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Šmajs, David, and George M. Weinstock. "The Iron- and Temperature-RegulatedcjrBC Genes of Shigella and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli Strains Code for Colicin Js Uptake." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 13 (July 1, 2001): 3958–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.13.3958-3966.2001.
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ABSTRACT A cosmid library of DNA from colicin Js-sensitive enteroinvasiveEscherichia coli (EIEC) strain O164 was made in colicin Js-resistant strain E. coli VCS257, and colicin Js-sensitive clones were identified. Sensitivity to colicin Js was associated with the carriage of a three-gene operon upstream of and partially overlapping senB. The open reading frames were designated cjrABC (for colicin Js receptor), coding for proteins of 291, 258, and 753 amino acids, respectively. Tn7 insertions in any of them led to complete resistance to colicin Js. A near-consensus Fur box was found upstream ofcjrA, suggesting regulation of the cjroperon by iron levels. CjrA protein was homologous to iron-regulatedPseudomonas aeruginosa protein PhuW, whose function is unknown; CjrB was homologous to the TonB protein fromPseudomonas putida; and CjrC was homologous to a putative outer membrane siderophore receptor from Campylobacter jejuni. Cloning experiments showed that the cjrBand cjrC genes are sufficient for colicin Js sensitivity. Uptake of colicin Js into sensitive bacteria was dependent on the ExbB protein but not on the E. coli K-12 TonB and TolA, -B, and -Q proteins. Sensitivity to colicin Js is positively regulated by temperature via the VirB protein and negatively controlled by the iron source through the Fur protein. Among EIEC strains, two types of colicin Js-sensitive phenotypes were identified that differed in sensitivity to colicin Js by 1 order of magnitude. The difference in sensitivity to colicin Js is not due to differences between the sequences of the CjrB and CjrC proteins.
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Barbier, E., J. Carpentier, O. Simonin, A. Chaumy, W. Laine, S. Anthérieu, P. Marchetti, J. M. Lo Guidice, J. Kluza, and G. Garçon. "OS01-09 Mitochondrial dysfunction trigerred by air pollution-derived ultrafine particles chronic exposure in the lungs of Balb/cJRj mice." Toxicology Letters 384 (September 2023): S61—S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(23)00419-8.
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Min, Arim, Bo-eun Kwon, Hyunjeong Kim, Hyunkyung Park, Jiyoung Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, and Byoung Chul Cho. "Abstract 3527: Novel bacteria strains, CJRS-10671 and CJRS-10672, enhance anti-tumor efficacy in LLC1 syngeneic model and humanized PDX mice model." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3527.
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Abstract Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor has emerged as remarkable therapeutic that improves the anti-cancer effect of patients. However, response rate is low in a large proportion of patients. The overall efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy remains unsatisfactory. Recently, live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) have emerged as potential therapeutics to overcome the limitation of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Here, we demonstrated the efficacy of CJRS-10671 and CJRS-10672 in tumor bearing mice models. Methods: To evaluate anti-tumor effects, 109 CFU/mouse CJRS-10671 was administered via oral gavage twice daily (BID) alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 (10 mg/kg, QOD, i.p.) for 10 days in a Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC1) syngeneic tumor model. Tumor growth was measured by calipers 3 times per week. We analyzed immune cell profiles by flow cytometry. In lung squamous cell carcinoma patient derived xenograft (PDX) model,109 CFU/mouse CJRS-10671 and CJRS-10672 were orally administered twice daily (BID) alone or in combination with pembrolizumab (10 mg/kg, Q5D, i.p.) for 35 days. Tumor growth was measured by calipers 3 times per week. We analyzed immune cell profiles and single cell RNA sequencing. Results: In LLC1 syngeneic tumor model, CJRS-10671 alone suppressed tumor growth comparable to that of immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-1 antibody) only treatment group. Combined administration of CJRS-10671 and immune checkpoint inhibitor significantly suppressed tumor growth (p<0.05). We found that combination of CJRS-10671 with anti-PD-1 antibody increased the population of CD8+IFN-γ+ cells in splenocytes and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs).In humanized PDX model, CJRS-10671 alone significantly suppressed tumor growth compared with that of vehicle control and pembrolizumab only treatment (p<0.001). CJRS-10672 alone suppressed tumor growth compared with that of vehicle control (p<0.001) which is comparable with the efficacy of pembrolizumab alone. Combined administration of CJRS-10672 and pembrolizumab further significantly suppressed tumor growth than pembrolizumab alone (p<0.01). None of the mice in pembrolizumab showed more than 75% tumor growth inhibition cut-off (TGI-75%). Fifty percent of the mice in CJRS-10671 single treated group showed over TGI-75%. The groups of pembrolizumab combination with CJRS-10672, pembrolizumab combination with CJRS-10671, CJRS-10672 alone were observed 25%, 20%, and 11.1%, respectively (>TGI-75%).We confirmed that administration of CJRS-10671 increased population of CD8+ central memory T cells in tumor. Also, TGI (%) directly related features were mostly antigen presentation and monocyte origin cells, especially macrophage in immune-profiling analysis. Furthermore, we observed that CJRS-10671 and CJRS-10672 were associated with signaling of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and especially CJRS-10671 was related to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling by single cell RNA sequencing analysis. Conclusion: CJRS-10671 and CJRS-10672, single administration or combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, have potential anti-tumor effect. Citation Format: Arim Min, Bo-eun Kwon, Hyunjeong Kim, Hyunkyung Park, Jiyoung Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Byoung Chul Cho. Novel bacteria strains, CJRS-10671 and CJRS-10672, enhance anti-tumor efficacy in LLC1 syngeneic model and humanized PDX mice model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3527.
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Zhu, Zhende, Xiangcheng Que, Zihao Niu, and Wenbin Lu. "Model Test Study on the Anisotropic Characteristics of Columnar Jointed Rock Mass." Symmetry 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091528.
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Because of its special structure, the anisotropic properties of columnar jointed rock mass (CJRM) are complicated, which brings difficulty to engineering construction. To comprehensively study the anisotropic characteristics of CJRM, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on artificial CJRM specimens. Quadrangular, pentagonal and hexagonal prism CJRM models were introduced, and the dip direction of the columnar joints was considered. Based on the test results and the structural features of the three CJRM models, the deformation and strength characteristics of CJRM specimens were analyzed and compared. The failure modes and mechanisms of artificial specimens with different dip directions were summarized in accordance with the failure processes and final appearances. Subsequently, the anisotropic degrees of the three CJRM models in the horizontal plane were classified, and their anisotropic characteristics were described. Finally, a simple empirical expression was adopted to estimate the strength and deformation of the CJRM, and the derived equations were used in the Baihetan Hydropower Station project. The calculated values are in good agreement with the existing research results, which reflects the engineering application value of the derived empirical equations.
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Chao, Zhiming, Guotao Ma, Xiewen Hu, and Yuzhe Zhu. "Investigation of Anisotropic Permeability and Porosity of CJRM considering Different Confinement Loading Pressures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 3, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4609578.
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An innovative method is proposed to prepare artificial columnar jointed rock masses (CJRM) with different columnar dip angles, and laboratory physical model tests are conducted to investigate anisotropic permeability and porosity characteristics of the prepared artificial CJRM. In the physical model experiment, permeability and porosity of artificial CJRM with different columnar dip angles is measured during three times cyclic loading and unloading of confinement pressure. Based on the results of the laboratory model tests, the Equivalent Continuum Media Model was applied to analyse anisotropic permeability of CJRM. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. In the first loading phase of confinement pressure, the impacts of confinement pressure on the anisotropic permeability of artificial CJRM, porosity, and the major and minor principle permeability coefficients (PPCs) are significant, while in the following stages of confinement pressure loading and unloading, the change of them is small, with stable value. Permeability of artificial CJRM gradually increases with rise of columnar dip angle, and the permeability anisotropy of artificial CJRM under low confinement pressure is higher than that under low confinement pressure.
