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Journal articles on the topic 'Civilization, Modern – Forecasting'
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1
Nikitenko, Vìtalina, Valentyna Voronkova, Roman Oleksenko, Larysa Filoretova, Liudmyla Lanoviuk, and Viktoriia Khvist. "Perspectives of civilizational political development of world regions in the context of current challenges and opportunities." Cuestiones Políticas 41, no. 76 (March 6, 2023): 274–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4176.15.
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The aim was to investigate the theoretical and practical aspects of civilization in the context of the challenges of modern global development, to analyze a new model of civilization, within which the basic problems of civilization and a solution to the consequences of development proposed by the civilizational process are outlined. The theme is the development of civilization of the world regions and the formation of a new strategy of the NATO Alliance. The methodology consists in the use of the synergetic method, agile methodology, political modeling, forecasting, which help to see the challenges and opportunities of the global development of modern civilization in a new way. As a result, a distinction was made between the concepts of civilization as a sociocultural phenomenon and culture as a measure of human development, because civilization is a set of political conditions that determines the development of a person and a society. The analysis of the problems of civilizational development of the world regions in the context of challenges and opportunities, the objective processes of modern development and the formation of a new concept of civilizational protection of the international society was carried out.
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Dmytrenko, Mykola. "Modern Civilizational Challenges in the Context of the World Reorganization Concepts." Political Studies, no. 2 (2021): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53317/2786-4774-2021-2-8.
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The article deals with global forecasting of social development, as well as with the conceptions and possible scenarios for holistic development of mankind. It is justified that contemporary concepts of the world reorganization should consider different dynamics of the country’s civilizational development, its values and traditional culture. The article emphasizes that outlines of processes, oriented towards the formation of a new world order, began to emerge in the 70s of the last century. It is manifested that in modern society, forecasting the future is an integral part of substantiating worldview interpretations of modern phenomena and processes, reflecting optimistic and pessimistic future scenarios, ideals and value perspectives. It is proved that main ideologists and participants in these processes were the Club of Rome, later the Bilderberg Club, the Trilateral Commission, think tanks such as the RAND Corporation, the Santa Fe Institute and others. General principles developed by them were specified in the work of the IMF, the World Bank, WTO, etc. It is defined that since the 1990s, a philosophical-historical and socio-political orientation of a global nature has become a characteristic feature of prognostic concepts. The idea of the „end of history” by F. Fukuyama that validates the post-communist triumph of the liberal-democratic ideas and the onset of historical calm because of liberal democracy victory throughout the geopolitical space. The other one is the „clash of civilizations” idea by S. Huntington, claiming that after the collapse of bipolar world the mankind would face the sharpening of contradictions and the clash of civilizations consolidated around traditional religions. The author concluded that hybrid war, at the epicenter of which Ukraine has been for more than seven years, is not just a local situation, but an element of a new world order that can be defined as a hybrid world order. It is based on a proxy politics technology using information technologies for the collective conscious and collective subconscious systemic manipulations to change person’s or group’s behavior through stimulus, coercion, or conviction. This involves mainly political, economic, informational, institutional, demographic, technical, social, and other resources, rather than military ones. Key words: futurology, global development, civilization, clash of civilizations, information wars, world reorganization, international security, national security.
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Sazhienko, E. V. "Forecasting ideas of Akop Nazaretyan: two years later." E-Journal of Dubna State University. A series "Science of man and society -, no. 4 (December 2020): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2687-0231-2020-0-12-77-82.
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The article examines some of the Akop Nazaretyan’s ideas, which he outlined in the book «Global Forecasting in the Light of Big History and Synergetics». The relevance of his ideas is analyzed taking into account all the changes that have occurred in the global system over the last two years. Social realities have changed a lot in this short time, but many events look logical within the model, which wascreated by Akop Nazaretyan. In addition, we examined the issues of interaction and competition between states, the place and role of Russia in the modern world, the necessity to create a global ideology, the highest value of which will be the preservationof global civilization.
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Alexander S., Madzharov. "N. Y. Danilevsky and O. Spengler on “Slavic” and “Romano-Germanic” Cultural-Historical Types and Prospects of Their Interaction (Comparison of the Concept and Method)." Humanitarian Vector 17, no. 3 (October 2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2022-17-3-59-68.
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Thinkers N. Y. Danilevsky and O. Spengler brought together a civilization approach to world history. The relevance of the works of these authors is evidenced by their consonance with the modern historical process. The interrelation of ideas and the relative reliability of the predictions made by the theorists predetermined the purpose of the work: comparison of the concepts of “Slavic” and “Romano-Germanic” cultural and historical types, the study of the applied methodology of research by Danilevsky and Spengler, and the application of the comparative historical method in this work. Danilevsky created a typological direction in historical research, moved away from the interpretation of international relations as a situational phenomenon, realized the importance of historical forecasting. He came to the conclusion that Russia and Europe belong to different cultural and historical types, there are, in modern terms, mental contradictions between them, which in the future could give rise to clashes between civilizations. The studies of the geopolitician convinced him that Europe considered, and will continue to consider our fatherland, a “foreign” and even a “hostile” world. Fifty years after Danilevsky, Spengler spoke about the future of Western civilization. The philosopher’s doctrine developed in the direction laid down by the Russian geopolitician. The philosopher revealed the palette of the Faustian soul “from the inside”, and confirmed the assumptions and fears of Danilevsky. “Faustian culture” as Spengler concluded, “has always been aimed at “spreading”. All thinkers and leaders from Eckhart to Napoleon wanted to “conquer the world”. The coming twentieth century was seen by the philosopher as the era of the “war of inheritance”, in which India, China, South Africa, and Russia would enter. In the list of “mobilized states”, the thinker saw his fatherland in the first place. “Unbearable tension”, he testified, pushes Europe to the true Faustian path ‒ the “primal politics of all living things” ‒ war. The conducted historiographical analysis showed that the morphological attitude of the classics of civilization analysis changed the research paradigm, increased the possibilities of theoretical understanding of the problem, opened up prospects for comparative study of cultures, obtaining the necessary geopolitical forecast today.
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Tkalych, Maxym, Oksana Safonchyk, and Yuliia Tolmachevska. "Private Law and Human Rights." DIXI 22, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2020.02.04.
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Point of view: One of the basic concepts that underlies law as a phenomenon, as well as private law as one of the two areas of law, is the concept of natural law. This concept presupposes that rights and freedoms are an inalienable good of every person, regardless of the will of any external institutions. The ideas of natural law have been expressed in the concept of private law (the fundamental principles of private law are such principles as justice, good faith, reasonableness, dispositiveness, legal certainty, inadmissibility of interference in private affairs, inviolability of property rights, and freedom of contract).
Object: The subject of the study is the problems of reforming of private law in modern conditions. The object of research is the social relations that arise in the plane of «person-person» and «state-person» in modern transformation processes.
Methodology: The research methodology is formed by methods of analysis, synthesis, and modeling. Additionally, logical-legal, comparative-legal forecasting methods are used. The authors of the article tried to draw a parallel between the concepts of natural law, Roman law and private law.
Results and discussion: An analysis of these concepts revealed that each of them is an integral part of the concept of modern Western civilization. At the same time, in modern conditions of pandemic, deglobalization, regionalization, collapse of human rights and the very concept of Western civilization, which is based on the ideas of humanism, liberalism, absolute human rights, inviolability of property rights and respect for privacy, are under threat.
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Sidorina, A. V. "Rome club and social transformations of the second half of the XX and the beginning of the XXI century." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 24, no. 4 (January 12, 2019): 188–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2018-24-4-188-205.
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The article analyzes the main prerequisites for the emergence and further development of the Сlub of Rome. The second half of the XX century is seen as a period of qualitative transformation of all aspects of social life. The emergence of the Сlub of Rome in this period is seen as a response to the ongoing transformation processes. Globalization and the scientific and technological revolution are becoming the basic prerequisites for the formation of global problems of human civilization. Global problems are being analyzed at the international community level. The first reports of the Club of Rome analyzed the global problems of our time in the context of “society — nature” with the using computer modeling methods. If the first reports were characterized only by an assessment of the current state of civilization and forecasting its further development (with an emphasis, as a rule, on pessimistic aspects), then the subsequent works of the members of the Club of Rome is characterized by an attempt to build a model out of the existing crisis and the further sustainable development of civilization. Th e second group of reports of the Сlub develops in the framework of the analysis of interaction in the system “society — individual”. This is partly due to the fact that social problems are becoming more acute, primarily the problem of confrontation between the “rich North and the poor South”. Within the framework of these works, the idea that modern global problems are not only environmental and economic problems, they are problems of political and institutional order, they are demographic, cultural, ideological, they are problems of the crisis of the basic value structures of modern civilization is gaining popularity. The authors of the reports lead us to the need to build a new ideological paradigm, which will be the basis of a new global ethics. The creation of a new ethics of international cooperation is considered as a basic and key condition for overcoming the existing crisis.
