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Journal articles on the topic 'CLAD SHEETS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 16 January 2024

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1

Zhang, Dehai, Yanqin Li, Guizhong Xie, Duanqin Zhang, Shen Wu, and Jianxiu Liu. "Digital image correlation method for measuring deformations of vinyl chloride-coated metal multilayer sheets." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 05 (February 20, 2019): 1950050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919500507.

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A three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC) method is presented for measuring the deformations of vinyl chloride-coated metal (VCM) multilayer sheets and their composites. The calculations and the principle of strain and deformation measurements using the DIC method are described. A VCM multilayer sheet consists of a substrate [steel plate cold commercial (SPCC) and steel plate cold elongation (SPCE)] and a clad (a VCM film). The corresponding deformations of VCM deep-drawing multilayer sheets (SPCE as a substrate and a VCM film as a clad), VCM nondeep-drawing multilayer sheets (SPCC as a substrate and a VCM film as a clad), nondeep-drawing substrates (SPCC), deep-drawing substrates (SPCE) and clads (VCM films) were captured along the x- and y-directions in uniaxial tension experiments and using the DIC method. The maximal measured strains along the x-direction for the VCM deep-drawing multilayer sheets, VCM nondeep-drawing multilayer sheets, nondeep-drawing substrates, deep-drawing substrates and clads were, respectively, 637.835%, 132.210%, 31.688.632%, 107.102%, and 118.937%. The maximal measured strains along the [Formula: see text]-direction were 739.028%, −11.174%, −9.678%, −13.273% and 12.120%, respectively. These data show that the mechanical properties of VCM multilayer sheets are better than those of their substrates and clads. The effectiveness and accuracy of the presented DIC method for VCM multilayer sheet measurements were confirmed in a series of experiments.

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2

Rezaei Shahreza, Amir, Farshid Dehghani, and Mahmood Salimi. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Formability of Clad Sheets Copper/Stainless Steel 304L in Spinning Process." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.943.

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In present study, spinning process of clad sheets composed of Copper and Stainless steel 304L is investigated experimentally. To achieve the Copper-Steel 304L clad sheet the explosive welding method is used. In order to smooth the surface of clad sheets, a cold roll forming process was carried out. The clad sheets were heat treated to improve the metallurgical bounding and formability. The mechanical properties of copper-steel clad sheet were obtained by experimental measurements. Spinning process was performed on Copper-steel 304L clad sheets with internal layer of copper and external layer of steel. Different experimental tests are carried out to investigate the effects of some influential parameters including the tool path and the tool materials on formability of the clad sheets. Moreover, corresponding numerical simulations were made to verify the experimental values. Finally comparison of thickness strain distribution of a perfect product sample shows a reasonable agreement between numerical and experimental data.

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3

Pang, Yu Hua, Jia Wei Yuan, Qi Sun, and Yang Lei Hu. "Processing 20 Ply Clad Plate by Accumulative Clad Rolling from Stainless Steel/Aluminum/Aluminum Alloy…/Stainless Steel Sheets." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.454.

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According to the principle of accumulative roll bonding(ARB),the 20 ply clad sheet from austenitic stainless steel (STS304)/pure aluminum(Al1060)/aluminum alloy(Al3003) …/ austenitic stainless steel (STS304)sheets with excellent heat, anti-corrosion and mechanical properties of stainless steel and the high thermal and electrical conductivities of aluminum was fabricated by accumulative clad rolling (ACR). Well-bonded clad plate was successfully obtained in the procedure: Al1060 sheets with a thickness of 0.5mm and Al3003 sheets 0.5mm thick and STS304 sheets 0.5mm thick were employed. Basic clad sheet from different ply Al1060/Al3003 sheets was obtained with an initial rolling reduction of 44% at 450°C followed by annealing at 300°C, then ACR was with reduction of 50% at 550°C from STS304 on each side. The stretch property, bonding property, microscopic structure and interface composition were measured and analyzed. It was indicated that the best clad sheet had bonding strength of 129MPa and stretch strength of 225MPa. was of 129Mpa bonding strength and 225Mpa stretch strength. At the end,STS304 sheet with thickness of 3mm which being used in superior quality kitchenware and finishing material and so on was taken the place of the clad sheet from STS304 sheets of 1mm and Al1060 of 1mm and Al3003 of 1mm. Therefore, it decreased by 44% in weight and economizes rare metal elements Cr and Ni of 66% in weight.

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4

Mori, T., and S. Kurimoto. "Deformation Characteristics of Aluminum-Clad Stainless Steel Sheet Under Uniaxial Tension." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830098.

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Clad sheets are now widely used in a wide variety of industrial practices, however, determination of deformation characteristics are difficult. In this research, the unique deformation characteristics and properties of aluminum-clad stainless steel sheets produced by hot rolling process are discussed. The tensile test and characteristics of necking appearing on the clad sheet and the separate materials composing the clad sheet are examined. The results of the experiments for the stress-strain curves of the separate materials compared well with the estimated values. The stress-strain relationship of the separate materials can thus be determined from the tensile test of clad sheet.

