Journal articles on the topic 'Clans Victoria'
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Lorang, J. M., C. H. Hagerty, R. Lee, P. E. McClean, and T. J. Wolpert. "Genetic Analysis of Victorin Sensitivity and Identification of a Causal Nucleotide-Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat Gene in Phaseolus vulgaris." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 31, no. 10 (October 2018): 1069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0328-r.
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Cochliobolus victoria, the causal agent of Victoria blight, is pathogenic due to its production of a toxin called victorin. Victorin sensitivity in oats, barley, Brachypodium spp., and Arabidopsis has been associated with nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes, a class of genes known for conferring disease resistance. In this work, we investigated the sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris to victorin. We found that victorin sensivity in Phaseolus vulgaris is a developmentally regulated, quantitative trait. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) accounted for 34% of the phenotypic variability in victorin sensitivity among Stampede × Red Hawk (S×R) recombinant inbred lines. We cloned two NLR-encoding genes within this QTL and showed one, Phvul05G031200 (PvLOV), confers victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Protein sequences of PvLOV from victorin-sensitive and the victorin-resistant bean parents differ by two amino acids in the leucine-rich repeat region, but both proteins confer victorin-dependent cell death when overexpressed in N. benthamiana.
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MEAGHER, DAN. "TAKING PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY SERIOUSLY WITHIN A BILL OF RIGHTS FRAMEWORK." Deakin Law Review 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2005vol10no2art299.
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[</span><span>The Victorian Government has made a commitment to consult with the community on how best to protect and promote human rights in Victoria. To this end, it has established a Human Rights Consultation Committee to undertake this consultation and to report on the desirability or otherwise of enacting a Bill of Rights. The government has, however, indicated its preference for a statutory Bill of Rights and one that preserves the 'sover- eignty of Parliament'. This article takes those two government preferences as its baseline and then explores what might follow if the preservation of parliamentary sovereignty is taken seriously within a Victorian rights framework.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
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Ford, GW, JJ Martin, P. Rengasamy, SC Boucher, and A. Ellington. "Soil sodicity in Victoria." Soil Research 31, no. 6 (1993): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9930869.
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This paper gives a broad overview of the distribution and agricultural importance of sodic soils in Victoria. Sodic soils are estimated to occupy at least 13.4 Mha, representing at least 73% of Victoria's agricultural land. Most of this land is used for dryland farming; about 85% of the cropped land and 66% of the land sown to dryland pastures occurs on sodic soils. The largest sodicity class is 'alkaline sodic', dominated by a diverse range of soils (red duplex, yellow duplex, calcareous earths and self-mulching cracking clays). Alkaline sodic soils comprise half of the total agricultural land area, or about 24% of the area of land currently used for dryland cropping and 21% of the land under sown pasture. Land degradation problems are recognized as affecting most agricultural land in Victoria, and to be substantially limiting its productivity. The nature, extent and severity of the various forms of land degradation are a consequence of both intrinsic soil properties and of management practices. There is an urgent need to improve current farming practices to prevent further deterioration of the soil resource. Existing knowledge of the behaviour of sodic soils under both dryland and irrigated agriculture is reviewed. It is concluded that substantial gains in productivity are possible, but will require effective collaboration between soil scientists, agronomists, and land managers. Collation and integration of current knowledge on the properties and management of sodic soils in Victoria, and the acquisition of additional relevant information by targeted long-term research is required. Key issues for future research are identified.
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Gates, Barbara T. "SOUND AND SCENTS." Victorian Literature and Culture 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150306051229.
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AFTER MORE THAN A DECADEscrutinizing the importance of sight in the nineteenth century, Victorian scholars are training their own sights on other senses. Books like Jonathan Crary'sTechniques of the Observer(MIT 1990), James Krasner'sEntangled Eye(Oxford 1992), and Kate Flint'sThe Victorians and the Visual Imagination(Cambridge 2000)–studies that revolutionized our understanding of why and how sight mattered in Victorian culture–have recently been complemented by books like the two under review here. Janice Carlisle'sCommon Scents: Comparative Encounters in High-Victorian Fictionand John M. Picker'sVictorian Soundscapeshave much in common. While focusing on a sense other than sight, each shifts gracefully between Victorian culture and literature, and each demonstrates concern with class and gender. Both books can certainly awaken a reader to a new recognition of what it meant to be alive during an era of rapid change and rampant class-consciousness. We sniff out others along with the characters in Carlisle's chosen novels and retreat to our own quiet studies with sighs of relief as we read about Picker's Victorian scholars' and illustrators' attempts to create soundproof studies in order to exclude the cries and clatter of London streets. As we do so, it is all but impossible to come away without a refreshed perception of what it meant to be a middle-class Victorian male, besieged by the smell of an alluring woman or the annoying sound of a persistent organ grinder.
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Azzellini, Dario. "Class Struggle in the Bolivarian Process." Latin American Perspectives 44, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x16666016.
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Workers’ initiatives and government measures in Venezuela to increase workers’ participation in the management of their companies sharply contrast with institutional actions that intend to inhibit and reduce such participation. Despite this, the movement for workers’ control in Venezuela has grown in recent years and achieved some important victories in conflicts in state companies. Las iniciativas de los trabajadores y las medidas del gobierno en Venezuela para aumentar la participación de los trabajadores en la gestión de sus compañías están en fuerte contraposición con las acciones institucionales que pretenden inhibir y reducir esa participación. A pesar de esto, el movimiento por el control obrero en Venezuela ha crecido en los últimos años y ha logrado algunas victorias importantes en varios conflictos en las compañías estatales.