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Min, Arim, Chun-bong Synn, Seong-san Kang, Bo-eun Kwon, Junwon Yang, Hyunkyung Park, Jieun Im, et al. "Abstract 6433: A novel bacterial strain, CJRB-101, induces anti-cancer effects by repolarization of M2 to CXCL9 and CXCL10 dual expressing M1 macrophages in humanized non-small cell lung cancer mice models." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (April 4, 2023): 6433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-6433.
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Abstract Backgrounds: Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) emerged as potential therapeutics to overcome the limitation of ICIs. This research shows that CJRB-101, a novel bacterial strain, can improve anti-tumor effects in synergy with pembrolizumab in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Objectives and Methods: Tumors from NSCLC patients (anti-PD-1 refractory and resistant) were transplanted into Hu-CD34-NSG to establish humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice models. Five models (YHIM-2003, 2004, 2009, 2010 and 2014) were treated with CJRB-101 at low (5 × 107 CFU) or high (109 CFU) doses, or with pembrolizumab (10 mg/kg, i.p., Q5D) or in combination. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) rate was measured. Tumor microenvironment (TME) was analyzed using multiplex IHC, flow cytometry and single cell RNA sequencing. Ex-vivo assays were performed to validate in silico findings. Results: Tumor in PDX models was unresponsive to pembrolizumab alone, however, in combination with CJRB-101 effectively suppressed tumor growth. The synergy was highlighted in YHIM-2009 where TGI was 10-fold higher (56%) than pembrolizumab group (5%). Immune profiling revealed that macrophages may be responsible for the anti-tumor effects of CJRB-101. IHC showed significantly increased antigen presenting specialized DCs (CD16+CD68−CD11c+) and granzyme B+ CD8+ T cells in the tumor by CJRB-101 compared to pembrolizumab (p<0.01). This suggested that CJRB-101 induced infiltration of cytotoxic CD8 T cells into the tumor nest by enhancing antigen presenting machinery. Trajectory analysis showed that CJRB-101 induced repolarization of M2 to M1 macrophages, characterized by high expression of CXCL9/10. CXCL9+/10+ M1 macrophages were comparatively more abundant in the combination group (23.11%) than the pembrolizumab group (0.91%). CXCL9/CXCL10 expression in macrophages was higher in the CJRB-101 group compared to the pembrolizumab group (p<0.0001). The combination group (10.84%) had a higher relative abundance of CD8+ T cells compared to the pembrolizumab group (1.58%) and higher IFNγ expression in CD8+ T cells compared to the pembrolizumab group (p=0.0152), suggesting that CJRB-101 repolarized macrophages and recruited active CD8+ T cells. Co-culture assays using bone marrow-derived macrophages validated that CJRB-101 drove differentiation towards F4/80+ or MHC II+ expressing M1 macrophage (p<0.0001) and repolarized existing M2 (CD206+) to M1 (p=0.0002). Conclusion: Combination treatment of CJRB-101 with anti-PD-1 showed synergistic anti-tumor effects via repolarization of M2 to M1 macrophages, leading to activation of CD8+ T cells in TME. Especially, CXCL9+/10+ M1 macrophage playing a key role in TGI induced by CJRB-101 in NSCLC models. Findings from this study provided rationale for clinical investigation of CJRB-101. Citation Format: Arim Min, Chun-bong Synn, Seong-san Kang, Bo-eun Kwon, Junwon Yang, Hyunkyung Park, Jieun Im, Hyunjeong Kim, Sujeong Beak, Dong Kwon Kim, Jii Bum Lee, Hyeonseok Oh, Seung Min Yang, Yu Jin Han, Mi hyun Kim, Heekyung Han, Kwangmin Na, Young Taek Kim, Sungwoo Lee, Mi Ran Yun, Jae Hwan Kim, Youngseon Byeon, Young Seob Kim, Ji Yun Lee, Chang Gon Kim, Min Hee Hong, Sun Min Lim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Byoung Chul Cho. A novel bacterial strain, CJRB-101, induces anti-cancer effects by repolarization of M2 to CXCL9 and CXCL10 dual expressing M1 macrophages in humanized non-small cell lung cancer mice models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6433.
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Kim, Jung-Hwan, Heejung Yang, and Kee K. Kim. "Camellia japonica Root Extract Increases Antioxidant Genes by Induction of NRF2 in HeLa Cells." Plants 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212914.
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Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae) has been used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes in East Asian countries. Most functional components were obtained from the upper parts of the tree, such as leaves, flowers, or seeds. Here, we report a functional effect of the 80% methanolic extract of C. japonica root (CJRE) on antioxidative stress in HeLa cells. The nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a key transcription factor that triggers the induction of oxidative stress-relating genes and drug detoxification. As result, CJRE showed a strong anti-radical scavenging effect in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the induction of antioxidant response elements (ARE)-luciferase activity was maximized at CJRE 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, CJRE induced the mRNA levels of HO-1 and NQO1 by the nuclear NRF2 accumulation. As a possible mechanism of Nrf2 activation, the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 signaling might fortify the NRF2 induction as well as its stability. However, the phosphorylation of AKT is rather decreased. Taken together, CJRE may potentiate the antioxidant effects by increasing the NRF2 signaling through MAP kinase signaling and the properties of its radical scavenging activity. Thus, CJRE could apply for other medicinal and cosmetic purposes.
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Xu, Jianrong, Hao Li, Qingxiang Meng, Weiya Xu, Mingjie He, and Jiahui Yang. "A Study on Triaxial Unloading Test of Columnar-Jointed-Rock-Mass-Like Material with AW Velocity Analysis." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 24, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6693544.
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To study the strength, deformation, and failure patterns of columnar-jointed-rock-mass (CJRM) under unloading conditions, triaxial unloading tests using the CJRM-like material samples are carried out, and acoustic wave (AW) velocities are simultaneously recorded. Based on stress-strain curves and AW velocities under different initial confining pressures and unloading rates, the stress-strain characteristics, strength, and deformation parameters, failure modes, and variation of the AW velocity are analyzed. Test results show that the CJRM may exhibit intense volume expansion during the unloading process. With the increase of the unloading and its rate, the volume expansion becomes more serious and the failure mode becomes more complicated. By reducing the unloading (rate), a phenomenon of unloading relaxation is observed and the quality of CJRM is significantly improved. The AW velocity of CJRM shows a strong correlation with the volume strain, which verifies the effectiveness of applying AW velocity for assessing the rock quality. It is hoped that the research results may provide a reference for the construction and operation of the Baihetan Hydropower Project.
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Niu, Zihao, Zhende Zhu, and Xiangcheng Que. "Constitutive Model of Stress-Dependent Seepage in Columnar Jointed Rock Mass." Symmetry 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12010160.
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Columnar jointed rock mass (CJRM) is a highly symmetrical natural fractured structure. As the rock mass of the dam foundation of the Baihetan Hydropower Station, the study of its permeability anisotropy is of great significance to engineering safety. Based on the theory of composite mechanics and Goodman’s joint superposition principle, the constitutive model of joints of CJRM is derived according to the Quadrangular prism, the Pentagonal prism and the Hexagonal prism model; combined with Singh’s research results on intermittent joint stress concentration, considering column deflection angles, the joint constitutive model of CJRM in three-dimensional space is established. For the CJRM in the Baihetan dam site area, the Quadrangular prism, the Pentagonal prism and the Hexagonal prism constitutive models were used to calculate the permeability coefficients of CJRM under different deflection angles. The permeability anisotropy characteristics of the three models were compared and verified by numerical simulation results. The results show that the calculation results of the Pentagonal prism model are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. The variation of permeability coefficient under different confining pressures is compared, and the relationship between permeability coefficient and confining pressure is obtained, which accords with the negative exponential function and conforms to the general rule of joint seepage.