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5

Harada, Yasunori, Hiroto Ono, and Yuki Nishikubo. "Deep Drawability of Ti/Steel/Ti Laminated Sheets." Materials Science Forum 920 (April 2018): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.920.64.

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Cladding is the bonding together of dissimilar metals. One of clad products is the titanium clad steel sheet. It is effective to cover with pure titanium sheet to improve the corrosion resistance of the steel sheet. Titanium clad steel sheets are often achieved by rolling sheets together under high pressure. In the current study, the blank comprising three laminar non-bonded sheets, such as the titanium/steel/titanium sheet, is arranged in the die. The formability of pure titanium clad sheet by multistage deep drawing was investigated to enhance corrosion resistance of steel cup. In the experiment, the blanks were pure titanium sheets JIS1-TP270, JIS2-TP340, ultralow-carbon steel SPCC, and stainless steel SUS316L. The initial thickness of the sheet was 0.2 to 0.5 mm in thickness. The blank diameter was 70 mm. The blanks are merely adjacent sheet; however, not joined with each other. In the deep drawing process, a hydraulic press was used in the experiment and the forming speed for the press was about 10 mm/min. The lubricant used was the solid powders of molybdenum disulfide. For the prevention, pure titanium blank was treated by oxide coating. The conditions of heat treatment were annealed at 973 K for 3.6 ks to 7.2 ks. By oxide coating, the titanium sheet has sufficient ability in preventing the seizure in multistage deep drawing. The drawn cups of the three-layer laminated sheet were formed. The seizure did not cause. The oxidatively-treated titanium sheets have sufficient ability in preventing the seizure. In addition, the clad cups until 6th stage were formed by multistage deep drawing. Long clad cups were successfully formed in multistage deep drawing process.

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6

Kim, Jong-Kook, Moo Young Huh, Kwang Koo Jee, and Olaf Engler. "Texture Evolution during Roll-Cladding of a Composite of Five Plies of Ferritic Stainless Steel and Aluminium Sheets." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 1681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.1681.

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A clad composite of five plies of STS/Al/Al/Al/STS was produced by roll-cladding at 350°C from ferritic stainless steel (STS) and aluminum (Al) sheets. In order to clarify the strain state during roll-cladding, the evolution of textures at different through-thickness layers in the roll-clad composite was investigated. Because the deformation mainly occurred in the Al sheets during roll-cladding, the present investigation was focused on the Al sheets. In the STS/Al/Al/Al/STS composite, the mid Al sheets between STS and center Al displayed pronounced texture gradients with shear textures and plane strain rolling textures, while the center Al sheet depicted a plane strain texture throughout the whole sheet thickness. Simulations with the finite element method (FEM) disclosed that a large variation of shear strain rate during roll-cladding led to the formation of these texture gradients.

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7

Kang, Minglong, Li Zhou, Yunlai Deng, Yajun Luo, Maoqing He, Na Zhang, Zhonghua Huang, and Lijun Dong. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 4343/3003/6111/3003 Four-Layer Al Clad Sheets Subjected to Different Conditions." Metals 12, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050777.

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To meet the lightweight demands of automobiles, Al composite sheets require excellent mechanical properties under the condition of minimal thickness after high-temperature brazing processing. Generally, the standard used Al brazing sheets have a low strength before and after brazing. To overcome this issue, this work develops a novel 4343/3003/6111/3003 four-layer Al clad sheet, whose microstructure and mechanical properties are systematically investigated. The results show the observable fibrous microstructure with elongated grains parallel to the rolling direction in the developed four-layer Al clad sheet of the cold-rolled and annealed states. After brazing, this fibrous microstructure transforms into coarse equiaxed grains. In addition, the 4343 layer is the brazing layer. Si is mainly distributed in the 4343 layer of the cold-rolled Al clad sheets, whereas Si penetrates into the core layer along the grain boundaries after brazing. The cold-rolled samples present a certain brittleness from fracture morphology, whereas the final annealed ones show a typical ductile fracture. Meanwhile, the typical intergranular fracture is visible after brazing. The mechanical properties of the Al clad sheets are improved after brazing, with an increase of 76% in tensile strength and 62% in yield strength, compared with the final annealed ones. The elongation is increased by 29% compared with that of the cold-rolled ones. This study provides a theoretical basis for further improvement of the strength of aluminum honeycomb panels.

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8

Sakaki, T., K. Kakehi, and Y. Ohtakara. "Plastic anisotropy of clad sheets." International Journal of Plasticity 7, no. 6 (January 1991): 505–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-6419(91)90042-w.

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9

Zhao, Hui, Chaochao Zhao, Yang Yang, Yizhuo Wang, Liyuan Sheng, Yixu Li, Miao Huo, Keren Zhang, Liwei Xing, and Ge Zhang. "Study on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Ti/Mg Alloy Clad Plate Produced by Explosive Welding." Metals 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030399.

