Academic literature on the topic 'Class and agrarian'
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Journal articles on the topic "Class and agrarian"
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Watts, Michael. "Class dynamics of agrarian change." Journal of Peasant Studies 39, no. 1 (January 2012): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.656235.
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Healey, Susan. "Class dynamics of agrarian change." Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 33, no. 3 (September 2012): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2012.707976.
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Waryanta, Mr. "Reforma Agraria: Momentum Mewujudkan Kemandirian Ekonomi Masyarakat Kecil dalam Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan." BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jb.v2i2.69.
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Abstract : Agrarian Reform is one of nawacita program and become national priority. The aim of agrarian reform is to improve people’s welfare. However, its implementation has not yet able to realize local economic independence of middle and low class society, and has not yet able to address the issue of food security. This study was intended to analyze the scheme that should be improved to implement agrarian reform, that able to support local economic independence for middle to low classes, as well as to support food security. The results show that those objectives can be achieved through 2 (two) changes of agrarian reform scheme. First, change in emphasizing of crop and livestock cultivation to support the fulfillment of community needs to reduce food and meat import. Second, the change of access reform scheme that does not involve interest capitalization system and penalty fines. That system can be replaced by cluster integration system initiated by Bank Indonesia into agrarian reform program. Keywords : agrarian reform, economic self-reliance, small communities, food security.Intisari : Reforma Agraria adalah salah satu bagian nawacita yang menjadi prioritas nasional yang tujuannya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat. Namun demikian, pelaksanaan reforma agraria belum mampu mewujudkan kemandirian ekonomi lokal masyarakat kelas menengah ke bawah dan juga belum mampu mengatasi permasalahan ketahanan pangan. Oleh karena itu dalam kajian ini dilakukan analisis mengenai skema apa yang perlu diperbaiki agar kegiatan reforma agraria kedepan mampu untuk mendukung kemandirian ekonomi lokal masyarakat kelas menengah ke bawah sekaligus mendukung ketahanan pangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, bahwa kedua tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai melalui 2 (dua) perubahan skema reforma agrarian, Pertama, perubahan pada penekanan budidaya tanaman dan peternakan yang mendukung pada pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat agar tidak terjadi import pangan dan daging. Kedua, perubahan skema akses reform yang tidak melibatkan pemodalan sistem bunga dan denda pinalti. Hal ini digantikan dengan integrasi sistem klaster yang diinisisiasi oleh Bank Indonesia ke dalam program reforma agraria. Kata Kunci : reforma agraria, kemandirian ekonomi, masyarakat kecil, ketahanan pangan.
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Sihaloho, Martua, Ekawati Sri Wahyuni, Rilus A. Kinseng, and Sediono M. P. Tjondronegoro. "International Migration, Livelihood Strategy, and Poverty Cycle." Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (July 30, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p113.
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Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking.
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Alvey, Jennifer. "Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua." American Anthropologist 100, no. 3 (September 1998): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.824.
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Leksana, Grace. "Ketimpangan dan Kontinuitas Patronase dalam Lintasan Sejarah: Menelusuri Sejarah Perubahan Agraria di Malang Selatan." BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan 5, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jb.v5i1.319.
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Abstract: Opinions that perceive villages (desa) as solid entity, traditional, reservoir of labor and foodcrops, have been intensively criticized. On the contrary, villages are filled with social-political tension, class difference, and became areas where large conflicts in history also took place. This article develops the second argument, which tries to trace agrarian transformation through history: from the colonial period, independence and the New Order. By presenting a case study in South Malang, East Java, this article aim to show that village dynamics are controlled by patronage relation, where agrarian policies only benefited certain groups in the village. Historical analysis also shows how patronage relation persisted, although the state had changed. Violence that occurred in regime change did not necessarily transform the patronage relation in the village, instead strengthened it through the formation of new alliances. Agrarian policies that are going to be developed in the present should notice this power relation. The question of ‘who gets what’ should be continuously raised by agrarian studies experts and policy makers.Keywords: patronage relation, clientelism, class inequality, 1965 violence, colonial plantation, Malang-East JavaIntisari: Pandangan yang melihat desa sebagai entitas solid, tradisional, reservoir tenaga kerja dan pangan, telah banyak dikritik. Sebaliknya, desa dipenuhi dengan ketegangan sosial-politik, perbedaan kelas dan area dimana konflik-konflik besar dalam sejarah juga terjadi. Artikel ini mengembangkan pandangan kedua, dan berusaha menelusuri perubahan agraria dari masa ke masa: periode kolonial, kemerdekaan dan Orde Baru. Dengan mengambil studi kasus di Malang Selatan, Jawa Timur, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa dinamika desa dikuasai oleh relasi patronase, sehingga kebijakan-kebijakan agraria hanya menguntungkan kelompok tertentu di desa. Analisa historis juga memperlihatkan bagaimana relasi patronase terus bertahan, meskipun negara (dalam hal ini sistem pemerintahan) telah berubah. Kekerasan yang terjadi dalam perubahan-perubahan rezim tidak mengubah relasi patron di tingkat desa, namun justru memperkuatnya dengan memunculkan aliansi-aliansi baru. Kebijakan-kebijakan agraria yang akan diambil pada masa kini seyogyanya memperhatikan relasi kuasa tersebut, sehingga pertanyaan ‘siapa mendapat apa’ harus kerap dikedepankan oleh para pegiat studi agraria dan para pengambil kebijakan.Kata kunci: relasi patronase, klientelisme, ketimpangan kelas, kekerasan 1965, perkebunan kolonial, Malang-Jawa Timur
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Abalkin, L. "Russia’s Agrarian Tragedy." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 9 (September 20, 2009): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-9-4-14.