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Haque, Farhana. "Depiction of Victorian Era in the Novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens." International Linguistics Research 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): p17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v1n2p17.
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Charles Dickens’ Great Expectation actually did reflect the Victorian society and therefore the morality of that era’s people inside of the novel. Since we know that Victorian era basically present some features such as virtue, strength, thrift, manners, cleanliness, honesty and chastity. These are the morals that Victorian people used to hold with high esteem. In this novel Great Expectations, Dickens has created some Victorian characters whom we have seen both in good working way or not at all. But the protagonist named Pip was dynamic and he went through some several changes and dealt with different and significant moral issues. Somehow Pip left behind all the values he was raised with. Because Miss Havisham and Estella have corrupted Pip with rich life. Greed, beauty and arrogance were his ingredient of immoral life. The other characters like Joe and Biddy were static characters throughout the entire novel and became noticeable to be the manifestation of what we call as ideal Victorians. The main heroin of this novel was Estella with whom Pip thought he had some love connection. Hence, Estella has been presented as a good in the sense of potentiality and turned morally bad. Miss Havisham, who was basically a corrupt woman and she engraved the center of the novel. Great Expectations did disclose how was the situation of Victorian society through some important features such as higher class, corrupted judicial system between rural and urban England. Here in this novel, Dickens was concern about the education system in Victorian era where the lower class people get less opportunities of getting proper education. From the beginning to the end of this novel, Dickens explored some significant issues regarding higher and lower class system of Victorian society which did fluctuate from the greatest woeful criminal named Magwitch to the needy people of the swamp country, where Joe and Biddy were the symbol of that regime. After that we can proceed to the middle class family where Pumblechook was the person to represent that regime. Last but not the least Miss Havisham symbolized and bear flag of very rich and sophisticated Victorian woman who has represented the higher class society in the novel Great Expectations. Hence we can say Great Expectations has talked and displayed the class system of Victorian England and the characters of this novel therefore also did uphold the true reflection of Victorian era.
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Sewe, Catherine Akinyi, Dr Charles Oduke, Dr George Odhiambo, and Dr Hezekiah Obwoge. "The nexus between traditional African belief and pandemics: the manifestation of nyawawa spirits amidst the spread of corona virus in the Lake Victoria basin, Kisumu, Kenya." International Journal of Culture and Religious Studies 2, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijcrs.651.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to better understand the relationship between traditional African beliefs and the prevalence, manifestation, and management of the COVID-19 pandemic among the Luo of Kisumu, Kenya. COVID-19 has had an impact on practically all of the world's continents, including Africa, since its emergence in Wuhan, China in December 2019. As the number of cases and deaths reported internationally continues to rise, everyday real-time reporting of the COVID-19 epidemic has heightened terror and anxiety among the public. There is still a lot we don't know about this condition. Authorities and scientists still don't have all of the answers to the many issues that have been raised. Because medical therapies for COVID-19 are now restricted to supportive measures aimed at easing symptoms, as well as the utilization of research medications and therapeutics, it is believed that patients will easily turn to a greater power than themselves to find hope in an otherwise bleak situation. Spirituality and religious coping become a credible option for resolving the issues of COVID-19 in Africa because the influence of religion in crisis situations cannot be neglected in Africa. The soothing impact of religion in dealing with the COVID-19 situation, has been examined in this study among Luo clans in Kisumu, Kenya. The rich religious affiliation of the Luo community gives them an opportunity to explore a faith-centric response to the pandemic individually and collectively.
Methodology: This article used Pargament's theory of religious coping to examine the coronavirus pandemic and traditional African beliefs and practices. Because Nyawawa Spirits are linked to Lake Victoria, the region has been purposefully designated. Data was collected using descriptive survey approaches such as Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions. A convenient sample of 23 respondents was chosen and interviewed on purposively. Five elders from the Luo Council of Elderss, five religious leaders from African Spirituals churches, five traditional specialists - traditional healers, five elders over the age of 70, and three chiefs from three sublocations are among the 23. All of these respondents were chosen because they are considered to be custodians of Luo traditions and practices, and hence are relevant in providing the essential exposure to the study's topic.
Findings: Following a number of other expressions of traditional beliefs and behaviors demonstrated by many Kenyan groups throughout the pandemic, this study is valid. The findings demonstrate that, rather than attributing coronavirus occurrence solely to traditional beliefs and spirituality, the majority of respondents saw it as a public health risk that should be addressed with precautionary measures. They believe that the government's restriction on social gatherings, which has harmed religious ceremonies such as burial rites, is the proper thing to do and that it is not only directed against religious and ethnic groups. Most religious leaders, on the other hand, think that some religious rituals, such as the celebration of death through elaborate rites, provide individuals with "necessary" emotional and spiritual support. Even if they are sick with the coronavirus, respondents feel that the religious rites they do can heal them.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The research fits into a unique academic niche, emphasizing how African spirituality is frequently used as a religious coping mechanism for understanding and dealing with difficult life experiences that are linked to the sacred. As a terrible and highly unanticipated event, the COVID-19 crisis fits all of the criteria for generating religious coping mechanisms. While existing works in this thematic specialization, namely human response to pandemics, have frequently emphasized the effects of modern scientific and non-religious variables, the uniqueness of this work is its alternative perspective, which focuses on covert religious mechanisms used by some African societies in the face of pandemics such as COVID-19.
