Journal articles on the topic 'Clarification optique'
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1
Cegarra, Jean-Jack, and Géraldine Michel. "Co-branding: clarification du concept." Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/076737010101600404.
Abstract:
L'objectif de cet article est de clarifier et d'approfondir le concept de co-branding, et de proposer un cadre de réflexion face à ce type d'alliance de marques. Dans cette optique, la problématique générale du co-marquage est présentée. Puis, sur la base des travaux relatifs aux extensions de marques, et plus spécifiquement ceux fondés sur la théorie de la catégorisation et celle des représentations sociales, des éléments d'évaluation d'une stratégie de co-marquage sont proposés.
2
Michel, Géraldine, and Billy Salha. "L'extension de gamme verticale : Clarification du concept." Recherche et Applications en Marketing (French Edition) 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/076737010502000104.
Abstract:
L'objectif de cet article est de clarifier la notion d'extension de gamme verticale et de mieux comprendre la perception des consommateurs face à ce type de stratégie de marques. Dans cette optique, la problématique générale de l'extension verticale est présentée. Dans un second temps, nous proposons un état des réactions des consommateurs face aux extensions verticales. Puis, les stratégies pour limiter les risques des extensions verticales sont mises en évidence.
3
Sigmund, Thomas, John Siczka, Todd Elliott, Jamal Awad, and Richard Onderko. "Operating Chemically Enhanced Clarification for Optimum Disinfection Performance." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 5 (January 1, 2006): 6707–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783761301.
4
Lazarevic, Vesna, Ivan Krstic, Ljiljana Takic, Miodrag Lazic, and Vlada Veljkovic. "Clarification and filtration of the floculated partuicles suspension from a chemical treatment of waste oil-in-water emulsions from a non-ferrous metalworking plant." Chemical Industry 65, no. 1 (2011): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100801054l.
Abstract:
The effects of the coagulation/floculation conditions on clarification and filtration of the floculated particle suspension obtained by the chemical treatment of the waste oil-in-water emulsion (OWE) from a non-ferrous metalworking plant were studied. The treatment involved the addition of aluminum(III) sulfate and lime to the OWE. The main goal was to define the optimum conditions for clarification and filtration of the floculated particle suspension. The factors involved were amounts lime (i.e. pH) and filter aid added the OWE on clarification and filtration rates. At pH>10, the clarification rate was increased and the final volume of the concentrated suspension (sludge) was reduced, while filter aid affected negatively the clarification rate. The filtration rate was also increased when the coagulation was carried out at pH>10. The floculated particle suspension should be concentrated before filtration in order to decrease the filtration duration. The most efficient filter aid was Celite standard super-cel, its optimum initial concentration being found to be 2 g/dm3.
5
Nawawi, Z., M. A. B. Sidik, M. I. Jambak, C. L. G. Pavan Kumar, Aulia Aulia, M. H. Ahmad, and A. A. Abd Jamil. "Clarification of the optimum silica nanofiller amount for electrical treeing resistance." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 17, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v17i6.10605.
6
Li, Zeng Xin, Guo Ming Wang, and Qiang Liang. "Preparation and Properties of the Novel Adsorbent Agent for Juices Clarification." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.248.
Abstract:
A solid adsorbent was made from bentonite and chitosan which can be used to clarification of apple juices.Chitosan loading rate on bentonite was up to 31.6% at 400 °C. Effects of important variables, such as the amount of adsorbents, pH value of juice, reaction time and temperature, etc., were investigated for analyzing the clarification effects. The optimum condition is as follows: the amount of absorbents 10 g · L-1, a duration period of 4 mins at temperature 25 °C, and transmittance of more than 80%.
7
Utami, Rohula, Esti Widowati, and Arifah Rahayu. "SCREENING DAN KARAKTERISASI PEKTINESTERASE SEBAGAI ENZIM POTENSIAL DALAM KLARIFIKASI SARI BUAH JERUK KEPROK GARUT (Citrus nobilis var.chrysocarpa)." Jurnal Agritech 35, no. 04 (November 25, 2015): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9326.
Abstract:
The objective of this research was screening of pectinesterase (PE) producing bacteria which are potential in clarification of keprok garut citrus juice (Citrus nobilis var microcarpa) and characterization of the resulted pectinesterase (optimum pH and temperature, pH and thermal stability, KM and Vmaks). The screening result showed that enzyme of isolates AR2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 was found to be a potential enzyme for clarification of keprok garut citrus juice. Enzyme pektinesterase of isolates AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 had optimum pH at 8; 7.5; 8.5; and 6.5 and stable at pH 4-9, 4-9, 6-9, and 3-8. The optimum temperature enzyme of isolates AR 2 and AR 6 were 55ºC and that of AR 4 and KK 2 were 60ºC. Enzyme of isolate AR 2 was stable at 30-50ºC and inactive at 80ºC, AR 4 and KK 2 were stable at 30-60ºC and inactive at 90ºC whereas AR6 was stable at 30-60ºC and still wasn’t inactive at 90ºC. KM value of isolates AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 were 0.604; 0.338; 0.971; and 0.392 mg/ml. Vmaks value of isolates AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, and KK 2 were 1.218; 0.826; 0.969; and 1.080 u/ml. Pectinesterase enzyme of isolates KK 2 was found to be the most potential enzyme for clarification of keprok garut citrus juice.Keywords: Clarification, enzyme, keprok garut citrus, pectin, pectinesterase ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan screening bakteri penghasil enzim pektinesterase (PE) yang berpotensi dalam proses klarifikasi sari buah jeruk keprok garut (Citrus nobilis var microcarpa) serta mengetahui karakteristik enzim pektinesterase yang dihasilkan (pH optimum, suhu optimum, kestabilan pH dan suhu, serta nilai KMdan Vmaks). Hasil screening didapatkan isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, dan KK 2 sebagai isolat penghasil enzim pektinesterase yang berpotensi dalam proses klarifikasi sari buah jeruk keprok garut. Aktivitas enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6 dan KK 2 berturut-turut optimum pada pH 8; pH 7,5; pH 8,5; dan pH 6,5, serta stabil pada pH 4-9, pH4-9, pH 6-9, dan pH 3-8. Suhu optimum enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, dan KK 2 berturut-turut adalah 55ºC, 60ºC, 55ºC, dan 60ºC. Enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2 stabil pada suhu 30-50ºC dan inaktif pada suhu 80ºC, enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 4 dan KK 2 stabil pada suhu 30-60ºC dan inaktif pada suhu 90ºC, sedangkan enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 6 stabil pada suhu 30-60ºC namun belum inaktif pada suhu 90ºC. Nilai konstanta Michaelis-Menten (KM) enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR 6, dan KK 2 berturut-turut adalah 0,604; 0,338; 0,971; dan 0,392 mg/ml. Sedangkan nilai kecepatan maksimum (Vmaks) enzim pektinesterase isolat AR 2, AR 4, AR6, dan KK 2 berturut-turut adalah 1,218; 0,826; 0,969; dan 1,080 U/ml. Enzim pektinesterase isolat KK 2 memiliki karakteristik yang paling sesuai untuk aplikasi dalam klarifikasi sari buah jeruk keprok garut dibandingkan dengan enzim pektinesterase isolat lainnya.Kata kunci: Enzim, klarifikasi, pektin, pektinesterase, jeruk keprok garut
8
Watanabe, Kanako, Isao Kuriyama, Koichi Satoh, Viswanath Kiron, Shuichi Satoh, and Takeshi Watanabe. "Further clarification of winter energy and protein requirements at the optimum feeding frequency for yellowtail." Fisheries Science 67, no. 1 (February 2001): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00204.x.
9
Berutu, Cocok Ana Maryani, Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi, and Anja Meryandini. "Pectinase Production and Clarification Treatments of Apple (Malus Domestica) Juice." ANNALES BOGORIENSES 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/ab.v21i2.311.