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In this paper, the microstructure and properties of a Ti/Mg alloy clad plate manufactured by explosive welding were studied. The bonding interface was inspected by ultrasonic examination (US). The microstructure and the composition of the clad were characterized by OM and SEM. Properties were inspected by tensile test, shearing test, microhardness test and electrochemical corrosion. The results showed that the bonding interface of the clad plate was made up of straight areas and wavy areas. In straight areas, element diffusion occurred across the bonding interface. Additionally, in wavy areas, a melting zone occurred in the Mg alloy layer near to the bonding interface. Lots of light particles embedded on the melting zone. Tensile test results were comparable with the Ti sheet and the ultimate tensile strength of the clad plate demonstrated an 18% increase. The shearing strength of the clad plate was about 68–87 MPa. The microhardness of the clad plate was higher than that of the original sheets from the interface to 300 μm away. At over 300 μm, the microhardness of the clad plate decreased and approached the original sheets. Compared with the straight area, the hardness of the Mg alloy layer in the wavy area close to the interface increased by 12%. Corrosion results showed that the corrosion potential (Ecorr) absolute value of the clad plate increased by 24%, and the corrosion current density (icorr) value was 4 orders of magnitude lower, compared with the Mg alloy sheet. It was clear that the corrosion resistance of the clad plate was higher than that of the Mg alloy sheet. Cladding Mg alloy and Ti by explosive welding would improve the industrial applications of magnesium materials.

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10

Srinivasan, R., and G. Karthik Raja. "Experimental study on bending behaviour of aluminium-copper clad sheets in V-bending process." Mechanics & Industry 20, no. 6 (2019): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019059.

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The bimetallic sheets are used in the industrial sheet metal products to meet the demands of multi-functionality. The bending behaviour of bimetallic sheet is contributed by individual layers of the sheet and it is entirely different from the monolithic material. In this study, V-bending experiments are carried out to understand the springback, bend force and thickness change of Al-Cu clad sheets. The effect of different parameters such as sheet thickness, sheet setting condition, die angle, die opening and punch radius have been investigated. The results indicated that springback is more for smaller die angle, wider die opening and larger punch radius. Increase in die angle, increase in die opening or decrease in punch radius decreases the bend force. The clad sheet thickens at Al/Cu setting condition whereas it thins at Cu/Al setting condition. This thinning or thickening of the sheet influences the springback and bend force.

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11

Inoue, Hirofumi, Masaaki Ishio, and Takayuki Takasugi. "Texture, Tensile Properties and Press Formability of Mg-3Al-1Zn/Ti Clad Sheets Produced by Roll-Bonding." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.645.

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In order to improve corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of magnesium alloys, titanium with high specific strength was warm roll-bonded on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets. Although the AZ31 alloy before roll-bonding had a typical basal texture, the AZ31 layer that constitutes a larger part of the clad sheet clearly showed off-basal texture with c-axis inclined by about 10º from the normal direction toward the rolling direction. This texture significantly affected tensile properties of clad sheets, resulting in lower proof stress and higher elongation at the rolling direction than at the transverse direction. In deep drawing tests, the 2-layered clad sheet with an outer titanium layer could be successfully formed at temperatures considerably lower than the limiting forming temperature of an original AZ31 single sheet. This is probably due to an effect of the outer titanium layer bearing tensile stress at a shoulder part of cup and an additional effect of improved deformability by off-basal texture in the AZ31 layer.

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12

Mao, Zhiping, Jingpei Xie, Aiqin Wang, Wenyan Wang, and Douqin Ma. "Interfacial Characterization and Bonding Properties of Copper/Aluminum Clad Sheets Processed by Horizontal Twin-Roll Casting, Multi-Pass Rolling, and Annealing." Metals 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080645.

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The copper/aluminum (Cu/Al) clad sheets were produced on a horizontal twin-roll caster and then were multi-pass rolled and annealed. The thickness of the as-cast clad sheet was 8 mm. Rolling was performed with total reductions of 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50%, and 62.5%, separately. The effects of the rolling and annealing processes on the interface and peel strength of the Cu/Al clad sheets were investigated. The evolution of the interface and crack propagation were studied. The interface thickness of the as-cast clad sheet reached 9 μm to 10 μm. The average peel strength (APS) was only 9 N/mm. After multi-pass rolling, the peel strength first slightly increased and then gradually decreased with the increase of the rolling pass number. After annealing, the peel strength remarkably improved. The APS reached 25 N/mm when the rolled thickness was 7 mm. The improvement in the peel strength was due to the following three factors: (1) mechanical locking formed in the Cu/Al direct contact region after rolling, (2) the region of the Al matrix fracture, and (3) mechanical biting from the Cu/Al direct contact region.

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13

Tai, Qian. "Research on Properties Improvement of Composite Aluminum Alloy Foil Based on Cold-Rolling Cladding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 189 (July 2012): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.189.162.

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The cold-rolling cladding process of composite aluminum alloy foil for automobile heat exchanger was investigated, as well as the effects of percentage reduction of first pass, clad sheet thickness and final annealing schedule on the microstructure and properties of the foil. The results showed that bonding the clad sheets A4045 to the core material A3003 on both sides succeeds initially when the percentage reduction is 30%~50% of first pass during cold rolling, and the thickness of both the clad sheets of the composite foil are basically the same. The best sagging resistance is available when the percentage reduction of final pass is 25%~35%. The annealing temperature should be controlled in the range from 320 to 400°C before finish rolling, and the annealing time should control within 80 minutes when annealed at 400°C.