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Jones, Anna Maria. "CONSERVATION OF ENERGY, INDIVIDUAL AGENCY, AND GOTHIC TERROR IN RICHARD MARSH'STHE BEETLE, OR, WHAT'S SCARIER THAN AN ANCIENT, EVIL, SHAPE-SHIFTING BUG?" Victorian Literature and Culture 39, no. 1 (December 6, 2010): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150310000276.
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There is a familiar critical narrativeabout the fin de siècle, into which gothic fiction fits very neatly. It is the story of the gradual decay of Victorian values, especially their faith in progress and in the empire. The self-satisfied (middle-class) builders of empire were superseded by the doubters and decadents. As Patrick Brantlinger writes, “After the mid-Victorian years the British found it increasingly difficult to think of themselves as inevitably progressive; they began worrying instead about the degeneration of their institutions, their culture, their racial ‘stock’” (230). And this late-Victorian anomie expressed itself in the move away from realism and toward romance, decadence, naturalism, and especially gothic horror. No wonder, then, that the 1880s and 1890s saw a surge of gothic fiction paranoiacally concerned with the disintegration of identity into bestiality (Stevenson'sThe Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1886), the loss of British identity through overpowering foreign influence (du Maurier'sTrilby, 1894), the vulnerability of the empire to monstrous and predatory sexualities (Stoker'sDracula, 1897), the death of humanity itself in the twilight of everything (Orwell'sThe Time Machine, 1895). The Victorian Gothic, thus, may be read as an index of its culture's anxieties, especially its repressed, displaced, disavowed fears and desires. But this narrative tends to overlook the Victorians’ concerns with the terrifying possibilities of progress, energy, and self-assertion. In this essay I consider two oppositions that shape critical discussions of the fin-de-siècle Gothic – horror and terror, and entropy and energy – and I argue that critics’ exploration of the Victorians’ seeming preoccupation with the horrors of entropic decline has obscured that culture's persistent anxiety about the terrors of energy. I examine mid- to late-Victorian accounts of human energy in relation to the first law of thermodynamics – the conservation of energy – in both scientific and social discourses, and then I turn to Richard Marsh's 1897 gothic novelThe Beetleas an illustration of my point: the conservation of energy might have been at least as scary as entropy to the Victorians.
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MATTHEWS-JONES, LUCINDA. "OXFORD HOUSE HEADS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE OF RELIGIOUS FAITH IN EAST LONDON, 1884–1900." Historical Journal 60, no. 3 (September 13, 2016): 721–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000273.
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AbstractThis article considers how lecturing in Victoria Park in the East End of London allowed three early heads of the university settlement Oxford House to engage local communities in a discussion about the place of religion in the modern world. It demonstrates how park lecturing enabled James Adderley, Hebert Hensley Henson, and Arthur Winnington-Ingram, all of whom also held positions in the Church of England, to perform and test out their religious identities. Open-air lecturing was a performance of religious faith for these settlement leaders. It allowed them to move beyond the institutional spaces of the church and the settlement house in order to mediate their faith in the context of open discussion and debate about religion and modern life. The narratives they constructed in and about their park sermons reveal a good deal about how these early settlement leaders imagined themselves as well as their relationship with the working-class men they hoped to reach through settlement work. A vivid picture of Victorian religious and philanthropic life emerges in their accounts of lecturing in Victoria Park.
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Regaignon, Dara Rossman. "INSTRUCTIVE SUFFICIENCY: RE-READING THE GOVERNESS THROUGH AGNES GREY." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 1 (March 2001): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301291062.
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IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND, a governess was the primary educator of male and female children in a middle-class household; particularly by virtue of her work educating girls through their mid-teens, the governess simultaneously effected and disrupted the transparent transmission of class and gender identity between generations of middle-class women. Recent scholarship has de-emphasized this pedagogical function in its readings of the figure.1 Discussion has centered, instead, on the ways in which the governess represented a crisis for early Victorian definitions of bourgeois femininity (which centered on middle-class women’s financial dependence and apparent leisure) because she was a middle-class woman who earned her own living. But to read the figure of the Victorian governess through Anne Brontë’s Agnes Grey (1847) is to see that she troubled bourgeois hegemony because of her job. I contend that the governess disturbed the early Victorians not only because she blurred the boundary between the separate spheres, but also because she dramatized the potentially illimitable effects of education. When you hire someone to teach your children, how do you ensure that she is teaching what you wish and as you wish?
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Clemann, Nick. "Cold-blooded indifference: a case study of the worsening status of threatened reptiles from Victoria, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14901.