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Wang, Luxiang, Zhende Zhu, Shu Zhu, and Junyu Wu. "A Case Study on Tunnel Excavation Stability of Columnar Jointed Rock Masses with Different Dip Angles in the Baihetan Diversion Tunnel." Symmetry 15, no. 6 (June 9, 2023): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15061232.
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Columnar jointed rock mass (CJRM) formed by intact rock divided by special symmetrical columnar joints is a special type of rock with poor mechanical properties, strong anisotropy, and weak self-supporting ability, severely affecting the excavation safety and stability of underground tunnels. In this study, taking the Baihetan hydropower station as the engineering background, CJRM geological numerical models with different dip angles that combined well with the natural CJRM were generated based on the geological statistical parameters of the engineering site and were verified to have high rationality and accuracy. Tunnel excavation and overloading tests were carried out on these numerical models, and the results showed that the stress and displacement distributions after excavation exhibited strong anisotropic characteristics under different dip angles, and the positions where engineering safety problems are most likely to occur are the side walls, which are prone to stress-structure-controlled failure mode. The self-supporting ability at different dip angles after excavation from weak to strong are 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 30°, 0°, and 15°. The safety factors assessed by overloading for CJRM with dip angles of 0–90° degrees were 2.5, 2.6, 2.6, 1.8, 2.1, and 2.2, respectively, providing a valuable reference for the construction safety and support measures of CJRM excavation.
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Walker, Dick. "CJRS ? a tribute." International Endodontic Journal 40, no. 5 (May 2007): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01273.x.
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Xia, Yingjie, Chuanqing Zhang, Hui Zhou, Chunsheng Zhang, and Wangbing Hong. "Mechanical Anisotropy and Failure Characteristics of Columnar Jointed Rock Masses (CJRM) in Baihetan Hydropower Station: Structural Considerations Based on Digital Image Processing Technology." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193602.
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The columnar joints in Baihetan hydropower station are primary tensile joints since they were formed during the process of lava condensation. Understanding the influence of columnar jointed rock mass (CJRM) on the mechanical response and failure modes is the basis for designing of associated engineering works. Hence, the structural characteristics of Baihetan CJRM were analyzed by carrying out a geological survey at first. Three groups of numerical models capable of reflecting the structural characteristics of CJRM were then established to analyze the mechanical and failure characteristics. The results in this study showed that: (1) Irregularity of columnar basalt restricted crack propagation on columnar joints and also led to stress concentration in the distorted parts, and thus, damage of basalt columns; (2) when the included angle between direction of concentrated defect structures in CJRM and uniaxial stress was large, the defect structures can prevent crack propagation on columnar joints, and the failure of defect structure can cause the overall failure of the rock mass; and (3) under the condition of same columnar structure and included angle, the peak strength of models with microcracks and structural plane was low and the irregular shape of columnar joints decreased the anisotropy of mechanical parameters.
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Warner, R. M., J. E. Erwin, and A. G. Smith. "285 Interaction between Cold Duration, GA3, and Photoperiod on Raphanus sativus L. Flowering." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 491D—491. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.491d.
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Previous research indicated that Raphanus sativus L. `Chinese Radish Jumbo Scarlet' (CJRS) has an obligate vernalization requirement for flowering and can be vernalized as an imbibed seed in less than 10 days at 6 °C. For these reasons, it serves as an excellent model system for vernalization studies. This study was initiated to gain an understanding of the interaction between cold duration, exogenously applied GA3, and photoperiod on R. sativus CJRS flowering. R. sativus CJRS seeds were sown in 90-mm petri plates on Whatman no. 1 filter paper saturated with plain water or a solution containing 10-5 M or 10-3 M GA3. After germination (i.e., when the radicle was visible), seedlings were either directly transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in a greenhouse, or transferred to another petri plate onto filter paper saturated with water only and placed in a growth chamber at 6 °C (75 μmol•m-2•s-1 for 8 h) for 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 days. Greenhouse conditions were: 20 °C, ambient light (December to January, St. Paul, Minn.) plus 70 μmol•m-2•s-1 supplemental light (high-pressure sodium lamps, 0830-1630 hr), under either an 8-h photoperiod (covered with opaque cloth from 1630-0830 hr), or ambient photoperiod plus night-interruption lighting (2 μmol•m-2•s-1, using incandescent lamps, 2200-0200 HR). Results will be presented.
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Sanders, David, Sean Dalrymple, Myles Poulin, Ruixiang Zheng, and Todd Lowary. "Structural Studies of an Novel Sugar Nucleotide Pyranose-Furanose Mutase." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314095229.
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Campylobacter jejuni (Cjj) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans, its glycoconjugates are known to include sugars in the furanose ring conformation. In particular, Cjj HS:41 strains are associated with the development of Guillian-Barré syndrome (GBS) and produce a key virulence factor of the bacterium, namely furanose-based capsular polysaccharides (CPS). To date, the enzymes responsible for furanose biosynthesis in Cjj HS:41 CPS are poorly understood. CPS sequencing has revealed three genes, annotated as glf1-3 via homology to known bacterial UDP-D-galactopyranose mutase (UGM), could be involved in the biosynthetic pathways. Our laboratories are interested in the structure-function relationship behind recognition and discrimination within such pyranose-furanose mutases. Enzymology studies have shown Glf1 is a flavoprotein responsible for isomerization between GDP-6d-D-altro-heptopyranose and GDP-6d-D-altro-heptofuranose, the latter being a major component of CPS. This GDP-altro-heptopyranose mutase (GaHM) activity is the first example of a heptose-recognizing mutase. Given that many of the UGM active site and FAD binding site residues are conserved in GaHM, the catalytic mechanism is likely similar to that of UGM. In order to establish key features of the enzyme, detailed structural information is required. We report here on the structure of Cjj GaHM, which has been co-crystallized with GDP, in both oxidized and reduced states. Due to low sequence identity with bacterial UGMs, Se-MET SAD phasing was ultimately employed to solve the structure. We will also discuss our recent crystallization efforts with Cjj GaHM in the presence of GDP-sugar substrate derivatives. Ultimately, the structural information gleaned from this study could lead to the identification of a new inhibitors targeting the CPS biosynthetic pathway.
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RANI, MONIKA, KANCHAN JAIN, and ISHA DEWAN. "ON CONDITIONAL MARGINAL AND CONDITIONAL JOINT RELIABILITY IMPORTANCE." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 18, no. 02 (April 2011): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539311004032.
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The reliability importance of one or more components when another component is assumed to be working/non-working is measured by Conditional Marginal Reliability Importance (CMRI) and Conditional Joint Reliability Importance (CJRI) respectively. We consider two systems viz the series-in-parallel and series-parallel. The expressions for CMRI and CJRI are derived for both the systems when the components are independent but not identically distributed. It is shown that the sign of the joint importance of three components and Conditional Joint Importance (CJI) can be determined using Schur-convexity (concavity) of the reliability function. The difference in the reliability functions of two coherent systems with n ≥ 3 statistically independent and with dependent components is derived. It is shown to be measured by their covariance, the JRI and the CJRIs. CMRIs and CJRIs of a phased type electronic system and a bridge structure are worked out.
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Sorge, Justin. "Publication of study protocols in the CJRT." Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy 56 (November 10, 2020): v. http://dx.doi.org/10.29390/cjrt-2020-048.
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Gruman, Cynthia A., Amy Cowell, Kathryn Palmisano, Shannon Rogers, and Laura Dummit. "COMPREHENSIVE CARE FOR JOINT REPLACEMENT MODEL: POST-ACUTE CARE AND PREFERRED PROVIDER NETWORKS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.3172.