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14

Habibi Parsa, Mohammad, Seyed Vahid Mohammadi, and Ehsan Mohseni. "Thickness change and springback of cold roll bonded aluminum/copper clad sheets in air bending process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, no. 4 (August 8, 2016): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415578724.

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In this article, an advanced analytical formulation is developed to predict thickness change of an aluminum/copper clad sheet. Springback analytical formulation is also introduced using the combination of advanced and primary bending theories in air bending process. Experiments were performed to verify analytical results and to investigate the effect of different geometrical parameters such as punch stroke, die opening, punch radius and setting condition on the springback. It was observed that die opening had the most striking effect, while setting condition had a negligible effect on springback. On the other hand, setting condition played a crucial role on thickness change in bent clad sheets. Clad sheet thickened in the Al/Cu setting condition, while in the Cu/Al setting it thinned. Finite element method simulation was also applied to verify analytical predictions of the thickness change and study stress distribution in the layers of the clad sheet. Good correlation was observed between analytical and numerical results.

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15

Gao, Haitao, Hao Gu, Sai Wang, Yanni Xuan, and Hailiang Yu. "Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Interfacial Microstructure and Bonding Strength of Cu/Al Clad Sheets with a Stainless Steel Interlayer." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062119.

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To explore the influence of annealing temperatures on the interfacial structure and peeling strength of Cu/Al clad sheets with a 304 stainless steel foil interlayer, an intermediate annealing treatment was performed at temperatures of 450 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C, separately. The experimental results indicate that the interfacial atomic diffusion is significantly enhanced by increasing the intermediate annealing temperature. The average peeling strength of the clad sheets annealed at 550 °C can reach 34.3 N/mm and the crack propagation is along the steel/Cu interface, Cu-Al intermetallic compounds layer, and Al matrix. However, after high-temperature annealing treatment (600 °C), the liquid phase is formed at the bonding interface and the clear Cu/steel/Al interface is replaced by the chaotic composite interfaces. The clad sheet broke completely in the unduly thick intermetallic compounds layer, resulting in a sharp decrease in the interfacial bonding strength.

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16

Lee, Young Seon, Taek Woo Jung, Dae Yong Kim, and Young Hoon Moon. "Effects of Surface Strength and Temperature on Warm Forming of MG-AL-SUS Clad Sheet." Key Engineering Materials 443 (June 2010): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.443.183.

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Clad metal sheets are composed of one or more different materials joined by resistance seam welding, roll-bonding process, etc. Good formability is an essential property in order to deform a clad metal sheet to a part or component. Temperature is one of the major factors affected the interface strength and formability on warm forming of multilayered sheet metal. In this study, the mechanical properties and formability of a Mg-Al-SUS clad sheet are investigated. The clad sheet was deformed at elevated temperatures because of its poor formability at room temperature. Tensile tests were performed at various temperatures above 250°C and at various strain rates. The limit drawing ratio (LDR) was obtained using a deep drawing test to measure the formability of the clad sheet. Interface strength and fracture pattern were changed mainly by temperature. Uniaxial tensile strength represents entirely different type below and above 200°C at also different strain rate. Mg alloy sheet was fractured earlier more than SUS and Al alloy sheet below 250°C testing temperature. On the contrary, Mg alloy sheet was elongated much more than other metals above 250°C.

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17

Liu, Shou Fa, Fei Xue, and Song Lin Wu. "Study on Spring-Back of CU11000 Clad AL1050 Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1688.

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This study is aimed to investigate the spring-back angle of clad metal sheet in bending process by using finite element simulation and experiment to meet the growing requires in the application of clad metals. In this study, the clad metals processed into 1mm thick from CU11000 and AL1050 were bent 90o over a die with a bend radius of 1mm. The results show that there is not any relative sliding, crushing or peeling occurred in the junction of the clad material during the bending process, the spring-back angle of the clad metal is always smaller than each single metal and the CU content increasing also caused spring-back angle become small. The configuration of a harder material (CU11000) in tensile side also has a smaller spring-back angle.

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18

Shin, Je Sik, and Sung Ho Chang. "Effect of Melt Treatment on Forming and Brazing Characteristics of 4343/3003/4343 Aluminum Clad Sheet." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.457.

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In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of grain refining of 3003 core alloy on forming and brazing characteristics of 4343/3003/4343 aluminum clad sheet. Ti inoculation level was changed up to 0.1wt% by adding Al-10Ti master alloy into 3003 aluminum melt as grain refiner. The three-layer aluminum clad sheets of 0.7 mm thickness were fabricated by hot roll bonding process. The forming and brazing characteristics were evaluated by measuring FLD (forming limit diagram), bonding strength and sagging resistance.

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19

Sommer, Niklas, Florian Stredak, and Stefan Böhm. "High-Speed Laser Cladding on Thin-Sheet-Substrates—Influence of Process Parameters on Clad Geometry and Dilution." Coatings 11, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080952.