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For the first time in the history of life, a biodiversity extinction crisis is being driven by a single species – humans. Humans also have unprecedented control over both the threats and conservation actions that influence this crisis. When prioritising conservation actions, innate human bias often favours endothermic vertebrates over other fauna. Reptiles are the least popular terrestrial vertebrate class, and consequently are particularly disadvantaged in terms of being listed as threatened and receiving conservation management. Despite 30 years of formally evaluating and listing threatened vertebrates in the Australian State of Victoria, there is a strong worsening trend in the conservation status of all faunal groups. The deteriorating status of Victorian reptiles mirrors worrying documented trends in reptile conservation status around the world. I review the history of listing threatened reptiles in Victoria, detail worsening trends in their conservation status, and suggest that, as in other parts of the world, the threats common to most listed taxa are climate change, habitat loss and degradation, and elevated rates of predation by exotic predators. I also identify poor advice and planning as a considerable threat to Victorian reptiles; this threat is rarely reported, but may be more pervasive than currently recognised. I argue that what is needed for most reptiles to have the greatest chance of persisting in the long term is prevention of habitat loss and degradation, research to underpin listing and management, improved policy so that unproven management strategies are not sanctioned, and vetting of consultant’s reports so that unproven ‘mitigation’ strategies and inadequate preimpact surveys do not mask the true cost of loss and degradation of habitat.
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Leaver, Kristen. "VICTORIAN MELODRAMA AND THE PERFORMANCE OF POVERTY." Victorian Literature and Culture 27, no. 2 (September 1999): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150399272051.
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QUESTIONSABOUT THE PERFORMATIVE NATURE of Victorian culture have received extended attention in the past decade or so as critics have begun to examine the relationship between representation and subjectivity.1 By and large, such studies have fruitfully problematized our received assumptions about the private character of the Victorians. At the same time, however, they have also implicitly privileged the middle-class frames of reference that shape the distinction, for even as they complicate our understanding of performance by calling into question the distinction between public and private modes, critics who take up such issues tend not to question the stability of the categories of experience under scrutiny. As a result, while we gain important new insights into the cultural formation of identity or genre underwritten by the separation of public and private spheres, we also risk reading all Victorians as if their relationships to such ideological formations were identical with those of the emerging middle class.
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SHEPHERD, JADE. "LIFE FOR THE FAMILIES OF THE VICTORIAN CRIMINALLY INSANE." Historical Journal 63, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 603–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000463.
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AbstractThis article uses hundreds of letters written by the families of patients committed to Victorian Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum to provide the first sustained examination of the effects of asylum committal on patients’ individual family members. It shows that, despite what historians have previously suggested, the effect on families was not solely, or even necessarily primarily, economic; it had significant emotional effects, and affected family members’ sense of self and relationships outside the asylum. It also shows that family ties and affective relationships mattered a great deal to working-class Victorians. Some found new ways to give meaning to their relationship with, and the life of, their incarcerated relative, despite the costs this entailed. By taking a new approach – engaging with the history of the family, shifting focus from patients to their individual family members, and considering factors including age, class, gender, change over time, and life stage – this article demonstrates the breadth and depth of the effects of asylum committal, and in doing so provides new and significant insights into the history of the Victorian asylum. It also enriches the history of the family by providing an insight into working-class quotidian lives, bonds, and emotions.
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Boos, Florence. "Class and Victorian Poetics." Literature Compass 2, no. 1 (January 2005): **. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4113.2005.00115.x.
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Ashrafli, Nazifa. "The gender problem in the 19th century summary." Scientific Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/porv2035.
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This article addresses the gender issue of the 19th century. XIX century in England. This century is generally considered Victorian, although this is not quite the correct idea. The Victorian era refers to the period from 1837 to 1901, when Great Britain was ruled by Queen Victoria. So Queen Victoria began her reign only in 1837. In the Victorian era (1837-1901), it was the novel that became the leading literary genre in English. Women played an important role in this growth in the popularity of both authors and readers. Circulating libraries that allowed books to be borrowed for annual subscriptions were another factor in the novel's popularity. The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of the social novel. It was a lot of things response to rapid industrialization, as well as social, political, and economic challenges associated with it and was a means of commenting on the abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor who did not profit from the English economy. Stories about the working-class poor were aimed at the middle class to help create sympathy and foster change. The greatness of the novelists of this period is not only in their veracity description of modern life, but also in their deep humanism. They believed in the good qualities of the human heart and expressed their hopes for a better future. At the end of the eighteenth century, two young poets, W. Wordsworth and S. Coleridge, published a volume of poems called "Lyric ballads". From this moment began the period of romanticism in England, although it did not last long, only three decades, but it was truly bright and memorable for English literature. It was this time that gave us many great novels. Even in the Middle ages, clear and distinct gender boundaries were drawn and stereotypes of gender behavior were defined. Everyone was assigned their own specific roles and their violation caused public hatred. A Victorian married woman was her husband's "chattel"; she had no right property and personal wealth; legal recourse in any question, if it was not confirmed by her husband. Socio-economic changes in the middle of the XIX century lead to changes in the status of women middle and lower strata: gaining material independence and sustainable development socio-economic status, women acquire a social status equal to that of men. Women are beginning to fight against double standards in relation to the sexes, for reforms in the field of property rights, divorce, for ability to work. The next step was to raise the issue of women's voting rights as a means to ensure legislative reform. Women they sought independence from men.
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Johnson, Paul. "CLASS LAW IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND." Past and Present 141, no. 1 (1993): 147–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/past/141.1.147.
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ADAMS, K. LEE. "NOT QUITE A BRAVE NEW WORLD: VICTORIA’S OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT 2004." Deakin Law Review 10, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2005vol10no2art283.
