instead every single issue case by case. For a more comprehensive understanding of the cultural, political, economic and social setting in which the relations between the US and the Taliban regime took place, it is necessary to review some major historical events. Indeed, without an exhaustive analysis of the evolution of the situation in Afghanistan since the Soviet invasion in 1979, it would result incomplete to outline a whole and deep description of the phenomenon of the rise of the Taliban.The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late December 1979 marked an important watershed for the destiny of both the Soviet Union and Afghanistan. The subsequent decade of conflict was characterised by the involvement of a number of different countries, each with different and sometimes contrasting interests and needs. The governments of the United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iran, Egypt, India, and even Israel had a role in fomenting the Afghan jihadists against the infidel invaders. The power game played in the setting of this Middle-Eastern country fell in the classic framework of a Cold War conflict. It is extremely important to analyse the whole set of interests at stake in Afghanistan during the 80s and the 90s. Indeed, besides the geopolitical concerns typical of a Cold War mind-set, it should be as well taken into account what the journalist and expert Ahmed Rashid called ‘the New Great Game’, namely the challenge between oil companies to exploit the huge sources of gas and oil in Central Asia. The oil companies strategies, in fact, worked as a spearhead also for governments which, after the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, were willing to find new outlets in a part of the world so particularly rich in mineral resources. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to outline how the US strategic geopolitical and economic interests at stake in Afghanistan contributed to the overshadowing and negligence of the social changes and turmoil that paved the way to the rise of the Taliban movement.
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Park, Tae Young. "Efficiency and Accuracy of Alternative Implementations of No-Arbitrage Term Structure Models of the Heath-Jarrow-Morton Class." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29494.
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Models of the term structure of interest rates play a central role in the modern theory of pricing bonds and other interest rate claims. Term structure models based on the principle of no-arbitrage, especially those of the Heath-Jarrow-Morton (1992) class, have become very popular recently, both with academics and practitioners. Surprisingly however, although the implied volatility function plays a crucial role in these no-arbitrage term structure models, there is little systematic evidence to guide optimal model specification within this broad class.
We study the implied volatility in the Heath-Jarrow-Morton framework using Eurodollar futures options data. We estimate a daily time series of forward rates within the HJM framework such that, by construction, the predicted futures prices from our model exactly match the observed futures prices. Next, we estimate a daily time series of volatility parameters such that the sum of squared errors between futures options prices predicted by the model and observed futures options prices is minimized. We use the six different volatility specifications suggested by Amin and Morton (1994) within the HJM class of models to price interest rate claims. Since the volatilities are the only unobservables, we use these models to infer the volatilities from the market prices of Eurodollar futures options over the 1987-1998 periods. The minimized sum of squared errors in the option prices is used as the measure of accuracy of each specific model. Each model differs from the others in its ability to match the market option prices and the time required for the computation. We compare the performances of the six volatility specifications in the accuracy-versus-computation time tradeoff. We document the systematic biases between the model and market prices as a function of option type, maturity, and moneyness.
We also examine alternative numerical implementations of HJM models using the six volatility specifications. In particular, we analyze the impact on accuracy and computation time of using different numbers of time-steps. We also examine the effect of using time-steps of varying lengths within the same estimation procedure, and of ordering the time-steps in different ways.<br>Ph. D.
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Falleiros, Carolina Teodoro. "Alcance subjetivo das decisões judiciais sobre interesses metaindividuais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-11112015-104820/.
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A tutela dos interesses metaindividuais em juízo e a busca de mecanismos que assegurem que o processo seja instrumento para o acesso substancial à justiça inserem-se no contexto das ondas renovatórias do processo civil. Embora o movimento em questão situe-se cronologicamente na década de 1960, o ordenamento jurídico pátrio ainda não fez fluir simultaneamente as três ondas. Os denominados interesses metaindividuais abrangem tanto os interesses essencialmente coletivos, nos quais se incluem os difusos e coletivos, quanto os interesses doutrinariamente denominados de acidentalmente coletivos, correspondentes, nos termos do microssistema processual coletivo, ao conceito de interesse individual homogêneo. No Brasil, a tutela jurisdicional de interesses metaindividuais pode se dar através do processo coletivo e, também, por meio do processo civil tradicional, caso apresentem viés estritamente individual. A dificuldade de enquadramento de determinados interesses dentro dos conceitos legais dados pelo microssistema processual coletivo é recorrente no cotidiano jurisprudencial. O processo civil vigente não apresenta mecanismo normativo apto a evitar a concomitância entre ações individuais e coletivas sobre uma mesma questão jurídica, razão pela qual o sistema convive com demandas de massa repetitivamente levadas ao Poder Judiciário. O processo coletivo, no entanto, não é a única alternativa processual existente para o manejo racional de processos repetitivos: as denominadas ações de grupo prestam-se à resolução isonômica de tais demandas sem que, para tanto, sejam necessárias ficções representativas e grandes debates acerca da legitimidade. O presente trabalho presta-se à análise de tais possibilidades, tendo por norte a otimização do alcance subjetivo da decisão judicial que trate de interesse metaindividual. Encontra-se em trâmite na Câmara dos Deputados o projeto do Novo Código de Processo Civil, que traz, dentre as inovações destinadas ao tratamento de demandas de massa, o incidente de resolução de demandas repetitivas, a centralização de processos repetitivos e a conversão da ação individual em coletiva, mecanismos estes que integrarão o objeto do presente estudo.<br>The judicial protection of group rights and the search for mechanisms that ensure that civil procedure is actually an instrument for substantial access to justice fall into the context of the waves of reform. Although such motion is chronologically situated in the 1960s, Brazilian Law has not yet fulfilled the task of simultaneously flowing the three waves. The so called group rights refer, in Brazilian Law, both essencially and occasionally group rights. The latter refers, in Brazilian Civil Procedure, to the concept of homogeneous individual rights. In Brazil, the judicial protection of group rights can be led through class actions or individual suits, as long as the right involved has a strictly individual aspect. The difficulty of framing some rights into the legal concepts is iterant in Brazilian Courts daily routine. The current Civil Procedure does not have tools able to avoid the concomitance between individual suits and class actions that refer to the same legal issue. For that reason, the judiciary deals with repetitive suits. Class actions, however, are not the only procedural alternative to rationally dealing with repetitive suits: group actions also aim to adequately resolving suits, but without involving issues as adequacy of representation or further concerns related to standing to sue. This research is dedicated to the analysis of such possibilities, having in mind the optimization of the subjective range of judicial decisions that refer to group rights. The Project of the new Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, currently at the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies, brings, among the innovations that intend to deal with repetitive suits, the incident of resolution of repetitive suits, the centralization of repetitive suits and the possibility of convertion of individual suits into class actions. All of these innovations will also be analised.
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Tanji, Márcia. "Mercado de capitais brasileiro e tutela coletiva dos interesses." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-03052010-095553/.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar em que medida os instrumentos para a tutela coletiva de interesses transindividuais previstos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial a ação coletiva, podem contribuir para o fortalecimento do mercado de capitais. Apresenta-se inicialmente a evolução histórica do mercado de capitais brasileiro. É apresentado o debate doutrinário a respeito das principais justificativas para a regulação e auto-regulação do mercado de capitais, seguido do panorama dos instrumentos atribuídos pelo legislador brasileiro à Comissão de Valores Mobiliários, às entidades autoreguladoras e aos investidores. O trabalho também trata da experiência norte-americana acerca das securities class actions, da atuação da Securities and Exchange Commission, e da possibilidade de aplicação das soluções desenvolvidas naquele país ao mercado de capitais brasileiro. Apresentam-se a evolução legislativa sobre os instrumentos de tutela coletiva e a análise sobre a utilização destes instrumentos atualmente, suas virtudes e limitações, com o objetivo de identificar os elementos para a sua adequada aplicação.<br>The purpose of this study is to analyze how the collective litigation tools available in the Brazilian legal system, particularly the class actions, may contribute to the strengthening of the Brazilian capital market. This study first discusses the historical evolution of the Brazilian capital market and the doctrinaire debate about the main rehaznos for regulation and self-regulation of capital market, followed by a brief description of the tools provided by Brazilians lawmarkers to the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (Comissão de Valores Mobiliários), as well as to the self-regulatory entibies and investors. This study also explores the United States experience of securities class actions, the role of Securities and Exchange Commission and the possibility of application of the solutions designed in the United States of America to the Brazilian capital market. This study presents the legislative evolution of collective litigation tools and the analysis of their current uses, advantages and limitations in order to identify the elements for its suitable application.
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Bagdonaitė, Lina. "Grupės ieškinio problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060309_164508-50205.