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Abstract The Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model, implemented by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in 2016, is a randomized, controlled trial that tests the effect of holding a hospital accountable for payments and quality of all services provided to lower extremity joint replacement (LEJR) patients during an episode of care. The newly released results include 147,923 LEJR episodes that were initiated by 733 hospitals in 67 randomly selected metropolitan statistical areas. The objective of this presentation is to explore changes to the care pathway using results from a mixed-methods analytic approach including triangulation of findings from analysis of Medicare claims, hospital survey and hospital and associated provider interview data. Hospitals reported implementing notable changes over the past two years including hiring navigators, changes to therapy protocols, and direct discharge home. Hospital interviewees described efforts to strengthen relationships with PAC providers including the investment of resources into the development of preferred PAC provider networks. As a result of these changes, the average number of SNF days decreased by 2.3 days more for CJR episodes than for control group episodes from the baseline to the intervention period (p<0.01). Changes in two of nine complexity measures indicated a statistically significant relative decrease in CJR patients’ functional status at SNF admission. The relative increases in CJR patients’ average early-loss activities of daily living (ADLs) scores (p<0.05) and motion scores (p<0.10) suggest an increase in patients with greater needs were discharged to a SNF relative to the control group.
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Haryati, Aning. "VELOCITY CHANGES ANALYSIS DISPLACEMENT DATA USING GNSS (GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM) IN JATI GEDE DAM." Jurnal Geografi Gea 17, no. 1 (June 14, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/gea.v17i1.5586.
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Jati Gede Dam is located around the border of Sumedang-Majalengka region in West Java province. Jati Gede Dam provides several benefits such as for irrigation, hydropower, tourism and fish farming. Dam can also trigger the potential a disaster, especially in the water impounding process. The process of water impounding in the dam has the potential to cause earthquake disaster. The effect of water impounding potentially adds stress accumulation in the dam area so that it can cause earthquakes. Therefore, a research on strain change due to the water impounding in Jati Gede dam is needed. The method used in the research is by GPR survey. Result from GPS observation processed to generate displacement value of GPS observation point, and strain changes from the point that formed grid strain. Based on deformation analysis the effect of water impounding to the strain around Jati Gede Dam can be obtained. Development in this thesis is by using and additional method namely Kinematic PPP to see the different pattern of earth tide phenomenon around the dam which were represented by several GPS station. These results indicate a change of velocity direction in the area around Jati Gede dam. This change can be analyzed for the station near the dam as JTG1 station, jtg2, CSUM, 0355, BDK2, CJR6, and MJLK. BDK2 campaign point leads toward the Southwestern, CJR6 displacements from the Southwest to the North, MJLK displacements from Southeast to the Northwest, and 0355 displacements from Southeast to the North. JTG1 GPS station point tends to lead toward the Southwestern and JTG2 GPS station leads toward the North with 0355 GPS station. CSUM in Sumedang displacements from Northwest to the East. This change can be analyzed for the station near the dam such as JTG1, JTG2, CSUM, 0355, BDK2, CJR6, and MJLK as result of the process of water filling in Jati Gede dam.
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Goltz, Daniel E., Sean P. Ryan, Claire B. Howell, Michael P. Bolognesi, Thorsten M. Seyler, and Samuel B. Adams. "Patients at Risk for Exceeding CJR Cost Targets After Total Ankle Arthroplasty." Foot & Ankle International 40, no. 9 (June 7, 2019): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719853494.
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Background: The Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model includes total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), under which a target reimbursement is established. Whether this reimbursement is sufficient to cover average cost remains unknown. We hypothesized that a substantial number of TAAs still exceed cost targets, and that risk factors associated with exceeding the target cost could be identified preoperatively. Methods: Two hundred two primary TAAs performed at a single tertiary referral center under the CJR model from June 2013 to May 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, comorbidities, outcomes, and costs were extracted from the electronic medical record using a validated structured query language (SQL) algorithm. A comparison cohort of 2084 CJR total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) cases performed during the same period was also reviewed. Results: Twenty TAAs (10%) exceeded the target cost of care, significantly fewer than CJR THAs/TKAs (29%) performed during the same period ( P < .0001). These patients did not differ significantly in age, sex, body mass index, number of Elixhauser comorbidities, or the American Society of Anesthesiologists score. The average cost for these patients was $17 338 higher than those who did not exceed the target cost, and they were less likely to be married or have a partner (45% vs 79%, P = .001). Non-Caucasian status also reached significance ( P < .0001). Those exceeding the target cost had a significantly longer length of stay (2.6 vs 1.5 days, P < .0001) and were more likely to be discharged to either skilled nursing or a rehabilitation facility (60% vs 1%, P < .0001). Conclusion: Even high-volume TAA centers still exceed target costs in up to 10% of cases, with length of stay, discharge location, and readmissions driving many of these events. Potential risk factors for excess cost include marital/partner status and non-Caucasian ethnicity, but further work is needed to clarify their effects and whether other risk factors exist. Level of Evidence: Level III, comparative study.
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Yu, Lulu, Vladimir Majerciak, Xiang-Yang Xue, Aayushi Uberoi, Alexei Lobanov, Xiongfong Chen, Maggie Cam, Stephen H. Hughes, Paul F. Lambert, and Zhi-Ming Zheng. "Mouse papillomavirus type 1 (MmuPV1) DNA is frequently integrated in benign tumors by microhomology-mediated end-joining." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): e1009812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009812.
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MmuPV1 is a useful model for studying papillomavirus-induced tumorigenesis. We used RNA-seq to look for chimeric RNAs that map to both MmuPV1 and host genomes. In tumor tissues, a higher proportion of total viral reads were virus-host chimeric junction reads (CJRs) (1.9‰ - 7‰) than in tumor-free tissues (0.6‰ - 1.3‰): most CJRs mapped to the viral E2/E4 region. Although most of the MmuPV1 integration sites were mapped to intergenic regions and introns throughout the mouse genome, integrations were seen more than once in several genes: Malat1, Krt1, Krt10, Fabp5, Pard3, and Grip1; these data were confirmed by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT)-seq or targeted DNA-seq. Microhomology sequences were frequently seen at host-virus DNA junctions. MmuPV1 infection and integration affected the expression of host genes. We found that factors for DNA double-stranded break repair and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), such as H2ax, Fen1, DNA polymerase Polθ, Cdk1, and Plk1, exhibited a step-wise increase and Mdc1 a decrease in expression in MmuPV1-infected tissues and MmuPV1 tumors relative to normal tissues. Increased expression of mitotic kinases CDK1 and PLK1 appears to be correlated with CtIP phosphorylation in MmuPV1 tumors, suggesting a role for MMEJ-mediated DNA joining in the MmuPV1 integration events that are associated with MmuPV1-induced progression of tumors.
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Trishchenko, Alexander P., and Shusen Wang. "Preface: CJRS Special Issue: Long-Term Satellite Data and Applications." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 42, no. 3 (March 25, 2016): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2016.1169161.
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Hogan, MaCalus, Monique Chambers, Joseph Kromka, Dwayne Carney, Alan Yan, and Jake Porter. "Arthroplasty or Arthrodesis in the CJR Era." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00247.