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Laser-based Directed Energy Deposition (DED-LB) represents a production method of growing importance for cladding and additive manufacturing through the use of metal powders. Yet, most studies utilize substrate materials with thicknesses of multiple millimeters, for which laser cladding of thin-sheet substrates with thicknesses less than 1 mm have only been scarcely studied in the literature. Most studies cover the use of pulsed laser sources, since sheet distortion due to excess energy input is a key problem in laser cladding of thin-sheet substrates. Hence, the authors of the present investigation seek to expand the boundaries of cladding thin-sheet substrates through the use of a high-speed laser cladding approach which utilizes a continuous-wave, ytterbium fiber laser and traverse speeds of 90 mms−1 to clad stainless steel sheets with a thickness of 0.8mm. Furthermore, fundamental process–property relationships for the target values of clad width, clad height, and dilution depth are studied and thoroughly discussed. Additionally, process maps for the target values are established based on manifold experiments, and the significance of process parameters on target values is studied using analysis of variance. The results demonstrate that clad widths as high as 1413 μm and dilution depths as low as 144 μm can be obtained by high-speed laser cladding of thin-sheet substrates. Thus, pathways toward thin-sheet substrates with enhanced performance are opened.

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20

Jo, Sang-Hyeon, and Seong-Hee Lee. "Formation of Heterogeneous Microstructure in AA1050/AA5052/AA6061/AA1050 Layered Sheet Processed by Cold Roll-Bonding and Subsequent Annealing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 4773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19267.

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A cold roll-bonding process was applied to fabricate an AA1050/AA6061/AA5052/AA1050 four-layer clad sheet and subsequently annealed. Three types of aluminum alloy sheets such as AA1050, AA6061 and AA5052 with 2 mm thickness, 40 mm width and 300 mm length were stacked up each other after such surface treatment as degreasing and wire brushing, then reduced to a thickness of 2 mm by multi-pass cold rolling. The rolling was performed at ambient temperature without lubricant using a 2-high mill with a roll diameter of 400 mm at rolling speed of 6.0 m/sec. The roll bonded AA1050/AA6061/AA5052/AA1050 clad sheet was then annealed for 0.5 h at 200~400 °C. Microstructures of the as-roll bonded and subsequently annealed aluminum sheets are investigated by electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) measurement. After rolling, the roll-bonded AA1050/AA5052/AA6061/AA1050 sheet showed a typical deformation structure that the grains are largely elongated to the rolling direction. However, after annealing, it exhibits a very heterogeneous structure consisting of both deformation structure and recrystallization structure containing nanometer order grains. The formation of this heterogeneous structure and texture with annealing is investigated in detail through EBSD analysis.

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21

Płonka, B., M. Rajda, Z. Zamkotowicz, J. Żelechowski, K. Remsak, P. Korczak, W. Szymański, and L. Snieżek. "Studies of the AA2519 Alloy Hot Rolling Process and Cladding with EN AW-1050A Alloy." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0070.

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The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of plastic forming by hot rolling of the AA2519 aluminium alloy sheets and cladding these sheets with a layer of the EN AW-1050A alloy. Numerous hot-rolling tests were carried out on the slab ingots to define the parameters of the AA2519 alloy rolling process. It has been established that rolling of the AA2519 alloy should be carried out in the temperature range of 400-440°C. Depending on the required final thickness of the sheet metal, appropriate thickness of the EN AW-1050A alloy sheet, used as a cladding layer, was selected. As a next step, structure and mechanical properties of the resulting AA2519 alloy sheets clad with EN AW-1050A alloy was examined. The thickness of the coating layer was established at 0,3÷0,5mm. Studies covered alloy grain size and the core alloy-cladding material bond strength.

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22

Paul, Henryk, Robert Chulist, and Izabela Mania. "Structural Properties of Interfacial Layers in Tantalum to Stainless Steel Clad with Copper Interlayer Produced by Explosive Welding." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070969.

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A systematic study of explosively welded tantalum and 304 L stainless steel clad with M1E copper interlayer was carried out to characterize the microstructure and mechanical properties of interfacial layers. Microstructures were examined using transmission and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, whereas mechanical properties were evaluated using microhardness measurements and a bending test. The macroscale analyses showed that both interfaces between joined sheets were deformed to a wave-shape with solidified melt zones located preferentially at the crest of the wave and in the wave vortexes. The microscopic analyses showed that the solidified melt zones are composed of nano-/micro-crystalline phases of different chemical composition, incorporating elements from the joined sheets. SEM/electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements revealed the microstructure of layers of parent sheets that undergo severe plastic deformation causing refinement of the initial grains. It has been established that severely deformed areas can undergo recovery and recrystallization already during clad processing. This leads to the formation of new stress-free grains. The microhardness of welded sheets increases significantly as the joining interface is approaching excluding the volumes directly adhering to large melted zones, where a noticeable drop of microhardness, due to recrystallization, is observed. On lateral bending the integrity of the all clad components is conserved.