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Grebnev, Ya V., and A. K. Moskalev. "Modeling the risk of territories flooding by flood waters on the Kan River." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 032045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/3/032045.
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Abstract Throughout the existence of human civilization, flooding of territories as a result of the influence of flood and ground waters has threatened normal life. One of the ways to prevent negative impact of floods is the use of mathematical modeling methods using modern software. The paper presents the results of solving the problem of modeling the dynamics of flood waters within the boundaries of the settlement of Kansk and making a forecast of possible flooding for 2021. To calculate flooding zones of territories within the boundaries of Kansk by spring waters, the TUFLOW program was used in the Surface-water Modeling System modeling environment, as well as neural network forecasting using the NeuroPro software product and visualization of forecasting results in the AIMS RSChS-2030 software environment. Simulation of the passage of floods within the boundaries of Kansk was carried out under the condition that the timing of the onset of the maximum flow on the Kan River and its tributaries coincide. The simulation results made it possible to predict local flooding of the settlement during the flood of 2021 and take preventive measures to reduce the risk of flooding.
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Platonova, Yulia. "INNOVATIVE FOCUS OF MODERN CONTENT OF EDUCATION OF SOCIAL SPHERE SPECIALISTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL CIVILIZATION." Man and Education, no. 2 (75) (2023): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.54884/s181570410026441-0.
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Digital civilization, affecting all aspects of life, is actively entering the social sphere, providing a higher level of social activity. In this regard, the use of digital technologies is being updated, contributing to a change in the ways in which knowledge, skills, and professional competencies are created, formed and transferred. The digitalization of the education system and the creation of a digital space of the university is associated with a new vector of Russia's development. In this vein, the system of personnel training is being improved in order to develop the social basis of the city, its social cluster, as well as for the most important function of the welfare state - supporting social "risk groups" in need of additional social protection. The digitalization of education gives an additional impetus to self-organization initiatives, promotes the development of modeling and forecasting. When selecting the content of education, the structural units of the content are ordered, forming the integrity and completeness of the module. Digitalization develops not only vertical, but also horizontal connections of the educational environment of the institution, which is especially important for social specialists, in whose practice the use of an interdepartmental approach is one of the requirements of professional activity in working with “risk groups”. The most pressing problems that require innovative consideration in the preparation of future specialists are the following: organization of social services for elderly citizens, people with disabilities, families with children and in need; assistance in adaptation and socialization of people who need social support in the process of rehabilitation, adaptation, education, vocational training and employment.
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Yakovleva, I. V., and T. S. Kosenko. "Socio-philosophical cognition of the phenomenon of uncertainty and forecasting in education." Professional education in the modern world 11, no. 4 (February 26, 2022): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2021-4-3.
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The principle of uncertainty operates in the perspective of discussing the modern Russian education modernization, it arises in the circumstances of unclear public priorities, goals, values. At the educational practice viewpoint, the holistic methodology absence for the philosophical understanding of certainty and uncertainty of ontological, epistemological, epistemological, axiological research programs, is reflected in both satisfying human cognitive needs and forecasting in education. Developing a methodological formalization of concepts «certainty», «uncertainty», «ontological uncertainty» (non-articulation of properties and behavior of the system or its individual element), «epistemological uncertainty» (in techniques of cognition, forming a worldview, implementing innovations, as well as interpreting the quality of education from the standpoint market laws), «epistemological uncertainty» (parametric, random, ambiguous and uncertainty of interaction) are associated with a critical discussion of the essential signs of uncertainty in society and education, which are becoming the research subject of the education philosophy. A survey of philosophers’ opinions regarding the education models of the future pointed to the critically-oriented nature of already existing prototypes and the development of their scenarios. The need to determine the theoretical status of «uncertainty in education» is closely related to understanding a person's place in the world, agreeing in the public consciousness of a consistent understanding of the axiological categories: «value of education» and «education as a value» and their new interpretation based on the articulation of «axiological certainty» as new ecosystems of values and principles of their functioning in the education of the future. Understanding the changes in the ontological, epistemological and axiological foundations of Russian education is private explications of socio-philosophical subjectivism to a certain extent. Modern concepts discussing the axiological reversal in educational practices concentrate around the problem of axiological certainty, namely: the preservation of civilization and the hierarchical nature of educational goals and values as an important component of effective education management.
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Gavrilov, Evgeniy. "Scenarios of State Development in the XXI Century." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2023, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2023-7-1-37-45.
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Scientific forecasting and long-term planning of social development cannot ignore such a key structural component of modern society as the state. This article describes the prospects for the development of the state in the XXI century, the main factors of state transformation, and the most common interpretations of their consequences. The list of factors includes globalization, scientific and technological progress, competing multinational companies, and various supranational structures. The research revealed four scenarios. (1) The state gives place to new management systems. (2) The main political centers remain either as executive units of supranational structures, or as relatively independent macro-formations. (3) National states degenerate into new political forms under the influence of modern social factors. (4) New autarkies or neo-autarkies appear on the territories of contemporary states. Most forecasters foretell those states are bound to lose their independence of internal and foreign policy on a planetary scale. Some of them see a process of transition to new non-state models of society management. Others declare that states will grow in strength in the historical perspective, reaching the form of autarky, and on stronger grounds than ever before. The future of the state in this century depends not on political relations, but on the transformation of personality, values, and connections. The future of the state as an independent subject of domestic or foreign policy depends on its ability to respond to the challenges of modern civilization.
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Sobirin, Supardiyono. "PRANATA MANGSA DAN BUDAYA KEARIFAN LINGKUNGAN." Jurnal Budaya Nusantara 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/b.nusantara.vol2.no1.a1719.
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Pranata mangsa is a traditional calendar about the rules of the season which has long been known primarily bythe farming community in Java. This calendar is based on pseudo-circulation of the sun, which in the past was a reliableguide for farmers to schedule farming in the rice fields. Along with the progress of civilization of life, understanding of pranata mangsa has faded a lot, among other things because of environmental changes due to population growth, land use change, climate anomalies, and modernization of life. Although pranata mangsa has experienced many deviations, it is assumed that it can still be saved as a very wise and valuable ancestral heritage. One of the benefits is as a cultural aid in preserving the environment, and as a basis for understanding the current season's forecasting technology. A hope that pranata mangsa culture can be revived, namely if the concept of development is carried out on the basis of consistent ecological sustainability, with integrated support in the form of political will, educational will, and cultural will, and integrating traditional wisdom of pranata mangsa with modern technology.
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Sobirin, Supardiyono. "PRANATA MANGSA DAN BUDAYA KEARIFAN LINGKUNGAN." Jurnal Budaya Nusantara 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 250–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/jbn.vol2.no1.1719.
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Pranata mangsa is a traditional calendar about the rules of the season which has long been known primarily bythe farming community in Java. This calendar is based on pseudo-circulation of the sun, which in the past was a reliableguide for farmers to schedule farming in the rice fields. Along with the progress of civilization of life, understanding of pranata mangsa has faded a lot, among other things because of environmental changes due to population growth, land use change, climate anomalies, and modernization of life. Although pranata mangsa has experienced many deviations, it is assumed that it can still be saved as a very wise and valuable ancestral heritage. One of the benefits is as a cultural aid in preserving the environment, and as a basis for understanding the current season's forecasting technology. A hope that pranata mangsa culture can be revived, namely if the concept of development is carried out on the basis of consistent ecological sustainability, with integrated support in the form of political will, educational will, and cultural will, and integrating traditional wisdom of pranata mangsa with modern technology.
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Билалов, М. И. "ON THE METHODOLOGY OF FORECASTING THE FUTURE OF THE NATIONAL REPUBLICS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS." Вестник ГГНТУ. Гуманитарные и социально-экономические науки, no. 1(23) (April 29, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.2021.54.91.006.
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На примере публикаций в СМИ критически осмысливаются фактологизм, отсутствие цельной методологии и идеологии прогнозирования будущего республик Северного Кавказа. Автор отвергает скептицизм и пессимизм в оценке перспектив северокавказских народов. Обосновывается неприемлемость либерализма как методологии современного социального развития. Предлагаются основополагающие подходы в виде исторических закономерностей, идеалов и норм евразийства, соответствующие антилиберализму, антиглобализму и альтерглобализму, необходимые как методологические установки для определения перспектив народов постсоветского пространства. Сохранение российской и северокавказской идентичности, единство народов региона в составе России, евразийская цивилизация, гражданское общество с региональными базовыми ценностями и т. п. должны стать альфой и омегой не только общественно-политических и гуманитарных исследований, но и публикаций СМИ, прогнозирующих будущее национальных республик Северного Кавказа. On the example of publications in the media, factology is critically interpreted, the lack of a coherent methodology and ideology for predicting the future of the North Caucasus republics. The author rejects skepticism and pessimism in assessing the prospects of the North Caucasian peoples. The article substantiates the unacceptability of liberalism as a methodology of modern social development. The fundamental approaches in the form of historical laws, ideals and norms of eurasianism, corresponding to anti-liberalism, anti-globalism and alter-globalism, necessary as methodological guidelines for determining the prospects of the peoples of the post-Soviet space, are proposed. The conservation of the Russian and North Caucasian identity, the unity of the peoples of the region within Russia, the Eurasian civilization, civil society with regional basic values, etc. should become the alpha and omega not only of socio-political and humanitarian studies, but also of media publications that predict the future of the national republics of the North Caucasus.