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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Ankle arthritis can be a debilitating disease that results in decreased daily activity and chronic morbidity. Many patients elect for surgical intervention to minimize pain and improve function. To curb costs associated with the increasing demand for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in the growing elderly Medicare population, CMS announced the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model, which included total ankle arthroplasty. To provide continued quality care and cost containment, it is necessary to determine the optimal surgical intervention for patients that could fall within the CJR program. Therefore, we sought to determine the impact of surgical fixation on functional outcomes, systemic utilization, and medical expenditures for patients with ankle arthritis. Methods: We reviewed a prospectively collected and maintained database to identify all patients who underwent a total joint replacement from April 2016 to September 2017. Patients were identified based on DRG codes for primary arthritis of a lower extremity joint, then specifically for foot and ankle, as well as CPT codes for ankle arthroplasty (27702) or ankle arthrodesis (27870/28725). Functional outcomes were assessed based on insurance type. The cohorts were matched for age, comorbidities, and gender. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared and paired t-test to assess for differences in patient reported outcomes. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to assess for differences in cost between the cohorts. Results: A total of 573 patients were included.There were 48 replacements and 47 fusions. Arthrodesis procedures costs approximately $6,500 less per case than the system costs for patients who underwent arthroplasty procedures. The average length of stay for patients who underwent total ankle arthroplasty was 1.6 days compared to outpatient surgical centers utilized for most arthrodesis patients. Overall, patients reported improved pain and a 30.96 increase in FAAM scores. Most patients had a global rate of change that was “very much better” or “much better” (68%). Based on insurance type, patients who underwent a total ankle replacement in the CJR program had improved outcomes and lower cost than patients commercially insured. Conclusion: With the CJR, there is greater emphasis on the optimal intervention for elective operations. There should be coordinated efforts to optimize quality care, while minimizing financial waste within the healthcare system. The price differential suggests an annual potential for financial savings as high as $325,000 for a system that supports intervention for ~50 cases per year. As such, these results suggest that arthroplasty may be optimal for patients with severe symptomatic ankle arthritis, while most patients have adequate relief with an ankle fusion. More importantly, quality improvement efforts should focus on the impact of surgical intervention on functional activity.
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Kim, Narae, and Mireille Jacobson. "THE SPILLOVER EFFECTS OF COMPREHENSIVE CARE FOR JOINT REPLACEMENT (CJR) MODEL: A STUDY FROM CALIFORNIA." Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2023): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1992.
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Abstract In 2016, Medicare implemented the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) program to test whether paying hospitals a bundled payment for 90 days of an episode of care for lower extremity joint replacement (LEJR), the most common surgery for Medicare beneficiaries, can improve care coordination and quality in traditional Medicare (TM). Unlike most Medicare alternative payment models, CJR participation was randomly assigned across Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Hospitals in selected MSAs were required to participate in the program, while hospitals in other MSAs were paid in the usual fee-for-service manner. Taking advantage of this random assignment, we examined CJR’s direct effects on TM patients and spillover effects on Medicare Advantage (MA) and non-Medicare patients in California. Using California’s Patient Discharge Data (PDD) from 2014 to 2017and event study and difference-in-differences models, we studied changes in adjusted length of stay and home discharge rates before and after program implementation in hospitals in treated versus control MSAs. We found that the CJR program affected not only TM patients, but also untargeted MA and non-Medicare patients. Both TM and non-Medicare patients in treated hospitals experienced shortened length of stay (-3.9% & -1.3%, p<0.05) and increased likelihood of discharge home (3.4%, 2.3%, p< 0.001) relative to those in untreated hospitals after program implementation. MA patients experienced an increase in not only home discharge rates (4.7%, p< 0.001) but also length of stay (2.5%, p< 0.01). Programs designed to affect Medicare costs have the potential to affect the care of patients not covered by the program.
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Pham, Tri Nhut, Van Thuy Nguyen, Tran Quoc Toan, Mai Huynh Cang, Long Giang Bach, and Nguyen Van Muoi. "Effects of Various Processing Parameters on Polyphenols, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activities of Codonopsis javanica Root Extract." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1934578X2095327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20953276.
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The root of a ginseng-like plant named Codonopsis javanica is a valuable ingredient in folk medicine with diverse biological properties and has been used in treatments for various diseases, including leukemia, inflammation, and hepatitis. This study aimed to optimize various parameters related to the extraction process of C. javanica root (CJR) with respect to total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities of the obtained CJR extract. We first performed a series of single-factor investigations taking drying conditions and different extraction parameters such as material size, extraction solvent, solvent concentration, extraction temperature, material/solvent ratio, extraction cycle, and stirring speed as varying factors. Then, a response surface methodology procedure was adopted with a central composite design to optimize further the extraction process in order to maximize the TPC. We found that the use of convection drying at 70 °C for 8 hours gave the extract with the highest TPC and antioxidant activities. Optimal extraction parameters were found as follows: ethanol with a concentration of 56.0% as the solvent, material-to-solvent ratio of 1/38.0 g/mL, extraction time of 67.2 minutes, material size ≤0.5 mm, temperature 60 °C, through 1 extraction cycle, and with a stirring speed of 300 rpm. Under the optimized conditions, the experimental value for TPC was 2.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), which is reasonably close to the value predicted by the model (2.8 mg GAE/g DW). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radical tests of the CJR extract obtained under optimal conditions were 1042.3 and 299.0 µg/mL, respectively.
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Hensler, Deborah R. "Rand's rebuttal: CJRA study results reflect court ADR usage-not perceptions." Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 15, no. 6 (June 1997): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alt.3810150604.
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Tonella, Paolo, and Alessandra Potrich. "Cjj: a subset of C++ compliant with Java." Science of Computer Programming 42, no. 2-3 (February 2002): 229–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6423(01)00019-3.
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Starring, Hunter, William H. Waddell, William Steward, Stuart Schexnayder, Jack McKay, Claudia Leonardi, Amy Bronstone, and Vinod Dasa. "Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes in Patients with Medicare, Medicare Advantage, and Commercial Insurance." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 09 (May 23, 2019): 919–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688785.
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AbstractAs more commercial insurance companies adopt a bundled reimbursement model, similar to the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) algorithm for Medicare beneficiaries, accurate risk adjustment of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) is critical to ensure success. With this movement toward bundled reimbursement, it is unknown if a formula adjusting for similar risks in the Medicare population could be applied to PROs in commercially insured and Medicare Advantage populations undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study was performed to compare PROs after TKA in these insurance groups after adjusting for proposed risks. Demographics and clinical data were abstracted from medical records of 302 patients who underwent TKA performed by a single surgeon at a university-based orthopaedic practice during 2013 to 2017. Differences in PROs between commercially insured, Medicare Advantage, and Medicare patients during the 6 months following surgery were evaluated while controlling for demographics, clinical data, and baseline PRO scores. Medicare and Medicare Advantage patients were older (p < 0.001) and had more comorbidities (p = 0.001) than commercial patients. During the first 3 months following TKA, patients in all three groups experienced similar rates of recovery. At 6 months after surgery, outcomes began to diverge by insurance group. Medicare patients reported significantly less ability to perform activities of daily living (78.6 vs. 63.2; p = 0.001), worse physical function (39.6 vs. 44.9; p = 0.003), and more pain interference (57.9 vs. 52.4; p = 0.018) at day 180 than commercially insured patients. There were no statistically significant differences between Medicare Advantage patients and either commercially insured or Medicare patients. Therefore, commercial insurance companies that intend to apply a risk-adjusted equation similar to the CJR algorithm to commercial populations should be cautioned since the postoperative outcomes in this investigation differed after adjusting for the same risk factors that have been proposed for inclusion in the CJR algorithm. Nonetheless, further studies should be performed to ensure that companies participating in bundled reimbursement models have a positive influence on comprehensive health care for patients and providers. This is a level III, retrospective prognostic study
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Eagle, Kim A. "The Sunset for CJR…and the Dawn of CRJ!" ACC Current Journal Review 14, no. 12 (December 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.accreview.2005.12.005.
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Cunningham, Daniel, Samuel Adams, Mark Easley, Vasili Karas, and James DeOrio. "Payment drivers in Medicare patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00196.