Abstract:
Pectinases are a group of an enzyme that break down pectin, a polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls. Today, the application of pectinolytic enzymes plays an important role in food technology for the maceration of fruits and vegetables, including for the extraction and clarification of juice. This research aimed to produce pectinase enzyme for clarifying of apple juice. A microbial culture was selected from cocoa bean fermentation samples and identified as Bacillus sp.. The highest enzyme activity was investigated after 48 hours of incubation. Citrus pectin as the carbon source and peptone as the nitrogen source was found as the best component for pectinase production. The optimum condition of pectinase activity was observed at pH 5, temperature 40 °C and the crude enzyme had the higher activity at one hour storage. Apple juice was treated with the enzyme at different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%). Apple juice clarification was evaluated for its percent clarity and viscosity. The result showed that enzyme treatment at 4% in apple juice promoted juice clarification and decreased pH and viscosity. In conclusion, the quality of apple juice can be improved by enzymatic treatment using pectinase.
10
Berutu, Cocok Ana Maryani, Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi, and Anja Meryandini. "Pectinase Production and Clarification Treatments of Apple (Malus Domestica) Juice." ANNALES BOGORIENSES 21, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/ann.bogor.2017.v21.n2.63-68.
Abstract:
Pectinases are a group of an enzyme that break down pectin, a polysaccharide that is found in plant cell walls. Today, the application of pectinolytic enzymes plays an important role in food technology for the maceration of fruits and vegetables, including for the extraction and clarification of juice. This research aimed to produce pectinase enzyme for clarifying of apple juice. A microbial culture was selected from cocoa bean fermentation samples and identified as Bacillus sp.. The highest enzyme activity was investigated after 48 hours of incubation. Citrus pectin as the carbon source and peptone as the nitrogen source was found as the best component for pectinase production. The optimum condition of pectinase activity was observed at pH 5, temperature 40 °C and the crude enzyme had the higher activity at one hour storage. Apple juice was treated with the enzyme at different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%). Apple juice clarification was evaluated for its percent clarity and viscosity. The result showed that enzyme treatment at 4% in apple juice promoted juice clarification and decreased pH and viscosity. In conclusion, the quality of apple juice can be improved by enzymatic treatment using pectinase.
11
Ahdno, Hossein, and Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri. "Clarification of Date Syrup by Activated Carbon: Investigation on Kinetics, Equilibrium Isotherm, and Thermodynamics of Interactions." International Journal of Food Engineering 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2015-0093.
Abstract:
Abstract The present work studies the removal of colored components from date syrup by activated carbon powder. The clarification process was carried out at an experimental batch set up and the role of activated carbon content, temperature and residence time was investigated on adsorption efficiency. The experimental data were analyzed by intra-particle diffusion, pseudo first- and second-order models. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon increases with increase of process temperature. Adsorption kinetics could be best modeled by the pseudo second-order model. Also, Langmuir isotherm describes the equilibrium data variation better than Freundlich and Temkin equations. The feasibility of adsorption was evaluated by measuring color removal at three temperatures and Van’t Hoff equation was used for computation of Gibbs energy. Thermodynamically, the process is endothermic accompanied with increase in randomness and decrease in Gibbs energy. Finally, the optimum temperature for clarification of date syrup was determined to be 50°C.
12
Zhou, Shao Ji, Xiao Yu Qin, Hui Xia Liu, and Wei Wei Wang. "A Preliminary Investigation on the Preparation of Bagasse Fly Ash as Clarifying Aid for Clarification of Cane Juice." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1637.
Abstract:
The bagasse fly ash (BFA), an industrial solid waste of sugar industry, was used to facilitate the clarification of cane juice. After being grounded, washed, rinsed and dried, the BFA was added into the juice before the clarification process including heating the juice to 60°C, coagulation with magnesium sulfate at pH=11.0, flocculation with PAM, and then settling and filtration. The effect of BFA on purification indexes including turbidity, purity and color value of the clarified juice, and the addition of BFA on the settling and filtration rates were investigated. The results shown that while having little effect on the pufification indexes, the addition of BFA could intensify the solid-liquid separation of the clarification. The gravity settling was significantly improved with the addition of BFA, with an addition at 1.5%, the mud thickening rate at free settling phase was increased from 20.7 mL/min without addition of BFA to 270mL/min and the final mud volume reduced from 48.0% of the total volume to 32.3%, the settling time being about 5 minutes. With the addition of BFA, the filtration rate increased significantly, the filter cake specific resistance was reduced from 562.8 kg·s·m-4 without addition of BFA to 31.2kg·s·m-4 with the BFA addition of 1.5%, making the filtration feasible. The optimum addition of BFA and the pressure drop for the filtration were 1.5% and 0.1MPa respectively.
13
Kolpakova, Valentina, Kairat Ospanov, Erzhan Kuldeyev, and Dariusz Andraka. "Clarification of Biologically Treated Wastewater in a Clarifier with Suspended Sludge Layer." Water 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182486.
Abstract:
The article presents the results of an experimental study on the clarification of biologically treated wastewater in a clarifier with a suspended sludge layer. The pilot plant was receiving effluent from trickling filters treating municipal wastewater. An experimental clarifier worked under steady-state conditions considering the influent characteristics and variable operating parameters in terms of flow velocities and height of the suspended layer. From the experimental dependences between different technological parameters it was found that the optimum range of the upward flow velocities providing a dynamic equilibrium of the suspended layer was 0.6–1.4 mm/s. Upward flow velocities below 0.5 mm/s can lead to sludge compaction at the bottom of the unit, while values greater than 1.8 mm/s may cause sludge washout. It was also found that higher suspended layer height values favor higher efficiency of the clarifier and can achieve suspended solids in the discharge of less than 5.0 mg/L; this height should be greater than 0.6 m Technological efficiency of the experimental clarifier was significantly higher than the conventional unit and was comparable with tertiary treatment technologies.
14
Standen, G., P. J. Insole, K. J. Shek, and R. A. Irwin. "The use of particle monitoring in the performance optimisation of conventional clarification and filtration processes." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0117.
Abstract:
The application of laser diffraction particle monitoring to the performance optimisation of a pilot clarifier and full-scale rapid gravity filters (RGF), operating on water supply works in Hampshire, is described. Furthermore the dosing of powdered activated carbon (PAC) into the works' clarifiers has been evaluated in terms of RGF performance. A costly proposal to install a third filter medium was subsequently abandoned when it was found that particle numbers in the filtered water were consistently below 1×102/ml. Various combinations and doses of coagulants and flocculant aids, shown to give optimum particulates removal during intensive jar testing trials, were transferred to the pilot clarifier. Particle monitoring enabled a more accurate derivation of suitable blanket chemistry and optimum blanket heights than turbidity changes. Raw water turbidities were 10-15 NTU at start-up with corresponding counts beyond the upper limit of the particle monitor. An on-line dilution system was developed to overcome this problem. Latex bead (4.33 μm) and Lycopodium spore (4-5 μm) suspensions (about 1 × 109 particles) were injected into the pilot clarifier to assess the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium-sized particles. Reductions of about 1.7 log and 2.6 log were achieved for the beads and spores, respectively. Particle distributions of various PAC's and a bentonite were obtained in order to assess their potential effects on the coagulation process during clarification. Bentonite was also beneficial as an on-line means of checking particle monitor response and calibration. The works' filters achieved 1.5 to 2.0 log removals of 2-5 μm particles without media addition or operational changes. Combined clarification and filtration gave better particulates removal than two-stage microfiltration.
15
Li, Langping, and Hengxing Lan. "Bivariate Landslide Susceptibility Analysis: Clarification, Optimization, Open Software, and Preliminary Comparison." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051418.