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Bilova, N. A., and V. I. Chornaya. "«Agrophytocenology: aspects of theory, methodology and related sciences» [Monograph] / V. I. Shanda, E. O. Yevtushenko, N. V. Voroshilova, Y. V. Malenko." Ecology and Noospherology 28, no. 3-4 (May 15, 2017): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031719.
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The most characteristic features of the modern civilization stage are runaway growth, integration and further differentiation of knowledges, enhancement of the science role in society. Science is an important factor of global transformation and mankind progress. The existence and prosperity of society depends largely on the success of science which is developed rapidly, justifying correctness, objectivity, reliability, and appropriateness of decisions on long-term planning of economic, environmental, political and social activities. Neither reliable prediction of further long-term effects of our current actions nor correct definition of the immediate tasks of economic activity are possible without a thorough scientific analysis of the numerous challenges that affect the tasks of modern society. Realities of the present state justify absolute needs for multilateral forecasting, modeling of multivariate objective patterns of mankind future, and certainly of science itself and its priorities. Works of scientists that include a monograph of V.I. Shanda, E.O. Yevtushenko, N.V. Voroshilova, Y.V. Malenko offer insights into better understanding and more accurate determination of status, ways and prospects of further science development in general and in level of its individual disciplines. The monograph highlights in retro- and perspective the nature, development, interdisciplinary connections, ontological, gnoseological and theoretical issues, concepts, differentiation of agrophytocenology as a science, represented the systemic vision, elementary and structural analysis of agrophytocenoses, their division and specificity, including chaos and behaviours related to formation of structure, composition and interactions.
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Hrushchynska, Natalia. "The economic component of the values of the modern digitalized world." Galician economic journal 87, no. 2 (2024): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2024.02.214.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the essence of the economic values of modern society, taking into account techno-global development, informatization, and the possibility of forecasting further global transformational development. Technological development of the economy involves progressive changes, investment attraction, consistent growth of the scientific and technical sectors, and economic development through the knowledge economy. Technological style is the driving force of modern processes in post-industrial society. The main problem of designing the main economic system in modern conditions is the factor of adapting its internal features to the national nature of the industrial economy. In general, industrial forms of economic organization are becoming less important against the backdrop of a rapid increase in the importance of the information component. In the course of the technological evolution of modern societies, the issue of transformation of values is becoming more and more important. Values determine a person's attitude to social reality and determine the motives of his behavior. Economic values include business, professional activity, income inequality, unemployment, gender and age inequality, attitude to competition, forms of ownership, and workplace. The article examines the characteristics of technological singularity as a process of rapid technological development of society, its impact on the change of economic values, as well as its potential for forecasting and evaluating the economic behavior of society. The state needs to participate in determining the national strategy, taking into account modern features and developing ways to implement this strategy in all spheres of social development (patriotism, economic and demographic policy, cultural policy, etc.). Public policy performs a supporting function in relation to business and is a tool that helps implement national priorities. The article states that in times of crisis, in times of radical changes in economic systems, politics, and state administration, it is especially important to shape the future and make reliable forecasts. The future can only be understood through a careful analysis of the past and present. At the end of the 20th - and beginning of the 21st centuries, the question of the future of society became especially relevant. This was stimulated by the invention of science and technology, the transformation of science with its unlimited possibilities into a direct factor in the processes of production and culture, and the progress of society. Prognostic prediction also takes into account the entire arsenal of scientific methods, with the help of which humanity collects information about the possibilities of modern civilization, makes expert assessments and relies on exploratory and normative forecasts; the article provides an analysis of the indicator (WVS) for Ukraine, moving from traditional values to secular-rational values and from survival values to values of self-expression, which involves reducing the influence of religion and authoritarian leaders, the spread of democracy, tolerance, gender equality, etc. The change in values affects political preferences and contributes to economic changes, including the formation of democratic institutions.
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Bennett, James S., Brian E. Vyhnalek, Hamish Greenall, Elizabeth M. Bridge, Fernando Gotardo, Stefan Forstner, Glen I. Harris, Félix A. Miranda, and Warwick P. Bowen. "Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 5568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165568.
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Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.
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Stolyarov, V., O. Shinkaryuk, and V. Stolyarova. "Systemic Interaction of Center and Regions in Ukraine (basics of national-civilizational security)." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 4 (62) (2020): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2020-4(62)-52-63.
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The article poses and solves the problem of achieving coordinated interaction between the Center and the Regions as a single, organic and dynamic system of a sovereign independent state. Modern approaches of liberal and planned principles of overcoming bureaucratic and corrupt arbitrariness and urgent resuscitation with intensive revival of economic and vital activity of Ukraine, which is purposefully destroyed under external influence, are considered. The main provisions of the report of the President of France Emmanuel Macron in August 2019 on the Great Fracture in European and world civilization processes are revealed. The main ideas and directions of the Plan of the Great Reset and implementation of the fourth industrial revolution of June 2020 of the Davos World Economic Forum are presented. A meaningful chronology of the formation of the organizational mechanism for the introduction of inclusive capitalism and its management and staffing is given. The equivalence of the principles of homeostasis of economic and biological systems is considered by comparing the restoration of the viability of the global network economy and marine biological systems (on the example of a vampire octopus). Generalized signs of international and state terrorism in Ukraine. The necessity to change the Anglo-Saxon model of open market economy to socially oriented one using the doctrine of 3 "S": social forecasting, social planning and social management is substantiated. It is proposed to use the experience of the United States and Great Britain on social planning and the European financial model of people's capitalism. Based on the proposals of Emelyanov O.S. to enhance the role of the Center in cooperation with the Regions, it is recommended to develop National and Regional Human Development Programs. It is proposed to develop a Planning Code of Ukraine based on the provisions of the model of socially adequate management with encyclopedic criteria for their use at the national and regional levels of government.
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Mitroshin, Igor. "The Impact of Urbanization on Living Standards of the Population in Russia." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 4 (December 2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2022.4.7.
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Urbanization has a significant impact on the development of human civilization. At the same time, the way civilization develops generates urbanization. The growth of large million-plus cities is changing the quality and style of life of an individual, family, household, as well as society, region and country. Large urban formations in modern conditions are both a consequence and indicator of the development of a country and the engine of its economic development. The greater the number and size of urban agglomerations and the faster their growth, the faster economic growth occurs. Under the conditions of urbanization, the structure of household incomes and expenditures, average wage and other factors affecting the standard of living of the population are changing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between individual aspects of the standard of living of the population in large cities of Russia. In particular, the dependence of the average wage and the purchasing power of the population on the size of the city’s population is considered. The article provides a more detailed analysis of the purchasing power of the population in the 15 largest cities of Russia and the degree of its dependence on the size of the city, as well as its growth rate. The relationship of urbanization with other factors affecting the standard of living of the population during the period of constant reform of the country’s economy has been studied. The analysis carried out is the basis for further forecasting of changes in the standard of living of the population and other aspects that affect household finances. The findings of the study make it possible to understand in general the main changes in the standard of living of the population in the conditions of urbanization, and sometimes deurbanization. The study was carried out on the basis of official statistical data of Rosstat, analysis of materials and works of other authors carrying out scientific activities in this direction.
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Sertakova, Irina N. "Urbanism and ethnical: relationship parameters in city space." Neophilology, no. 4 (2022): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2022-8-4-870-877.
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We conduct a cultural and philosophical analysis of urbanism in the context of ethical in the city space. We note the relevance of urban theories and the main problems reflected in them. We emphasize the importance and relevance of the axiological aspect in the study of urbanization as an approach that involves a comprehensive study of the most common features and trends of urbanism, the definition of the cultural and spiritual potential of urban development, and forecasting. The reliance on the theory of values made it possible to introduce the term “urban civilization” – a specific system that includes modern cities with their own social and economic structures. The functioning of these structures is closely related to human thinking, lifestyle, ethics, culture of the urban environment. “Ethical” is a concept in the most general form reflecting the spiritual and practical side of people's lives, morality, cultural norms-values, feelings and experiences, intellectual understanding of the culture of society, individual and collective worldview positions. We consider the ethical categories of “happiness” and “hate” as the result of human existence in the city space. We reveal the relationship between the “ethical” and cultural potential of the city. We conclude that the urgent tasks of improving cities, which should not only focus on socio-economic development, but also take into account the ethical component, bring people closer to spiritual values.