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It is not correct to treat peasantry as a class. It belongs to those strata of society that provide its vital activity. Russia’s agrarian tragedy has a long history. Peasantry has always been the source of resources, but not the organic part of economy and society. In order to develop land it is necessary to change the demographic situation, attract millions of people to rural areas. Rural life should be comfortable and pleasant, but to achieve this goal the revival of agriculture must become not only an economic project, but a priority social one.
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Abduqodirovich, Allamurodov Yigitali. "WAYS OF MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR AGRARIAN STUDENTS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-05-37.
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Higher education agriculture teaching methods should be capable of developing students' skills in food production, accessibility, food safety, and nutrition, as well as production economics. Lectures, class debates, class projects, problem solving, and tours and field trips were all typical methods in agriculture schools, according to the findings. Digital learning was barely acknowledged as a teaching strategy in this study, although being recommended in the literature review part. We can talk about approaches to build materials for agrarian students in this essay.
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Breman, Jan. "Agrarian Change and Class Conflict in Gujarat, India." Population and Development Review 15 (1989): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807932.
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WELLHOFER, E. SPENCER. "Agrarian Capitalism, Property Rights, and Rural Class Behavior." Comparative Political Studies 22, no. 4 (January 1990): 355–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414090022004001.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Class and agrarian"
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Huggins, Michael James. "Agrarian conflict in pre-famine County Roscommon." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367632.
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Pincus, Jonathan R. "Class power and agrarian change : a case study of three villages in west Java." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318439.
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Farias, Luiz Felipe Ferrari Cerqueira de 1985. "Agronegócio e luta de classes : diferentes formas de subordinação do trabalho ao capital no complexo agroindustrial citrícola paulista." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281861.
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Orientador: Edmundo Fernandes DiasDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O objetivo deste texto é investigar as diferentes frações da classe trabalhadora subordinada ao capital agroindustrial no complexo citrícola paulista: pequenos produtores familiares de laranjas, assalariados rurais e assalariados industriais. Propomo-nos analisar as continuidades e descontinuidades sociais e políticas existentes entre estas diferentes frações, com o propósito de apreender a classe trabalhadora que compõe este complexo enquanto uma totalidade concreta. Para tanto, destacaremos e analisaremos trechos de entrevistas com múltiplos sujeitos que têm seu sobre trabalho explorado pelo capital agroindustrial citrícola no estado de São Paulo: pequenos produtores de laranjas que mantêm seu modo de vida e trabalho familiares; pequenos produtores de laranjas em acentuado processo de proletarização; pequenos proprietários ou posseiros migrantes que se assalariam periodicamente em lavouras paulistas; assalariados rurais manuais com e sem registro em carteira; operadores de máquinas agrícolas e transportadores de laranjas às agroindústrias; trabalhadores de chão de fábrica terceirizados ou efetivos, safristas ou permanentes. A partir da reprodução de citações o mais próxima possível à fala destes trabalhadores entrevistados, buscaremos analisar as tendências e contra-tendências de sua consciência a respeito das contradições a que estão submetidos e as múltiplas estratégias coletivas e individuais por eles acionadas para contorná-las
Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to investigate different fractions of the working class subordinated to capital within the citric agroindustrial complex in São Paulo. We intend to analyze the social and political continuities and discontinuities among family citriculturists, rural wage workers and industrial wage workers. To do so, we will transcribe and examine interviews with multiple subjects exploited by the citric agroindustrial capital: small citriculturists who maintain their family way of work and life; small citriculturists in intensive process of proletarianization; squatters who periodically migrate to become wage earners in São Paulo; rural laborers and agricultural machine operators; truck drivers who transport oranges into the industries; industrial workers hired permanently or temporarily, etc. We will analyze the tendencies and counter-tendencies of their speech regarding the contradictions to which they are submitted, as well as the collective and individual strategies which they mobilize in response