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Šiame darbe yra nagrinėjamos aktualios grupės ieškinio problemos. Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmoje dalyje yra siekiama atskleisti grupės ieškinio vietą ieškininės gynybos sistemoje, nustatoma grupės ieškinio sąvoka bei esminiai bruožai. Antroje darbo dalyje yra bandoma atriboti grupės ieškinį nuo procesinio bendrininkavimo ir procesinio atstovavimo. Trečioje darbo dalyje yra siekiama nustatyti esminius grupės ieškinio ypatumus bei su jais susijusias problemas.<br>Substantial problems of group action are being discussed in this master’s writing. The purpose of this writing is to discover and analyze substantial and unsolved implementation problems of group action. Also there is trying to give legal analysis, to determine possible solutions. The basis of this writing is constructed of substantial and in Lithuanian civil process doctrine not discussed questions related to group action. We are trying to analyze foreign legal practice and to find solutions how to eliminate main obstructions in group action process.
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González, Delgado Gabriel, Rincón Johanna Holz, Morante Augusto Ruiloba, Núñez Luis Miguel Silva, and Sobenes Katherine Torres. "¡Pero si es más caro reclamar! La class action: una alternativa para solucionar conflictos de intereses con pretensiones de reducida cuantía." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122623.
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Stephens, Paul Anthony. "The landed interest and the education of the English working class 1807-1833 : a sociological study of aristocratic debate and policy." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393032.
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This thesis presents a sociological analysis of the impact of decisions taken by the English landed interest in Parliament on Popular Education during the early nineteenth century. Until (and even beyond) the Reform Act of 1832, Government policy on the education of the working class was deliberated upon by a ruling class whose political ascendancy was rooted in land. The role of this "landed aristocracy" during the emergent phase of mass schooling has been obfuscated by a tendency among historians to emphasise the pioneering spirit of middle class educational reformers. While landed MPs and peers heeded this pioneering spirit, aristocratic policy decisions mirrored aristocratic perceptions about the anticipated consequences of educational reform. Moreover, these perceptions addressed contemporary economic and demographic trends. Reform-minded aristocrats argued that the development of Popular Education under rate support and Parliamentary aid would encourage the poor to become the arbiters of their own fortune. This, it was claimed, would be an important step towards the rationalisation of Poor Law relief, which weighed heavily on the shoulders of the landed interest. The reformists also proposed a more bureaucratic approach to the investigation and management of existing educational resources. Traditionalist aristocrats retorted that these measures might undermine the legitimacy of the old order. The spectre of the rural poor abandoning the plough and rising above their station was never far from the minds of Tory gentry and "backwoods" peers. The traditionalists further protested that the abrogation of "noblesse oblige" was strongly implicated in the reformist argument for State intervention. There ensued a struggle in Parliament (where evangelical sentiments were also discernible) during which the reformist lobby began to prevail against conservative resistance. In this way, as in other areas of English life, a section of the ruling class presided over the dismantling of ancient custom and played an active role in social reform.
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Das, Gupta Sejuti. "Class interest shapes political decisions : a case-study of agricultural policies in post-liberalisation Indian states of Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Karnataka." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2015. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23660/.
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The objective of the thesis is to comprehend the nature of agricultural policies in three Indian states - Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Karnataka, by analysing through class-state interactions how classes influence agricultural policy decisions and policies' impact upon class-formation and consolidation. Mainstream literature in politics has seldom focused on agricultural policy. In economics, the focus has been on the assessment of the impact of policies; there are few who view the policy through a liberalisation lens which makes the global dynamics explicit but does not enter the intricacies within a nation-state, thus assuming a uniformity. Numerous class analyses of Indian society have been undertaken which are either reductionist or enmeshed with caste to make sense of Indian social structures. My objective was to explore the operating political settlement in each state, focusing on the ruling classes/dominant classes and their relation to the State. The particular period under scrutiny is 2004 - when Bharatiya Janata Party faced defeat at the centre for neglecting the rural interests. Based on an inductive research method, it explored cases from literature, field-interviews and newspapers across cities and district headquarters, drawing inferences for each state. It entailed district-wise understanding of how classes are situated, if their means of accumulation have undergone a change in last decade and whether they use individual or organisations to influence state institutions. It is related to land acquisition policy and practice in each state. A variety of stakeholders, academics, bureaucrats, political activists, development-sector workers, farmers, and farmer organisations were interviewed. The main conclusions are that capitalist, political class (politicians and bureaucracy) and big/capitalist farmers form the political settlement in the three states. Secondly, there is growing difference between big farmers and marginal farmers, where former maintain relation with state institutions at different levels and have also been presented with opportunities in new policy regime of 2000s. Thirdly, a foray into the policies post-2000 shows the differentiated impact of policies on different classes, the main gainers being capitalist and big farmers. It has transformed them into petty bourgeoisie or merchant capital class. It has been concluded that political connections foster economic accumulation thereby bringing the proprietary classes closer. The political class has gained in this era, particularly from land transactions. Liberalisation has benefitted the proprietary classes and its fractions which includes the rural capitalist class, particularly after 2004. Even in era of globalisation, internal factors like class alliances play a significant role in politics and policy making.
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Geraldi, Guilherme Paes de Barros. "A Ação Ordinária Coletiva para a tutela de interesses tributários." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20891.
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Previous issue date: 2018-02-28<br>The purpose of this paper is to study the use of the Ação Ordinária Coletiva (the Brazilian Class
Action), a type of lawsuit provided by the Title III (Articles 81 to 104) of Law No. 8.078 / 90,
the Consumer Protection Code, in claims involving Tax Law. For this purpose, the first part of
this paper aims to demonstrate that the Ação Ordniária Coletiva is suitable for the protection
of interests of this nature. To do so, starting with a Neo-constitutionalist notion of Law, the
principle of access to justice is explored and it is demonstrated that class actions are a necessary
instrument for this constitutional guarantee to be truly effective. Once the correlation between
access to justice and class actions has been verified, the legal classification of the species of
collective rights and the criticisms made by the Jurisprudence of this classification are analyzed,
in order to conclude that the Tax Law not only can, but shall be protected by means of
instruments procedures. From this point on, we will study the collective procedural instruments
provided for in the Brazilian legal system and their compatibility with the protection of tax law.
The conclusion that this analysis leads to is that the Ação Ordinária Coletiva, provided by the
Consumer Defense Code, is among all the collective lawsuits provided by the Brazilian law,
the one capable of delivering more effective judicial protection on Tax Law. The second part
of this paper analyzes the operation of the Ação Ordinária Coletiva and the main obstacles
encountered by the legal operators working in this area, among which are the reiterated, and
unconstitutional, attempts by the Public Authorities to impose limits on effects of the judgment
rendered in these actions<br>O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a utilização da Ação Ordinária Coletiva, instrumento
processual previsto no Título III (arts. 81 a 104) da Lei nº 8.078/90, o Código de Defesa do
Consumidor, para a tutela do direito Tributário. Assim, a primeira parte do trabalho tem o
objetivo de demonstrar o cabimento da Ação Ordinária Coletiva para a tutela de interesses desta
natureza. Para tanto, partindo de uma noção Neoconstitucionalista do direito, explora-se o
princípio do acesso à justiça e demonstra-se que as ações coletivas são um instrumento
necessário para que esta garantia constitucional seja verdadeiramente efetiva. Evidenciada a
correlação entre acesso à justiça e tutela coletiva, analisa-se a classificação legal das espécies
de direitos coletivos e as críticas feitas pela doutrina a esta classificação para se concluir que o
direito tributário não só pode como deve ser tutelado por meio de instrumentos processuais
coletivos. A partir deste ponto, passa-se a estudar os instrumentos processuais coletivos
previstos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e sua compatibilidade à tutela do direito tributário.
A conclusão que esta análise leva é a de que a Ação Ordinária Coletiva, prevista no Código de
Defesa do Consumidor é, dentre todos os instrumentos processuais coletivos previstos pelo
legislador brasileiro, aquele capaz de entregar tutela jurisdicional mais efetiva no campo do
direito tributário. Demonstrado este ponto, a segunda parte do trabalho analisa o funcionamento
da Ação Ordinária Coletiva tributária e os principais empecilhos encontrados pelos operadores
do direito que atuam nesta seara, dentre os quais destacam-se as reiteradas, e inconstitucionais
tentativas do Poder Público de impor limites aos efeitos da sentença proferida nestas ações
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Perissinotto, Renato M. (Renato Monseff) 1964. "Estado e capital : burocracia e interesse de classe na condução da politica economica (1889-1930)." [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280259.