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Beresneva, Natalia, and Alexander Vnutskikh. "Children’s literature of the Soviet period as a source of philosophical ideas (case of Nikolai Nosov)." Human Affairs 28, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2018-0013.
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Abstract The relevance of the research is due to the interest of modern science in the successful experience of comprehending social reality and of social forecasting in forms nontrivial for systematic rational thinking. T topic is especially important in the context of global instability, in which human civilization has been living for the last decades. The main question is the possible existence of a critical philosophy in terms of the ideological pressure of the Soviet period. The author substantiates the hypothesis that children’s literature could be a form of free development of philosophical thinking, permissible in these circumstances. The research is of practical value to humanities scholars studying Soviet and post-Soviet period Russian culture, literature, philosophy, regardless of their theoretical and ideological orientations, since it examines the philosophical aspects in the works by the Soviet children’s writer Nikolai Nosov, author of trilogy about Dunno (rus. Neznajka), and not well-known abroad. The article justifies the opinion that Nosov’s creative heritage is underestimated both in Russian and foreign humanities and not sufficiently analyzed. Through the analysis of N. Nosov’s texts, undertaken by Russian and foreign scholars and publicists (among which L. Abdel-Rahim and L. Karawan deserve a special mention), implicit social and philosophical ideas are revealed, and the basic social forecasting is determined in relation to the society of ‘developed socialism’. Marxist philosophy had a significant impact on N. Nosov’s worldview; however, the writer is alien to the ideological blinders of the dominant forms of Soviet philosophy. Nosov’s Marxism in the form of popular ‘children’s’ discourse suddenly finds itself able to effectively implement critical and prognostic function of philosophy. Being decades ahead of Soviet ideologists and philosophers in this respect, N. Nosov convincingly showed the problem nature of ‘developed socialism’. An important diagnosis of this society and a forecast for its future is possible ‘breakdown’ of the historical process (despite scientific and technical achievements) due to the insufficient level of culture and consciousness, the immaturity of social relations.
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Shults, Eduard E. "Comparative historical analysis in the prediction of revolutions." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 483 (2022): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/483/18.
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The article considers the problem of forecasting revolutions – one of the main issues raised in social sciences whose solution meets objective and subjective difficulties. Researchers radically diverge in the possibility of predicting revolutions, as well as in the question of whether revolutions have a future or the era of revolutions has passed. An opportunity to predict revolution is important, but most often in forecasts this socio-political phenomenon is substituted for attempts of predicting explosions of social protest in its mass and radical forms which can lead to a change of power. The analysis of revolutions allows, with a huge share of probability, concluding that revolutions have a chance to occur where they never occurred, except for specific cases when certain countries already avoided revolutions. To reach the aim, the author offers a combination of two approaches: (1) a comparative-historical analysis of revolutions as a socio-political phenomenon of the modern era and (2) a method of analogies – if a phenomenon occurs under certain conditions in one country or group of the countries, then this phenomenon, most likely, will also happen in other countries with similar conditions. To solve the problem, the author considers exclusively demonstrations of the phenomenon of revolutions for the period of modern and contemporary history, since forecasting is based on methods of comparative historical analysis and analogies and the article does not set historical and philosophical problems about the possibility in the future of revolutionary phenomena similar to those that took place in antiquity, or to communist revolutions. In the author’s opinion, the revolution as a process consists of three components: (1) social protest in mass and radical forms; (2) coup d’état (change of political power); (3) reforms in the state (significant changes in the system). In the absence of one of the components, the term “revolution” is not applicable. Violation of this rule leads to the blurring of the boundaries of the phenomenon and the dragging into it of other political and socio-political phenomena (coups, reforms, mass protests, etc.). A comparative analysis of more than sixty revolutions identifies two types by external characteristics (algorithm and consequences): basic and corrective (including six models of the revolution algorithm, three in each form). Then the author analyzes options for a norevolution path for various states. This approach allowed the following conclusions. (1) For the majority of the countries, the era of revolutions has come to an end. (2) A large number of the countries of Africa and some countries of Asia have a forthcoming long civilization period before conditions for the revolutions of the modern era mature. (3) In the short and medium terms, a number of countries have prospects of revolutions. At the same time, in connection with globalization and internationalization of the ideas and technologies, these countries can undergo necessary transitions in the evolutionary way through reforms, avoiding revolutionary explosions.
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Voropayeva, Tetiana. "UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ELITE OF THE POST-COLONIAL ERA: CIVIL DIMENSION." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 22 (2017): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2017.22.15.
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The article analyzes the Ukrainian national elite of the postcolonial era through the prism of citizenship. In recent years, the interest in elitist issues has been grown significantly. In modern socio-humanitarian field, the issues of the elites’ role in the modern world, the criteria for evaluating different elite’s activity, the measure of their citizenship, patriotism and professionalism are often discussed. Positive social transformations in many respects depend on the qualitative state of modern Ukrainian elites, on their socio-political maturity, on their willingness and ability to consolidate Ukrainian society, on the level of their responsibility for the fate of Ukraine. The author of the article follows to the concept of plurality of elites (based on the idea of distinguishing elite groups in the fields of their leading activities), which enables the allocation of political, ideological, publicadministrative, military, economic and engineering, scientific, spiritual, medical, educational (pedagogical), cultural-artistic, religious, informational, sporting, etc. In the post-colonial period, all these elite groups must become an integral elements of the Ukrainian national elite. In article the citizen is analyzed as a subject of qualitative social transformations in the post-colonial period, as well as civil practices of self-organization of society in the context of modern transformational processes in Ukraine by the article. The phenomenon of civic activity of an elitist person is analyzed in a theoretical, methodological and empirical perspective. The article deals with theoretical and methodological bases, structure and development peculiarities of the civil position of the personality. Civil society is seen as a cultural and historical type of society. The peculiarities of its formation and functioning in post-colonial Ukraine are analyzed. The author suggests his own periodization of the civil society development in Ukraine. So, the Ukrainian national elite would become the true subject of decolonization of Ukraine and positive social transformations only when all its representatives will begin to perform their core functions in a responsible way: culture-creating, state-building, nation-building, as well as consolidating, creative-transforming, forecasting, motivational, mobilizing, administrating, spiritual-ideological, identification, patriotic, humanistic, axiological, democratic, stabilizing, strategic, security, etc. The Ukrainian national elite must respond on time to the challenges posed by time (globalization, ecological, economic, technological, informational, etc.). The most important for modern Ukraine isn’t only the formation of an effective and responsible political elite that could consolidate other elite groups, directing their activities in a constructive way, but also ensuring its timely rotation, qualitative upgrading, de-oligarchy and overcoming its alienation from society. The national elite must carry out highquality legal, political, socio-economic, socio-cultural, technological, ecological and other transformations; to support the integrity and spiritual unity of society, the development of democracy and self-organization processes in Ukraine, the formation and approval of a civil-political and European civilization identity of Ukrainian citizens.
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Shinde Sanket and Vaibhav Shelar. "Behavior of Flood Resistant Building and Ductile Detailing of G +7 RC Building Using IS 13920-2016." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.9.1.0158.
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Floods are one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters occurring in the world and with the increase in constructions along river courses and concentration of population around floodplain areas, flood-induced damages have been continuously increasing. The annual disaster record reveals that flood occurrence increased about ten folds over the past five decades. Thus, floods are posing a great threat and challenge to planers, design engineers, insurance industries, policymakers, and to the governments. Structural and non-structural measures can be used to deal with floods. Structural measures include a set of works aiming to reduce one or more hydraulic parameters like runoff volume, peak discharge, rise in water level, duration of flood, flow velocity, etc. Non-structural measures involve a wide range of measures to reduce flood risk through flood forecasting and early warning systems, emergency plans, and posing land use regulations and policies. The futuristic reinforced concrete buildings can be considered as a symbol of modern civilization. These buildings are usually constructed based on the guide lines given by the standard code books(like IS: 456:2000 and IS 13920:2016).Unfortunately, the code provisions consider the seismic loads and wind effects alone, while accounting the dead and live design loads, and exclude the flood loads. This implies the necessity to bring out corrective measures that can be adopted to reduce vulnerability before harm occurrences. In this project focuses on both the incorporation of flood loads during the analysis and design in CSI-ETABS software and the assessment of flood vulnerability of reinforced concrete residential buildings. Vulnerability is expressed as a fraction of ground floor height and maximum flood level at most immerse the building up to ground floor and first floor level. The importance of the outcome arises from the need of a strengthening solution to avoid failure of new or existing structures during floods.