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23

Tseng, Huang-Chi, Jung-Chung Hung, Chinghua Hung, and Ming-Fu Lee. "Experimental and numerical analysis of titanium/aluminum clad metal sheets in sheet hydroforming." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 54, no. 1-4 (September 19, 2010): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-2911-0.

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24

Pöplau, Julia, Sebastian Stille, Thijs Romans, Tilmann Beck, Lorenz Singheiser, and Gerhard Hirt. "The Influence of Process Parameters on the Forming of Riblets during Riblet Rolling." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.715.

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In aeronautics, economic and environmental aspects become increasingly important. As those are very much influenced by the frictional drag of the airplane, a reduction of skin friction which causes a major portion of total aerodynamic drag is desirable. One possible approach for passive drag reduction is the application of riblets small longitudinal grooves orientated in flow direction. Through an adapted rolling process, riblets can be brought into metal sheets on a large scale. For this process a thin high-strength steel wire is wound around a work roll to structure it with the negative riblet imprint. In a subsequent step the riblet profile is rolled into the sheet material. Different parameters can influence the process and the quality of the resulting riblet structure. Those parameters that depend on the sheets sheet thickness, material strength, and composition of the sheet are discussed in this paper. Form filling is used as an indicator for riblet quality. It is found that decreasing sheet thickness is beneficial for form filling, but a process dependent minimum sheet thickness exists for which this effect will reverse. Material strength is found to have a much smaller influence on form filling. Nevertheless, harder alloys seem to need a slightly smaller thickness reduction, but higher rolling forces and pressures to achieve desired form filling. Using clad instead of bare materials has a positive influence on form filling and riblet structuring. Furthermore, riblet rolling does not reduce the fatigue strength of the clad material.

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Wang, Pengju, Ning Zhong, Liyue Tu, Weiming Hong, Yanming Lv, Yonghong Chen, Jian Sun, Caiyong Luo, Zejun Chen, and Qian Tang. "Fabrication of AlZn4SiPb/Steel Clad Sheets by Roll Bonding: Their Microstructure and Mechanical Properties." Crystals 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020292.

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An AlZn4SiPb/steel clad composite was prepared via roll bonding at room temperature. The influence of solution and aging treatment on the structure and performance of the clad composite was investigated. The results show that the Al/steel clad composites exhibited satisfactory interfacial adhesion. Pb of the aged Al matrix was spheroidized and uniformly dispersed. An uneven interfacial transition area with a thickness of 30–150 nm was observed for the aged sample. Some rod-shaped nanoscale β’ phases occurred in the aged Al matrix. After the solution and aging treatment, the steel layer recovered, and the γ-fibre texture increased. The tensile strength for individual Al alloy layer improved. The yield ratio of the aged clad sheet was lower than that of the initial sample. The tensile strength values of the composites were consistent with the computed values from the rule of mixture. The interfacial bonding strength of the initial sample was 70 MPa; the aged sample greatly improved and reached 130 MPa in strength.

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EDO, Masakazu, Shuu KURODA, Akira WATANABE, and Ken TOHMA. "Localized corrosion of aluminum clad sheets in alkaline solution." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 53, no. 2 (2003): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.53.55.

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27

Seyedkashi, S. M. H., H. D. Abazari, M. Hoseinpour Gollo, Y. Y. Woo, and Y. H. Moon. "Characterization of laser bending of SUS304L/C11000 clad sheets." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (July 2019): 3223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-019-0617-2.

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Utsunomiya, Hiroshi, Soichiro Maeda, Tetsuyuki Imai, and Ryo Matsumoto. "Necking condition of layers in clad sheets during rolling." CIRP Annals 67, no. 1 (2018): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2018.04.056.

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29

Ren, Daxin, Yanhua Ma, and Rencheng Zheng. "Fe/Mg/Fe Multilayer Composite Sheet Fabricated by Roll Cladding." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 4732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144732.

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A new multilayer composite sheet consisting of Fe/Mg/Fe was fabricated from galvanized steels and Mg alloy sheets via roll cladding. The clad steel improved the Mg surface hardness from HV 65 to HV 132. Bonding occurred as the reduction ratios increased up to over 10%. Investigation of the microstructure of the Mg/steel interface revealed a 5 μm- to 10 μm-thick transition layer between Mg and each steel sheet, consisting of Zn and an intermetallic compound (0.97Mg–0.03Zn). Zinc coating from the galvanized steel sheet improved the metallurgical bonding between Mg and Fe by forming new intermetallic phases.

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30

Yuan, Ting, Mingming Zuo, Zhipeng Yuan, Jingzhen Wang, Zili Liu, Quancheng Zhang, and Yiyou Tu. "The Effect of Microstructural Evolution on the Brazeability of Two-Layer Al Sheets." Crystals 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101387.