Mestrado
Sociologia
Mestre em Sociologia
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Dubb, Alexander. "Dynamics of social reproduction and differentiation among small-scale sugarcane farmers in two rural wards of Kwazulu-Natal." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4250.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilDynamics of Social Reproduction and Differentiation among Small-Scale Sugarcane Farmers in Two Rural Wards of KwaZulu-Natal A. Dubb M.Phil thesis, Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape. Outgrower or contract-farming schemes have long been considered an important „pro-poor‟ method of incorporating small-scale farmers into agro-commodity chains, oft defined by their capital intensity and consequent high barriers of entry. Nonetheless, critics have observed that such schemes often operate under highly imbalanced relations of power between farmers and processors, generate substantial inequality, and negatively impact on household food security. In the province of KwaZulu-Natal, home to much of South Africa‟s sugar industry, the number of small-scale sugarcane outgrowers increased rapidly from near nothing in the late 1960s to around 50,000 in the early 2000s; an increase born out of industry-subsidized miller initiatives, disguised as micro-credit, to bring commercially inalienable Bantustan land under cane production. However, in the past decade small-scale sugarcane growers have faced a precipitous decline following the restructuring of the sugar industry in the 1990s and the onset of drought in the 2000s. This study seeks to trace the origins and shifting structural foundations of small-scale sugarcane production and investigate its impacts on dynamics of social reproduction and accumulation in two rural wards of the Umfolozi region, in the wake of the sale of the central mill by the multinational corporation Illovo to a consortium of largescale white sugarcane growers. Utilizing survey data from 74 small-scale grower homesteads and life-history interviews, it is argued that regulatory restructuring resulted in deteriorating terms of exchange and the retraction of miller oversight in production, cane-haulage and ploughing operations, hence devolved to commercially unstable local contractors. Growers have subsequently struggled to compensate for consequent capital inefficiencies through intensified exploitation, largely due to the successful impact of social grants in mitigating the desperation of family and hired labour, and further face considerable barriers to expansion in land. While proceeds from sugarcane continue to represent an additional source of coveted cash-income, sparse off-farm income opportunities have gained prominence as a basis for stabilizing consumption and some re-investment in cane. The centrality of incomediversification for simple reproduction and limited accumulation has rendered the dynamics of social differentiation to be both unstable and reversible, and has closely tied sustained cane production to the labour content of non-cane income sources. Meanwhile, with less direct oversight in production, millers face the challenge of retaining their implicit „grab‟ on customary land, throwing into relief the contradictions inherent in attempts „from above‟ to foster a nominal „peasant‟ class „from below‟.
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Bernini, Carina Inserra. "De posseiro a assentado: a reinvenção da comunidade do Guapiruvu na construção contraditória do assentamento agroambiental Alves, Teixeira e Pereira, Sete Barras-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-02022010-151735/.
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A presente pesquisa aborda o processo de construção do assentamento agroambiental PDS Alves, Teixeira e Pereira, localizado no bairro do Guapiruvu (Sete Barras-SP), a partir da análise do processo de redefinição dos usos da terra e da floresta nesse território. Para isso, analisa as diferenças de interesse quanto ao uso da terra e da mata do assentamento existentes entre os grupos (comunidade, associação local e Estado) envolvidos na construção do mesmo e os fundamentos de tais diferenças. A pesquisa se apóia em extenso trabalho de campo, desenvolvido com base na observação participante e em entrevistas abertas, além de levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Localizado no Vale do Ribeira-SP, o bairro do Guapiruvu é vizinho ao Parque Estadual Intervales, Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral. Após 40 anos de luta pela terra, a comunidade do Guapiruvu teve os seus direitos sobre a terra reconhecidos, porém sob a condição de vê-la transformada em um assentamento agroambiental e, com isso, tem tido que se submeter a novas orientações e restrições em relação aos sistemas agrícolas e de manejo adotados. A combinação entre luta pela terra e ambientalismo mostrou-se decisiva para assegurar a permanência da comunidade em seu território. Mas a relação entre a espacialização das políticas agrárias e ambientais, que se desdobram no Plano de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do assentamento, e a territorialidade dos assentados desencadeou novas contradições e desafios que se