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Hryhorkiv, Vasyl, and Mariia Hryhorkiv. "TWO-SECTOR MODEL OF ECONOMY UNDER CONDITIONS OF ECOLOGIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS III, no. 83 (September 29, 2021): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2021-3.83.10.
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The urgency of the problem of ecologization of the economy and of other spheres of human life is revealed. This problem is one of the most acute and priority problems of the modern world, as the consequences of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment are environmental crises of regional and global scale, including climate change, which threatens not only socio-economic development of human civilization but also its existence. In this regard, not only the greening of the economy is relevant, but also the greening of consumption, education, culture, upbringing, and so on. The research of the stated and many other issues related to the greening of human activities requires the use of many scientific tools. The multifaceted nature of the object and subject of research is analyzed, which actually leads to the use of a set of conceptual, methodological and methodological approaches. The efficiency of the modeling method and the necessity of constructing the ecological economy models for the purpose to research conceptual bases and admissible scenarios of its formation and development are substantiated. The differential dynamic The urgency of the problem of ecologization of the economy and of other spheres of human life is revealed. This problem is one of the most acute and priority problems of the modern world, as the consequences of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment are environmental crises of regional and global scale, including climate change, which threatens not only socio-economic development of human civilization but also its existence. In this regard, not only the greening of the economy is relevant, but also the greening of consumption, education, culture, upbringing, and so on. The research of the stated and many other issues related to the greening of human activities requires the use of many scientific tools. The multifaceted nature of the object and subject of research is analyzed, which actually leads to the use of a set of conceptual, methodological and methodological approaches. The efficiency of the modeling method and the necessity of constructing the ecological economy models for the purpose to research conceptual bases and admissible scenarios of its formation and development are substantiated. The differential dynamic The urgency of the problem of ecologization of the economy and of other spheres of human life is revealed. This problem is one of the most acute and priority problems of the modern world, as the consequences of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment are environmental crises of regional and global scale, including climate change, which threatens not only socio-economic development of human civilization but also its existence. In this regard, not only the greening of the economy is relevant, but also the greening of consumption, education, culture, upbringing, and so on. The research of the stated and many other issues related to the greening of human activities requires the use of many scientific tools. The multifaceted nature of the object and subject of research is analyzed, which actually leads to the use of a set of conceptual, methodological and methodological approaches. The efficiency of the modeling method and the necessity of constructing the ecological economy models for the purpose to research conceptual bases and admissible scenarios of its formation and development are substantiated. The differential dynamic model of a two-sector economy in the conditions of greening of production and consumption processes has been developed, in which one sector is engaged in the production of the main aggregate product, and the other – in utilization of environmentally hazardous production and consumption residues. A specific feature of the model is also taking into account the socio-economic clustering of society, which allows in a sense to reflect both environmental, economic and social aspects of the economy uder the study. Spatial variables of the model are liquid savings or liquid capital of production owners and workers in each sector, the price of the main aggregate product, the tariff for waste disposal, the amount of environmental pollution. The proposed model serves as a theoretical basis for building models of ecological and economic dynamics and the basis for some of its modifications, taking into account the specifics of behavioral functions and parameters, and is designed for experimental research in computer simulation of major trends and features of real ecological and economic systems. The results of such a study with models of this class also provide an opportunity to analyze acceptable environmental standards of production and consumption, test and improve the relevant information support, detail the fundamentally important requirements for the functions and parameters used in formalizing the model and ultimately create a valuable information base for systems support of management decisions on forecasting and implementation of ecological and economic processes.
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Baimuratov, M. O., and V. P. Ozhereliev. "THE ROLE OF THE RULES-BASED INTERNATIONAL ORDER DOCTRINE IN THE FORMATION OF RULES OF LAW: ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF PROJECTION ON THE NOOSPHERE MODEL." Соціальний Калейдоскоп 2, no. 1 (July 10, 2022): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47567/bomivit.2-1.2022.03.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, in the historiographical and legal aspect in the context of projection on a global topological information and noosphere, the authors consider the interaction between the conceptual structural components of the world civilization and legal system, as elements of a single legal triad: "Order-Rules-Law". In the meaningful sense, the terms of the terms "order", "rules" and "law" are the conceptual foundation of the doctrine "Rules-Based International Order" (RBIO), the name of which means "International (world) order based on the rules", and The International System Based on the Rules – The Rule Based International System (RBIS). The study of interactions between the components of the legal triad is of great importance for the study of the processes of formation of rules of law, especially in global systems of public international law and municipal law, as well as in international legal forecasting.
It is established that the modern balanced state of the IP-structure of the noosphere, according to the model that has historically developed, is a manifestation of the same "order and rules", which were naturally formed in the process of changing the types (forms) of the world order, which are reflected in the triad «Order-rules-rules- Right» that corresponds to the perceptions of Rbis and Rbio. They should be performed to prevent implosion (internal destruction) of the nuclear structure of the Noosphere, timely eliminate tendencies to autarcy entities of the nuclear of the Noosphere in the form of Russia and China, as well as to avoid the threat of complete reformatting of the "Christian world" "Islamic World Order".
Therefore, for a comprehensive study of the role of RBIO doctrine in the implementation of the rules of law, an objectively necessary is a deep – inclusive analysis of dynamic processes in the triad "Order – Rules – Law". It cannot be carried out without the study of archaic causes and development of public and municipal law, which took place at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries in line with the formation of a global topological double-circuit cone-nuclear information-law structure in the noosphere system. To this end, the authors use the bipolar model of the noosphere developed by them, which with the help of concepts about the topology of the global information and legal space allows to identify natural tendencies and identify natural mechanisms of support for the primate of Anglo-Saxon law on a global scale, in the context of ideas about RBIO and RBIS.
This methodology is aimed at preserving the sustainable development of world civilization, which in the concept of the model is represented on the one hand: system forming components of the noosphere shell-subjects of international public law in the form of the US Sides-System forming components of the nucleus of the Noosphere: Russia, India and China. This methodology is of particular importance in the conditions of manifestation of tendencies to reformat the IP structure of the noosphere: replacement of the archaic system of the "Christian world order" and its modern form of liberal world order-for "Islamic world order", which requires the correction of value instruments of international public and municipal law, which have historically formed on the basis of traditional concepts of Rbis-Rbio and the Anglo-Saxon law system.
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Baimuratov, M. O., and V. P. Ozhereliev. "THE ROLE OF THE RULES-BASED INTERNATIONAL ORDER DOCTRINE IN THE FORMATION OF RULES OF LAW: ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF PROJECTION ON THE NOOSPHERE MODEL." Соціальний Калейдоскоп 2, no. 3-4 (September 30, 2022): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47567/2709-0906.3-4.2022.40-63.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, in the historiographical and legal aspect in the context of projection on a global topological information and noosphere, the authors consider the interaction between the conceptual structural components of the world civilization and legal system, as elements of a single legal triad: "Order-Rules-Law". In the meaningful sense, the terms of the terms "order", "rules" and "law" are the conceptual foundation of the doctrine "Rules-Based International Order" (RBIO), the name of which means "International (world) order based on the rules", and The International System Based on the Rules – The Rule Based International System (RBIS). The study of interactions between the components of the legal triad is of great importance for the study of the processes of formation of rules of law, especially in global systems of public international law and municipal law, as well as in international legal forecasting.
It is established that the modern balanced state of the IP-structure of the noosphere, according to the model that has historically developed, is a manifestation of the same "order and rules", which were naturally formed in the process of changing the types (forms) of the world order, which are reflected in the triad «Order-rules-rules- Right» that corresponds to the perceptions of Rbis and Rbio. They should be performed to prevent implosion (internal destruction) of the nuclear structure of the Noosphere, timely eliminate tendencies to autarcy entities of the nuclear of the Noosphere in the form of Russia and China, as well as to avoid the threat of complete reformatting of the "Christian world" "Islamic World Order".
Therefore, for a comprehensive study of the role of RBIO doctrine in the implementation of the rules of law, an objectively necessary is a deep – inclusive analysis of dynamic processes in the triad "Order – Rules – Law". It cannot be carried out without the study of archaic causes and development of public and municipal law, which took place at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries in line with the formation of a global topological double-circuit cone-nuclear information-law structure in the noosphere system. To this end, the authors use the bipolar model of the noosphere developed by them, which with the help of concepts about the topology of the global information and legal space allows to identify natural tendencies and identify natural mechanisms of support for the primate of Anglo-Saxon law on a global scale, in the context of ideas about RBIO and RBIS.