Abstract:
Bivariate data-driven methods have been widely used in landslide susceptibility analysis. However, the names, principles, and correlations of bivariate methods are still confused. In this paper, the names, principles, and correlations of bivariate methods are first clarified based on a comprehensive and in-depth survey. A total of eleven prevalent bivariate methods are identified, nominated, and elaborated in a general framework, constituting a well-structured bivariate method family. We show that all prevalent bivariate methods depend on empirical conditional probabilities of landslide occurrence to calculate landslide susceptibilities, either exclusively or inclusively. It is clarified that those eight “conditional-probability-based” bivariate methods, which exclusively depend on empirical conditional probabilities, are particularly strongly correlated in principle, and therefore are expected to have a very close or even the same performance. It is also suggested that conditional-probability-based bivariate methods apply to a “classification-free” modification, in which factor classifications are avoided and the result is dominated by a single parameter, “bin width”. Then, a general optimization framework for conditional-probability-based bivariate methods, based on the classification-free modification and obtaining optimum results by optimizing the dominant parameter bin width, is proposed. The open software Automatic Landslide Susceptibility Analysis (ALSA) is updated to implement the eight conditional-probability-based bivariate methods and the general optimization framework. Finally, a case study is presented, which confirms the theoretical expectation that different conditional-probability-based bivariate methods have a very close or even the same performance, and shows that optimal bivariate methods perform better than conventional bivariate methods regarding both the prediction rate and the ability to reveal the quasi-continuous varying pattern of sensibilities to landslides for individual predisposing factors. The principles and open software presented in this study provide both theoretical and practical foundations for applications and explorations of bivariate methods in landslide susceptibility analysis.
16
Sikodia, Nancy, Bindu Battan, Sulekha Chahal, and Jitender Sharma. "EFFICIENT EXTRACTION AND CLARIFICATION OF FRUIT JUICES USING CONCURRENTLY PRODUCED XYLANO-PECTINOLYTIC ENZYMES." Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences 13, no. 5 (February 5, 2024): e10260. http://dx.doi.org/10.55251/jmbfs.10260.
Abstract:
The purpose to effectuate this research work is to investigate the efficiency of crude xylano-pectinolytic enzymes in extraction and clarification of fruit juices, so as to improve their physical (clarity, viscosity and soluble solid), functional (total polyphenolic content) and sensory characteristics (acceptability). In this study, various conditions like enzyme dose, treatment time and stirring speed have been optimized. The extraction and clarification efficiency were found to be optimum at enzyme dose between 2:8 and 4:16 IU/g pulp, treatment time between 30 to 60 min and stirring speed of 50 and 60 rpm for different fruit juices. Enzymatic treatment enhanced the physicochemical, organoleptic and nutritional properties and generated juice with improved yield and clarity. After xylano-pectinolytic enzymatic treatment of various fruit juices, maximum increase in yield (95%), filterability (40%) and maximum decrease in viscosity (58%) was found in case of Tamarindus indica. Maximum increase in clarity (39%) and polyphenolic content (37%) was observed in case of Aegle marmelos. Maximum increase in reducing sugars was found in case of Fragaria ananassa along with other properties. All these attributes of xylano-pectinolytic enzymes indicate an adequate prospect for bio-industrial research.
17
Mao, Shaohui, Xiaohui Xu, Linjiang Zhang, Bo Bai, Na Hu, and Honglun Wang. "Methylated mud snail protein as a bio-flocculant for high turbidity wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 737–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.262.
Abstract:
Abstract The authors reported a potential candidate methylated mud snail protein (MeMsp) as an effective and eco-friendly flocculant to treat the high turbidity wastewater. MeMsp was obtained by extraction of mud snail protein (Msp) through isoelectric precipitation (PSC-IP) and then methylated via the esterification with side-chain carboxyl. Structural characterization of FT-IR, zeta potential and elemental analysis were carried out and further confirmed the successful of the methylation. Flocculation experiments with kaolin suspension simulated wastewater indicated that MeMsp-24 displayed more excellent flocculation efficiency at a low dosage. At the optimum dosage 27 mg/L, the maximum clarification efficiency of MeMsp-24 was 97.46% under pH 7.0. Furthermore, MeMsp-24 exhibited a wide flocculation window in the pH range 1.0–9.0, and faster sedimentation velocity and larger flocs size. In addition, MeMsp-24 exhibited 92.12% clarification efficiency in treating railway tunnel construction effluent. The flocculation kinetic and mechanism analysis revealed that the most effective particle collision occurred at the optimal dosage, with charge neutralization and adhesion playing irreplaceable roles in different environments, respectively. Therefore, through extraction and methylation modification, MeMsp could be a promising eco-friendly flocculant for high turbidity wastewater treatment.
18
Aladin, Andi, Takdir Syarif, Andi Suryanto, Andi Magefira, and Ardan. "Penentuan Suhu Optimum Pirolisis Serbuk Gergaji Batang Kelapa." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2023.v9.i2.16482.
Abstract:
Research has been carried out on the utilization of biomass waste of coconut trunk sawdust using the pyrolysis method to produce two products simultaneously, namely charcoal and liquid smoke. In order to obtain charcoal products with optimum calorific value, it is necessary to understand the optimum pyrolysis conditions. One of the optimum conditions, namely pyrolysis temperature, was studied in this research. Pyrolysis was carried out in a simultaneous pyrolysis reactor at a flow rate of argon inert gas into the reactor of 2 liters/minute and a pyrolysis time of 2.5 hours with pyrolysis temperature variations of 350, 400, 450, and 500°C, respectively. The study showed that the optimum temperature of 400oC was obtained which gave a yield of 34% charcoal with a calorific value of 7229 kcal/kg. Compared to the calorific value of the raw material for coconut sawdust which is 4400 kcal/kg, there was an increase in the calorific value of the pyrolysis product by 64%. Based on the optimum temperature condition, liquid smoke as a by-product was also obtained with a yield of 45%. Charcoal can be used as a solid fuel or as a bioadsorbent in the treatment of liquid waste or clarification of liquid food products such as virgin coconut oil (VCO). Grade 3 liquid smoke can be used as a biopesticide, while grade 1 liquid smoke can be used as a food preservative. Given the benefits of the two pyrolysis products, both of the products from the current research have a promising market value.
19
Yavaşer, Rukiye, and A. Alev Karagözler. "Covalent immobilization of papain onto poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-chitosan cryogels for apple juice clarification." Food Science and Technology International 26, no. 7 (April 21, 2020): 629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013220919307.
Abstract:
Enzyme immobilization appears as a remarkable technique to safely attach enzymes for several applications and cryogels stand as promising support materials to be used in such investigations. In this work, papain enzyme was immobilized onto an interpenetrating network obtained by cryogelation of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide cross-linked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan. Cryogels were modified with –NH2 functionality and glutaraldehyde in order to attach papain covalently. Immobilization was carried out at 25 ℃ in 0.1 M pH 7.0 phosphate buffer at 1.0 mg/ml enzyme concentration for 5 h. The amount of papain immobilized onto cryogel was calculated to be 15.2 ± 2.54 mg/g cryogel. Macroporous structure and surface area were determined by scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller techniques, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that papain was bound to the cryogel and cryogel structure was composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, chitosan, and glutaraldehyde. Proteolytic activities of free and immobilized papain were measured using casein as substrate. Optimum pH values and temperatures were 8.0 and 65 ℃ for free and immobilized enzymes and kinetic parameters were calculated at these conditions. Reusability and storage stability results indicated that immobilization enhanced the stability of papain compared to free form. Efficiency of immobilized papain was demonstrated by apple juice clarification study as an industrial use of the enzyme. Phenolic compound, protein, total soluble solid contents, and viscosity of apple juice before and after clarification were determined.
20
Wesam H Abdulaal and Yaaser Q Almulaiky, Wesam H. Abdulaal and Yaaser Q. Almulaiky. "Purification and Thermodynamic Characteristics of an Exo-Polygalacturonase from Trichoderma Pseudokoningii." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 5 (2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000674.