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>[</span><span>This article provides a concise overview of the Victoria’s new </span><span>Occupa- tional Health and Safety Act 2004 </span><span>(“OHSA 2004”). After outlining the Maxwell Report on which much of the OHSA 2004 is based, the article ex- amines the principal legislative provisions of the Act, especially those that differ from the </span><span>Occupational Health and Safety Act 1985 </span><span>(Vic) (“1985 Act”). Analysis of the legislation evaluates some positive developments, as well as suggests amendments. Although the OHSA 2004 contains numer- ous alterations in its scheme as compared to the 1985 Act, these changes are unlikely to usher in a brave new world of occupational health and safety regulation in Victoria.</span><span>] </span></p></div></div></div>
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Srole, Carole, and Cindy Sondik Aron. "Middle-Class Formation in Victorian America." Reviews in American History 16, no. 1 (March 1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2702063.
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Lester, Mark, and K. C. Phillipps. "Language and Class in Victorian England." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 40, no. 1/2 (1986): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1566618.
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Vicinus, Martha. "Language and class in Victorian England." Lingua 69, no. 3 (July 1986): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(86)90073-2.
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Hyman, Gwen. "“AN INFERNAL FIRE IN MY VEINS”: GENTLEMANLY DRINKING IN THE TENANT OF WILDFELL HALL." Victorian Literature and Culture 36, no. 2 (September 2008): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150308080285.
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Drinking was a serious preoccupation for mid-century English Victorians, and Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is a novel sodden with drink. This startlingly explicit novel is a troubled and troubling anatomy of upper-crust drunkenness, obsessed with issues of control and productivity, of appetites and class, as they play out across the body of its prime sot, the wealthy playboy Arthur Huntingdon. In telling her drinking tale, Brontë is doing more than simply crafting a prurient morality story, meant to scare drinkers straight. Arthur's fall into the bottle is emblematic of the increasingly untenable role of the landed gentleman in Victorian culture, and the dire consequences of his appetites suggest the possibility of a radical social revisioning across that gentleman's prone, overstuffed body.
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Vallone, Lynne. "FERTILITY, CHILDHOOD, AND DEATH IN THE VICTORIAN FAMILY." Victorian Literature and Culture 28, no. 1 (March 2000): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300281138.
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GEORGE ELIOT’S MIDDLEMARCH concludes with the summing up of the lives of her most visionary characters, bringing them to either happy fulfillment or early demise according, not to the worth of their dreams but, in part, to their success or failure in choosing a domestic partner. For Dorothea Brooke, Middlemarch’s most luminous and large-souled citizen, Eliot can finally justify no other existence than that of a devoted wife and mother. Eliot defends this apparent demotion of her heroine from modern Saint Theresa to London matron by arguing that her “study of provincial life” was of necessity the story of domestic times, when, in fact, the “heroics” of raising a family and offering “wifely help” to a husband were more noble than sororal obligation or religious mysticism. Though the novel is set in the late Georgian period just before the first Reform Bill of 1832, it was published in 1871–72, at the height of the Victorian era and is thoroughly Victorian in character. For the Victorians, the “reformed rakes” of Richardson and Fielding are no longer desirable as heads of households. The Queen herself seemed to offer a model of perfect domesticity in her large family, middle-class values, and reliance on her husband. In fact, just as Eliot concedes the dominance of the “home epic” (890), the myth of the Victorian family continues to maintain a powerful presence within contemporary American culture. Questions that still consume us today — What makes a good mother?
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Dr Saima Manzoor, Ghulam Rasool, and Shumaila Barozai. "Class conflict in Victorian fiction with especial Reference to Hardy’s novels." Al-Burz 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54781/abz.v11i1.58.
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The Victorian novel is dominated by class conflict. This research paper is an attempt to define the different classes of the society and the attitude of the Victorian novelists, especially, that of Hardy’s, towards class distinction. The present study includes the nineteenth century novelists, namely, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Charles Kingsley, George Meredith and Thomas Hardy who in their works focus upon class conflict. The paper, while highlighting the attitude of the Victorian writers towards class conflict, mainly explores the major novels of Hardy who, being highly conscious about his humble origin, presents such characters who are inclined to social improvement. In Victorian fiction the elite class is marked with meanness and moral degradation. The research study would provide relevant information about the conflict between haves and have not especially with reference to Hardy’s fiction.
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Davis, Tracy C. "Actresses and Prostitutes in Victorian London." Theatre Research International 13, no. 3 (1988): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300005794.
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Despite the tendency for Victorian performers to be credited with increasing respectability and middle-class status and for actors to receive the highest official commendations, the popular association between actresses and prostitutes and belief in actresses' inappropriate sexual conduct endured throughout the nineteenth century. In the United States, religious fundamentalism accounts for much of the prejudice, but in Great Britain, where puritanical influences were not as influential on the theatre, other factors helped to preserve the derogatory view of actresses. In certain times and places actresses did have real links with the oldest of all ‘women's professions’, but the notion that the dual identity of Roman dancers or the exploits of some Restoration performers justify the popular association between actresses and prostitutes in the Victorian era is patently insufficient. The notion persisted throughout the nineteenth century because Victorians recognized that acting and whoring were the occupations of self-sufficient women who plied their trades in public places, and because Victorians believed that actresses' male colleagues and patrons inevitably complicated transient lifestyles, economic insecurity, and night hours with sexual activity. In the spirit of Gilbert and Gubar's axiom that experience generates metaphor and metaphor creates experience, the actress and the prostitute were both objects of desire whose company was purchased through commercial exchange. While patrons bought the right to see them, to project their fantasies on them, and to denigrate and misrepresent their sexuality, both groups of women found it necessary constantly to sue for men's attention and tolerate the false imagery. Their similarities were reinforced by coexistence in neighbourhoods and work places where they excited and placated the playgoer's lust in an eternal loop, twisted like a Mobius strip into the appearance of a single surface.