This methodology is aimed at preserving the sustainable development of world civilization, which in the concept of the model is represented on the one hand: system forming components of the noosphere shell-subjects of international public law in the form of the US Sides-System forming components of the nucleus of the Noosphere: Russia, India and China. This methodology is of particular importance in the conditions of manifestation of tendencies to reformat the IP structure of the noosphere: replacement of the archaic system of the "Christian world order" and its modern form of liberal world order-for "Islamic world order", which requires the correction of value instruments of international public and municipal law, which have historically formed on the basis of traditional concepts of Rbis-Rbio and the Anglo-Saxon law system.
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Sokurenko, V. V. "Violent crime motivated by war-related hate: concepts, signs, development trends." Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 103, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2023.4.16.
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The article substantiates the need to study violent crime motivated by hatred related to the war as a separate criminological category in view of the ongoing armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine, the annexation of part of its territories and open calls by the Russian authorities to destroy the Ukrainian nation, incite hatred to everything that identifies Ukraine as a sovereign independent state.
The analysis of the transformations of violent crime based on hatred related to the war as a socio-legal phenomenon of modern society shows that the social price of its existence in our society is too high.
Attention is focused on the fact that manifestations of violence and aggression in society pose a real threat to the stability of the existence of the entire human civilization, which carries potential threats to the national security of Ukraine, as well as to regional and global security.
A definition of a violent crime motivated by hatred related to the war has been formulated, the content of its main essential features has been identified and disclosed. Trends in the development of this type of crime have been outlined as a basis for forecasting negative impacts on the relevant social processes in the future.
The need to develop a balanced legislative approach to the correct understanding, recognition, detection and subsequent legally competent qualification of criminal offenses on the basis of hatred related to the war as a guarantee of their effective prevention and investigation is summarized.
The need for further research to identify criminogenic phenomena and processes that determine the emergence and modification of violent crime on the basis of hatred related to the war, which is a necessary element of its study, has been proved. After all, this will make it possible to explain the nature of its emergence, the peculiarities of its internal content, options for further modifications, and, ultimately, the development of countermeasures.
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Malinova, Isabella Pavlovna. "Information wars: the clash of civilizational pessimism and civilizational optimism in social prognostics." KANT 43, no. 2 (June 2022): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2022-43.24.
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In the article, the author explores the methodological foundations of the forecasting of civilizational processes using modern material. On the basis of the code theory of the functioning of complex self-governing systems, a concept of synergistic approaches to stopping the factors of exacerbation of situations characteristic of information and economic wars has been developed. A critical analysis of the concepts of civilizational pessimism and their influence on civilizational processes on the scale of the planetary society has been carried out. On the basis of the theory of social logic of Gabriel Tarde, models of substantiation in the public consciousness of the concepts of civilizational optimism have been developed.
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Yavkin, Vyacheslav, and Halyna Khodan. "Adverse urbogeomorphological processes in the formation of harmful impurities in the air." Науковий вісник Чернівецького університету : збірник наукових праць, no. 826 (November 27, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2020.826.21-27.
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The environmental problems of cities arose simultaneously with the cities themselves. Urban settlements in themselves (without special systems) do not correspond to the closed ecological type. The city is a large consumer of various resources, but it has virtually no conditions for waste disposal, recovery of resources. The negative side of urban life is the low quality of the natural environment and its main components - water, air, vegetation, etc .; saturation of its physical, chemical and biological contaminants. In general, the urban way of life generates abiological tendencies and "diseases of civilization". There is a direct relationship between the size of the city and the frequency of the disease. In large industrial cities, the incidence of allergic diseases is 10-20%, and in rural areas only 2-4%. The increase in allergic diseases among children is especially noticeable. The state of the urbanized natural-technogenic geomorphosystem can be assessed using a system of expert assessments, which ultimately allows to identify geomorphosystems with different degrees of resistance to man-made loads. In order to consistently study the state of the urban geomorphosystem and assess the stability of the terrain to man-made loads, it is proposed to carry out research at the following stages: Retrospective step-by-step analysis of the evolution of natural relief and historical-geomorphological territory based on the study of the history of settlement and development of geomorphological objects in the city. Assessment of the current state of the urbanized natural and man-made geomorphosystem. Zoning of the city territory according to the degree of potential geomorphological danger. Development of environmental recommendations and general forecasting of UPTG development taking into account geoecological risk. The retrospective step-by-step analysis of the evolution of natural relief includes two main stages: the study of the formation of the natural subsystem of UPTG in the future city and the stage of formation of natural-technogenic geomorphosystem in connection with urbanization. Based on historical and geomorphological analysis, a general picture of the use of geomorphological objects in the historical stage, three main stages of urbanization, which corresponded to a certain level of man-made loads on the terrain, namely: development without significant landforms (suburban); significant transformation of the relief without significant negative consequences (medieval and new); intensive urbanization with the emergence of zones of geoecological risk (modern). Estimation of the current state of the urbanized natural-technogenic geomorpho-system of logical conditions of the territory from the point of view of their resistance to man-caused influences and determination of the volumes of man-caused loads on the relief. To assess the man-made impact on the topography of the city, an inventory and classification of all sources of man-made impacts was conducted, the nature and intensity of this impact on the topography was studied. The structure of the modern city and the basis of functional zoning of the territory is subject to the same research. Assessment of the degree of man-made impact is carried out on a set of indicators that take into account the level of static and dynamic loads, the degree of relief, the presence and nature of man-made deposits. Static loads were determined by indicators of building density, density of water supply and sewerage mains, capacity of man-made sediments (alluvium, embankments, landfills). The intensity of static loads is estimated according to their types - engineering, construction, operation.
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VAIDYA, VIDYADHAR B., VYAS PANDEY, and SUVARNA DHABALE. "Ancient science of weather forecasting in India with special reference to rainfall prediction." Journal of Agrometeorology 25, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v25i4.2422.
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The monsoon on the Indian subcontinent remains a seasonal occurrence that all inhabitants of the subcontinent desire. Modern scientific knowledge of methods of rain forecasting has originated recently. However, traditional indigenous wisdom is peculiar to our country. In the past, India had a magnificent scientific and technical legacy. Even today, it is common that village astrologers (pandits) are right in a surprisingly high percentage of their rain predictions. Scientists and local traditional farmers have a long history of astronomical research and treatises that predict rainfall. They use different methods to forecast rainfall conditions based on numerous panchangs, almanac bio-indicators (Bhoum method), non-bio-indicators (Antariksh method), and predict the likely behavior of climate in the planting season. Rainfall forecasting also aids in the planning of operations by agriculturists, builders, water supply engineers, and others. All mortals from the subcontinent have looked at it from their own perspective, and it continues to be the subject of intense multi-dimensional engagement. The monsoon has provided a means of life for numerous civilizations while also shaping the drainages and palaeo-geography of the subcontinent. The objective of this article is to document some indigenous knowledge for forecasting climate and environmental dynamics towards community resilience.
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Alpispaev, Temirzhan T. "THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF A CIVILIZATIONAL SOCIETY." Russian Studies in Law and Politics 8, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2576-9634-2024-8-1-172.
Full textAbstract:
This article is devoted to the problem of civilizational society in the context of considering the socio-economic system. To date, there are a certain number of approaches to understanding this phenomenon. A classic example is the materialistic approach. Despite numerous attempts to criticize this approach, studying society through the prism of its socio-economic structure is largely possible due to the materialistic approach. The concept of K. Marx is considered and an analogy with modern realities is drawn. This approach has universal concepts and laws that can also be used in the analysis of all social systems. The article examines the conflicts of capital and labor, the place and role of the working class in the system of social relations, and also proves the importance of the proletariat class as the main driving force of modern society. The problems faced by the working class today are being studied. The types of socio-economic systems with individual criteria and the nature of property relations are considered. Goal. The article is devoted to the analysis of modern socio-economic systems within the framework of a civilizational society. The subject is the socio-economic system arising from the nature of public relations. The novelty lies in the fact that the working class is being studied in the context of modern scientific, technical and information breakthroughs, where competition for jobs increases with each new technology. The method or methodology of the work. The study is based on the teachings of K. Marx. Methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparative studies and historical and philosophical are also used. Results. The conducted research makes it possible to understand that despite the abundance of approaches to the concept of a civilizational society, the fundamental factor of studying remains its socio-economic sphere, as a result of public relations. The article reveals the Marxist approach, thanks to which it is possible to assess the position of the working class in modern civilizational society. Taking into account the growth of culture, the emergence of new technologies and the age of digitalization, the fundamental criterion for ensuring the vital activity of society was and remains – the worker. Different types of socio-economic systems and the methodology of the distribution of economic resources are given. The scope of the results. The results obtained can be used in the context of the implementation of state social policy, regulatory culture, as well as forecasting social and labor conflicts.
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Głaczyński, M., and O. Ivanytskij. "The phenomenon of economic singularity as a result of macroeconomic uncertainty." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2019.1.12.