somaram a outros já existentes. Esta situação tem revelado a necessidade de refletirmos sobre os limites apresentados pela solução da questão agrária pela via ambiental. Tal procedimento desloca do centro do embate político a questão da terra, conflito em torno do qual delimitam-se claramente diferentes posições de classe, e a submete à ideologia ambientalista. Neste contexto, a comunidade camponesa do Guapiruvu passa a ter o dever de assegurar o manejo sustentável de seu território, segundo parâmetros definidos externamente, em nome do interesse geral da sociedade, enquanto continua a ser assegurada aos capitalistas a liberdade para degradar a natureza em outras áreas.This current study deals with the process of establishment of the agro-environmental settlement PDS Alves, Teixeira and Pereira, located in the Guapiruvu community (Sete Barras, São Paulo, Brazil), through an analysis of the process of redefinition of the uses of the land and the forest in this territory. In order to do this, the differences of interest that exist, with regard to land and forest use, among the groups (community, local association, and State) involved in the establishment of the settlement are analyzed, as are the foundations for such differences. The research is based on extensive fieldwork developed through participatory observation and open interviews, in addition to bibliographical and documental research. Located in the Ribeira Valley of the state of São Paulo, the Guapiruvu community neighbors the Intervales State Park, a conservation unit with integral protection. After forty years of struggling for the land, the rights of the Guapiruvu community over the land were recognized, but under the condition of seeing the land transformed into an agro-environmental settlement. With this, the community has had to submit to new guidelines and restrictions in relation to the agricultural and management systems adopted. The combination of struggle for land and environmental activism proved decisive in guaranteeing the permanence of the community in their territory. However, the relationship between the spatialization of agrarian and environmental policies, which are reflected in the settlement\'s Sustainable Development Plan, and the territoriality of the settlers brought about new contradictions and challenges that joined others already in existence. This situation has revealed the need to reflect on the limitations presented by resolving the agrarian question through an environmental route. Such a procedure displaces the question of land a conflict around which different positions of class are clearly demarcated from the center of the political debate and submits it to environmental ideology. In this context, the rural community of Guapiruvu thus has the responsibility of assuring the sustainable management of its territory, in accordance with externally defined parameters, in the name of the general interest of society, while capitalists continue to be assured the freedom to degrade nature in other areas.
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Bosch, i. Portell Mònica. "La formació d'una classe dirigent (1790-1850). Els Carles en la societat gironina." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667113.
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This work studies how the class of hisendats (landowners who lived from their rents), the economic and social ruling class in the Girona society of the eighteenth century, also became a leading class in the time of the liberal revolution and the implementation of the liberal state. A case study has been carried out, that of the Carles family’s heritage, one of the most important in the province of Girona, as a way to focus on this social group in different aspects: family relationships, the economic and social basis of its power and its public performance in the sociability media and in local politics. The main source of information has been the patrimonial archive of the Carles family, combined with parochial, notarial, municipal and provincial sources. The area of study is the region of Girona, in the northeast of Catalonia (Spain), during the first half of the nineteenth century.Aquest treball estudia com els hisendats, o grans propietaris rendistes, de classe dominant econòmica i social en la societat gironina del segle XVIII, esdevingueren també classe dirigent en el marc de la conformació del nou règim liberal. S’ha realitzat un estudi de cas, l’anàlisi del patrimoni Carles, un dels més importants de la província de Girona al segle XIX, com una manera de focalitzar la visió sobre aquest grup social en els seus diversos àmbits d’actuació: les relacions familiars, la base econòmica i social del seu poder i la seva actuació pública en els medis de sociabilitat i la política local. La font principal del treball ha estat l’arxiu patrimonial de la família Carles, que ha estat complementat amb altres fons (parroquials, notarials, municipals i provincials). La geografia de l’estudi és la regió de Girona, al nord-est català, i la seva cronologia central la primera meitat del segle XIX.
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Kay, Cristobal. "Política Económica, Alianza de Clases y Cambios Agrarios en Chile." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116840.