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Orientador: Decio Azevedo Marques de Saes<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T22:32:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 1997<br>Resumo: Esta tese estuda a relação entre o aparelho estatal regional paulista e a mais poderosa fração da classe dominante da economia exportadora ¿ o ¿capital cafeeiro¿ -, durante a Primeira República (1889-1930). Analisamos, num primeiro momento, a construção do Estado naquela região, a sua crescente burocratização e centralização decisória, com especial atenção para a Secretaria da Fazenda do estado de São Paulo. Em seguida, estudamos a formação das organizações corporativas e políticas da classe em questão como sendo, em parte, uma reação àquele processo de fortalecimento do aparelho estatal (Associação Comercial de São Paulo, Sociedade Paulista de Agricultura e, especialmente, Sociedade Rural Brasileira, Liga Agrícola Brasileira e Partido Democrático). Num terceiro momento, tendo como objetivo de estudo a condução da política econômica, com ênfase na política tributária e nas valorizações do café, analisamos como se desenvolveram os embates entre, de um lado, a Secretaria da Fazenda e, de outro, as organizações que veicularam os interesses daquela classe. A partir dessa análise, pudemos constatar a vitória sistemática da burocracia regional sobre o capital cafeeiro. Dessa forma, procuramos mostrar que, ao contrário do que normalmente se afirma, o Estado não era, no período em questão, um mero instrumento nas mãos dos interesses econômicos ligados ao setor exportador. Achamos possível provar que, apesar de recrutada em grande parte na classe economicamente dominante, a alta cúpula burocrática jogou um papel autônomo na orientação da política econômica, conduzindo-a segundo uma perspectiva propriamente estatal, agindo, assim, como uma ¿categoria social específica¿ e não como simples representante de classe. Por fim, analisamos quais foram os instrumentos políticos que permitiram ao Estado impor a sua orientação ao capital cafeeiro, quais sejam, o ¿coronelismo¿ e o Partido Republicano Paulista, entendendo-os, dessa maneira, como funcionais ao processo de burocratização e de fortalecimento do aparelho estatal e de seus agentes. O nosso objetivo mais geral foi mostrar que, apesar de o Estado e a sua cúpula burocrática perseguirem a reprodução ampliada da economia agro-exportadora e, portanto, beneficiarem, em última instância,a classe que ocupava posição privilegiada no interior da formação social paulista, isso não implicou numa relação instrumental nem, muito menos, livre de disputas entre ambos. Ao nosso ver, os conflitos advindos da luta entre burocracia regional e capital cafeeiro são de grande importância para se entender a trajetória do período e a sua derrocada<br>Abstract: This thesis studies the relation between the São Paulo local state apparatus and the most powerful fraction of the dominant class - the coffee capital - during the Brazilian First Republic (1889-1930). We first analyze the building of the State in that region, the strengthening of its bureaucracy and the centralization of the decision-making process special attention is paid on São Paulo Department of Finance or Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de São Paulo. Next we study the formation of the political and corporative organizations of the class fraction in question as partly being a reaction to that process of strengthening of the state apparatus (Associação Comercial de São Paulo - São Paulo Commercial Association; Sociedade Paulista de Agricultura - São Paulo Agriculture Society; and especially, Sociedade Rural Brasileira - Brazilian Rural Society; Liga Agrícola Brasileira - Brazilian Agricultural League; and Partido Democrático - Democratic Party). Thirdly, our object of study is the economic policy, emphasizing the fiscal policy and the "coffee valorizations" in 1906 and 1924. We analyze the development of the clashes between Secretaria da Fazenda, on one hand, and the organizations that propagated the interests of the class, on the other hand. It was from this analysis that the systematic victory of the local bureaucracy over the coffee capital could be evidenced. Therefore, we intend to show that, contrary to what is generally claimed, the State in the time at issue was not a mere instrument in the hands of the most economically powerful interests. We find it possible to prove that, in spite of being greatly recruited inside the economically dominant class, the highest bureaucratic group played an autonomous role in the economic policy according to a proper state perspective, acting thus as a "specific category", not as simple representative of a class. Finally, we analyze the political instruments which permitted the State to impose its orientation to the coffee capital, such as the coronelismo and the Partido Republicano Paulista (São Paulo Republican Party). These were functional to the bureaucratizing process and to the strengthening of the state apparatus and its agepts. Our most general objective was to show that, despite the State along with its highest bureaucratic group pursue the amplified reproduction of the agro-exports economy, and therefore, without further appeal, benefit the class in privileged position in the São Paulo social formation, this fact did not imply an instrumental relation nor even was it free from quarrels between state bureaucracy and class. In our view point, the conflicts supervening from the clashes between the local bureaucracy and the coffee capital are of great importance to a comprehension of the political trajectory in the period and its further overthrow<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Verdi, Pedro Garcia. "A aplica??o de decis?es estruturantes nas a??es relativas a interesses transindividuais." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2016. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/8291.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-29<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>This work starts from the idea that jurisdiction, while state power, needs to adapt to the complexity of new rights and new forms of existing dispute nowadays. Its scope study the applicability of the North American Institute of structural injunction as a way to give greater effect to the guardianships of transindividual rights. For this it was decided, first, to trace an evolutionary line of the judicial function and the civil process in order to understand the stage it is in and how emerge collective rights, as well as pave the way for understanding the opening to a collective guardianship system. Overcome this first part, which aims to introduce the reader in the scenario where the theme works part to the analysis of collective guardianships, its appearance and its relevance in the current legal system. In parallel, in order to understand the performance of today's jurisdiction, it is studied under the title of "judge's powers" the development of judicial activity from the stage where there was a judge "mouth of the law" to the current system where meets to judge more than simply applying the law, but an intellectual exercise and interpretive activity, making it the creator of the law. Finally, we study the Institute of structural injunction, from its conception in the American law, to propose the applicability in brazilian law, which is based on the analysis of concrete cases.<br>O presente trabalho parte da ideia de que a jurisdi??o, enquanto poder estatal necessita se adaptar ? complexidade dos novos direitos e novas formas de lit?gio existentes na contemporaneidade. Tem por escopo estudar a aplicabilidade do instituto norte-americano das structural injunction como uma forma de conferir maior efetividade ?s tutelas de direitos transindividuais. Para isso optou-se, primeiramente, por tra?ar uma linha evolutiva sobre a fun??o jurisdicional e sobre o processo civil, com a finalidade de se compreender o est?gio em que se encontra e como emergem os direitos coletivos, assim como preparar o terreno para o entendimento da abertura a um sistema de tutelas coletivas. Superada esta primeira parte, cujo objetivo ? introduzir o leitor no cen?rio em que o tema proposto atua, parte-se ? an?lise das tutelas coletivas, seu surgimento e sua relev?ncia no sistema jur?dico atual. Paralelamente, com o fim de se compreender a atua??o da jurisdi??o da atualidade, estuda-se, sob o t?tulo de ?poderes do juiz?, o desenvolvimento da atividade jurisdicional desde a fase onde existia um juiz ?boca da lei?, at? o sistema atual, onde cumpre ao julgador mais do que simplesmente aplicar a lei, mas exercer uma atividade intelectual e interpretativa, tornando-o criador do Direito. Ao final, estuda-se o instituto das structural injunction, partindo de sua concep??o no Direito norte-americano, para se propor a aplicabilidade no Direito brasileiro, o que se faz a partir da an?lise de casos concretos.
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Krippner, Leo. "The Derivation and Application of a Theoretically and Economically Consistent Version of the Nelson and Siegel Class of Yield Curve Models." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2645.
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A popular class of yield curve models is based on the Nelson and Siegel (1987) (hereafter NS) approach of fitting yield curve data with simple functions of maturity. However, NS models are not theoretically consistent and they also lack an economic foundation, which limits their wider application in finance and economics. This thesis derives an intertemporally-consistent and arbitrage-free version of the NS model, and provides an explicit macroeconomic foundation for that augmented NS (ANS) model. To illustrate the general applicability of the ANS model, it is then applied to four distinct topics spanning finance and economics, each of which are active areas of research in their own right: i.e (1) forecasting the yield curve; (2) investigating relationships between the yield curve and the macroeconomy; (3) fixed interest portfolio management; and (4) investigating the uncovered interest parity hypothesis (UIPH). In each application, the ANS model allows the formal derivation of a parsimonious theoretical framework that captures the essence of the topic under investigation and is readily applicable in practice. Respectively: (1) the intertemporal consistency embedded in the ANS model results in a vector-autoregressive equation that projects the future yield curve from the current yield curve, and forecasts from that model outperform the random-walk benchmark; (2) the economic foundation for the ANS model leads to a single-equation relationship between the current shape of the yield curve and the magnitude and timing of future output growth, and empirical estimations confirm that the theoretical relationship holds in practice; (3) the ANS model provides a theoretically-consistent framework for quantifying risk and returns in fixed interest portfolios, and portfolios optimised ex-ante using that framework outperform a passive benchmark; and (4) the ANS model allows interest rates to be decomposed into a component related to economic fundamentals in the underlying economy, and a component related to cyclical influences. Empirical tests based on the fundamental interest rate components do not reject the UIPH, while the UIPH is rejected based on the cyclical interest rate components. This provides empirical support for suggestions in the theoretical literature that interest rate and exchange rate dynamics associated with cyclical interlinkages between the economy and financial markets under rational expectations may contribute materially to the UIPH puzzle.
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Fornaciari, Flávia Hellmeister Clito. "Representatividade adequada nos processos coletivos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-24092010-133201/.