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Category: Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: The Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement model (CJR) provides bundled payments for in-hospital and 90-day post-discharge care of patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Defining patient factors associated with increased costs during TAA could help refine patient selection strategies and identify modifiable preoperative patient factors that can be addressed prior to the patient entering the bundle. Methods: This study is part of an IRB-approved single-center observational study of patients undergoing TAA from 1/1/2012 to 12/15/2016. Patients were included if they met CJR criteria for inclusion into the bundled payment model and had Medicare as the insurance payer. Costs related to readmissions, diagnosis, and procedures that had been excluded by CJR were also excluded from this financial analysis. All inpatient and outpatient payments beginning at the index procedure through 90 days postoperatively were identified. Patient medical profile including Charlson-Deyo and Elixhauser comorbidity scores, preoperative comorbidities, and perioperative factors were then completed based on institutional data and chart review. Additionally, post-discharge disposition, readmissions, emergency department (ED) utilization, and outpatient plastic surgery consultation were recorded within the 90-day bundled payment period. Results: Out of 199 patients with Medicare payments in the study timeframe, 137 had consented to the study and were analyzed. Baseline and operative characteristics are given in Table 1. Increased length of stay (LOS) at the initial procedure, increased Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease were significantly associated with higher payments. Discharge to skilled nursing facility (skilled nursing facility), admissions, ED visits, and wound complications were significant drivers of payment. Conclusion: Increased Charlson-Deyo score and vascular disease along with increased LOS were associated with increased payments from Medicare. Discharge to SNF, readmission, ED visits, and wound complications considerably increased payments. This study identifies the relationship between patient profile and increased financial burden, highlighting the potential utility of pre-operative mitigation of modifiable risk factors and stratification of payments based on patient profile. Lastly, reducing rates of SNF placement, readmission, ED visitation, and wound complications are targets for decreasing costs for patients undergoing TAA.
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Mahdianpari, Masoud, Saeid Homayouni, and Samuel Foucher. "CJRS’ Special Issue on Deep Learning for Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing Data." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 47, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.1931786.
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Jones, Stephanie M., Arthur R. McDowell, Stephanie C. Altieri-Dunn, Andrew Bilderback, Stephen Conti, Carl Hasselman, Alex Kline, William Saar, Alan Y. Yan, and MaCalus V. Hogan. "Total Ankle Arthroplasty in the Alternative Payment Model Era." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00236.
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Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: Ankle arthritis often results in functional decline and decreased quality of life. Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is an acceptable option for end-stage disease. With a growing active and aging population, there’s increasing demand for total joint arthroplasty (TJA). In response, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) program to curb costs and optimize outcomes associated with TJA. TAA is included in CJR; however, little is known about episode of care costs and quality of care delivered to patients within a bundled- payment model. This study provides an analysis of quality and cost across an episode of care for primary TAA performed under the CJR model and a commercial bundled-payment health plan. Methods: At a large hybrid academic institution, CJR and bundled-payment health plan data was queried for TAA discharges at 7 affiliate hospitals within Metropolitan Service Areas (MSAs). Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between April 2016 and August 2018 were assessed pre-operatively, 0-3 months post-operatively and >3 months post-operatively. Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), Global Rate of Change (GRC), and Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) were analyzed. Episode of care cost and associated cost domains were assessed between April 2016 and March 2018. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata® 15.1. Pre-operative and post-operative FAAM scores were analyzed using two-tailed t-tests. Pre-operative and post-operative GRC and PASS scores were analyzed using likelihood ratio tests. Associations between cost and FAAM scores were analyzed using Spearman correlations. Comparisons between cost and GRC or PASS were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis tests and Wilcoxon rank- sum tests, respectively. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value <0.05. Results: 155 (55% male, mean 66.1 years) patients were identified. There was no difference between pre-operative and 0-3 months post-operative function (p=0.4943). However, there was significant improvement in functional outcomes at >3 months post-operatively (p=0.0113). Patients reported significant improvement in perceived change in ankle status (p<0.001, p<0.001) and satisfaction of ankle status (p<0.001, p<0.001) at both 0-3 months and >3 months post-operatively when compared to pre- operative assessments. The average TAA episode of care cost was $24,398. Average contracted diagnosis-related group (DRG) costs accounted for the majority (67.58%) of the average total cost. The average readmission cost was $9,440. Costs for skilled nursing facilities (SNF) and inpatient rehabilitation were on average $7,462 and $19,635, respectively. There were no significant correlations observed between outcomes and cost (p>0.05). Conclusion: Primary TAA within a bundled-payment model demonstrates that alternative payment models can reasonably maintain quality of care standards while concurrently promoting cost-efficient utilization of medical resources. Significant functional improvement and increases in patient satisfaction were observed following primary TAA in the bundled-payment system. With the progressive shift from fee-for-service to value-driven reimbursement, continued evaluation of the relationship between quality and cost for TJA within an alternative payment model is necessary.
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Beever, Allan. "Recognizing One More Wrong." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 493–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2021.4.
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Dagan, Hanoch, and Ohad Somech. "When Contract’s Basic Assumptions Fail." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 297–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2021.5.
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Modern contract law accords considerable significance to the basic assumptions on which a contract is made. It thus takes to heart a failure of a belief whose truthfulness is taken for granted by both parties. Where the failure results from the parties’ mistake at the time of formation, “the contract is voidable by the adversely affected party,” if that mistake “has a material effect on the agreed exchange of performances” and unless that party “bears the risk of the mistake.”1 Where, in turn, the failure of such a basic assumption results from the parties’ erroneous beliefs about future states of the world, a party’s duty to render performance may be discharged if they are not responsible for the supervening impracticability or frustration and “unless the language or the circumstances indicate the contrary.”2
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Bazelon, Emily. "Transforming American Prosecution." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.21.
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My goal in this paper is to tell you a story, a story about race, about crime, about discretion, and about hope. I want to suggest that mass incarceration in the United States is not necessary or wise. It is the product of a criminal justice system that has ballooned beyond reason or recognition from its design.
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Purshouse, Craig. "Flourishing Under Private Law? A Critique of McBride’s Explanatory Theory." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.18.
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Tamanaha, Brian Z. "Pragmatic Reconstruction in Jurisprudence: Features of a Realistic Legal Theory." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 171–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.19.
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A century ago the pragmatists called for reconstruction in philosophy. Philosophy at the time was occupied with conceptual analysis, abstractions, a priori analysis, and the pursuit of necessary, universal truths. Pragmatists argued that philosophy instead should center on the pressing problems of the day, which requires theorists to pay attention to social complexity, variation, change, power, consequences, and other concrete aspects of social life. The parallels between philosophy then and jurisprudence today are striking, as I show, calling for a pragmatism-informed theory of law within contemporary jurisprudence. In the wake of H.L.A. Hart’s mid-century turn to conceptual analysis, “during the course of the twentieth century, the boundaries of jurisprudential inquiry were progressively narrowed.”1 Jurisprudence today is dominated by legal philosophers engaged in conceptual analysis built on intuitions, seeking to identify essential features and timeless truths about law. In the pursuit of these objectives, they detach law from its social and historical moorings, they ignore variation and change, they drastically reduce law to a singular phenomenon—like a coercive planning system for difficult moral problems2—and they deny that coercive force is a universal feature of law, among other ways in which they depart from the reality of law; a few prominent jurisprudents even proffer arguments that invoke aliens or societies of angels.
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Chadha-Sridhar, Ira. "The Value of Vagueness: A Feminist Analysis." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.22.
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Judicial verdicts matter. Apart from deciding the fate of litigants, common law verdicts hold precedential value. They create and alter legal cultures. Considering their importance, it is crucial to ask: what do judicial verdicts turn on? Each verdict is certainly influenced by the case facts, evidence and argumentation presented before the court. However, verdicts are also importantly shaped by how we think about language.1 Questions about language—about the relationship between words and meaning—are central to legal philosophy.
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Black, Vaughan, and Andrew Fenton. "Humane Driving." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.17.