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Oliveira, Aline Pedrosa de. "Suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos e genes de virulência em Salmonella enterica de origem avícola." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8939.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen with multifactorial and complex pathogenic mechanisms. Identification of the presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles in isolates of poultry origin provides relevant information on the risk attributed to the consumption of products contaminated by the agent. The objective of this study was to verify the susceptibility profile of Salmonella enterica for nalidixic acid (30μg), amicacin (30μg), ampicillin (10mg), ceftiofur (30μg), chloramphenicol (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), enrofloxacin (5μg), streptomycin (10mg), gentamicin (10mg), tetracycline (30μg), tobramycin (10mg) and trimethoprim (5μg) used in both human and animal medicine, to investigate the presence of multiresistant isolates, to detect the presence of the variable region of the class 1 Integron, to analyze the association between the presence of Class 1 Integron and antimicrobial resistance and to evaluate the presence of virulence genes located in the islands of virulence 1 (invA) and 2 (sseD), gene encoding long polar fimbriae (lpfA) and plasmidial spvR, to identify the virulence profiles and pathogenicity potential of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from carcasses, hearts, livers, gizzards and environment of slaughterhouses located in the State of Goiás and on chicken carcasses marketed in commercial establishments in Goiânia -GO. The highest resistance frequency was observed for ceftiofur, 19.12% (13/68), followed by streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, tetracycline and trimetropic, 16.18% (11/68) both, nalidixic acid 14.71% (10/68), ampicillin 13.24% (9/68), and enrofloxacin 2,94% (2/68). No resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin, only intermediate, 45.59% (31/68), 100% (68/68) of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin and chloramphenicol. Of the 68 isolates 22 (32.35%) were resistant to one or more antimicrobial principles. Twelve profiles of antimicrobial resistance were identified, 54.54% (12/22) of the isolates presented multiresistance. The variable region of Class 1 Integron was detected in 63.23% (43/68) of the isolates. The presence of this region was not associated with antimicrobial resistance. All slaughterhouses and in most commercial establishments it was possible to identify Salmonella enterica carrying the Integron of class 1 demonstrating the ubiquity of the same. The invA gene was identified in 100% (59/59), sseD in 92.53% (54/59), lpfA in 86.51% (52/54) and spvR in 86.18% (49/59) of the serovars of Salmonella enterica. Six virulence profiles were identified, 77.97% of the isolates were grouped in profile A characterized by the presence of the four virulence genes simultaneously. The knowledge of the virulence profiles of the isolates allows to affirm that the serovars identified in the state of Goiás are potentially virulent and capable of triggering disease in poultry production systems and in humans.
Salmonella enterica é um patógeno de veiculação alimentar com mecanismos de patogenicidade multifatoriais e complexos. A identificação da presença de genes de virulência e de perfis de resistência a antimicrobianos em isolados de origem avícola fornece informações relevantes quanto ao risco atribuído ao consumo de produtos contaminados pelo agente. Pelo exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o perfil de suscetibilidade de Salmonella enterica para ácido nalidíxico (30μg), amicacina (30μg), ampicilina (10mg), ceftiofur (30μg), cloranfenicol (30μg), ciprofloxacina (5μg), enrofloxacina (5μg), estreptomicina (10mg), gentamicina (10mg), tetraciclina (30μg), tobramicina (10mg) e trimetoprima (5μg), utilizados tanto na medicina humana quanto animal. Investigar a presença de isolados multirresistentes. Detectar a presença do Integron de classe e analisar a associação entre a presença deste e a resistência antimicrobiana. Ainda avaliar a presença de genes de virulência localizados nas ilhas de virulência 1 (invA) e 2 (sseD), gene codificador de fímbria polar longa (lpfA) e o plasmidial spvR em sorovares de Salmonella enterica isolados a partir de carcaças, corações, fígados, moelas e ambiente de abate de abatedouros localizados no estado de Goiás e em carcaças de frango comercializadas em estabelecimentos comerciais de Goiânia -GO. A maior frequência de resistência foi obervada para ceftiofur, 19,12% (13/68), seguido pelos antimicrobianos, estreptomicina, gentamicina, tobramicina, tetraciclina e trimetropima, 16,18% (11/68), ácido nalidíxico 14,71% (10/68), amplicilina 13,24% (9/68), e enrofloxacina 2,94% (2/68). Não foi observado resistência dos isolados para ciprofloxacina, sendo, 45,59% (31/68), considerados apenas intermediários. Entretanto, 100% (68/68) dos isolados foram sensíveis à amicacina e ao cloranfenicol. Dos 68 isolados, 22 (32,35%) foram resistentes a um ou mais princípios antimicrobianos. Foram identificados 12 perfis de resistência à antimicrobianos e 54,54% (12/22) dos isolados apresentaram multirresistência. A região variável do Integron de Classe 1 foi detectado em 63,23% (43/68) dos isolados. A presença desta região não apresentou associação com a resistência aos antimicrobianos. Em todos os abatedouros e na maioria dos estabelecimentos comerciais foi possível identificar Salmonella enterica transportando o Integron de classe 1, demonstrando a ubiquidade do mesmo. O gene invA foi identificado em 100% (59/59), sseD em 92,53% (54/59), lpfA em 86,51% (52/54) e spvR em 86,18% (49/59) dos sorovares de Salmonella enterica. Foram identificados seis perfis de virulência (A, B, C, D, E e F). Ao todo, 77,97 % dos isolados se agruparam no perfil A, caracterizado pela presença dos quatro genes de virulência simultaneamente. O conhecimento dos perfis de virulência dos isolados permite afirmar que os sorovares identificados no estado de Goiás são potencialmente virulentos e capazes de desencadear doença em sistemas de produção avícola e em humanos.