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O objetivo central do presente trabalho é a análise do instituto da representatividade adequada nos processos coletivos, de modo a se contribuir para majorar a eficácia de proteção dos direitos coletivos amplamente considerados, especialmente porque esse instituto de suma relevância não é princípio dos processos coletivos no Brasil. Os direitos coletivos tiveram seu estudo iniciado a partir do momento em que as pessoas tomaram consciência de sua condição de indivíduos inseridos na comunidade em que vivem, buscando na sociedade massificada e junto aos outros em mesma situação amparo para seus problemas e força para suas reivindicações. Assim, absorvida essa consciência de classe pelos indivíduos, o que começou a ocorrer em meados do século XVIII, nos países de ordenamento de common law, teve início o desenvolvimento dos processos coletivos, que chegaram a um considerável nível de maturação somente no século XX. Pretendeu-se, com esse trabalho, revelar a importância do instituto da representatividade adequada, pois, sem sua real observância, não se poderão considerar efetivamente protegidos os direitos transindividuais e, mais do que isso, não se poderá afirmar ser o processo coletivo realmente útil e eficaz em relação a seus objetivos. Assim, demonstrou-se que a representatividade adequada é instituto essencial para a legitimação para as ações coletivas, já com base na lei posta, devendo ser aferida pelo magistrado não só em relação às associações, mas também ao Ministério Público e à pessoa física, a quem entendemos deva ser estendida a legitimidade. Ademais, em relação às ações coletivas passivas, não previstas em nosso ordenamento, mas existentes de fato, a observância do instituto é essencial para que não se violem garantias elementares do indivíduo. Outrossim, a representatividade adequada tem aplicação em relação à coisa julgada, pois, por meio de sua observância, se poderá impor a coisa julgada erga omnes, sem que se aleguem violações a direitos e garantias individuais, pois assegurado estará o devido processo legal coletivo.<br>The main goal of this study is the adequacy of representation analysis, to contribute to enlarge the protection of the collective rights, especially because this very important institute is not a principle of the collective suits in Brazil. Transindividual rights have begun to been studied from the time people became aware of their status as individuals living in community, seeking in the mass society and with others in the same situation help for their problems and strength to their claims. Absorbed this class-consciousness by the individuals, which begins in the middle 1900s in the countries with common law rights, began the development of collective process, which reaches an important level of maturation at the XX century. The intention of this work was to reveal the significance of the adequacy of representation, because without their actual compliance, there can not be considered effectively protected the collective rights and it will not be possible to affirm that the collective process are really useful and effective in relation to their goals. Thus, it was shown that the adequacy of representation is essential institute for the standing for the class actions, already by the actual legislation. It must be observed by the judge not only in relation to the civil associations, but also to the Public Prosecution Service and to the citizen itself, that we considered should be possible to propose collective actions. Otherwise, in relation to the defendant class actions, not foreseen in our laws, but actually existing, the compliance with the institute is essential, so as not to infringe basic individual guarantees. Furthermore, the adequacy of representation has to be applied in relation to res judicata, because, with its compliance, it would be possible to impose the erga omnes res judicata, without be possible to argue violations to individual rights and guarantees, because it would be ensured the social due process.
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Ostia, Paulo Henrique Raiol. "Desenho do sistema de solução de conflito: sistemas indenizatórios em interesses individuais homogêneos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-11022015-081205/.
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Por mais que os cientistas separem e classifiquem os elementos da realidade para melhor compreendê-la, ele preserva a sua natureza complexa e multidisciplinar. O mesmo raciocínio pode ser aplicado aos conflitos. A sociedade de massa, por sua vez, potencializou o surgimento de conflitos complexos. As peculiaridades e os diferentes aspectos destas situações tornam improvável que sejam adequadamente tratados e solucionados por mecanismos genéricos. Considerando isso e em uma perspectiva de meios adequados de solução de conflito, o método do desenho de sistemas de solução de conflito (Dispute System Design DSD) propõe que sejam criados sistemas personalizados a partir de princípios e técnicas. Dessa forma, seriam dadas as respostas processuais aos diferentes aspectos do conflito. Com o intuito de analisar a aplicação dos princípios e técnicas do DSD à realidade, estudar-se-ão os casos da Câmara de Indenização Voo 3054 (CI3054) e do Programa de Indenização Voo 447 (PI447). Estes sistemas tinham como escopo solucionar os conflitos provenientes de acidentes aéreos que ocorreram em 2007 e 2009, com aeronaves das companhias TAM e Air France, respectivamente. Nas duas tragédias não houve sobreviventes.<br>Although the scientists separate and classify the elements of reality to understand it better, it preserves its complex and multidisciplinary nature. The same reasoning can be applied to conflicts. The mass society, in its turn, increased the emergence of complex conflicts. The peculiarity and the different aspects of these situations makes it unlikely to be adequately processed and solved by generic mechanisms. Considering this and the perspective of adequate conflict resolution, the Dispute System Design - DSD suggests that custom systems can be created from principles and technical. Therefore would be given the procedural responses to the different aspects of the conflict. In order to examine the application of the principles and techniques of DSD to reality, will be studied the cases of the Câmara de Indenização Voo 3054 (CI3054) and Programa de Indenização Voo 447 (PI447). These systems were scoped to resolve conflicts arising from plane crashes that occurred in 2007 and 2009, with TAM and Air France aircraft. In the two tragedies there were no survivors.
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Kaluvakuri, Swathi. "RESIDUE CLASS-BASED COMMON INTEREST NETWORK: A NOVEL APPROACH IN DESIGNING A LOW DIAMETER, TWO-LEVEL HIERARCHICAL, STRUCTURED P2P NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1933.
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The main objective of this research is to build an interest based peer – to – peer network which is structured yet non-DHT. Maintaining DHTs is a complex task and needs substantial amount of effort to handle the problem of churn. So, the major challenge facing such architectures is how to reduce this amount of effort while still providing an efficient data query service. The rationale behind choosing non- DHT based interest based network is that users sharing common interests are likely to share similar contents, and therefore searches for a particular type of content is more efficient if peers likely to store that content type are neighbors. We have used a mathematical model based on modular arithmetic, specifically residue class (RC), to design a two-level structured architecture. To the best of my knowledge, there does not exist any such work that has used this mathematical model.
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MORENO, PABLO ANDRES BERNARDO. "LA «ANTESALA» CONCEPTUAL DE LA AZIONE DI CLASSE. UN APORTE AL ANÁLISIS COMPARATÍSTICO SOBRE LA TUTELA DE LOS ASÍ LLAMADOS ‘DERECHOS SUBJETIVOS HOMOGÉNEOS’." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389339.
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The study analyses the linguistic usages dominant in the discourses of Italian
and American legal doctrine on the nature of the situations of advantage protected
in the normative context of collective procedural actions.
The aim of the analysis is to specify certain features of the conceptual
«antechamber» (conceptual premises) of azione di classe as envisaged by article
140bis of the Italian Consumer Code. Rather than analyse the legal doctrine on
azione di classe, the thesis deals mainly with the discourses and assumptions
implicit in the normative prescription of this institute within a legal culture
characterized, especially since the 1970s by (i) the constant use of locutions such
as ‘general interest’, ‘collective interest’, ‘collective right’, ‘supra-individual
interests’, etc., on the basis of (ii) a conceptual (or purportedly such) premise
according to which the collectivity is a rights holder.
Instead, as the fundamental argument of the study, the author maintains that in
a normative legal system every situation of advantage is always and only a
subjective right. Hence, the collectivity is not, nor can be, a rights holder.
Consequently, expressions such as general interest, collective interest,
collective right, supra-individual interests, etc., always and only denote a set of
subjective rights characterized, at most, by the fact that their object is the
enjoyment of a collective good (a good which, as such, does not admit to its
exclusive enjoyment nor rivalry in its consumption). That is to say, they always
denote homogeneous subjective rights.
Having argued for the erroneousness conceptual «antechamber» governing the
discourse on collective action in Italy, the thesis explores the development,
purposes and, above all, consequences of the permeability of doctrinal (and
subsequently jurisprudential and legislative) discourse to the collectivist ideology
in Italian legal culture, which is also influenced by a specific perception of the
American class action.
To this end, part of the thesis is also devoted to establishing, by means of the
same methodological analysis, whether American legal culture comprises an
analogous phenomenon in relation to the procedural mechanism of class action.
The analysis shows that there is evidence of a collectivist conception also in
American legal culture, particularly in light of the justificatory arguments adduced
for the ‘Private Attorney General’ and the consequent meaning attributed by
doctrine to the expression ‘public interest’.
Then, the influence of the collectivist ideology in American procedural
doctrine in regard to collective action is analyzed, highlighting its effects in
relation to the justificatory discourse on class action. In this regard, the thesis
emphasises marked differences from, but also important similarities with, the
Italian context. The most striking similarity is the employment of collectivist
discourses in both countries (in Italy also as a consequence of EC policy) in
normative and doctrinal statements intended to protect market rules.
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Bernardino, Nathalia D\'Elboux. "Impacto de aspectos nanoestruturais sobre a estabilidade de corantes e pigmentos de interesse arqueológico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-18082016-082905/.