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McPherson, Kathryn, James R. Conley, Gillian Creese, Peter Seixas, Elaine Bernard, Michael J. Piva, and Raymond Leger. "Workshop on Canadian Working-Class History Victoria, May 1990." Labour / Le Travail 27 (1991): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25130250.
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Bongiorno, Frank. "Class, Populism and Labour Politics in Victoria, 1890-1914." Labour History, no. 66 (1994): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509235.
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Casteras, Susan P. "John Everett Millais' “Secret-Looking Garden Wall” and the Courtship Barrier in Victorian Art." Browning Institute Studies 13 (1985): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009247250000537x.
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The Victorians Were obsessed with themes of love and courtship, which dominated the walls of the Royal Academy in increasing numbers from the middle of the century to its end. While in the early 1800s a canvas with such a subject was often entitled something like The Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne, Cupid and Psyche, or Scipio Restoring the Captive Princess to her Lover, by the 1840s the pictorial interest had shifted to essentially bourgeois portrayals. With each year thetally of courtship themes escalated, vignettes of lovelorn maidens appearing on exhibition walls alongside canvases with ludicrous titles and themes like The Leper's Bride. Within this wide scope of amorousness, however, love was firmly fixed in the Victorian consciousness as transpiring in the sovereign domain of the earthly paradise, and more precisely, in the middle-class garden or its perimeters in nature.
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Macleod, Dianne Sachko. "ART COLLECTING AND VICTORIAN MIDDLE-CLASS TASTE." Art History 10, no. 3 (September 1987): 328–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8365.1987.tb00260.x.
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Yan, Shu-chuan. "Emotions, Sensations, and Victorian Working-Class Readers." Journal of Popular Culture 50, no. 2 (April 2017): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.12535.
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Danahay, Martin. "Class, Gender, and the Victorian Masculine Subject." a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 5, no. 2 (January 1990): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989575.1990.10815456.
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Scott, Derek B. "Music and social class in Victorian London." Urban History 29, no. 1 (May 2002): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926802001062.
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This essay looks at London in the second half of the nineteenth century, when features of musical life associated with a capitalist economy and the consolidation of power of a wealthy industrial bourgeoisie became firmly established. Prominent among such features, which are all closely related to the rapid increase in urban populations, were the commercialization and professionalization of music, new markets for cultural goods, a growing rift between art and entertainment, and the bourgeoisie's struggle for cultural domination.
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Hopkins, David. "Stephen Harrison, Victorian Horace: Classics and Class." International Journal of the Classical Tradition 26, no. 2 (October 2, 2017): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12138-017-0450-x.
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Giummarra, Melita J., Rongbin Xu, Yuming Guo, Joanna F. Dipnall, Jennie Ponsford, Peter A. Cameron, Shanthi Ameratunga, and Belinda J. Gabbe. "Driver, Collision and Meteorological Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Collisions among Road Trauma Survivors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111380.
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Road trauma remains a significant public health problem. We aimed to identify sub-groups of motor vehicle collisions in Victoria, Australia, and the association between collision characteristics and outcomes up to 24 months post-injury. Data were extracted from the Victorian State Trauma Registry for injured drivers aged ≥16 years, from 2010 to 2016, with a compensation claim who survived ≥12 months post-injury. People with intentional or severe head injury were excluded, resulting in 2735 cases. Latent class analysis was used to identify collision classes for driver fault and blood alcohol concentration (BAC), day and time of collision, weather conditions, single vs. multi-vehicle and regional vs. metropolitan injury location. Five classes were identified: (1) daytime multi-vehicle collisions, no other at fault; (2) daytime single-vehicle predominantly weekday collisions; (3) evening single-vehicle collisions, no other at fault, 36% with BAC ≥ 0.05; (4) sunrise or sunset weekday collisions; and (5) dusk and evening multi-vehicle in metropolitan areas with BAC < 0.05. Mixed linear and logistic regression analyses examined associations between collision class and return to work, health (EQ-5D-3L summary score) and independent function Glasgow Outcome Scale - Extended at 6, 12 and 24 months. After adjusting for demographic, health and injury characteristics, collision class was not associated with outcomes. Rather, risk of poor outcomes was associated with age, sex and socioeconomic disadvantage, education, pre-injury health and injury severity. People at risk of poor recovery may be identified from factors available during the hospital admission and may benefit from clinical assessment and targeted referrals and treatments.
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Abdullah, Siti Aisyah Binti, and Noraini Mohamed Hassan. "PERKEMBANGAN LATIHAN PERGURUAN DI NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU BERSEKUTU: NORMAL CLASS, 1906-1917." SEJARAH 26, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol26no2.2.