Abstract:
Polygalacturonases (PGs) are necessary to degrade the insoluble viscous pectin components during the clarification process of fruit juice and are produced by some plants and various microbes, such as bacteria, yeasts and fungi. In this study, an exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PGP4a) was purified from T. Pseudokoningii using DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200 columns. We show that the enzyme produced in this study by solid-state fermentation of citrus Orange peel was purified 20-fold with 12.8% recovery. The apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 25 kDa using gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature and pH of the exo-PGP4a were 45and#176;C and 6, respectively. The exo-PGP4a showed half-lives of 50.95 and 21.32 min at 55 and 75and#176;C, respectively. The activation energy for denaturation (Ea*) was 42.596 kJ/mol. The Km value of the enzyme for PGA hydrolysis was 2 mg/ml, and the Vmax was 3.27 and#181;mol min-1 mg-1. Several metal cations, such as Cu2+and Zn2+, were found to enhance the enzymatic activity of the exo-PGP4a, while Pb2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Co2+ and Hg2+ ions were found to be inhibitory. In this study, we suggest the exo-polygalacturonase has potential role of the clarification of Orange, Apple, Grape, and Peach juices in the food industry.
21
Wesam H Abdulaal and Yaaser Q Almulaiky, Wesam H. Abdulaal and Yaaser Q. Almulaiky. "Purification and Thermodynamic Characteristics of an Exo-Polygalacturonase from Trichoderma Pseudokoningii." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 5 (2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000674/jcsp/42.05.2020.
Abstract:
Polygalacturonases (PGs) are necessary to degrade the insoluble viscous pectin components during the clarification process of fruit juice and are produced by some plants and various microbes, such as bacteria, yeasts and fungi. In this study, an exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PGP4a) was purified from T. Pseudokoningii using DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200 columns. We show that the enzyme produced in this study by solid-state fermentation of citrus Orange peel was purified 20-fold with 12.8% recovery. The apparent molecular mass of the enzyme was determined to be 25 kDa using gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature and pH of the exo-PGP4a were 45and#176;C and 6, respectively. The exo-PGP4a showed half-lives of 50.95 and 21.32 min at 55 and 75and#176;C, respectively. The activation energy for denaturation (Ea*) was 42.596 kJ/mol. The Km value of the enzyme for PGA hydrolysis was 2 mg/ml, and the Vmax was 3.27 and#181;mol min-1 mg-1. Several metal cations, such as Cu2+and Zn2+, were found to enhance the enzymatic activity of the exo-PGP4a, while Pb2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Co2+ and Hg2+ ions were found to be inhibitory. In this study, we suggest the exo-polygalacturonase has potential role of the clarification of Orange, Apple, Grape, and Peach juices in the food industry.
22
Maran, Rekshavan Mani, and Noorfidza Yub Harun. "Optimizing Clarification Process of Coconut Desiccant Wastewater Using Moringa oleifera as a Natural Coagulant." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 1214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8792.
Abstract:
The coconut desiccant industry produces wastewater with high concentrations of suspended solids and turbidity, resulting in negative impacts to the environment if discharged without adequate treatment. The wastewater produced requires appropriate flocculant and coagulant compounds for treatment via the clarification process. Commercial coagulants raise many environmental concerns pertaining to the release of toxic metal residues and traces of chloride and sulphate ions in the treated water. The use of eco-friendly coagulants as an alternative for commercial coagulants in wastewater treatment is on the rise. Several factors that influence clarification performance during treatment includes coagulant dosage, flocculant dosage, and mixing rate of coagulation–flocculation process. The aim of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of using a natural coagulant, Moringa oleifera extract in the removal of suspended solids and turbidity from the coconut desiccant industry wastewater. The Response Surface Methodology approach was used to optimize the concentration of coagulant and flocculant dosed along with mixing rate. The results were measured as maximum percentage removal of suspended solids and turbidity. Coconut desiccant wastewater was collected over a period of five days. Moringa extract was produced via dilution of fat free Moringa seed powder with salt solution at a fixed ratio. The percentage removal of both suspended solids and turbidity was in the range of 85.4–95.1% and 85.2 to 94.8% respectively, based on multiple jar tests conducted. The model generated for optimization is a quadratic model. The optimization produced an optimum point of treatment, which is 12.00 mg/L of Moringa extract as coagulant, 12.660 ml/L of anionic polymer as flocculant and a mixing rate of 90 revolutions per minute, resulting in 93.997% and 93.735% removal of suspended solids and turbidity, respectively, proving a successful treatment of coconut desiccant wastewater.
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Bebikhov, Yu V., and A. S. Semenov. "Practical Application of the Results of Pilot Studies on the Purification of High-color Waters of the Northern Territories of the Russian Federation." Ecology and Industry of Russia 26, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2022-8-10-15.
Abstract:
Aspects of practical application of pilot studies of the aquatic environment in the Northern Territories on the example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) were considered as a result of which the electrocoagulation method was substantiated and selected for the water cleaning at the surface source of the river Ochchu-Botubuya (Malaya Botuobiya) near the village of Tas-Yurykh. Optimum parameters of the clearing of water rate and precipitation after electrochemical treatment were identified. Revealed dependencies: water sample clarification on current density and processing time; time to clear the sample by power consumption; kinetics of coarse cotton fraction deposition over time. For the practical results' application of the pilot studies, a storage and a stationary coagulation plants were developed and tested.
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Adugna, Amare Tiruneh, and Nahom Mankir Gebresilasie. "Aloe steudneri gel as natural flocculant for textile wastewater treatment." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.062.
Abstract:
Abstract This study focused on the evaluation of Aloe steudneri gel for textile wastewater clarification with identification of major phytochemical groups and physicochemical characteristics of Aloe steudneri. Optimization of pH, flocculant dose, mixing speed and time were studied for Aloe steudneri gel and synthetic polyacrylamide. A jar test was used to perform the flocculation at optimum conditions (pH 7.3, flocculant dose 33 ml, mixing time 20 minutes and speed 61 rpm). Phytochemical groups like tannins, flavonoids and saponins were identified and the gel showed a good result of 1.9 g H2O/dry polymer for swelling capacity and 6.2 g oil/weight for fat adsorption capacity. At the optimum conditions, the turbidity removal was 92.3% for Aloe steudneri gel and 92.7% for polyacrylamide. Moreover, the removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand, 5-day biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids and lead were 76.8%, 83.5%, 57.9% and 77% for Aloe steudneri gel and 78%, 89%, 51% and 72% for polyacrylamide, respectively. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that Aloe steudneri gel can substitute the polyacrylamide as there are no significant differences in their removal efficiencies.
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Meena, B., V. G. Sowmeya, Archa B. Praveen, A. Swetha, D. Naga Sarath Chandra, and M. Kavitha. "Pectin Degradation in Fruit Juices by Pectinase from Meyerozyma sp. VITPCT75 Isolated from Phyllanthus emblica." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.2.51.
Abstract:
This study aimed to identify and characterize a pectinase-producing novel yeast from the fermented juice of Phyllanthus emblica and apply the enzyme for fruit juice clarification. Among the five pectinase-producing yeasts, isolate-1 exhibited the highest pectinase activity and was further used in this study. Based on morphological, physiological, and 18SrRNAanalyses, isolate-1 was recognized as a new strain sharing 99% sequence homology with other Meyerozyma strains and was thus designated as Meyerozyma sp. VITPCT75. The strain produced pectinase optimally at a temperature and pH of 25oC and 7, respectively. Maximum pectinase production was observed after 4-days incubation. The enzyme exhibited optimum activity at the temperature of 25 °C and pH 7.0. The enzyme was more stable at a temperature and pH of 20 °C and 7, respectively. Storage stability studies revealed that the enzyme was stable at -20 °C. The cell-free supernatant was partially purified using ammonium sulfate and solvent precipitation. Acetone at a concentration of 20% assured an adequate partial purification. The molecular weight of pectinase was determined as 6 kDa. The enzymatic metal ion preference-related studies revealed that Ca²z, Kz, Cu²z, Fe²z, and Ba²z ions enhanced, Ni²z ions moderately inhibited, and Mn²z ions intensely inhibited the enzymatic activity. Neither Na+ and Mg2+ ions nor EDTA affected the enzyme activity. When subjected to fruit juice clarification, the enzyme significantly reduced the viscosity of the juice.