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Neste trabalho foi investigado o efeito exercido por microambientes sobre a estabilidade química e fotoquímica de corantes. Em particular, estudaram-se os fatores responsáveis pelo aumento da estabilidade química e fotoquímica de índigo quando em interação com paligorsquita, que compõem o pigmento histórico Azul Maia, sobre o qual ainda havia controvérsias na literatura. Os corantes investigados foram índigo, dehidroíndigo, alizarina, purpurina, luteolina e β-caroteno; os microambientes foram proporcionados pelas argilas paligorsquita, sepiolita, montmorilonita, laponita e HDL de Al3+ e Mg2+ (3:1). Paligorsquita e a sepiolita são as únicas argilas que apresentam microporos em sua estrutura. As técnicas de caracterização empregadas neste trabalho foram: espectroscopia vibracional (Raman e absorção no infravermelho), espectroscopia de absorção no UV-VIS, difratometria de raios X, análise térmica (TG e DSC), CG-MS, HLPC-MS, medidas de área superficial por isoterma de adsorção de N2 e SEM. Duas técnicas com resolução temporal em escala de sub-picosegundos (absorção de transiente e infravermelho resolvido no tempo) foram utilizadas. O sistema índigo+paligorsquita corresponde à mistura dos dois sólidos, seguida de aquecimento, sendo que a partir de 70 °C a coloração da mistura adquire tonalidade esverdeada e também apresenta maior estabilidade química e fotoquímica. Essa estabilidade e também a alteração na cor aumentam com a temperatura de aquecimento da mistura e o intervalo considerado engloba as temperaturas de perda de água zeolítica (70 - 150 °C) e coordenada (170 - 280 °C) da estrutura da argila. Os resultados de espectroscopia vibracional e eletrônica dos simulantes de Azul Maia indicam que o índigo interage através de ligações de hidrogênio com as moléculas de água coordenada. Essa interação, entretanto, só é possível com a remoção da água zeolítica, o que ocorre a partir de 70 °C. Com aquecimento em temperaturas acima de 170 °C o comportamento do espectro eletrônico e vibracional se altera, indicando a formação direta de complexos com os metais presentes nas bordas internas dos microporos. Os resultados de espectroscopia Raman indicam que com a interação por ligação de hidrogênio a simetria molecular do índigo diminua. Os estudos por espectroscopia com resolução temporal mostraram que o índigo apresenta transferência de próton no estado excitado (ESIPT) de um dos amino grupos para a carbonila adjacente; após esta transferência, há a formação da espécie mono-enol a qual relaxa ao estado fundamental após 120 ps, através de intersecção cônica, o que explica a alta fotoestabilidade do corante. No caso da mistura aquecida a 130 °C os resultados, obtidos pela primeira vez para uma molécula imobilizada em argila, confirmam que o índigo encontra-se em um ambiente hidrofílico, considerando o tempo de vida de decaimento do estado excitado (3,0 ps), comparável ao do índigo carmim em solução aquosa (2,7 ps). O tempo de vida também é muito curto, comparado ao em solução de DMSO (120 ps) o que pode explicar a alta estabilidade do corante quando dentro do microcanal da argila. Finalmente, constatou-se que o dehidroíndigo não é responsável pela coloração de simulantes de Azul Maia, a qual resulta de alterações no espectro de absorção no visível do corante que ocorrem com a interação com a argila<br>In this work, the role played by the microenvironment on the chemical and photochemical stability of dyes was investigated. The factors responsible for the enhanced stability of indigo when interacting with palygorskite were detailed studied; the indigo and palygorskite system constitutes a simulant of Maya Blue, a historical pigment with properties which are controversially described in the literature. The dyes here investigated were indigo, dehydroindigo, alizarin, purpurin, luteolin and β-carotene; the microenvironment was provided by palygorskite, sepiolite, montmorillonite, laponite and a layered double hydroxide (Al3+ e Mg2+, 3:1). Palygorskite and sepiolite are the only clays with micropores in their structure. Several characterization techniques were employed, namely vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and infrared), UV-VIS electronic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermal analysis (TG and DSC), CG-MS, HPLC-MS, surface area and porosity determination (N2 isotherm adsorption) and scanning electron microscopy. Two sub-picosecond time resolved techniques (transient absorption and infrared absorption) were also used. The indigo+palygorskite system corresponds to the intimate mixture of both solids, followed by heating; from 70 °C the mixture attains a greenish hue and an enhanced chemical and photochemical stability. Both stability and color change increase with the heating temperature, which also leads to loss of zeolitic and coordinated water (70 to 150 °C and 170 to 280 °C, respectively). Vibrational and electronic spectroscopies indicate that, in the Maya Blue simulants, the dye interacts with the clay through hydrogen bonds with the coordinated water molecules. Such interaction, however, is only possible with the removal of the zeolitic water, which starts at 70 °C. At temperatures above 170 °C, both vibrational and electronic spectral profiles change, indicating that the interaction is now proceeding directly with the metals that are at the internal borders of the micropores. Results from Raman spectroscopy suggest that with the hydrogen bond and metal interaction a symmetry lowering occurs. Time resolved spectroscopy results show that indigo present an excited state intramolecular proton transfer from one of the NH to the adjacent carbonyl group, originating a mono-enol species, which decays to the ground state after 120 ps through a conical intersection. Such fast decay explains the high photochemical stability of indigo. In the case of the ind+paly mixture heated at 130 °C, the time resolved data obtained for the first time for a dye+clay system confirms that indigo is in a hydrophilic environment, taking into account the excited state lifetime (3.0 ps), comparable to indigo carmine in aqueous solution (2.7 ps). The excited state lifetime of indigo in the clay is also very short when compared to the experimental data for the dye in DMSO solution (120 ps), which is possibly an explanation for the dye high stability when inside the clay micropores. Finally, dehydroindigo was not found to be responsible for the color of Maya Blue simulants, which results from the spectral changes in the dye absorption spectrum originated by the interaction with the clay.
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Mota, Handerson Ribeiro de Oliveira. "Quitinase classe I do látex de Ficus benjamina L. purificação caracterização e ação contra fungos fitopatogênicos de interesse agronômico." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/21743.
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MOTA, Handerson Ribeiro de Oliveira. Quitinase classe I do látex de Ficus benjamina L. purificação caracterização e ação contra fungos fitopatogênicos de interesse agronômico. 2016. 57 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.<br>Submitted by Anderson Silva Pereira (anderson.pereiraaa@gmail.com) on 2017-01-23T19:16:12Z
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Previous issue date: 2016<br>A class I chitinase from F. benjamina latex designated FbLx-Chi-1 was purified to homogeneity after ammonium sulfate precipitation of the latex proteins (LP) and affinity chromatography of the 30-60% fraction on a chitin column. FbLx-Chi-1 has a 30 kDa molecular mass as estimated by SDS-PAGE, an optimal pH and temperature for full enzyme activity of 5.5 and 60 ºC, respectively. It presented significant thermoresistance to denaturation as it retains 100% activity after incubation at 60 ºC for 30 min, and remarkable pH stability preserving 100% activity after incubation at pH range of 2-10, for 30 min at 37 ºC, and salinity tolerance up to 250 mM NaCl. In addition, FbLx-Chi-1 activity enhanced in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, but Mn2+ and Al3 inhibited it. Importantly, FbLx-Chi-1 exhibited antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium pallidoroseum and Fusarium oxysporum revealing biotechnological potential to control these phytopathogens in agriculture.<br>Uma quitinase classe I do latex de F. benjamina, denominada FbLx-chi-1, foi purificada após fracionamento por precipitação com sulfato de amônio das proteínas do látex (PL) e cromatografia de afinidade da fração 30-60% em coluna de quitina. FbLx-Chi-1 apresentou massa molecular aparente de 30 kDa, estimada por SDS-PAGE, pH ótimo para total atividade da enzima de 5,5 e temperatura ótima de 60 ºC. A enzima apresentou significante termoestabilidade, mantendo 100% da atividade após incubação a 60 ºC por 30 min, e notável estabilidade de pH, mantendo 100% da atividade nas faixas de pH entre 2-10, e tolerância à salinidade, mantendo 100% de atividade até 250 mM de NaCl. Ademais, FbLx-Chi-1 teve sua atividade aumentada por adição de Ca2+ e Mg2+ à mistura reacional, mas foi inibida por Mn2+ e Al3+. De grande importância, FbLx-Chi-1 exibiu atividade antifúngica contra os fungos Fusarium pallidoroseum e Fusarium oxysporum, revelando potencial biotecnológico quanto ao seu uso para controlar esses fitopatógenos na agricultura.