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Alves, Alexandre Maia. "Produtividade da roseira sob diferentes nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo, volumes de substrato e nÃmero de drenos por vaso." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2186.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoO cultivo de rosas (rosa sp). caracteriza-se pela sua elevada rentabilidade, em comparaÃÃo com cultivos tradicionais, entretanto, o manejo e a pÃs-colheita exigem do produtor conhecimento tÃcnico aprimorado. Por sua vez, diversas tÃcnicas empregadas no manejo na cultura tem se caracterizado pelo seu empirismo, necessitando-se de estudos. Com o objetivo de apresentar sugestÃes aos produtores para um manejo hÃdrico, volume de substrato e nÃmero de drenos adequados por vaso, elaborou-se este trabalho por meio de dois experimentos nos quais foram analisados os efeitos desses fatores sobre a produtividade da roseira, em ambiente protegido. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Empresa Reijers, no municÃpio de SÃo Benedito-CE. No primeiro, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, utilizaram-se cinco tratamentos (nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo correspondentes a 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% e 140% da evaporaÃÃo medida no tanque classe âAâ, ECA) e com quatro repetiÃÃes. Como conclusÃes obtiveram-se: a utilizaÃÃo do tanque Classe âAâ no manejo de irrigaÃÃo de rosas à viÃvel para o produtor, pois possibilita a obtenÃÃo de elevadas produtividades; a aplicaÃÃo de lÃminas elevadas pelos produtores reduz o nÃmero de hastes de 50, 60cm e total por vaso. No segundo, com delineamento experimental fatorial 3 x 2, analisou-se os efeitos de trÃs volumes de substrato (3, 4 e 6 litros por planta) e de duas quantidades de drenos por vaso (1 e 8) sobre o nÃmero de hastes por vaso da roseira, em ambiente protegido. Obtiveram-se as seguintes conclusÃes: os menores volumes de substrato por planta proporcionam um maior nÃmero de hastes por vaso, mas com predomÃnio de hastes de menor valor comercial. Jà a utilizaÃÃo de maiores volumes de substrato por planta pelo produtor resulta em um menor nÃmero de hastes por vaso, mas em um maior nÃmero de hastes de maior valor comercial. A utilizaÃÃo pelo produtor de vasos com um maior nÃmero de drenos reduz o nÃmero total de hastes por vaso. Para uma maior produÃÃo de hastes em vasos de 12 L, o produtor de roseira deve plantar trÃs plantas (4 litros de substrato por planta) em vasos com um dreno.
The cultivation of roses (roses sp) is characterized by its high profitability, in comparison with traditional cultivations, however, the handling and the powder-crop demand from the producer perfect technical knowledge. For its time, several employed techniques in the handling in the culture have if characterized by its empiricism, being needed studies. With the objective of presenting suggestions to the producers for a handling hydric, substratum volume and number of appropriate drains for vase adapted, this work was elaborated through two experiments where the effects of those factors were analyzed upon the productivity of the rosebush, in a protected atmosphere. The experiments were conducted in the Reijers Company, in the municipal district of SÃo Benedito-CE. In the first experiment, using experimental maping in blocks at random, five techniques were used (irrigation levels corresponding to 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% and 140% of the evaporation measured in the tank class "A", ECA), all processes were conducted four times. The conclusions were obtained: the use of the tank Class "A" in the handling of irrigation of roses is viable for the producer, because it makes possible the obtaining high productivities; the application of higher volumes of water by the producers reduces the number of stems of 50cm, 60cm and the total production per vase. In the second experiment, using factorial experimental maping 3 x 2, where were analyzed the effects of three substratum volumes (3, 4 and 6 liters for plant) and of two types of vases with 1 and 8 drains, over the number of stems per vase of the rosebush, in a protected atmosphere. The following conclusions were obtained: the smallest substratum volumes for plant provide a larger number of stems per vase, but with prevalence of stems of smaller commercial value. On the contrary, the use of larger substratum volumes per plant by for the producer results in a smaller number of stems per vase, but in a larger number of stems of larger commercial value. The use of vases with a larger number of drain by producer, reduces the total number of stems for vase. For a larger production of stems in vases of 12 L, the producer of rosebushes should plant three plants (4 liters of substratum for plant) in vases with a single drain.