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Tang, Ping, Shihui Si, and Liangliang Liu. "Analysis of Bovine Serum Albumin Ligands fromPuerariae flosUsing Ultrafiltration Combined with HPLC-MS." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/648361.
Abstract:
Rapid screening techniques for identification of active compounds from natural products are important not only for clarification of the therapeutic material basis, but also for supplying suitable chemical markers for quality control. In the present study, ultrafiltration combined with high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was developed and conducted to screen and identify bovine serum albumin (BSA) bound ligands fromPuerariae flos. Fundamental parameters affecting the screening like incubation time, BSA concentration, pH, and temperature were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, nine active compounds were identified by UV and MS data. The results indicated that this method was able to screen and identify BSA bound ligands form natural products without the need of preparative isolation techniques. Moreover, the method has more effective with easier operation procedures.
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Cincotta, Robert, and Sailesh Kumar. "Future Directions in the Management of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome." Twin Research and Human Genetics 19, no. 3 (April 29, 2016): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.32.
Abstract:
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is the major complication of monochorionic (MC) pregnancy. The outcomes of this condition have been significantly improved after the introduction and widespread uptake of fetoscopic laser ablation over the last decade. However, there is still a significant fetal loss rate and morbidity associated with this condition. Improvements in the management of TTTS will require improvements in many areas. They are likely to involve refinements in the prediction of the disease and clarification of the optimum frequency of surveillance and monitoring. Improvements in training for fetoscopic surgery as well as in the technique of fetoscopic laser ablation may lead to better outcomes. New technologies as well as a better understanding of the pathophysiology of TTTS may lead to adjuvant medical therapies that may also improve short- and long-term results.
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KC, Sudeep, Jitendra Upadhyaya, Dev Raj Joshi, Binod Lekhak, Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary, Bhoj Raj Pant, Tirtha Raj Bajgai, et al. "Production, Characterization, and Industrial Application of Pectinase Enzyme Isolated from Fungal Strains." Fermentation 6, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6020059.
Abstract:
Pectinases are the group of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of pectic substances. It has wide applications in food industries for the production and clarification of wines and juices. The aim of this study was to isolate, screen and characterize pectinase from fungi isolated from various soil samples and evaluate its application in juice clarification. Fungal strains were isolated and screened primarily using 1% citruspectin incorporated potato dextrose agar (PDA) and secondarily using pectinase screening agar medium (PSAM) for pectinolytic organisms. The enzyme was produced by submerged state fermentation and assayed using the dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) method. From 20 different soil samples, 55 fungal isolates were screened primarily and, among them, only 14 isolates were subjected for secondary screening. Out of 14, only four strains showed the highest pectinolytic activity. Among four strains, Aspergillus spp. Gm showed the highest enzyme production at a 48-h incubation period, 1% substrate concentration, and 30 °C temperature. The thermal stability assessment resulted that the activity of pectinase enzyme declines by 50% within 10 min of heating at 60 °C. The optimum temperature, pH, and substrate concentration for the activity of enzyme was 30 °C (75.4 U/mL), 5.8 (72.3 U/mL), and 0.5% (112.0 U/mL), respectively. Furthermore, the yield of the orange juice, the total soluble solid (TSS), and clarity (% transmittance) was increased as the concentration of the pectinase increased, indicating its potential use in juice processing. Overall, the strain Aspergillus spp. Gm was identified as a potent strain for pectinase production in commercial scale.
29
Berzsenyi, Z., T. Árendás, P. Bónis, G. Micskei, and E. Sugár. "Long-term effect of crop production factors on the yield and yield stability of maize (zea mays L.) in different years." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.59.2011.3.1.
Abstract:
The effects of five crop production factors (tillage, fertilisation, plant density, variety, weed control) on the yield and yield stability of maize were examined in Martonvásár (HU) in a polyfactorial experiment and in separate long-term experiments on the effects of Nfertilisation, sowing date and plant density. In the polyfactorial experiment the five crop production factors contributed to the increase in maize yield in the following ratios (%): fertilisation 30.6, variety 32.6, plant density 20.2, weed control 14.2, soil cultivation 2.4. In the N fertilisation, sowing date and plant density experiments the effects of the treatments on the maize yield were examined separately for dry and wet years.Averaged over 40 years, the yields in the long-term N fertilisation experiment were 2.422 t ha−1 lower in the dry years than in the wet years (5.170 vs. 7.592 t ha−1). The optimum N rate was 160 kg ha−1. In the sowing date experiment the yield was 2.533 t ha−1 lower in the dry years than in the wet years (6.54 vs. 9.093 t ha−1), averaged over 19 years. In dry years the yield was highest for the early and optimum sowing dates, and in wet years for the optimum sowing date. Sowing at dates other than the optimum caused reductions in N fertiliser efficiency. Averaged over 22 years, the optimum plant density was 80,000 plants ha−1 in wet years and 50,000 plants ha−1 in dry years. The yield was most stable at a plant density of 60,000 plants ha−1. The clarification of year effects is particularly important in relation to the possible effects of climate change.
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Agustikawati, Nurlaila, Rizky Nugrahani, and Fitri Setianingsih. "Reducing free fatty acids and peroxide value in used cooking oil using activated coconut shell charcoal combined with lemongrass stems." Jurnal Pijar Mipa 18, no. 5 (September 30, 2023): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v18i5.5586.
Abstract:
Used cooking oil is obtained from the residue of the frying process, which has been used repeatedly where the fatty acids are increasingly saturated and the triglyceride content breaks down into volatile and non-volatile components that dissolve in oil. Used cooking oil waste can cause an increase in COD and BOD levels in waters, resulting in the death of aquatic biota. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the optimum contact time of activated charcoal d combination of citronella sticks on decreasing levels of free fatty acids, (2) to determine the optimum contact time of activated charcoal d combination of citronella sticks on decreasing peroxide numbers, (3) to determine the average percentage of free fatty acid reduction and peroxide value in the clarification of used cooking oil using activated coconut shell charcoal combined with lemongrass stems. This research method is a laboratory experiment with despising, neutralization, and bleaching stages. The results showed that the average decrease in optimum free fatty acid levels occurred at 60 minutes of contact time, namely A3 at 73.86%, B3 at 66.67%, and C3 at 82.74%. The average decrease in the optimum peroxide number occurred at a contact time of 60 minutes, namely A3 of 57.16%, B3 of 52.85%, and C3 of 49.68%. So, the coconut shell-activated charcoal combined with lemongrass stems effectively clarifies the used cooking oil. In the future, it is necessary to vary the absorbent particle size to improve the quality of the waste cooking oil so that it can be reused.
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Mohd Rais, Nurul Atikah, Norazlina Idris, Shareena Fairuz Abdul Manaf, Hasnizah Habibun, Rafeqah Raslan, Nur Farhana Mat Sahari, Munawar Zaman Shahruddin, and Fazlena Hamzah. "Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 Producing Pectinase Couple to Polysulfone/Pluronic Membrane Ultrafiltration for Momordica Charantia Juice Clarification." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.177.
Abstract:
Momordica charantia is an anti-diabetic which is used as carminative, emmenagogue, in the treatment of colics, as antiviral, anthelmintic, antimalarial and antimicrobic remedy. The Momordica charantia was treated with Aspergillus niger pectinase at various concentration (0-500 U/ml), temperature (4-40°C) and times (0-10 min). Aspergillus niger was selected as a promising producer of pectinase via solid state fermentation (SSF) using oil palm leaf (OPL) as substrate because it is abundantly available in Malaysia and rich with carbon source that needed for Aspergillus niger’sgrowth. The optimum treatment conditions were at 30°C, at pH between 6-6.5 at time 10 min with 472.257 U/ml. The enzymatic treatment was followed by ultrafiltration (15kDa). Analysis of the clarified juice indicate that the enzyme permitted a higher permeate flux and high juice quality.
32
Tsihouridis, Charilaos, Dennis Vavougios, Marianthi Batsila, and George Ioannidis. "The Optimum Equilibrium when Using Experiments in Teaching – Where Virtual and Real Labs Stand in Science and Engineering Teaching Practice." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i23.10890.