Full textAbstract:
Macroeconomic uncertainty is the most important feature of the modern civilizational development. In its manifestations, it can cause an even more threatening phenomenon, which in scientific literature has been called “the point of singularity”. The article attempts to summarize the scientific views on the phenomenon of economic uncertainty, and to show the evolution of the concepts of "uncertainty" and "singularity".
Revealed the causes of the singularity, which are associated with a reduction between production and consumption time; minimization of the mediation functions that the financial and economic system took upon itself; the instability of production and economic relations and the lack of the possibility of forecasting their development; crowding out living labor and replacing it with capitalized one. It is shown that the notion of “a zone of singularity” more precisely corresponds to a possible scenario of economic development. Preparation for future changes involves the study of macroeconomic risks, their identification, assessment of the possible consequences of their materialization.
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Danilov, Alexander N. "The Spontaneous Development of Society and the Problem of Forecasting the Future." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 62, no. 5 (August 21, 2019): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-5-27-43.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the development of modern society. In the author’s opinion, the prediction of society development is not possible due to the spontaneity of social processes. The contemporary social development is characterized by transition values: strategic instability, permanent crisis, decay of morality, degradation of the ecological environment, increase of international terrorism, danger of nuclear war, etc. Each epoch, including an epoch of uncertainty, gives rise to its own mechanisms for regulating world development, which are based on the historical memory of mankind, on the acknowledgment of the value of peaceful coexistence and the acceptance of human life as the highest value. Preventing war is the main value of world development. The crucial decisions of country’s further development are dictated by the security of the state. The author demonstrates that in our time the ideal of progress evolves from the concept of accelerated innovation changes into the ideal of sustainable development, which presumes the formation of new values as a condition for the transition to new strategies of civilizational development. The current system of economic growth has its own value foundation – a consumer society. The preservation of a consumer society or the transition to alternative development scenarios largely depend on the achievements of the social sciences and humanities. The future will come without our will, but are we ready to accept this alien and unpredictable future? That is why we cannot passively await the future. The future will not arise by itself, the future will be what we make it.
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Podberezkin, A. I., and M. V. Kharkevich. "Long-Term Scenario of International Developments." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(41) (April 28, 2015): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-127-132.
Full textAbstract:
This paper proposes an approach to long-term scenario building in international relations, based on the analysis of changes in the dialectics of war and peace. Long-term trends in the development of forms and manifestations of violence in international relations, as well as the methods and approaches to its control and management determines the development of international relations. In solving the methodological problem of long-term forecasting, it must be as-sumed that the mere mechanical extrapolation even in the medium term has no meaning. The key current trend in terms of political violence is a blurring of the distinction between war and peace. This trend can be described as networking of war. Network war theory is a model of military strategy in the context of postmodernism. As a model of the new economy based on information and high technologies demonstrates its superiority over traditional capitalist and socialist models of the industrial age, and network war claims qualitative superiority over previous strategic concept of the industrial era. In modern political networks violent and non-violent instruments of influence co-exist in undifferentiated form. Network politics becomes total. Victory in the network war is the fact that the opponent should become part of the network. Since the network is formed around shared values, the network war can be reduced to a war of values. The clash between the networks will most likely wear un-compromising nature, so that in the end there will be only one network. Uncompromising network war is like the uncompromising religious wars and clashes of civilizations.
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Glebova, N. M., and M. Klamer. "Contemporary sacral architecture as a symbol of architectural identity and a public space in a winter city." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, no. 3 (2022): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-3-408-419.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, we examine a contemporary church building as a powerful symbol of cultural and archi-tectural identity of a city. The city space organized around and inside a religious building is considered as an important public space from the perspective of civilizational culture. During the study, a compara-tive analysis of European and Russian contemporary sacral construction was carried out with the pur-pose of forecasting the development of the present Orthodox architecture, taking into account possi-ble trends, styles and directions. A field survey of 150 contemporary churches in Austria was carried out. Their evolutionary development over the past 120 years was examined both empirically and using scientific literature. In addition, a number of Russian churches, including restored or renovated histori-cal buildings as well as new facilities built after the collapse of the USSR, were studied. As a result, an assessment and explanation of the inevitable appearance of modern trends in the Orthodox Church architecture is given. Historicisms, existing in the Orthodox architecture of our time, are assumed to be related to the forced 70-year pause in the development of Orthodox architecture, rather than to the greater conservatism of the Orthodox religion. Any architecture, even its conservative religious type, responds to events occurring in a society and to arising new cultural and functional needs. As a result, due to a competent interaction of architects and customers, the existing architectural style starts to change gradually in terms of its spatial organization, form, composition, general appearance of the in-ner and outer space, thus giving rise to new symbols of cultural and architectural identity. With the ad-dition of new functions, a church remains to be a unique public building, forming public urban spaces both in and around itself.
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Vartanyan, Egnara. "Development of Political, Economic and Cultural Relations Between Arab Countries and Bulgaria (The End of the 19th – 20 th Centuries)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2022): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.1.15.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The article is devoted to the development of relations between Bulgaria and the Arab countries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The development of relations between Bulgaria and the countries of the Arab East is of interest in the context of the study of the forms, directions of cooperation, reasons for the mutual interest of peoples heterogeneous in ethno-confessional and cultural terms. Methods and materials. The historical-typological, historical-systemic methods and the civilizational approach used in the article allow to analyze the process of the emergence, development and transformation of the Bulgarian-Arab relations in political, trade, economic, cultural areas. Analysis. Before World War II the international mechanisms were being created for the further development of trade, economic, and political ties between the Arab states and Bulgaria together with infrastructure and sea transport routes. The problems in the development of Bulgarian-Arab relations were caused by the difficulties in forecasting of the processes, which were often subordinate to the subjective factor, personal ambitions and emotions of Arab leaders. Bulgarian diplomacy demonstrated the great patience to maintain relations that met the country’s interests. The cooperation between Bulgaria and the Arab countries developed in various forms with noticeable positive dynamics. Political changes in a number of Arab countries and inter-Arab conflicts did not fundamentally affect relations, but caused only temporary difficulties. Despite the fact that the systemic changes, which occurred in Bulgaria in the 1990s, became a restraining factor in the development of the Bulgarian-Arab relations, they were restored due to the mutual interests of the states at the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries. Results. It is concluded that Bulgaria had established diplomatic relations with almost all Arab countries by 1960. The main direction of development of ties until the 1990s was dictated by political and ideological considerations, but trade and economic relations often preceded political ones. Bulgaria had gone beyond the traditional exchange of goods and switched to such forms of cooperation as construction, engineering design, tourism, culture, exchange of specialists, and personnel training. At the end of the 20th century Bulgarian leadership returned to the development of relations with Arab countries, which was dictated by the needs of the market economy development, new political realities and Bulgaria’s attempts to identify its place in the modern world.
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Ridei, Nataliia, Nataliia Tytova, Vladyslava Liubarets, Oksana Katsero, and Nataliia Bakhmat. "Methodology of Safety and Quality of Life on the Basis of Noospheric Education System Formation." Strategies for Policy in Science and Education-Strategii na Obrazovatelnata i Nauchnata Politika 29, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/str2021-1-6-meth.
Full textAbstract:
Scientific (scientific and technical) multidisciplinary project activities for the formation of methodology of security and quality of life through the development of the noospheric education system require studying, developing, implementing and testing multivariate models and characteristics of modernized training system for specialists and professionals of a new kind, which are able to confront the global environmental challenges. Such training system provides the implementation of the system administration methodology of multuvariate noosphere-oriented training models (based on the principles of safety and quality of life), retraining, advanced training and training of kindergarden teacher – school teacher – university teacher – mentor – scientist – person engaged in study process. The study takes into account the next principles and approaches: 1) noospheric, qualchoice, futuristic, constructive-problematic, situational-innovative, energetic and goal-oriented, normative-axiological, culturological, system approach, information approach, synergetic, integrated, problem scenario approach, structural-functional, genetic and morphological, socio-cultural approach etc. as the scientific knowledge of the system state and development; 2) integrated methodology functions (critical and expert, criteria and indicative orientation (targeted), analytically relevant such as heuristic, instrumental, technological, predictive, philosophical, creative etc.) aimed at the prediction, remediation and prevention of environmental risks and civilizational development dangers. These functions include educational and research modules of noospherology, the system administration methodology, qualchoice (safety and quality of life), forecasting and modeling positive psycho-emotional development; 3) development of online workshop network to prepare job seekers (holders of educational and academic degrees) out of all stakeholder categories; 4) integration of the multivariate semantics of the higher education institutions and scientific institutions in the fields of ecology, environmental protection and balanced nature management, governance and public administration, pedagogy, contributing to the institutional modernization of cross-border collaboration at the global, regional, national and institutional levels, as well as administrative management of the portability of scientific-methodical and information-analytical network of logistics, based on the system of noospheric education on the principles of autonomy, accessibility, continuity, academic mobility, ethics and integrity, health of the nation in the consortium of universities for the sake of security guarantees and the quality of life in biosocial dimension. The modern methodological directions of safety and quality of life research are formulated in the global dimension. The current state of the problem is also characterized in the research. The target component of the actualized scientific problem is concretized due to contradictions, methods and means of research. The novelty and structure of the sphere of scientific research are determined. The author’s interpretation presents the definition of “methodology of safety and quality of life on the basis of noosphere education”, highlights the stages of research, proposes a hypothesis of scientific direction, its novelty and provides the conclusions to achieve the benefits of its relevance.