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Fontes, Juliana Santos. "Classes de aperfeiçoamento : ensaio da escola ativa no ensino primário em Sergipe (1932-1933)." Pós-Graduação em Educação, 2018. http://ri.ufs.br/jspui/handle/riufs/9495.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>In this study, I sought to investigate the dissemination process of teaching Active, through the implementation of Improvement Classes, installed in school groups and in isolated schools in the State of Sergipe, in 1932 and 1933. In the Classes of Improvement were developed the centers of interest, created by Decroly and adopted in the Regulation of 1931. Aligned with Cultural History, the research was based on the concept of school culture, defended by Julia (2001), as the guiding principle for an analysis of the set of teachers practices that incorporate in the Classes in Sergipe. In addition, discussed the pedagogical guidelines through the work of Moura (1931), carried out by teaching inspectors. In the methodology used, of a descriptive historical nature, I searched in documentary sources, such as terms of visit of the inspectors of education, information of the school directors, primary education program, Regulation of February 3, 1931 and notes of the Official Gazette of this research, among other sources, the data needed to answer the research question: how did occured the process of dissemination of Active teaching through the implementation of the Improvement Classes installed in school groups and in isolated schools in the State of Sergipe in the years 1932 and 1933? I noticed that the Classes of Improvement had their proposal presented by Professor José Augusto da Rocha Lima, after a trip to the State of São Paulo in 1931 and were implemented in 32 Classes, in the period of 1932 and 1933, in the capital and in the interior of Sergipe. I also verified that the teachers' choices to direct the Class in the school groups, for the most part, had as criterion the demonstration of “competence” in the development of the method.The purpose of the Improvement Classes was fulfilled insofar as it disseminated the practice of the Intuitive Analytical Asset method with the use of Decroly centers of interest, which can be certified in the practices of teachers in the years 1933 and 1934.<br>Neste estudo, procurei investigar o processo de disseminação do ensino Ativo por meio da implementação das Classes de Aperfeiçoamento, instaladas nos grupos escolares e nas escolas isoladas no Estado de Sergipe, nos anos de 1932 e 1933. Nas Classes de Aperfeiçoamento foram desenvolvidos os centros de interesse, criados por Decroly e adotados no Regulamento de 1931. Alinhado a História Cultural, a investigação fundamentou-se no conceito de cultura escolar, defendido por Julia (2001), como princípio norteador para a análise do conjunto das práticas docentes que incorporadas nas referidas Classes em Sergipe. Além disso, discutiu as orientações pedagógicas a partir da obra de Moura (1931), manual que instruiu o uso dos centros de interesse. Na metodologia utilizada, de natureza histórica descritiva, busquei em fontes documentais, como termos de visita dos inspetores do ensino, relatórios dos diretores escolares, programa para o ensino primário, Regulamento de 03 de fevereiro de 1931 e notas do Diário Oficial dos anos referente a esta investigação, entre outras fontes, os dados necessários para responder a questão de pesquisa: como se deu o processo de disseminação do ensino Ativo por meio da implementação das Classes de Aperfeiçoamento instaladas nos grupos escolares e nas escolas isoladas no Estado de Sergipe, nos anos de 1932 e 1933? Constatei que as Classes de Aperfeiçoamento tiveram sua proposta apresentada pelo professor José Augusto da Rocha Lima, após viagem realizada ao Estado de São Paulo, no ano de 1931 e foram implementadas em 32 Classes, no período de 1932 e 1933, na capital e no interior de Sergipe. Verifiquei ainda que as escolhas das docentes para dirigir a Classe nos grupos escolares, em sua maioria, tiveram como critério a demonstração de “competência” no desenvolvimento do método. O propósito das Classes de Aperfeiçoamento foi cumprido na medida em que difundiu a prática do método Ativo Intuitivo Analítico, com o uso dos centros de interesse de Decroly, o que pode ser certificado nas práticas das docentes nos anos de 1933 e 1934.<br>São Cristóvão, SE
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Muñoz, Sivana Jaqueline Katherine. "La tutela de los intereses supraindividuales y el dilema de la legitimidad para obrar en el mecanismo procesal de la class action y su posible aplicación en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/18449.
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El presente artículo surge a raíz de la deficiente y disgregada regulación de la tutela colectiva en el Perú. Esta regulación conlleva a que la tutela pretendida no sea la adecuada y que el proceso no sirva como instrumento para lograr la protección de los derechos supraindividuales. En este orden de ideas, los objetivos del presente trabajo son, en primer lugar, determinar si es conveniente o no modificar la regulación actual de los procesos colectivos y, en segundo lugar, si se debe optar por un sistema Opt In u Opt Out atendiendo a las circunstancias particulares de la sociedad peruana, así como determinar a
qué persona o personas debería corresponder la legitimidad para obrar para participar en los procesos colectivos. Por ello, la tesis central del presente trabajo es que se necesita mejorar la regulación actual y que esta debe estar consagrada principalmente en el Código Procesal Civil, así como incluir algunas características de la regulación de la class action norteamericana. Finalmente, luego de analizar la experiencia comparada de México, Brasil, Colombia y Estados Unidos, se llega a la conclusión de que, efectivamente, se debe modificar el marco normativo de la tutela colectiva y que esta nueva regulación debe incluir algunas características de la regulación de la class action norteamericana, principalmente acoger un sistema Opt Out. Asimismo, respecto a la legitimidad para obrar activa la conclusión arribada
es que se debe permitir que tanto una persona natural como persona jurídica puedan reclamar por la clase, pero siempre cumpliendo requerimientos especiales certificados por el juez dado que en este tipo de procesos están en juego los derechos de un gran número de personas
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Codato, Adriano Nervo. "Estrutura politica e interesse de classe : uma analise do sistema estatal no Brasil pos-1964 - o caso do Conselho de Desenvolvimento Economico." [s.n.], 1995. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281825.
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Orientador: Decio Azevedo Marques de Saes<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-20T18:16:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 1995<br>Resumo: Não informado<br>Abstract: Not informed.<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Ciência Política
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Decaux, Manon. "L'actiοn de grοupe devant le juge administratif". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025NORMC001.
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Nouvel instrument contentieux confié aux associations et syndicats, l’action de groupe permet de saisir le juge administratif pour demander la réparation de préjudices subis par un groupe de victimes et/ou la cessation du manquement qui les a causés. Partant du constat d’une approche législative restrictive et d’une extension du modèle judiciaire à l’ordre juridictionnel administratif, la présente thèse se donne pour objet d'analyser l’intégration de l’action de groupe devant le juge administratif français. La mise en relation du groupe et du groupement permet à cet objet exogène de dépasser les limites apparentes de la défense collective d’intérêts individuels devant le juge administratif. D’une part, l’action de groupe n’a pas impliqué de redéfinition des contours du contentieux administratif. Par un double mouvement de désindividualisation de l’intérêt collectif au stade de l’action et de standardisation de la décision juridictionnelle collective, elle s’intègre sans rupture majeure devant le juge administratif. D’autre part, si du point de vue individuel l’action de groupe apparaît limitée dans sa portée indemnisatrice, la défense des intérêts des membres du groupe devant le juge administratif participe à la protection de l’intérêt collectif porté par le groupement. Prenant acte de la rareté de son utilisation, l’étude n’entend pas moins montrer que l’action de groupe pourrait fonctionner utilement devant le juge administratif français<br>As a new litigation tool reserved for associations and trade unions, the french group action makes it possible to bring a case before an administrative court to seek compensation for the damage suffered by a group of victims and/or the cessation of the breach that caused it. This thesis takes as its starting point the restrictive legislative approach and the extension of the privatist judicial model to the administrative jurisdictional order, and sets out to analyze the integration of group action before the French administrative courts. Bringing together the group of victims and the organized group enables this external object to go beyond the apparent limits of collective defense of individual interests before the administrative judge. On the one hand, group action has not led to a redefinition of the contours of administrative litigation. Through a double movement of de-individualization of the collective interest at the stage of initiating the action and standardization of the collective jurisdictional decision, it is integrated without major breach before the administrative judge. On the other hand, while from an individual point of view the group action appears limited in its scope for compensation, the defense of the interests of group members before the administrative judge contributes to the protection of the collective interest pursued by the group. While noting the scarcity of its use, the study nevertheless aims to show that the group action could usefully operate before the French administrative courts
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Bispo, Leandro Pinto. "O efeito transformador das atividades lúdicas nas aulas de matemática." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4320.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>This work aims to analyze the results of the use of challenges and tricks based
on mathematical principles as a motivational method in high school classroom. The
activities contain elements that help to improving concentration, stimulate thinking
ability, arouse interest in mathematics classes and thus increase participation of the
students in the classroom. Each activity is described in detail, including a summary of
its mathematical content, the average classroom time required, as well as a suggestion
on how to perform it in class. Besides the direct assessment of the results by the teacher,
a more objective evaluation of the e ects of these activities on the student's perception
and attitude towards mathematics and its study was made by means of questionnaires
answered by the students before and after the development of the project. Analysis of
the data from the answers is also presented.<br>Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os efeitos da utilização de desa os e
truques com fundamentação Matemática em sala de aula como método motivacional aos
alunos do Ensino Médio. As atividades propostas e desenvolvidas contém elementos que
visam contribuir para a concentração, estimular a capacidade de raciocínio, despertar o
interesse pelo estudo da Matemática e, assim, melhorar a participação e aproveitamento
dos alunos em sala de aula. Para cada atividade realizada, são detalhados os conteúdos
e habilidades predominantes em cada desa o ou truque, além do tempo médio de
aplicação em sala de aula, descrição e breve explicação da atividade. A avaliação
do efeito destas atividades sobre a percepção e atitude dos estudantes em relação à
Matemática e seu estudo, foi realizada também através de questionários aplicados aos
alunos antes e após o desenvolvimento do projeto. Uma análise das respostas obtidas
é, então, apresentada.