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In this study, the microstructural evolution and the interaction between the clad and the core alloys that occurs during the brazing process of two-layer Al sheets with equiaxed grains were examined. The study was carried out using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES). The effects of microstructure on the brazing performances of two-layer sheets were clarified. Although the grains were fine and equiaxed before brazing, three typical microstructural evolutions happened during brazing, corresponding to three kinds of interactions between the clad and core alloys of the aluminum brazing sheets. In the alloys, which had either relatively uniform grain growth or no grain growth, the interaction between the clad alloy and the core alloy was weak; accordingly, they showed a smooth surface, an even microstructure, faint element mutual diffusion, and eventually good brazeability. Meanwhile, in the alloy with obvious abnormal grain growth (AGG), strain-induced liquid-film migration (SILFM) occurred when the energy was too low to cause strain-induced boundary migration (SIBM). This led to rough and uneven surface morphology, significant mutual diffusion, and surface segregation of elements; eventually, this produced the worst brazeability.

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31

Luo, Chunhui, Dashu Peng, and Zuohui Xu. "Numerical modelling of gold-roll bonding of clad metal sheets." Journal of Central South University of Technology 4, no. 2 (November 1997): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-997-0013-4.

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32

Bambach, Markus, Michael P. Pietryga, A. Mikloweit, Gerhard Hirt, and Kai F. Karhausen. "Finite Element Implementation of a Bonding Model and Application to Roll Bonding of Aluminum Sheets of Largely Different Yield Strength." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.644.

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Roll bonding is a joining-by-forming operation, in which two or more metallic strips or plates are bonded permanently through the pressure and plastic deformation in the roll gap. Although roll bonding has been successfully used in industrial production over many years, difficulties occur especially when materials of largely different yield strength are roll-bonded, e.g. when hard aluminum alloys are clad with soft commercially pure aluminum. Examples are AA2024 sheets used in wing and fuselage structures of aircrafts, which are clad with AA1050 to improve the corrosion resistance. Likewise, aluminum sheets for heat exchangers consist of a hard base material that is clad with a soft solderable aluminum alloy. In these cases, the strength difference may influence the bonding behavior since the softer face sheet has to transmit the deformation to the harder core material. To analyze and optimize such cases, a bonding model integrated into a numerical framework for the simulation of the roll bonding process is required. In this paper, a finite element model is presented, in which the development of bond strength is simulated using a cohesive contact formulation. The model is used to study the bonding behavior of laboratory-scale roll bonding trials of two aluminum alloys with a large difference in yield strength. It is found that shear stresses are generated towards the end of the roll gap that may exceed the shear bond strength created earlier in the roll gap such that no firm bond is obtained. The conditions under which bonding is successful are analyzed using a finite element simulation study with varying yield stress differences and pass reductions and summarized in a map.

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33

Zhang, Jian-jun, Wei Liang, and Hai-tao Li. "Effect of thickness of interfacial intermetallic compound layers on the interfacial bond strength and the uniaxial tensile behaviour of 5052 Al/AZ31B Mg/5052 Al clad sheets." RSC Advances 5, no. 127 (2015): 104954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15357c.

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The different thickness of intermetallic compound (IMC) layers at interface influence the interfacial bond strength, and which would further affect the tensile behavior of 5052 Al/AZ31B Mg/5052 Al clad sheets fabricated by hot rolling.

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34

Miyajima, Yoji, Kotaro Iguchi, Susumu Onaka, and Masaharu Kato. "Effects of Rolling Reduction and Strength of Composed Layers on Bond Strength of Pure Copper and Aluminium Alloy Clad Sheets Fabricated by Cold Roll Bonding." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/614821.

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Three types of clad sheets, Cu/Al, Cu/AA5052, and Cu/AA5083, were produced by cold roll bonding with the rolling reduction of 50% and 75%. Tensile shear tests which give tensile shear strength were performed in order to assess the bond strength. Scanning electron microscopy was performed on the fractured interface produced by the tensile shear tests, which suggests that the fracture occurs within the Al alloy layer. The tensile shear strengths considering the area fraction of deposit of Al alloy on Cu side were compared with the shear stress converting from the ultimate tensile strengths. As a result, the tensile shear strength of the clad sheets is attributed to the shear strength of Al alloy layer close to the well bonded interface. A simple model was proposed that explains the effects of the rolling reduction and area fraction of deposit of Al alloy.

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35

Raghukandan, Krishnamorthy, and Somasundaram Saravanan. "Production of Wire Mesh Reinforced Aluminium Composites through Explosive Compaction." Materials Science Forum 910 (January 2018): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.910.41.

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In this study, aluminum based composites with stainless steel wire-mesh as reinforcement is fabricated by explosive compaction technique. Stacks containing four layers of alternatively positioned aluminum sheets and stainless steel wire-meshes are explosively compacted at varied explosive masses and the results are reported. Microstructure of explosive compacted aluminum composite reveal a smooth interface at lower explosive mass, while formation of reacted products are observed at higher energetic conditions. Though the hardness of the post clad composite is higher than pre-clad materials, the maximum hardness is observed at the first interface.

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36

Kumai, Shinji, Yusuke Takayama, Ryoji Nakamura, Daisuke Shimosaka, Yohei Harada, and Min Seok Kim. "Application of Vertical-Type High-Speed Twin-Roll Casting for Up-Grade Recycling and Clad Sheets Fabrication of Aluminum Alloys." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.56.