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Alves, Alexandre Maia. "Produtividade da roseira sob diferentes níveis de irrigação, volumes de substrato e número de drenos por vaso." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17373.
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ALVES, Alexandre Maia. Produtividade da roseira sob diferentes níveis de irrigação, volumes de substrato e número de drenos por vaso. 2006. 54 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) -Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Mestrado em Agronomia, Fortaleza-CE, 2006.Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T14:35:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_amalves.pdf: 14925638 bytes, checksum: bc31a3d275887d1f220c60504dc75f6c (MD5)
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The cultivation of roses (roses sp) is characterized by its high profitability, in comparison with traditional cultivations, however, the handling and the powder-crop demand from the producer perfect technical knowledge. For its time, several employed techniques in the handling in the culture have if characterized by its empiricism, being needed studies. With the objective of presenting suggestions to the producers for a handling hydric, substratum volume and number of appropriate drains for vase adapted, this work was elaborated through two experiments where the effects of those factors were analyzed upon the productivity of the rosebush, in a protected atmosphere. The experiments were conducted in the Reijers Company, in the municipal district of São Benedito-CE. In the first experiment, using experimental maping in blocks at random, five techniques were used (irrigation levels corresponding to 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% and 140% of the evaporation measured in the tank class "A", ECA), all processes were conducted four times. The conclusions were obtained: the use of the tank Class "A" in the handling of irrigation of roses is viable for the producer, because it makes possible the obtaining high productivities; the application of higher volumes of water by the producers reduces the number of stems of 50cm, 60cm and the total production per vase. In the second experiment, using factorial experimental maping 3 x 2, where were analyzed the effects of three substratum volumes (3, 4 and 6 liters for plant) and of two types of vases with 1 and 8 drains, over the number of stems per vase of the rosebush, in a protected atmosphere. The following conclusions were obtained: the smallest substratum volumes for plant provide a larger number of stems per vase, but with prevalence of stems of smaller commercial value. On the contrary, the use of larger substratum volumes per plant by for the producer results in a smaller number of stems per vase, but in a larger number of stems of larger commercial value. The use of vases with a larger number of drain by producer, reduces the total number of stems for vase. For a larger production of stems in vases of 12 L, the producer of rosebushes should plant three plants (4 liters of substratum for plant) in vases with a single drain
O cultivo de rosas (rosa sp). caracteriza-se pela sua elevada rentabilidade, em comparação com cultivos tradicionais, entretanto, o manejo e a pós-colheita exigem do produtor conhecimento técnico aprimorado. Por sua vez, diversas técnicas empregadas no manejo na cultura tem se caracterizado pelo seu empirismo, necessitando-se de estudos. Com o objetivo de apresentar sugestões aos produtores para um manejo hídrico, volume de substrato e número de drenos adequados por vaso, elaborou-se este trabalho por meio de dois experimentos nos quais foram analisados os efeitos desses fatores sobre a produtividade da roseira, em ambiente protegido. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Empresa Reijers, no município de São Benedito-CE. No primeiro, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, utilizaram-se cinco tratamentos (níveis de irrigação correspondentes a 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% e 140% da evaporação medida no tanque classe “A”, ECA) e com quatro repetições. Como conclusões obtiveram-se: a utilização do tanque Classe “A” no manejo de irrigação de rosas é viável para o produtor, pois possibilita a obtenção de elevadas produtividades; a aplicação de lâminas elevadas pelos produtores reduz o número de hastes de 50, 60cm e total por vaso. No segundo, com delineamento experimental fatorial 3 x 2, analisou-se os efeitos de três volumes de substrato (3, 4 e 6 litros por planta) e de duas quantidades de drenos por vaso (1 e 8) sobre o número de hastes por vaso da roseira, em ambiente protegido. Obtiveram-se as seguintes conclusões: os menores volumes de substrato por planta proporcionam um maior número de hastes por vaso, mas com predomínio de hastes de menor valor comercial. Já a utilização de maiores volumes de substrato por planta pelo produtor resulta em um menor número de hastes por vaso, mas em um maior número de hastes de maior valor comercial. A utilização pelo produtor de vasos com um maior número de drenos reduz o número total de hastes por vaso. Para uma maior produção de hastes em vasos de 12 L, o produtor de roseira deve plantar três plantas (4 litros de substrato por planta) em vasos com um dreno.
Books on the topic "Class and agrarian"
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Pincus, Jonathan. Class Power and Agrarian Change. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324.
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Agrarian reform and class consciousness in Nicaragua. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
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Agrarian change today: Bringing class back in. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2010.
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Agrarian class formation in modern Bengal, 1931-1951. Calcutta: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, 1985.