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The advent of fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) raises many questions. While some appear purely technical, others engage matters of public policy, sometimes with a prominent ethical component. Our expertise lies in law and applied ethics, and so our inquiry will focus heavily on legal or ethical issues arising from a widespread adoption of AVs and their response in emergency situations involving animals. By “animals” we do not mean all other animals than humans. We will concentrate on interest-bearing animals. These are animals who possess a welfare or wellbeing, animals whose lives can fare well or badly from their perspective.
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Simpson, Robert Mark. "Minimalism, Determinacy, and Human Rights." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.25.
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According to a widely-shared view, human rights encompass a very limited range of ethical concerns: not all human interests, only urgent interests;1 not our preferences, only our needs;2 not all wrongs, only severe injustices;3 not a good life in the fullest sense, but only a minimally decent or autonomous life.4 In short, human rights are not about realizing the best, they are about shielding us from the worst. I will call this general theoretical stance Minimalism.
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Hoffmaster, Barry. "Judging Rationally." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.20.
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Sophisticated realists, uncompromising positivists, and postmodernists created much of the law in the last century. Judges, lawyers, and philosophers now are continuing to clarify, improve, and use the law. The law is often clear. But it can be indeterminate because it is indefinite, indistinct, or vague. Two examples are provided.
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Tong, Yi. "On the Nature of Necessary Truths in Jurisprudence: Putting Wittgensteinian Hinges to Use." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 203–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2021.1.
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Inquiring into the fundamental nature of law has been traditionally formulated as an attempt to answer the question, “What is Law?” Such an inquiry typically proceeds by identifying the necessary features of law. Joseph Raz, for example, writes: A theory consists of necessary truths, for only necessary truths about the law reveal the nature of the law. We talk of ‘the nature of law’, or the nature of anything else, to refer to those of the law’s characteristics which are of the essence of law, which make law into what it is. That is those properties without which the law would not be law.1
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Carleton, Alexandra. "The “Other” Relationship to Land: Property, Belonging, and Alternative Ontology." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 34, no. 1 (February 2021): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjlj.2020.24.
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If land is divine and ought not be bought or sold,1 then bounded land, that which we term territory2 regardless of its form of being bounded, cannot be bought or sold without divine assent either. It may be defended, nurtured, utilised but not bought or sold. In defence of this is the human right to life and liberty. Were life and liberty to depend on access to land or territory then no hindrance would stand to merit. Theologically,3 the Divine created the land so the land belongs to the Divine.4 Similarly where humans labour (to work) and create (to make or build), such which is created is the property of the human, whether it is manufactured, built, sown. And from these personal properties flow the rights and privileges of personal property: alienation, transfer, purchase.5
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Riedl, Rebecca, Annika Kühn, Yvonne Hupfer, Betty Hebecker, Lukas K. Peltner, Paul M. Jordan, Oliver Werz, Stefan Lorkowski, Cornelia Wiegand, and Maria Wallert. "Characterization of Different Inflammatory Skin Conditions in a Mouse Model of DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis." Inflammation, December 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10753-023-01943-x.
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AbstractThe mouse model of 2,4-dinitrochlorbenzene (DNCB)-induced human-like atopic dermatitis (hlAD) has been widely used to test novel treatment strategies and compounds. However, the study designs and methods are highly diverse, presenting different hlAD disease patterns that occur after sensitization and repeated challenge with DNCB on dorsal skin. In addition, there is a lack of information about the progression of the disease during the experiment and the achieved pheno- and endotypes, especially at the timepoint when therapeutic treatment is initiated. We here examine hlAD in a DNCB-induced BALB/cJRj model at different timepoints: (i) before starting treatment with dexamethasone, representing a standard drug control (day 12) and (ii) at the end of the experiment (day 22). Both timepoints display typical AD-associated characteristics: skin thickening, spongiosis, hyper- and parakeratosis, altered cytokine and gene expression, increased lipid mediator formation, barrier protein and antimicrobial peptide abnormalities, as well as lymphoid organ hypertrophy. Increased mast cell infiltration into the skin and elevated immunoglobulin E plasma concentrations indicate a type I allergy response. The DNCB-treated skin showed an extrinsic moderate sub-acute hlAD lesion at day 12 and an extrinsic mild sub-acute to chronic pheno- and endotype at day 22 with a dominating Th2 response. A dependency of the filaggrin formation and expression in correlation to the disease severity in the DNCB-treated skin was found. In conclusion, our study reveals a detailed classification of a hlAD at two timepoints with different inflammatory skin conditions and pheno- and endotypes, thereby providing a better understanding of the DNCB-induced hlAD model in BALB/cJRj mice.
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Selle, Amandine, Carole Brosseau, Wieneke Dijk, Angéline Duval, Grégory Bouchaud, Anais Rousseaux, Aurélia Bruneau, et al. "Prebiotic Supplementation During Gestation Induces a Tolerogenic Environment and a Protective Microbiota in Offspring Mitigating Food Allergy." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (January 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.745535.
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Food allergy is associated with alterations in the gut microbiota, epithelial barrier, and immune tolerance. These dysfunctions are observed within the first months of life, indicating that early intervention is crucial for disease prevention. Preventive nutritional strategies with prebiotics are an attractive option, as prebiotics such as galacto-oligosaccharides and inulin can promote tolerance, epithelial barrier reinforcement, and gut microbiota modulation. Nonetheless, the ideal period for intervention remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether galacto-oligosaccharide/inulin supplementation during gestation could protect offspring from wheat allergy development in BALB/cJRj mice. We demonstrated that gestational prebiotic supplementation promoted the presence of beneficial strains in the fecal microbiota of dams during gestation and partially during mid-lactation. This specific microbiota was transferred to their offspring and maintained to adulthood. The presence of B and T regulatory immune cell subsets was also increased in the lymph nodes of offspring born from supplemented mothers, suggestive of a more tolerogenic immune environment. Indeed, antenatal prebiotic supplementation reduced the development of wheat allergy symptoms in offspring. Our study thus demonstrates that prebiotic supplementation during pregnancy induces, in the offspring, a tolerogenic environment and a microbial imprint that mitigates food allergy development.
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Brosseau, Carole, Amandine Selle, Angeline Duval, Barbara Misme-Aucouturier, Melanie Chesneau, Sophie Brouard, Claire Cherbuy, et al. "Prebiotic Supplementation During Pregnancy Modifies the Gut Microbiota and Increases Metabolites in Amniotic Fluid, Driving a Tolerogenic Environment In Utero." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (July 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.712614.
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The gut microbiota is influenced by environmental factors such as food. Maternal diet during pregnancy modifies the gut microbiota composition and function, leading to the production of specific compounds that are transferred to the fetus and enhance the ontogeny and maturation of the immune system. Prebiotics are fermented by gut bacteria, leading to the release of short-chain fatty acids that can specifically interact with the immune system, inducing a switch toward tolerogenic populations and therefore conferring health benefits. In this study, pregnant BALB/cJRj mice were fed either a control diet or a diet enriched in prebiotics (Galacto-oligosaccharides/Inulin). We hypothesized that galacto-oligosaccharides/inulin supplementation during gestation could modify the maternal microbiota, favoring healthy immune imprinting in the fetus. Galacto-oligosaccharides/inulin supplementation during gestation increases the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreases that of Firmicutes in the gut microbiota, leading to increased production of fecal acetate, which was found for the first time in amniotic fluid. Prebiotic supplementation increased the abundance of regulatory B and T cells in gestational tissues and in the fetus. Interestingly, these regulatory cells remained later in life. In conclusion, prebiotic supplementation during pregnancy leads to the transmission of specific microbial and immune factors from mother to child, allowing the establishment of tolerogenic immune imprinting in the fetus that may be beneficial for infant health outcomes.
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Kasetty, Gopinath, Ravi K. V. Bhongir, Praveen Papareddy, Heiko Herwald, and Arne Egesten. "The Nonantibiotic Macrolide EM703 Improves Survival in a Model of Quinolone-Treated Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61, no. 9 (June 26, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02761-16.