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Baymuratov, Mykhaylo O., and Volodymyr P. Ozhereliev. "THE "LARGE BARYON PUMP OF THE EARTH" AS A NATURAL IMAGE OF THE "TREE OF LIFE" AND AN OBJECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, WHICH IS INTEGRATED WITH THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF MAN." Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series "Law" 2, no. 7 (December 2023): 12–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2709-6408-2023-2-7-2.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the scientific and theoretical substantiation of the problem of defining the Great Baryon Pump of the Earth (GBP of the Earth) as a natural prototype of the "tree of life" and an object of environmental law that is integrated with the natural human environment. It is indicated that the authors of the article had previously investigated the issue of the relationship between the "right [of man] to the tree of life" and the biological rights of man, simultaneously touching on another important humanitarian and at the same time civilizational and legal issue - the identification of the so-called "GBP of the Earth" as material and natural prototype of the biblical metaphorical way of "tree of life". However, an even more important issue in the context of this study, which precedes this issue, is the qualification of the Earth's natural environment as an ecological object that is integrated with the natural habitat of man (his natural environment). It is proven that, according to the data of geological sciences, the GBP of the Earth in the process of rotation of the Earth on its axis, transforms the tangential acceleration (the component of acceleration directed along the tangent to the trajectory of the material point, which characterizes the change in the velocity module. – author) into radial (normal) acceleration, which explains the formation of vortex tracks on the lithosphere and pushing the Moon into a higher orbit relative to the Earth. Extrapolating its dynamics to 4.0 billion years ago - in the early eons of our planet, taking into account objective scientific data on the transformation of substances in the system of geospheres, it can be assumed that the GBP of the Earth was able to transform inanimate matter into living matter. This became a more significant and revolutionary factor, which was directed to the formation of an actor (acting subject) for the beginning of biological evolution and created the conditions for the emergence of man on Earth. In turn, the need to study the functions of the Earth's natural resources in the environmental discourse and its qualification as an object of law is a natural stage in the development of the system of ecological, noospheric law, and in the future - anthropic law as a metasystem of the natural law of our universe. Therefore, it is stated that the existence GBP of the Earth is inextricably linked with the concept of the anthropic properties of the space of our Universe in the light of the Poincaré-Perelman theorem, according to which "any single-connected closed three-dimensional manifold without an edge is a homeomorphic (continuous reversible transformation of space. – author) of the three-dimensional sphere". This theorem indicates the integrity, continuity and unbreakability of the space of our Universe from the moment of the socalled "Big Bang" (or another event similar to it) onwards: the formation of our Galaxy, the Solar System, the Earth-Moon system, the emergence of living matter, the beginning of biological evolution, the formation of Earth Man and the formation of the noosphere. On the other hand – in a functional bioecological context, the GBP of the Earth can be considered not only as an Eozoic (life-creating) object, but also as an actor that controls the continental cycle – continental drift, which is associated with the formation of the single continent of Pangea and its subsequent disintegration to separate continents. It is characteristic that in the process of geographical discoveries and human development of the global natural environment (environment), this led to the emergence of a modern picture of the world and the formation of a "topological two-circuit – shell-nuclear informational and legal structure of the noosphere". These events of the border of the XV-XVI centuries and the development of the colonial system determined the vector of the next evolution of the geopolitical landscape – its legal structuring, which, in accordance with the Legal Triad (order – rules – law) and the doctrine "rule based international order", was embodied in the picture of the modern world order. Currently, the world structure that has emerged can be imagined as a complex global-regional legal system, in the regulatory field of which there is a process of deep integration of international public law and municipal law. In turn, this has formed stable trends that indicate the active development of value ideas about biological human rights, as well as their implementation on a global scale. It is stated that the strategic goals, the achievement of which is important for the biologization of law, cannot be achieved without the identification of the Earth's natural reserve as a prototype of the "tree of life" object, and the qualification of the Earth's natural reserve as an Eozoic object that is integrated with the surrounding natural environment man (his natural environment). In addition, the resolution of the natural-law conflict that has arisen is absolutely necessary for the development of the system of international environmental law, the formation of the system of noospheric law, as well as the improvement of IL-forecasting methods in the process of strengthening the trends of global constitutionalism, noospherism and the development of the institute of biological human rights in the world civilizational legal system.
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Nersisyan, A. "THE CURRENT CRISIS STAGE OF CIVILIZATIONAL DYNAMICS OF MANKIND." SUSh Scientific Proceedings, December 28, 2023, 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54151/27382559-23.2pa-58.
Full textAbstract:
The content of the research problem we have put forward in the article concerns the cyclical dynamics of mankind and its modern crisis milestone. The observation of the process and the deep nature of the formation of the latter summarizes the purpose of this study. The relevance of the problem is dictated by the objective requirement to disclose the deep basis of the crisis manifestations of modern realities. In accordance with the purpose of the study, a number of interconnected research problems were put set forward and solved: theoretical approaches to the cyclical dynamics of civilizations were generalized, the characteristics of their crisis milestones were analyzed which are displayed in the context of modern civilizational realities. To solve the research problems, we used scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, dipping and reengineering, comparative and geographical, theoretical generalization. The theoretical conclusions and proposals obtained from the study can provoke the necessary scientific debate both in the academic theoretical field and become the basis for practical prediction and forecasting of the future development of societies.
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Ridei, N. M., and N. M. Tytova. "PARADIGM OF FORMATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF METHODOLOGY OF SAFETY AND QUALITY OF LIFE ON THE BASIS OF MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEM OF NOOSPHERE EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." PARADIGM OF KNOWLEDGE 6, no. 44 (March 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.26886/2520-7474.6(44)2020.12.
Full textAbstract:
Scientific (scientific and technical) multidisciplinary project activities for the formation of methodology of security and quality of life through the development of the noospheric education system require studying, developing, implementing and testing multivariate models and characteristics of modernized training system for specialists and professionals of a new kind, which are able to confront the global environmental challenges. Such training system provides the implementation of the system administration methodology of multuvariate noosphere-oriented training models (based on the principles of safety and quality of life), retraining, advanced training and training of kindergarden teacher – school teacher – university teacher – mentor – scientist – person engaged in study process. The study takes into account the next principles and approaches: 1) noospheric, qualchoice, futuristic, constructive-problematic, situational-innovative, energetic and goal-oriented, normative-axiological, culturological, system approach, information approach, synergetic, integrated, problem scenario approach, structural-functional, genetic and morphological, socio-cultural approach etc. as the scientific knowledge of the system state and development; 2) integrated methodology functions (critical and expert, criteria and indicative orientation (targeted), analytically relevant such as heuristic, instrumental, technological, predictive, philosophical, creative etc.) aimed at the prediction, remediation and prevention of environmental risks and civilizational development dangers. These functions include educational and research modules of noospherology, the system administration methodology, qualchoice (safety and quality of life), forecasting and modeling positive psycho-emotional development; 3)development of online workshop network to prepare job seekers (holders of educational and academic degrees) out of all stakeholder categories; 4) integration of the multivariate semantics of the higher education institutions and scientific institutions in the fields of ecology, environmental protection and balanced nature management, governance and public administration, pedagogy, contributing to the institutional modernization of cross-border collaboration at the global, regional, national and institutional levels, as well as administrative management of the portability of scientific-methodical and information-analytical network of logistics, based on the system of noospheric education on the principles of autonomy, accessibility, continuity, academic mobility, ethics and integrity, health of the nation in the consortium of universities for the sake of security guarantees and the quality of life in biosocial dimension.The modern methodological directions of safety and quality of life research are formulated in the global dimension. The current state of the problem is also characterized in the research. The target component of the actualized scientific problem is concretized due to contradictions, methods and means of research. The novelty and structure of the sphere of scientific research are determined. The author's interpretation presents the definition of "methodology of safety and quality of life on the basis of noosphere education", highlights the stages of research, proposes a hypothesis of scientific direction, its novelty and provides the conclusions to achieve the benefits of its relevance.Key words: methodology of education and science system management, noosphere development, safety and quality of life, human ecology, ecological and educational policy, qualitology, network associations, global ecological challenges and dangers, socio-ecological comfort of environment, harmony of perception and reflection of personality in conditions of civilization development bifurcation.