Abstract:
The present study compares the relative merits of virtual and real educational laboratories in science and engineering education, in terms of their educational effectiveness and if they were the most appropriate for learning. The age of the students was also investigates as a possible factor affecting the outcome. The authors of the present paper started by identifying 67 recent and mutually compatible research papers (articles, doctoral theses, and reviews) and reviewed their content performing a meta-study to discover their findings about the most effective laboratory type. Web-based tools were used, such as e-journals, databases, thematic guides, and portals, catalogues of other libraries offered by a variety of universities. A critical analysis followed to compare findings and reach decisions. In a corollary section of the study, the authors conducted some semi-structured discussions with 25 experienced science teachers of secondary, primary and tertiary education, for verification purposes. Discussions followed, all participants being arranged in 5 different groups, focusing on still open topics in need of further clarification. The present two-prong analysis resulted in a number of interesting results, presented herein, on the relative effectiveness of virtual and real laboratories as a factor of student age.
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Abdiansyah, Windy, Nuraeni Dwi Dharmawati, and Rengga Arnalis Renjani. "Analisa Pengaruh Metode Pencucian Nozzle Sludge Centrifuge terhadap Kehilangan Minyak pada Final Effluent." AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING INNOVATION JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (July 26, 2023): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.55180/aei.v1i2.706.
Abstract:
The clarification process is the separation of oil from the sludge using a sludge centrifuge. The process in this sludge centrifuge treats sludge/sludge output from CST in the form of sludge underflow. The problem that occurs in the oil separation process in the centrifuge is the high amount of oil that is still included in the final effluent as oil losses. High oil loss is caused by a blockage in the nozzle due to the operational process of the tool that does not pay attention to procedures (SOP) and the lack of operators in the sludge centrifuge related to the maintenance process (washing). The purpose of this study, namely to identify the factors that influence the causes of oil loss in the slugde centrifuge and final effluent, examine the effect of nozzle washing (flushing) on oil loss in the sludge centrifuge and liquid waste production (final effluent), and determine the most optimum flushing method in terms of oil loss and liquid waste production. This research went through four stages, namely problem identification, cause analysis, effort solution, and optimum flushing method. The results of this study indicate that the standby nozzle replacement method is the optimum method because it does not require water, only takes 15 minutes, and has the lowest loss rate of 0.53%. It is hoped that with such results, companies engaged in palm oil processing can apply this method.
34
Thomas, V. K., B. Chambers, and W. Dunn. "Optimisation of Aeration Efficiency: A Design Procedure for Secondary Treatment Using a Hybrid Aeration System." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1989): 1403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0337.
Abstract:
The fine-bubble diffused air (FBDA) system of aeration is most efficiently operated in low rate activated sludge systems. The aeration technique is, however, subject to poor oxygen transfer efficiency and diffuser clogging under increased loading conditions such as are experienced close to the tank inlet in plug-flow systems. Mechanical, surface aeration systems, though apparently less efficient, do not suffer from these disadvantages. The ideal aeration tank configuration, for optimum aeration efficiency is therefore:–inlet anoxic zone–completely mixed surface aerated zone–plug-flow, fine-bubble diffused air zone with tapered aeration–clarification tanks. An overall aeration efficiency of 1.5-2.0 kg/kwh is predicted for nitrifying systems, together with an increased diffuser lifetime compared to a conventional FBDA tank. The design procedure is illustrated using parameters for a large UK works. Despite greater civil costs, the reduced running costs and NPC of the hybrid system make it an attractive option when compared to a plug-flow FBDA system or a conventional surface aeration plant.
35
Boghdady, Tarek A., Saud N. Alajmi, M. A. Moustafa Hassan, and A. A. Seif. "Oscillations Damping and Maximization of Wind Energy Using A Fractional Order PID Controller." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 17 (February 16, 2022): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2022.17.9.
Abstract:
Renewable energy resources are the favorable solution for the coming energy. So, a great interest has been paid in the last decades for developing and utilizing renewable energy resources such as wind energy. As it has a large energy content and, particularizes with the availability, the major problems of it is represented in unmatched with load demand because of the intermittency and fluctuation of natural conditions. Different optimization methods are presented and discussed like Genetic Algorithm (GA), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). These optimization methods are used to obtain the optimum parameters for Proportional Integral (PI) controller and the fractional-order PI. The PI and FOPI parameters’ gains are optimized and obtained. For more clarification for the wind farm performance in the case of using PI controller and fractional-order PI, a three-phase and single-phase fault are applied to the system. The performance analysis for the system due to these faults is obtained and discussed.
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Abd Al-Hussein, Ali Salim. "Using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for pH adjustment in water treatment." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 11, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v11i3.530.
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to explain the advantages of using sulfuric acid in Qarmat Ali water treatment plant belong to Basrah Oil Company, which produces water for injection into the Rumaila reservoirs. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid providing rapid and effective pH reduction. Maintaining the coagulation pH within the optimum value (6.4) by inject specific value of sulfuric acid to RAW water enhances the clarification performances by reducing the clarified water turbidity to minimum value (5.1). It was preferable for operating at a pH below the saturation pH to prevent the precipitation of minerals such as calcium carbonate which are contributing to blocking the surface filters installed downstream (auto back wash filters) and The clarifiers that cause increased the feed from 500 MBD to 1000 MBD. With a fast and rapid dissociation in Water, Sulfuric acid is an effective and practical way to lower the pH on Qarmat Ali plant which producing in excess of 1,000MBD of export water.
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Panasyugin, A. S., S. V. Grigor’ev, A. I. Teran, A. R. Tsyganov, N. P. Masherova, and N. D. Pawlowski. "THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF RECYCLED WATER IN THE PRODUCTION OF MINERAL WOOL ON ITS SALINITY AND LIGHTNESS." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2017-4-77-83.
Abstract:
In progress to assess the impact of chemical treatment of recycled water in the production of mineral wool, its salinity and the degree of clarification found that the most suitable reagent to achieve the objectives is a 25% aqueous ammonia solution. It is shown that the optimum quantity of ammonia to initiate the process of deposition is in the range of 4–6 ml/dm3, lower number gives a noticeable lightening of recycled water and reduction of solids, a larger leads to a re-dissolution of already formed sludge and therefore to reduce the share of bleached water and increase the content of dissolved salts.Installed three stage character of the process of interaction of ammonia and recycled water. It is revealed that the deposition process in the recycling system water – ammonia at the initial stage limits the chemical stage of nucleation (the formation of a crystalline precipitate), followed by reaction at the interface (the formation on the surface of the original germs of continuous product.
38
Ahmad, Shakeel, Guo-Yun Wang, Ihsan Muhammad, Yu-Xin Chi, Muhammad Zeeshan, Jamal Nasar, and Xun-Bo Zhou. "Interactive Effects of Melatonin and Nitrogen Improve Drought Tolerance of Maize Seedlings by Regulating Growth and Physiochemical Attributes." Antioxidants 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020359.
Abstract:
Melatonin plays an important role in numerous vital life processes of animals and has recently captured the interests of plant biologists because of its potent role in plants. As well as its possible contribution to photoperiodic processes, melatonin is believed to act as a growth regulator and/or as a direct free radical scavenger/indirect antioxidant. However, identifying a precise concentration of melatonin with an optimum nitrogen level for a particular application method to improve plant growth requires identification and clarification. This work establishes inimitable findings by optimizing the application of melatonin with an optimum level of nitrogen, alleviating the detrimental effects of drought stress in maize seedlings. Maize seedlings were subjected to drought stress of 40–45% field capacity (FC) at the five-leaf stage, followed by a soil drenching of melatonin 100 µM and three nitrogen levels (200, 250, and 300 kg ha−1) to consider the changes in maize seedling growth. Our results showed that drought stress significantly inhibited the physiological and biochemical parameters of maize seedlings. However, the application of melatonin with nitrogen remarkably improved the plant growth attributes, chlorophyll pigments, fluorescence, and gas exchange parameters. Moreover, melatonin and nitrogen application profoundly reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by increasing maize antioxidant and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities under drought-stress conditions. It was concluded that the mitigating potential of 100 µM melatonin with an optimum level of nitrogen (250 kg N ha−1) improves the plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and enzymatic activity of maize seedling under drought-stress conditions.