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ABSTRACT Macrolide antibiotics are used as anti-inflammatory agents, e.g., for prevention of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Several studies have shown improved outcomes after the addition of macrolides to β-lactam antibiotics for treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia. However, a beneficial effect of macrolides in treating Gram-negative bacterial airway infections, e.g., those caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, remains to be shown. Macrolide antibiotics have significant side effects, in particular, motility-stimulating activity in the gastrointestinal tract and promotion of bacterial resistance. In this study, EM703, a modified macrolide lacking antibiotic and motility-stimulating activities but with retained anti-inflammatory properties, was used as an adjunct treatment for experimental P. aeruginosa lung infection, in combination with a conventional antibiotic. Airway infections in BALB/cJRj mice were induced by nasal instillation of P. aeruginosa; this was followed by treatment with the quinolone levofloxacin in the absence or presence of EM703. Survival, inflammatory responses, and cellular influx to the airways were monitored. Both pretreatment and simultaneous administration of EM703 dramatically improved survival in levofloxacin-treated mice with P. aeruginosa airway infections. In addition, EM703 reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, increased the numbers of leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and reduced the numbers of neutrophils present in lung tissue. In summary, the findings of this study show that the immunomodulatory properties of the modified macrolide EM703 can be important when treating Gram-negative pneumonia, as exemplified by P. aeruginosa infection in this study.
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Yan, Long, Zhipeng Xiang, Weiya Xu, Rubin Wang, and Hua Ji. "Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Properties of Irregular Columnar Jointed Rock Mass." Frontiers in Physics 10 (March 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.836286.
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Columnar jointed rock masses (CJRM) are characterized by significant anisotropy. The mechanical properties of CJRM are complicated by the presence of columnar joints. In this paper, based on the Voronoi random graph generation algorithm, the irregular CJRM numerical model is established, in which columns are simulated by solid elements while joints are simulated by contact surface elements. Uniaxial compression tests on irregular CJRM are then conducted by using FLAC3D to investigate the deformation and strength characteristics, and failure modes. Results indicate that irregular CJRM exhibit strong anisotropy under uniaxial compression, and the compressive strength varies with joint angle in a typical U-shape curve. Failure modes can be classified as three categories: splitting failure along loading direction, shear-sliding failure along columnar joint, and combined failure of column fracturing and joint splitting. The numerical results are then compared with the experimental results. It demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of applying numerical simulation to investigations on mechanical properties and failure mechanism of irregular CJRM. The results of this study provide helpful information for the design and construction of the project involving CJRM.
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Leng, Xianlun, Chuan Wang, Qian Sheng, Jian Chen, and Hailun Li. "An Enhanced Ubiquitous-Joint Model for a Rock Mass With Conjugate Joints and Its Application on Excavation Simulation of Large Underground Caverns." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (September 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.744900.
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A conjugate jointed rock mass (CJRM) is a rock mass with two sets of intersecting joints formed from intact rock under shear. Its mechanical properties and excavation-induced hazards of large underground caverns are different from those of common rock masses because of the unique geological origin thereof. To demonstrate numerically the excavation responses of CJRM, the ubiquitous-joint model is enhanced by consideration of the specific mechanical behaviors of the rock mass. In the enhanced model, CJRM is considered as the composite of columns of rock and two sets of weak planes of joints. The local coordinates, failure modes, and failure sequences of the rock columns and joints are redefined based on the composite characteristics of CJRM, and the failure criteria and plastic potential functions are accordingly modified. The enhanced model is verified numerically by triaxial compression tests and then employed to simulate the excavation of large underground caverns of a pumped storage power station in China. Results show that the modification of the local coordinate system, failure modes, and failure sequences made in the enhanced model is suited to the simulation of the mechanical behaviors of CJRM. Compared with the original ubiquitous-joint model, the enhanced model allows better predictions of the distribution of plastic zones and magnitudes of deformations in simulating underground excavations in CJRM and helps to assess the excavation-triggered hazards more accurately.
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Kiani, Sara N., Samuel Z. Maron, Shoshana Rosenzweig, Nicole Zubizarreta, Jashvant Poeran, and Calin S. Moucha. "Did Payment Reform Lead to Patient Selection in Hip and Knee Arthroplasties? An Observational Study Using New York State Data." HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery, February 24, 2023, 155633162311553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15563316231155387.
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Background: While the comprehensive care for joint replacement (CJR) bundled payment program for total joint replacement (TJR) emphasizes value, concerns persist regarding unintended consequences, primarily hospital selection of healthier, younger patients. Purpose: We sought to assess changes in patient characteristics and outcomes after CJR implementation in New York State. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included primary total hip and total knee arthroplasties from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database. Procedures performed before (July 2014 to March 2016; n = 58,610) and after (April 2016 to December 2017; n = 78,728) CJR implementation were compared. Primary outcomes were patient characteristics: Deyo-Comorbidity Index and age. Secondary outcomes were increased hospitalization cost, discharge to institutional post-acute care, and prolonged length of stay. A difference-in-differences analysis estimated changes after CJR implementation, comparing CJR to non-CJR hospitals. Results: We found that CJR implementation (in 49 of 144 New York State hospitals) coincided with slightly older and more comorbid TJR recipients. The CJR program coincided with significantly reduced hospitalization cost and discharge to institutional post-acute care but not length of stay. Some CJR effects appear to have affected non-Medicare patients, as well. Conclusion: This retrospective analysis suggests that in New York State, the CJR bundled payment program did not result in hospitals selecting younger and healthier TJR recipients and coincided with decreased costs and fewer discharges to institutional postacute care.
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Kumar, Amit, Indrakshi Roy, Meghan Warren, Stefany D. Shaibi, Maximilian Fabricant, Jason R. Falvey, Amit Vashist, and Amol M. Karmarkar. "Impact of Hospital-Based Rehabilitation Services on Discharge to the Community by Value-Based Payment Programs after Joint Replacement Surgery." Physical Therapy, January 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzab313.
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Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of hospital-based rehabilitation services on community discharge rates after hip and knee replacement surgery according to hospital participation in value-based care models: bundled payments for care improvement (BPCI) and comprehensive care for joint replacement (CJR). The secondary objective was to determine whether community discharge rates after hip and knee replacement surgery differed by participation in these models. Methods A secondary analysis of Medicare fee-for-service claims was conducted for beneficiaries 65 years of age or older who underwent hip and knee replacement surgery from 2016 to 2017. Independent variables were hospital participation in value-based programs categorized as (1) BPCI, (2) CJR, and (3) non-BPCI/CJR; and total minutes per day of hospital-based rehabilitation services categorized into tertiles. The primary outcome variable was discharged to the community versus discharged to institutional post-acute care settings. The association between rehabilitation amount and community discharge among BPCI, CJR, and non-BPCI/CJR hospitals was adjusted for patient-level clinical and hospital characteristics. Results Participation in BPCI or CJR was not associated with community discharge. This analysis found a dose–response relationship between the amount of rehabilitation services and odds of community discharge. Among those who received a hip replacement, this relationship was most pronounced in the BPCI group; compared with the low rehabilitation category, the medium category had odds ratio (OR) = 1.28 (95% CI = 1.17 to 1.41), and the high category had OR = 1.90 (95% CI = 1.71 to 2.11). For those who received a knee replacement, there was a dose–response relationship in the CJR group only; compared with the low rehabilitation category, the medium category had OR = 1.21 (95% CI = 1.15–1.28), and the high category had OR = 1.56 (95% CI = 1.46–1.66). Conclusions Regardless of hospital participation in BPCI or CJR models, higher amounts of rehabilitation services delivered during acute hospitalization is associated with a higher likelihood of discharge to community following hip and knee replacement surgery.