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Granja, Regina Helena. "A questão sindical a partir da perspectiva da experiência político-cultural - os metalúrgicos em São Carlos." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1395.
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Previous issue date: 2005-04-18<br>Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos<br>The present doctorate assay is related to the syndical issue of our living days, and
searches for subsidiaries in order to begin answering the set of interrogations placed
on the theoretical debate nowadays through the Brazilian syndical experience study,
exemplified by the metallurgist in São Carlos - SP.
Deep transformations in the economical, political, social and cultural spheres mark
the contemporary world. This huge set of changes reaches the people s daily routine,
modifying their lives, objective and subjectively.
In face of this process of intense changes, it I common to hear that the State,
Politics, the Political Parties, Capitalism are in crisis, that is, they are facing severe
obstacles in order to follow ahead. In this context there has been an attempt for a
better understanding of what has been defined in the specialized literature, specially
in the Political Science, Sociology and Economy as the syndicalism crises: its
meanings and consequences.
Would the syndicate, considered throughout history as a social and political
representation and defense organization of the labor class, be today, loosing their
reason o existence and their function in the globalized capitalist system?
For this vital issue, searching to go beyond the interpretations which carryout
their analysis only towards the economic impacts, this work covers the cultural of the
labor class, using the experience concept for that purpose as wella as how E. P.
Thompson understands it: throughout the time, the demands each time more
privatized and sectorial lost of sight the political, emancipatory and collective sense.<br>A presente tese de doutorado versa sobre a questão sindical na atualidade e,
por meio do estudo da experiência sindical brasileira, exemplificada nos metalúrgicos
em São Carlos SP, procura encontrar subsídios para começar a responder a uma
série de interrogações colocadas no debate teórico atual.
Profundas transformações no campo da economia, da política, do social e da
cultura marcam o mundo contemporâneo. Esta gama enorme de mudanças atinge o
cotidiano das pessoas, modificando suas vidas, objetiva e subjetivamente.
Diante deste processo de intensas mudanças, é comum ouvir dizer que o
Estado, a Política, os Partidos Políticos, o Capitalismo estejam em crise, ou seja,
enfrentam sérios obstáculos para sua reprodução. É neste cenário que se tentou
entender e explicar o que vem sendo tratado pela literatura especializada,
principalmente no campo da Ciência Política, da Sociologia e da Economia como crise
do sindicalismo: seus significados e suas conseqüências.
Os sindicatos, considerados ao longo de sua história como uma organização
de representação e defesa social e política da classe operária, estariam, hoje,
perdendo sua razão de existência e sua função no sistema do capitalismo
mundializado?
Para esta questão vital, buscando ir para além das interpretações que
carregam suas análises apenas nas transformações econômicas, este trabalho
contempla as mudanças culturais da classe operária, utilizando para tal tarefa o
conceito de experiência, assim como E.P.Thompson a entende: ao longo do tempo,
as demandas cada vez mais privatizadas e setorializadas perderam do horizonte o
sentido político, emancipatório e coletivo.
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Martins, Fernando Corrêa. "A legitimidade do sindicato na ação civil pública." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-24112009-134827/.
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O regime da ação civil pública baseia-se no Código de Defesa do Consumidor e na Lei da Ação Civil Pública. A legitimidade sindical fundamenta-se na previsão constitucional do artigo 8º, inciso III, e na autorização concedida de forma genérica às associações na Lei da Ação Civil Pública, artigo 5º, inciso V e no Código de Defesa do Consumidor, artigo 82, inciso IV. O Código de Defesa do Consumidor organizou os interesses em três categorias: os interesses difusos, coletivos, e individuais homogêneos. Os interesses difusos são os que geram maior oposição da doutrina em relação à legitimidade sindical, em razão de sua amplitude quando comparado com a noção de categoria. Mas é possível fundamentar a legitimidade sindical em relação aos interesses difusos com base no Princípio Democrático e na Teoria dos Direitos Fundamentais. No processo coletivo, a regra geral é que o legitimado é um terceiro em relação ao direito material discutido no processo. A legitimação é concorrente, exclusiva e disjuntiva. A doutrina aceita os requisitos da pertinência temática e o período de pré-constituição da associação; mas considera obstativos da demanda coletiva os requisitos que exigem a autorização assemblear e a individualização dos substituídos. No Brasil, questiona-se a existência do requisito da representatividade adequada da class action. Este requisito somente pode ser avaliado em relação ao legitimado no caso concreto pelo juiz, mas muitos entendem que a legislação já fez essa avaliação ao autorizar abstratamente a legitimação. A doutrina assinala, ainda, que esse requisito somente será aplicável em relação às associações e sindicatos.<br>The civil public action was governed by Code of Protection of the Consumers and the Law of Civil Public Action. The standing to sue of the labor union in the civil public action was accepted by the article 8°, III from the Brazilian Constitution and by a generic allowance to associations at the article 5°, V of the Law of Civil Public Action and the article 82, IV, of Code of Protection of the Consumers. The Code of Protection of the Consumers creates three kind of general interests: diffuse, collective and homogeneous individual interests. There is opposition again standing to sue of the labor union relative to the diffuse interest, because that kind of interest is more widely spread out than the labor class that the labor union represents. The standing to sue of the labor union in the case of the diffuse interest is based on the Democratic Principle and the Human Rights Theory. In the collective suit, the general rule is that the party to suit is a third one in relation with the person that is connected with the substantive law effects. The standing to sue in the civil public action is considered free to all of the collective players that are mentioned by the law, without any hierarchy among them. About the requirement imposed by the Law, doctrine accept the thematic pertinence and the time of one year of the settlement of the association; but take as obstructive the requirements that impose the name of members of the group and the permission decided in special meeting of the labor union or civil association. There is doubt about the existence of the requirement of the adequacy of representation, from the American class action, in the civil public action. That requirement must be analyzed by the judge, but most of the doctrine affirms that the adequacy of representation was made by the lawmaker when they choose which one would have the standing to sue. Most of the doctrine asseverates that the adequacy of representation is necessary only for the private entities.
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Juliano, Joice Maria Maltauro [UNESP]. "Indisciplina e sua relação com motivos, interesses e sentidos vinculados à atividade dos alunos: um estudo com uma classe de ensino médio da cidade de Medianeira-PR." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124396.
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000839516.pdf: 1071253 bytes, checksum: ed5ce99e282b05670310cb280b67b678 (MD5)<br>Esta dissertação relata a pesquisa que teve como objetivo geral evidenciar a relação existente entre a conduta considerada indisciplinada pela escola e os interesses e motivos orientadores da atividade bem como o sentido atribuído a ela pelos alunos, tomando como ponto de referência as condutas consideradas disciplinadas. E, como objetivos específicos, explicitar a dinâmica da atividade de aprendizagem realizada em sala de aula, identificar os interesses e motivos dos alunos e o sentido atribuído por eles à atividade que se desenvolve em sala de aula e verificar quais motivos, interesses e sentidos estão ligados às condutas consideradas indisciplinadas e, em contraste, quais estão associados às condutas consideradas disciplinadas. A pesquisa utiliza como base os pressupostos da teoria histórico-cultural e da teoria da atividade. O trabalho de investigação caracteriza-se como pesquisa qualitativa realizada no Colégio Estadual João Manoel Mondrone, Medianeira - PR. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são seis alunos de uma classe de 2ª série do Ensino Médio. Os instrumentos utilizados na geração dos dados são a entrevista (com alunos), a observação como suporte para a interpretação do fenômeno analisado, o questionário (para alunos) para a composição do perfil dos sujeitos da pesquisa, e a coleta dos materiais usados pelos professores para o desenvolvimento das aulas, além da pesquisa bibliográfica que fornece a fundamentação teórica de base para a interpretação dos dados. A análise é realizada considerando os seguintes eixos: motivo, interesse e sentido encontrados pelos alunos para a realização ou não das atividades propostas pelos professores para o encaminhamento das aulas. A análise dos resultados obtidos permite as seguintes conclusões: (1) os interesses do grupo de alunos considerados indisciplinados não coincidem com o direcionamento das aulas voltado para o preparo dos alunos para o ingresso na...<br>This dissertation reports the research which had as a general goal to evidence the relation between the conduct considered undisciplined by the school and the interests and reasons which guide the activity as well as the sense assigned to it by the student, using as reference the conducts considered disciplined. And, as specific goals, explain the dynamics of the learning activity done in class, identify the students' interests and reasons and the sense attributed by them to the activity which is developed in the classroom and verify what reasons, interests and sense are linked to conducts considered undisciplined and, in contrast, which are related to conducts considered disciplined.The research is based on the assumptions of cultural-historical theory and the theory of activity. The research is characterized as qualitative research conducted at Colégio Estadual João Manoel Mondrone, Medianeira - PR. The subjects of the research are six high school students of a 2nd grade class.The instruments used for data generation are the interview (with students), observationas support for the interpretation of the analyzed phenomenon, the questionnaire (for students) to compose the profile of the research subjects, and the collection of materials used by teachers to the development of classes, besides the literature search that provides the basic theoretical foundation for data interpretation.The analysis is carried out considering the following points: reason, interest and sense found by students whether doing or not the activities proposed by teachers in classes.The analysis of the gotten results allow us the following conclusions: (1) the interests of the group considered unruly students do not coincide with the purpose given to classes which intends to prepare students for going to the University: they are interested in finishing high school and keep on the profession they have already been working, unlike the students considered...