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Polášek, Pavel. "INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY GRADIENT ON OPTIMISATION OF THE AGGREGATION PROCESS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMED AGGREGATES: Part 1. Inline high density suspension (IHDS) aggregation process." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-011-0009-5.
Abstract:
INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY GRADIENT ON OPTIMISATION OF THE AGGREGATION PROCESS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMED AGGREGATES: Part 1. Inline high density suspension (IHDS) aggregation processThis paper deals with optimisation and acceleration of the clarification process. It was established that both these objectives are closely inter-related and can be accomplished by the formation of aggregates with a high agitation intensity until the flocculation optimum is reached. This is a new method of formation of aggregates which is called the Inline High Density Suspension (IHDS) formation process. Further, under the IHDS process the aggregates are formed with a single root-mean-square velocity gradientG>> 50 s-1. It was also established that the process of formation of aggregates (expressed by residual e of the observed determinant) passes through a minimum. This minimum is considered to be the flocculation optimum. Furthermore, the agitation intensity (G) was found to be the inherent means influencing compactness and thereby density of the aggregates formed. This proves the vital role of agitation intensity on the morphological and physical properties of aggregates formed. The resultant aggregates formed by the IHDS process are very compact, dense and homogeneous in their size, shape, volume and inner structure. Last but not least, the IHDS process applied to the HR-CSAV type sludge blanket clarifier facilitated its high attainable upflow velocity above of 25 m h-1.
40
Rossi, L., C. Lubello, E. Poggiali, and O. Griffini. "Analysis of a clariflocculation process with a photometric dispersion analyser (PDA2000)." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0150.
Abstract:
In this experimental study the clarification process of the drinking water treatment plant (WTP) of Florence (Italy) has been evaluated. At present, the most common way to optimise the clariflocculation process (best type and dosage of coagulants and mixing conditions) is the jar-test procedure which can give information about the final turbidity, and consequently the process efficiency, after a settling period in a batch procedure at laboratory-scale. An alternative method with a Photometric Dispersion Analyser (PDA2000) was recently introduced at the WTP to provide quick and continuous information (flocculation index, correlated with the flocs size) about the aggregation state of particles during a modified jar-test procedure. The PDA2000 was applied to a real suspension (namely Arno river water) providing useful data for the determination of best type and optimum dosage of coagulants. Furthermore a strong correlation between the removal efficiency of the turbidity and PDA a parameter derived from the PDA 2000 data (defined as the rate of the square root of the flocs size index and the maximum slope of the growing curve) was observed.
41
Miller, Neil R. "Traumatic Optic Neuropathy." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 82, no. 01 (February 2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1722632.
Abstract:
AbstractA host of different types of direct and indirect, primary and secondary injuries can affect different portions of the optic nerve(s). Thus, in the setting of penetrating as well as nonpenetrating head or facial trauma, a high index of suspicion should be maintained for the possibility of the presence of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). TON is a clinical diagnosis, with imaging frequently adding clarification to the full nature/extent of the lesion(s) in question. Each pattern of injury carries its own unique prognosis and theoretical best treatment; however, the optimum management of patients with TON remains unclear. Indeed, further research is desperately needed to better understand TON. Observation, steroids, surgical measures, or a combination of these are current cornerstones of management, but statistically significant evidence supporting any particular approach for TON is absent in the literature. Nevertheless, it is likely that novel management strategies will emerge as more is understood about the converging pathways of various secondary and tertiary mechanisms of cell injury and death at play in TON. In the meantime, given our current deficiencies in knowledge regarding how to best manage TON, “primum non nocere” (first do no harm) is of utmost importance.
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Viswanathan, Rajaraman, Narayana K. Swamy, William D. Tobler, Alson L. Greiner, Jeffrey T. Keller, and Stewart B. Dunsker. "Extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations: microsurgical anatomy and surgical approach." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 96, no. 2 (March 2002): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2002.96.2.0206.
Abstract:
Object. Familiarity with the microsurgical anatomy of the far-lateral compartment is essential for operating in patients with far-lateral discs. In this report the authors address the microsurgical anatomy studied in 24 extraforaminal lumbar disc spaces in three cadavers. Methods. Cadaveric dissections confirmed the authors' operative experience in which they found an arterial arcade to be associated with the nerve trunk. The main trunk of the lumbar artery was located lateral to the exiting nerve root in the region of intervertebral foramen. The trunk of the lumbar spinal nerve descending from the level above was 7 mm (± 3 mm [standard deviation]) lateral to the lumbar artery. Conclusions. Clarification of the microsurgical anatomy of the far-lateral compartment confirmed the authors' clinical impression that the optimum approach to far-lateral discs is via the inferomedial quadrant of the extraforaminal compartment. In this quadrant, exposure of the main nerve root can be facilitated by dividing the posterior primary ramus and a newly described arterial arcade that envelops the nerve trunk. Once this arcade is divided, the nerve can be retracted with relative ease and safety, and the disc can be removed more easily.
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Burstein, Leonid. "Surfaces with pores: hydrodynamic lubrication." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 4 (July 10, 2017): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-05-2016-0108.
Abstract:
Purpose This paper aims to assess the hydrodynamic lubrication of two opposing surfaces with identical pores having a semicircular profile. The surfaces are treated with more than one pore that allows clarification of whether there exists interaction between the pores. Design/methodology/approach A transient, spatial, one-dimensional model of surfaces with regular pores was developed and applied in the context of fluid lubrication. MATLAB software has been used. Findings Calculations show that a lubricating film between two surfaces with pores provides better hydrodynamic conditions in comparison to that on one surface with pores. It was also shown that the pores of one surface act as separate objects and can take into account only the interaction between the pores of the opposite surfaces. In addition, it was found that there are optimum values of the pore radii, gap and pore cell dimensions at which the bearing capacity of the film is maximal. Practical implications The computer program used for the pore parameter calculations provided the optimal lubrication. Originality/value This is the first study of the lubricating film hydrodynamic behavior of two opposite surfaces with pores having a semicircular profile.
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Mahdavi, Mokhtar, Mohammad Mehdi Amin, Amir Hossein Mahvi, Hamidreza Pourzamani, and Afshin Ebrahimi. "Metals, heavy metals and microorganism removal from spent filter backwash water by hybrid coagulation-UF processes." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 2 (February 8, 2017): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.148.
Abstract:
Abstract Spent filter backwash water (SFBW) reuse has attracted particular attention, especially in countries that experience water scarcity. It can act as a permanent water source until the water treatment plant is working. In this study, the concentrations of Fe, Al, Pb, As, and Cd with total and fecal coliform (TC/FC) were investigated in raw and treated SFBW by hybrid coagulation-UF processes. The pilot plant consisted of pre-sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, and ultrafiltration (UF) units. Poly-aluminum ferric chloride (PAFCL) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) were used as pretreatment. The results showed that, at the optimum dose of PAFCl, the average removal of TC and FC was 88 and 79% and with PAFCl-UF process, it reached 100 and 100%, respectively. For FeCl3, removal efficiency of TC and FC were 81 and 72% and by applying FeCl3-UF process, it reached 100 and 100%, respectively. In comparison with FeCl3, PAFCl showed better removal efficiency for Fe, Pb, As, and Cd, except residual Al concentration. Coagulation-UF process could treat SFBW efficiently and treated SFBW could meet the US-EPA drinking water standard. Health risk index values of Fe, AL, Pb, AS, and Cd in treated SFBW indicate no risk of exposure to the use of this water.