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A horizontal-type twin roll casting method has been popular for producing aluminum alloy strips, however, it is characterized by a relatively low productivity (1~6 m/min). In contrast, a vertical-type high-speed twin-roll casting method possesses an extremely high productivity (60~120 m/min (1~2 m/s)) and an excellent heat extraction ability. The rapid cooling effect provided significant microstructure refinement and mechanical properties improvement in various kinds of cast aluminum alloy products. Not only “product to product recycling” but also “up-grade recycling” can be achieved by making good use of these merits. Two examples of application showing the potential of vertical-type high-speed twin roll casting method are presented. (1) Several kinds of Al-Si base alloy were cast into the strips. Not only strength and toughness but also formability was increased in the twin roll cast products. In particular, great improvement in deformability shows the potential of the twin-roll cast aluminum alloy products as substitutes for some wrought aluminum alloy products. (2) The vertical-type tandem twin-roll caster was able to fabricate a clad strip by single step. The A4045/A3003/A4045 aluminum alloy clad sheets produced by the twin-roll casting showed better mechanical properties than the conventional hot-roll bonded clad sheets.

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37

Asim, K., W. F. Hosford, Jwo Pan, Sun-Tae Hong, and K. S. Weil. "Mechanical Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Nb-Clad Stainless Steel Sheets." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2009): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1393.

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38

Miura, O., K. Miyazaki, A. Takahashi, R. Watanabe, and T. Miwa. "Fabrication of thin-film multilayer substrate using copper clad polyimide sheets." IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 16, no. 8 (1993): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.273679.

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39

Lee, Se-Hyeong, and Dong Nyung Lee. "Slab analysis of roll bonding of silver clad phosphor bronze sheets." Materials Science and Technology 7, no. 11 (November 1991): 1042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1991.7.11.1042.

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40

Macwan, A., V. K. Patel, X. Q. Jiang, C. Li, S. D. Bhole, and D. L. Chen. "Ultrasonic spot welding of Al/Mg/Al tri-layered clad sheets." Materials & Design (1980-2015) 62 (October 2014): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.035.

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41

Tanaka, Hirokazu, and Hiroshi Ikeda. "Cooling waterside corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy clad sheets for automotive radiator." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 70, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.70.268.

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42

Yoshida, Fusahito, and Ryutaro Hino. "Forming limit of stainless steel-clad aluminium sheets under plane stress condition." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 63, no. 1-3 (January 1997): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(96)02601-5.

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43

Akramifard, H. R., H. Mirzadeh, and M. H. Parsa. "Estimating interface bonding strength in clad sheets based on tensile test results." Materials & Design 64 (December 2014): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.066.

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44

Bordo, Kirill, Visweswara C. Gudla, Lionel Peguet, Andreas Afseth, and Rajan Ambat. "Electrochemical profiling of multi-clad aluminium sheets used in automotive heat exchangers." Corrosion Science 131 (February 2018): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.11.011.

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45

Dunford, D. V., and P. G. Partridge. "The peel strengths of diffusion bonded joints between clad Al-alloy sheets." Journal of Materials Science 22, no. 5 (May 1987): 1790–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01132408.

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46

Nie, Huihui, Wei Liang, Fuqian Yang, Liuwei Zheng, Xianrong Li, and Haiwei Fan. "Texture Evolution of Single-Pass Hot-Rolled 5052/AZ31/5052 Clad Sheets." JOM 68, no. 8 (June 6, 2016): 2274–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-016-1923-0.

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47

Szabó, Gábor, Valéria Mertinger, István Zupkó, and Tamás Mikó. "Technological Investigation of Clad Sheet Bonding by Hot Rolling." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.243.

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In this study the bonding properties of three layer-plated aluminum sheets are investigated. The alloys applied in specific layers were as follows: AlMn1Si0.8 (core alloy) and AlSi10 (liner). The bonding was performed on a Von Roll experimental roll mill using hot rolling. The experimental temperatures were 460, 480 and 500 °C, respectively. To qualify bond development, T-peel test was used. The test was performed using an Instron universal material testing machine. T-peel test can be well used for the qualification of bond strength as the peel-off force and bond value developed on contacting surfaces are proportional. In addition to T-peel test, optical micrographs and SEM micrographs were also captured, in which typical bond faults were sought. The study aims at modelling the technology used in industry and exploring some typical bond faults as well as suggesting the causes generating these and their remedy. The impact of surface roughening before heating was studied as well. Also, the study aimed at confirming the suitability of T-peel test to qualify bond strength.

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48

Movahedi, M., A. H. Kokabi, and S. M. Seyed Reihani. "Investigation on friction stir lap welding of aluminium to aluminium clad steel sheets." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 17, no. 3 (April 2012): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171811y.0000000101.

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49

Li, S., W. Gao, Q. Y. Hu, H. K. Liu, and S. X. Dou. "The fracture behaviour of (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+x polycrystals clad with silver sheets." Physica C: Superconductivity 295, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(97)01742-5.

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Imai, Tetsuyuki, Hiroshi Utsunomiya, and Ryo Matsumoto. "Finite Element Analysis of Plastic Instability Phenomenon in Cold Rolling of Clad Sheets." Procedia Engineering 184 (2017): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.099.

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