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This paper examines how the British administration of the Federated Malay States (FMS) developed Normal Class to improve teacher training in English schools from 1906 to 1917. The 1902 Education Act, which made significant provisions for secondary and technical education and led to the rapid growth of training colleges in England and Wales, had an effect on the development of teacher training for English schools in the FMS. Following the suggestion of R.J. Wilkinson, Normal Classes for the training of assistant teachers commenced in January 1905 at the Victoria Institution. Initially, students from Victoria Institution and the Methodist Boy’s School were used to test the effectiveness of Normal Class. The success of Normal Class at Victoria Institution led to the opening of more such classes in the states of Perak, Melaka and Penang. Teacher training was emphasized to not only improve the quality of education in English schools but also to attract foreign investors to advance the economy especially of urban areas. This article focuses on the implementation of Normal Classes in Selangor and Perak. It has been found that, prior to the First World War, Normal Classes in Kuala Lumpur turned out to be more successful than in Perak. Teacher training in Kuala Lumpur, the administrative centre of the FMS, was desired to increase the number of local officials capable of speaking English in government departments. There was also considerable demand among capitalists for Normal Classes in English schools.
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Plata-Ramíez, José Miguel. "Moving Towards Legitimate Participation. A Venezuelan Girl Learning English in an Iowa City Elementary School." Revista Electrónica Educare 21, no. 3 (August 5, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.21-3.1.
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This qualitative case study seeks to understand and describe, in depth, the different learning processes in which a nine-year old, Venezuelan girl (Victoria) engaged to reaffirm her identity as a language learner and become a legitimate member of a community of practice during the first six months in an Iowa City Elementary School. Data collection included observations in class and at home, field notes, interviews, oral and written artifacts and e-mails. Analysis was made through a constant comparison of the data to reflect on the potential categorizations of the artifacts considering mainly two theoretical constructs: “legitimate peripheral participation” (Lave & Wenger, 1991) and “collaborative relations of power” (Cummins, 1996). Results suggest that students engage more actively in activities, which are designed to construct meaning through social participation. Legitimate participation in school activities helped Victoria improve her English language ability and reaffirm her identity. The speed with which she learned English at school is mainly due to the solid community of practice she had the fortune to participate in and Mrs. Brown’s mediation. The more she interacted, the better she performed; and the better she performed, the more she interacted. This research offers alternative ways to understand Victoria’s experience as a language learner, the complexity of a second language learning process, and the fundamental role teachers need to perform to mediate in the students’ learning to reaffirm their identities. This study represents an exemplary reflection of what we, as classroom teachers, SL/foreign language teachers, should do in our classrooms if we really want to offer students real opportunities to learn the language and help them reaffirm their identity as language learners.
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Larcombe, Wendy, Bianca Fileborn, Anastasia Powell, Nicola Henry, and Natalia Hanley. "Reforming the Legal Definition of Rape in Victoria - What Do Stakeholders Think?" QUT Law Review 15, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/qutlr.v15i2.635.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: justify;"><em><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Internationally and in Australia, rape law reforms in recent decades have had mixed outcomes. As a result, when the Victorian government began consulting on another round of major reforms in this area, the authors designed a qualitative research project to investigate whether a proposed change to the definition of rape is likely to clarify and simplify the law, as intended. This article draws on a series of semi-structured interviews with stakeholders who have extensive practice- or research-based expertise in criminal justice processing of rape cases. We analyse their perceptions and interpretations of a proposed definition of rape, which would require an absence of ‘reasonable belief’ in consent, and explore potential impacts and limits of this reform. Given that the investigated reform proposal has now been adopted, and will come into effect in July 2015, our findings provide unique insight into stakeholders’ expectations of this latest reform of rape law in Victoria. Our findings suggest that this reform, like a number of its predecessors, may struggle to achieve its policy objectives. </span></em></p>
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Dimitrova, Maria. "Bodies in Service: Representations of the Servant’s Body in Two Victorian Novels." VTU Review: Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 2 (September 29, 2022): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/caia4718.
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The article discusses the representation of the servant’s body in George Moore’s Esther Waters and the Mayhew brothers’ The Greatest Plague of Life: Or, The Adventures of a Lady in Search of a Good Servant. It considers the various uses that the servant’s body is put to, focusing in particular on the figures of the wetnurse (Esther Waters) and the footman (The Greatest Plague of Life). The article explores the numerous acts of appropriation and commodification of the servant’s body – including its costing – and its peculiar vulnerability. It also considers instances of the body’s intransigence: its refusal to abide by class boundaries and its subversion of the purposes it is required to fulfil. By addressing these issues, the article demonstrates the intimate connections which Victorian fiction traced between problems of class and social identity and problems of the body.
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Turner, Mark W. "Review of Koenraad Claes, The Late-Victorian Little Magazine (2018)." Journal of European Periodical Studies 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/jeps.v4i1.11800.
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O'BRIEN, MICHAEL. "VICTORIAN PIETY PRACTICED." Modern Intellectual History 5, no. 1 (April 2008): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244307001588.
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For some time, there has been reason for imagining that we live in neo-Victorian times. We are awash in restless evangelicals, profligate of stern and apocalyptic advice. We have had praying leaders who imagine that foreigners, usually with beards, require reform and invasion. Celts threaten secession and the Union is extolled. There is much talk of families, education, and the anxieties of class. Our novels grow long and vexed, and even have plots. Historians seek the common reader and write meandering narratives, full of metaphor, which may be purchased at railway stations.