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Tasgin, Esen, Hayrunnisa Nadaroglu, Aynur Babagil, and Nazan Demir. "Immobilization of Purified Pectin Lyase from Pseudomonas putida onto Magnetic Lily Flowers (Lilium candidum L.) Nanoparticles and Applicability in Industrial Processes." Molecules 25, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112671.
Abstract:
Pectinases are an important class of enzymes distributed in many higher plants and microorganisms. One of these enzymes is pectin lyase which has an important role in industrial applications such as clarification of fruit juices. Pectin lyase was purified with 73% yield from Pseudomonas putida bacteria and was 220.7-fold using three phase precipitation technique. Molecular weight of purified pectin lyase was determined as 32.88 kDa with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pectin lyase was immobilized covalently via the L-glutaraldehyde spacer to the cellulosic structures of lily flowers (Lilium candidum L.). The immobilized enzyme was then magnetized by modifying with γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles and determined the most appropriate immobilization conditions as pH 6 and 30 °C. Purified pectin lyase was connected to magnetized support material after 60 min at the rate of 86.4%. The optimum pH and temperatures for the free and immobilized pectin lyase was found to be 6.0 and 40 °C. pH and thermal stabilities of the free and immobilized pectin lyase enzyme have been preserved at high-low temperatures and pH. The structural characterization of the immobilized pectin lyase was performed by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD chromatographic analyses and it was observed that the support materials structure was appropriated to immobilization with pectin lyase and to modify with Fe3O4 nanoparticles.
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Lin, Jr-Lin, and Shyh-Fang Kang. "Analysis of carbon emission hot spot and pumping energy efficiency in water supply system." Water Supply 19, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.067.
Abstract:
Abstract Evaluation of carbon emission hot spots for water treatment plants (WTPs) is crucial to reduce carbon emissions. This study aims to analyze carbon emission data generated at Bansin WTP following the PAS 2050 guidelines. The boundary of inventory and assessment includes water intake, purification, and distribution stages. In addition, pumping efficiency, power consumption per pump lift and specific energy consumption were used to estimate the potential of energy reduction in pumping for Bansin and Baoshan WTPs. The results have revealed that the carbon footprint of Bansin WTP is 0.39 kg CO2e/m3 in 2011. There is 95% of carbon emissions generated by pumping from the intake and distribution stages, and the use of pumping is responsible for 65% of total carbon emissions in the clarification stage. The power consumption per pump lift can be calculated to evaluate the difference between rated power and operational power. This relationship can provide information indicating to operators when to replace or maintain poorly-functioning pumps. The data on pump lift, flow rate and power can also be calculated to determine the relationship between pumping efficiency (%) and specific energy consumption (kW/Q), and then used to identify the optimum condition of pump combinations for a given production of water supply.
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Sabbagh, Charles, François Mauvais, Cyril Cosse, Lionel Rebibo, Jean-Paul Joly, Didier Dromer, Christine Aubert, et al. "A Lymph Node Ratio of 10% Is Predictive of Survival in Stage III Colon Cancer: A French Regional Study." International Surgery 99, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-13-00052.1.
Abstract:
Abstract Lymph node ratio (LNR) (positive lymph nodes/sampled lymph nodes) is predictive of survival in colon cancer. The aim of the present study was to validate the LNR as a prognostic factor and to determine the optimum LNR cutoff for distinguishing between “good prognosis” and “poor prognosis” colon cancer patients. From January 2003 to December 2007, patients with TNM stage III colon cancer operated on with at least of 3 years of follow-up and not lost to follow-up were included in this retrospective study. The two primary endpoints were 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) as a function of the LNR groups and the cutoff. One hundred seventy-eight patients were included. There was no correlation between the LNR group and 3-year OS (P = 0.06) and a significant correlation between the LNR group and 3-year DFS (P = 0.03). The optimal LNR cutoff of 10% was significantly correlated with 3-year OS (P = 0.02) and DFS (P = 0.02). The LNR was not an accurate prognostic factor when fewer than 12 lymph nodes were sampled. Clarification and simplification of the LNR classification are prerequisites for use of this system in randomized control trials. An LNR of 10% appears to be the optimal cutoff.
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Johzaki, T., H. Sakagami, H. Nagatomo, and K. Mima. "Holistic Simulation for FIREX Project with FI3." Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 4 (October 15, 2007): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607000730.
Abstract:
AbstractIn fast ignition research, the clarification of core heating mechanism is one of the most critical issues. To understand and identify the crucial physics in fast heating, we developed the fast ignition integrated interconnecting code FI3 and carried out the core heating simulations for fast heating experiments with cone-guided targets. It was found that the scale length of the pre-plasma at the inner-surface of the cone and the density gap at the contact surface between the cone tip and the imploded core plasma strongly affect the efficiency of core heating. In the case of heating laser with intensity of 1020 W/cm2 and duration of 1 ps, the pre-plasma scale length of 1.5 µm is optimum for the core heating; the dense core is heated up to 0.86 keV. In the double scale length case (long scale of ~5 µm in underdense region and short scale of ~ 1 µm in overdense region), of which generation due to the pre-pulse irradiation of heating pulse is observed at the radiation–hydro simulations, the dense core is heated more efficiently than single short scale length cases. The contribution of fast ions to the core heating is also discussed.
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Alqahtani, Yahya S., Sunil S. More, Keerthana R., Ibrahim Ahmed Shaikh, Anusha K. J., Veena S. More, Francois N. Niyonzima, Uday M. Muddapur, and Aejaz A. Khan. "Production and Purification of Pectinase from Bacillus subtilis 15A-B92 and Its Biotechnological Applications." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134195.
Abstract:
Enzymes that degrade pectin are called pectinases. Pectinases of microbial origin are used in juice clarification as the process is cost-effective. This study screened a pectinase-producing bacterium isolated from soil and identified as Bacillus subtilis 15A B-92 based on the 16S rRNA molecular technique. The purified pectinase from the isolate showed 99.6 U/mg specific activity and 11.6-fold purity. The molecular weight of the purified bacterial pectinase was 14.41 ± 1 kD. Optimum pectinase activity was found at pH 4.5 and 50 °C, and the enzyme was 100% stable for 3.5 h in these conditions. No enzymatic inhibition or activation effect was seen with Fe2+, Ca2+, or Mg2+. However, a slight inhibition was seen with Cu2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+. Tween 20 and 80 slightly inhibited the pectinase, whereas iodoacetic acid (IAA), ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), urea, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) showed potent inhibition. The bacterial pectinase degraded citrus pectin (100%); however, it was inactive in the presence of galactose. With citrus pectin as the substrate, the Km and Vmax were calculated as 1.72 mg/mL and 1609 U/g, respectively. The high affinity of pectinase for its substrate makes the process cost-effective when utilized in food industries. The obtained pectinase was able to clarify orange and apple juices, justifying its application in the food industry.
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Manhas, Angli, Rameshwar S. Manhas, Gaurav S. Manhas, Dinesh Gupta, and Dinesh Kumar. "Comparison of level of awareness regarding eye donation among medical, engineering and law students in Jammu, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 3663. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184426.
Abstract:
Background: Blindness due to cornea is a major public health issue, especially in developing countries like India. Corneal transplantation is the treatment for restoring vision in corneal blind patients. The aim of present study was to compare the level of awareness regarding eye donation among medical, engineering and law students.Methods: The present cross sectional, comparative study involved students following their respective courses (1st final year) from October 2017 to December 2017. Out of 168 students, 60 were medical, 56 were engineering and 52 were law students. The study started with initial clarification of questions and those who were willing to participate, were requested to fill the semi-structure pilot tested questionnaire form on eye donation with informed consent.Results: All the students were aware of eye donation, but medical students were much aware on various parameters. The most powerful information tool to reach out all the students was television whereas among medical ophthalmology is one of subject they study in their respective course which provide them maximum knowledge regarding eye donation.Conclusions: Level of awareness and knowledge regarding eye donation is much better among medical students (MBBS) in comparison with engineering and law students. Thus, professionals (medical doctors, engineers and lawyers) should be actively involved in creating awareness regarding eye donation and hence play vital role to reach out people for optimum benefit.