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1930-, Sharma Madan Lal, and Dak T. M. 1936-, eds. Caste and class in agrarian society: Dynamics of rural development. Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1985.
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Agrarian and industrial relations in Hyderabad State. New Delhi: Associated Pub. House, 1985.
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Pollock, Alex. North Jordan Valley development study: Agrarian class relations and land tenure. Jerusalem: Almultaqa, Arab Thought Forum, 1987.
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Post-revolutionary Nicaragua: State, class, and the dilemmas of agrarian policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
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Class, power, and agrarian change: Land and labour in rural West Java. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1996.
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H, Aston T., and Philpin C. H. E, eds. The Brenner debate: Agrarian class structure and economic development in pre-industrial Europe. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Class and agrarian"
1
Pincus, Jonathan. "Measuring Class Differentiation." In Class Power and Agrarian Change, 37–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324_3.
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Crow, Ben. "Why is Agrarian Growth Uneven?" In Markets, Class and Social Change, 174–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403900845_7.
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Habibi, Muchtar. "Class Reproduction in Java and Sumatra." In Capitalism and Agrarian Change, 187–229. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267348-7.
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Pincus, Jonathan. "Introduction." In Class Power and Agrarian Change, 1–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324_1.
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Pincus, Jonathan. "Methodological Issues." In Class Power and Agrarian Change, 19–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324_2.
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Pincus, Jonathan. "Wage Labour Relations in Agriculture." In Class Power and Agrarian Change, 93–146. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324_4.
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Pincus, Jonathan. "The Process of Accumulation." In Class Power and Agrarian Change, 147–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324_5.
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Pincus, Jonathan. "Conclusion." In Class Power and Agrarian Change, 188–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230374324_6.
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Habibi, Muchtar. "Exposing Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change Under Capitalism." In Capitalism and Agrarian Change, 12–40. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267348-2.
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Habibi, Muchtar. "Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Java and Sumatra." In Capitalism and Agrarian Change, 89–141. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267348-5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Class and agrarian"
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Romanov, Valery, Irina Zhebratkina, Irina Chivileva, Olga Knyazkova, and Ekaterina Stepanova. "The Binary English Class At The Agrarian University." In International Conference on Language and Technology in the Interdisciplinary Paradigm. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.12.96.
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Aditya Airlangga, Sinergy. "Meaningless ‘Domination’: Workers, Elites and Agrarian Class Dynamics in Agricultural Subsidy Policy." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Rural Socio-Economic Transformation: Agrarian, Ecology, Communication and Community Development Perspectives, RUSET 2021, 14-15 September 2021, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-9-2021.2317179.
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Zelenkov, V. N., V. V. Latushkin, P. A. Vernik, V. B. Novikov, and S. V. Gavrilov. "Sinergotron is a new class of closed-type digital devices for agricultural science." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/09.09.2019.162.
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López Cortés, Isabel, Borja Velázquez-Martí, Viviana Vanesa Vinueza-Villares, and Domingo M. Salazar Herbabdez. "Aprendizaje mediante el ejercicio práctico de actividades en asignaturas de ciencias agrarias." In INNODOCT 2020. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2020.2020.11882.
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En este trabajo se presenta la experiencia de la aplicación de una metodología de enseñanza-aprendizaje basada en prácticas en asignaturas de temática agrícola y agroindustrial. Ésta consistió en dedicar un 70% de las horas a prácticas de campo y laboratorio, y un 30% de contenidos teóricos. Los contenidos teóricos fueron dirigidos a lecturas de bibliografía que después se exponen en foros antes de la aplicación de la práctica. Las practicas se centraron en experimentar procesos propios de cada cultivo, tales como diferenciación de especies, técnicas de siembra y plantación, reconocimiento de plagas y enfermedades, técnicas de poda, realización de injertos etc. En las asignaturas de agroindustria, tales como aprovechamiento energético de la biomasa, las practicas se orientaron a ejercicios de laboratorio para calcular proiedades de la materia biocombustibles, tales como el poder calorífico, composición de CHN, cenizas etc. La evaluación se realiza de forma tradicional, mediante exámenes parciales y final. También se evalúan las memorias de prácticas. Los resultados obtenidos durante dos años mostraron un aumento de la puntuación de la valoración de la asignatura en las encuestas institucionales. El nivel de aprobados por curso aumentó alrededor de un 10%. Además se realizaron entrevistas para indagar en los aspectos relevantes de la técnica, realizando los alumnos análisis DAFO (Debilidades, Amenazas, Fortalezas, Oportunidades). Entre las debilidades más relevantes se muestra la exigencia de ir a clase para seguir bien el método diseñado de aprendizaje.