48
Juliano, Joice Maria Maltauro. "Indisciplina e sua relação com motivos, interesses e sentidos vinculados à atividade dos alunos : um estudo com uma classe de ensino médio da cidade de Medianeira-PR /." Marília, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124396.
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Orientadora: Stela Miller<br>Banca: Dagoberto Buim Arena<br>Banca: Marta Sueli de Faria Sforni<br>Resumo: Esta dissertação relata a pesquisa que teve como objetivo geral evidenciar a relação existente entre a conduta considerada indisciplinada pela escola e os interesses e motivos orientadores da atividade bem como o sentido atribuído a ela pelos alunos, tomando como ponto de referência as condutas consideradas disciplinadas. E, como objetivos específicos, explicitar a dinâmica da atividade de aprendizagem realizada em sala de aula, identificar os interesses e motivos dos alunos e o sentido atribuído por eles à atividade que se desenvolve em sala de aula e verificar quais motivos, interesses e sentidos estão ligados às condutas consideradas indisciplinadas e, em contraste, quais estão associados às condutas consideradas disciplinadas. A pesquisa utiliza como base os pressupostos da teoria histórico-cultural e da teoria da atividade. O trabalho de investigação caracteriza-se como pesquisa qualitativa realizada no Colégio Estadual João Manoel Mondrone, Medianeira - PR. Os sujeitos da pesquisa são seis alunos de uma classe de 2ª série do Ensino Médio. Os instrumentos utilizados na geração dos dados são a entrevista (com alunos), a observação como suporte para a interpretação do fenômeno analisado, o questionário (para alunos) para a composição do perfil dos sujeitos da pesquisa, e a coleta dos materiais usados pelos professores para o desenvolvimento das aulas, além da pesquisa bibliográfica que fornece a fundamentação teórica de base para a interpretação dos dados. A análise é realizada considerando os seguintes eixos: motivo, interesse e sentido encontrados pelos alunos para a realização ou não das atividades propostas pelos professores para o encaminhamento das aulas. A análise dos resultados obtidos permite as seguintes conclusões: (1) os interesses do grupo de alunos considerados indisciplinados não ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This dissertation reports the research which had as a general goal to evidence the relation between the conduct considered undisciplined by the school and the interests and reasons which guide the activity as well as the sense assigned to it by the student, using as reference the conducts considered disciplined. And, as specific goals, explain the dynamics of the learning activity done in class, identify the students' interests and reasons and the sense attributed by them to the activity which is developed in the classroom and verify what reasons, interests and sense are linked to conducts considered undisciplined and, in contrast, which are related to conducts considered disciplined.The research is based on the assumptions of cultural-historical theory and the theory of activity. The research is characterized as qualitative research conducted at Colégio Estadual João Manoel Mondrone, Medianeira - PR. The subjects of the research are six high school students of a 2nd grade class.The instruments used for data generation are the interview (with students), observationas support for the interpretation of the analyzed phenomenon, the questionnaire (for students) to compose the profile of the research subjects, and the collection of materials used by teachers to the development of classes, besides the literature search that provides the basic theoretical foundation for data interpretation.The analysis is carried out considering the following points: reason, interest and sense found by students whether doing or not the activities proposed by teachers in classes.The analysis of the gotten results allow us the following conclusions: (1) the interests of the group considered unruly students do not coincide with the purpose given to classes which intends to prepare students for going to the University: they are interested in finishing ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
49
Hervas, Hermida Clara. "La notion d’action de groupe : étude de droit comparé." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100087.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse vient proposer une notion d’action de groupe processuelle. Cette notion est dégagée suivant la méthode comparative. L’action de groupe est censée résoudre différents types de litiges qui mettent en cause un nombre élevé de personnes. L’étude de droit comparé montre en ce sens une notion qui semble plurielle puisqu’il existe différents modèles d’action de groupe. La manière de la concevoir diffère d’un modèle à autre. La terminologie relative à ce sujet est surabondante, souvent considérée en tant que synonyme de l’action collective, du recours collectif, des actions de classe, des procédures modèles, des jugements pilotes... En dépit de cela, il est possible de trouver une notion spécifique, ayant des caractères propres et typiques. Mais cette notion spécifique ne peut être que processuelle. Le procès est un outil de protection des droits et des intérêts juridiques et légitimes, sans importer leur nature. Il est logique que la résolution de ce type de litiges soit envisagée depuis cette perspective. De plus, c’est au niveau procédural que la protection de ce type de situations pose autant de problèmes. L’action de groupe vient alors s’inscrire naturellement dans cette discipline juridique, dévoilant une notion spécifique qui place le juge au cœur de la résolution de ce type de litiges<br>The aim of this thesis is to offer a specific notion of the idea of group litigation, in a procedural and comparative perspective. The mass consumer society in which we live has generated a style of litigation that involves a vast number of people. Grouping claimants together in a class action is meant to resolve this sort of litigation. But comparative law illustrates the complexity of the topic. A large number of different models of class action exist. Terminology is vast and often spans interchangeably terms such as group litigation, collective actions, class action, procedural models and pilot decisions. Each model shows different ways to solve the same problem. In spite of this, we can still find a specific framework with distinct and typical characteristics. However, this specific notion can only be procedurally based. Clearly, resolving this type of litigation must be viewed from this perspective. Judicial process is the way by which to protect rights and legal and legitimate interests without considering their nature. But it is at procedural level that protecting this type of situation raises the most problems. Class actions therefore naturally fall within this legal discipline, and bring to light a specific idea that makes the judge the linchpin when deciding the outcome of litigation
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Novais, Maria Elisa Cesar. "A tutela executiva nas ações coletivas em defesa do consumidor: as iniciativas e as estratégias dos legitimados para viabilizar a efetividade dos interesses individuais homogêneos nas execuções coletivas frente aos limites interpretativos impostos pelo poder judiciário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-10012014-165521/.
Full textAbstract:
A efetividade do provimento jurisdicional é a mais importante das atividades da jurisdição. A simples declaração de um direito não é suficiente, se não for possível usufrui-lo. No caso de ações coletivas, a efetividade é a resposta para a pacificação de conflitos sociais de grandes dimensões. Todavia a efetividade de uma demanda coletiva é um dos maiores desafios tanto do Poder Judiciário como dos legitimados à ação coletiva, em vista das dificuldades que se apresentam na legislação, ensejando interpretações divergentes e que, por vezes, provocam o detrimento da tutela coletiva. O presente trabalho, a partir de dados empíricos sobre a experiência de uma espécie de legitimado à ação coletiva associação civil e mediante pesquisa estruturada da jurisprudência que se forma sobre o assunto, pretende levantar pontos sensíveis para a baixa efetividade dos provimentos jurisdicionais proferidos em ações coletivas. Os pontos sensíveis enfatizados são objeto de discussão e teorização, com o objetivo de apresentar caminhos e pontuar profundas dificuldades para a efetividade da tutela coletiva, sem a pretensão de dar solução para tais problemas, mas a ideia de alguns encaminhamentos, buscando a experiência no Direito Comparado. Conclui-se, essencialmente, que o caminho para a efetividade da demanda coletiva passa pela execução coletiva e pela tutela mandamental, que precisam ser melhor trabalhadas pelos legitimados e melhor apreciadas e compreendidas pelo Poder Judiciário.<br>The effectiveness of the jurisdictional provision is the most important activity of jurisdiction. The simple declaration of a right is not enough, if you can not enjoy it. In the case of class actions, the effectiveness is the answer to the pacification of large range social conflicts. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of a class action is a major challenge both the judiciary as the public and private entities those can file a class action, in view of the difficulties that arise in the legislation, allowing for different interpretations and that, sometimes, cause the detriment of collective defense. This paper, based on empirical data on the experience of a kind of private entity that can file a class action non-governmental organization and through structured research that establishes the cases on the subject, aims to raise sensitive issues for the low effectiveness of courts judgments in class action. Tender points emphasized are the subject of discussion and theorizing, with the goal of presenting paths and deep trouble for the effectiveness of collective defense, without claiming to provide solutions to such problems, but the idea of some referrals, seeking experience in Comparative Law. It is concluded, essentially, that the path to the effectiveness of collective class action goes through the collective enforcement by supervisory writ, that need to be worked by public and private entities those can file a class action and better appreciated and understood by the judiciary.