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Barton, C. M., C. S. Gloe, and G. R. Holdgate. "Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia: A world class brown coal deposit." International Journal of Coal Geology 23, no. 1-4 (September 1993): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(93)90048-f.
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Austin, Graeme W. "The Guts of a Torts Class." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 46, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v46i3.4903.
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As a tribute to Professor Bill Atkin's unswerving dedication to the teaching of the law of torts, this article makes a few personal observations about tort law teaching at Victoria University of Wellington. The article's focus is the craft of so-called Socratic teaching, which, broadly described, involves inviting students to participate in classroom dialogue that scrutinises the quality of judicial reasoning. The article links that endeavour to the Law School’s obligation to act as a conscience and critic of society, and to its commitment to inculcate values associated with the rule of law.
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Woolnough, Guy N. "A Victorian fraudster and bigamist: Gentleman or criminal?" Criminology & Criminal Justice 19, no. 4 (May 3, 2018): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895818771377.
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This article examines the case of a Victorian gentleman who operated at the tipping point between respectable gentleman and habitual criminal. The case of Henry Wilshin allows an exploration of ideas of class and respectability in Victorian England and the problematics of the distinction between the gentleman and the convict: an analysis of Wilshin’s escapades places the deconstruction of the ‘crimes of the law-abiding’ in a Victorian context. The issues remain relevant today in debates concerning the banking industry. In the mid-19th century the expanding commercial enterprise of industrial Britain presented opportunities that were grasped by the unscrupulous, but the distinction between licit and illicit activity was far from clear. A gentleman offender like Henry Wilshin challenged Victorian assumptions of respectability. This article analyses Wilshin’s career in the context of Victorian ideas of middle-class respectability and the operations of commerce. Neutralization theory will be advanced to reconcile the contradictions in Wilshin’s life.
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PILATO, GIOVANNI, GIORGIO SABELLA, VERA D’URSO, and OSCAR LISI. "Two new species of Eutardigrada from Victoria Land, Antarctica." Zootaxa 4317, no. 3 (September 5, 2017): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4317.3.6.
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Two new species are recorded from Victoria Land (Antarctica): Mixibius felix sp. nov. and Milnesium validum sp. nov. A third species, Diphascon sanae Dastych, Ryan & Watkins, 1990, is a new report for this region of the Antarctic continent. Mixibius felix sp. nov. has a smooth cuticle, eyes present, bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the Mixibius type (rigid buccal tube without ventral lamina and with hook-shaped asymmetrical apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles); stylet supports inserted on the buccal tube at 65.7–68.0% of its length; pharyngeal bulb with apophyses and two macroplacoids; microplacoid and septulum absent; as is characteristic of the genus, the external claws are of Isohypsibius type and the internal are a modified Isohypsibius type. Milnesium validum sp. nov. has smooth cuticle; eye spots present; six triangular peribuccal lamellae with basal stripes; stylet supports inserted on the cylindrical buccal tube at 61.1–64.8% of its length; claw configuration [3-3]-[3-3] (i.e. all secondary claws with three points); secondary claws stout, with distal portion clearly wider than the basal portion and each with a rounded basal thickening (lunule); primary claws with accessory points; a long cuticular bar present under claws I–III. Adding the three above mentioned species, the list of species present in Victoria Land rises from 12 to 15; 11 of these are recorded exclusively to this region of the Antarctic continent.
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Ostrander, Paula Rae Bacchiochi. "The Disruption of Victorian Class and Gender Norms." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 4 (May 6, 2019): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v4i0.2123.
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During the late-nineteenth century, discussions surrounding female shop assistants permeated British society and culture appearing in newspapers, popular romance novels and political literature. Ultimately, through romantic literary and cultural texts “the shopgirl” emerged as a social construction, obscuring and shaping the experiences and identity of “ordinary” female shop assistants. While Victorian gender norms attempted to restrict women to the domestic sphere, the study of shopgirls illuminates the social anxieties and gender discourses that emerged alongside shifting consumption practices in Britain, resulting in the breakdown of separate gendered spaces. This paper will argue that the emergence of female shop assistants and the socially constructed “shopgirl” in the latter half of the nineteenth century transformed pre-existing Victorian class and gender norms in British society. Not only did shopgirls embody fantasies connected to consumer culture, but disrupted class and gender norms resulting in a variety of social anxieties, pertaining to the loss of female domesticity, social mobility, morality, as well as the dangers of London for women.
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WILLIAMS, SARAH C. "Victorian Religion: A Matter of Class or Culture?" Nineteenth Century Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45196917.
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WILLIAMS, SARAH C. "Victorian Religion: A Matter of Class or Culture?" Nineteenth Century Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/ninecentstud.17.2003.0013.
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Evans, Chris. "Capital, Labor, and Class in the Victorian City." Journal of Urban History 25, no. 5 (July 1999): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429902500507.
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Moeller, Keelia Estrada. "The Late-Victorian Little Magazine by Koenraad Claes." Victorian Periodicals Review 52, no. 1 (2019): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vpr.2019.0012.
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Vicinus, Martha, Dagmar Kift, and Roy Kift. "The Victorian Music Hall: Culture, Class and Conflict." American Historical Review 104, no. 2 (April 1999): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650505.
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Jacobs, Edward. "Victorian Servants, Class, and the Politics of Literacy." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 34, no. 1 (February 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2012.651282.
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